26:
325:
45:
267:. Abd al Kuri is the westernmost island and lies closest to the African mainland, only 90 km away. Abd al Kuri has an area of 133 km and is dominated by a limestone plateau reaching up to 740 metres elevation. Samhah is 50 km southwest of Socotra with an area of 41 km and also comprises a limestone plateau reaching 680 metres elevation. Darsah lies east of Samhah and is the smallest at 17 km and 350 metres elevation. Abd al Kuri and Samhah are inhabited, but largely deserted during the winter monsoon season.
313:. The mountains are also cooler than the lowlands. Small mountain streams sustain aquatic habitats, and can flow down through the lowlands during the cooler and wetter winter months and during high rainfall events. Sea-facing slopes and cliffs also receive more moisture from sea fogs and orographic precipitation than other lowland areas.
780:, all native species are endemic. There is a very high level of endemism at both species (29 of 31, 94%) and genus levels (5 of 12, 42%). At the species level, endemicity may be even higher, as phylogenetic studies have uncovered substantial hidden diversity. The reptile species include skinks, legless lizards, and one species of
289:
The archipelago is an ancient continental fragment. The opening of the East
African Rift created the Gulf of Aden and separated the islands from the Arabian Peninsula starting 18 million years ago. Lower sea levels during the ice ages connected Socotra to Samhah and Darsah, but deeper sea trenches
247:
A coastal plain, up to 5 km wide, extends around most of
Socotra. The coastal plain's soils are mostly alluvial deposits of stone and coarse sand. The Noged Plain along the island's south shore has areas of sand dunes. The center of the island is a plateau, 300 to 700 meters in elevation, composed
235:
Socotra is the easternmost island in the
Socotra Archipelago, and constitutes around 95% of the archipelago's landmass. The island has an area of approximately 3,600 km, and measures 132 kilometres (82 mi) in length and 49.7 kilometres (30.9 mi) in width. Socotra lies some 240 kilometres
298:
The climate of the ecoregion is tropical and mostly arid. It is influenced by the Indian Ocean's monsoon winds. The April-to-October southwest monsoon brings hot dry winds from the Horn of Africa. The
Northeast monsoon arrives during the winter months, from November to March, and brings lower
1394:
879:
says the island had crocodiles and large lizards, and the present reptilian fauna appears to be greatly reduced. Until a few centuries ago, there were rivers and wetlands on the island, greater stocks of the endemic trees, and abundant pasture. The
Portuguese recorded the presence of
1333:
Vasconcelos R, Montero-Mendieta S, SimĂł-Riudalbas M, Sindaco R, Santos X, et al. (2016) Unexpectedly High Levels of
Cryptic Diversity Uncovered by a Complete DNA Barcoding of Reptiles of the Socotra Archipelago. PLOS ONE 11(3): e0149985.
1308:
Benda, Petr & Nasher, Abdul Karim & Van Damme, Kay & Vallo, Peter & Reiter, AntonĂn. (2017). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the
Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Part 14. Bat fauna of the Socotra Archipelago, Yemen.
550:
Dragon's blood tree is one of the most striking of
Socotra's plants. Its red sap was thought to be the dragon's blood of the ancients, sought after as a dye, and today used as paint and varnish. Socotra's various endemic
884:
in the early 17th century. Now there are only sand gullies, and many native plants only survive where there is greater moisture or protection from livestock. The remaining
Socotra fauna is greatly threatened by
961:
Eric
Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b.
705:). The Egyptian mouse-tailed bat has been recorded on all the islands, and the other three species only on Socotra. The other mammals were introduced by humans. The Socotran wild ass is a feral population of
1346:
Apel, M. and Brandis, D. 2000. A new species of freshwater crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae) from Socotra Island and description of Socotrapotamon n. gen. Fauna of Arabia 18: 133-144.
331:
The long geological isolation of the Socotra archipelago and its fierce heat and drought have combined to create a unique and spectacular endemic flora. Botanical field surveys led by the
332:
926:
933:
has supported such a move, calling on both UNESCO and International Organisation of Protecting Environment to classify the island archipelago among the environmental heritages.
339:, indicate that 307 out of the 825 (37%) plant species on Socotra are endemic, i.e., they are found nowhere else on Earth. Genera endemic to the Socotra archipelago include
25:
406:
Open deciduous shrublands are the primary vegetation in the coastal plain and low limestone foothills. Many plants lose their leaves during the dry summer months, and
805:
1176:
Banfield LM, Van Damme K, Miller AG. Evolution and biogeography of the flora of the Socotra archipelago (Yemen). In: Bramwell D, Caujapé-Castells J, eds.
227:
The ecoregion is at increasing risk from human activities. The WWF describes the Socotra Archipelago's conservation status as "Critical/Endangered".
811:
521:), a strange-looking, umbrella-shaped tree, rises above the shrub layer. Other high-mountain plant communities include low shrublands dominated by
302:
Average annual rainfall ranges from 150 mm on the coastal plain to more than 1,000 mm in the mountains. Rainfall is sporadic and unpredictable.
252:
in northwestern Socotra are composed of precambrian granites and metamorphic rock, and include Mashanig, the island's highest point (1,519 m).
473:
Thickets of semi-deciduous shrubs and low trees occur on the limestone plateau and lower slopes of Hajhir Mountains. The predominant shrubs
1366:
871:
Over the two thousand years of human settlement on the islands the environment has slowly but continuously changed, and, according to
917:. As a result the price of cooking gas and other fuels has increased, causing residents to turn to wood for heat and cooking.
768:
Reptiles constitute a diverse Socotran vertebrate fauna with 31 species. If one excludes the two recently introduced species,
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983:
898:
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as threats to Socotra's biodiversity. Socotra has become economically isolated from mainland Yemen since 2014 by the
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were also important historically for medicine and cosmetics. Other endemic plants include the giant succulent tree
1449:
1191:
876:
651:
336:
1040:
717:, cattle, and goats, which include both domestic and feral populations. Other introduced mammals include the
112:
1444:
1323:
77:
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942:
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are endemic, with 75% of genera endemic to the archipelago and major radiations in three families, the
776:
674:
537:
324:
509:
503:
310:
1144:
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563:
428:
1285:
875:, "the animals and plants that remain represent a degraded fraction of what once existed." The
795:
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454:
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Abd al Kuri, Samhah, and Darsah have desertic climates and no year-round surface streams.
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8:
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that store water in leaves and stems are common. The predominant shrubs are the endemics
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60:
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There are many endemic invertebrates, including several spiders (such as the tarantula
786:
573:
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353:
65:
30:
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Politically, Socotra and most of the other islands are part of Yemen, and constitute
241:
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156:
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The mountains intercept moisture-bearing winds, which creates more clouds, fog, and
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872:
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403:, with 3 Critically Endangered and 27 Endangered plant species recognised in 2004.
303:
249:
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Socotra has a uniquely diverse ecosystem. The islands are home to a high number of
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About 15 species of mammals live on Socotra. There are four species of bats, the
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44:
1335:
1013:"1 – Native plants and animals – overview – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
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is endemic. It has been described as "the most alien-looking place on Earth."
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are rare. Nighttime dew is an important water source for the islands' plants.
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kept Abd al Kuri separated from the African mainland and the other islands.
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crustacean species are endemic. 95% of the approximately 100 species of
399:. The entire flora of the Socotra Archipelago has been assessed for the
854:
843:
835:
831:
827:
466:
389:
274:. Geographically, Socotra and the rest of its archipelago are part of
171:
713:) that lives in the lowlands of Socotra. Introduced livestock include
666:). Many of the bird species are endangered by predation by non-native
839:
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734:
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395:
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have more impressive numbers. In 2008 Socotra was recognised as a
1251:
Fund, W. (2014). Socotra Island xeric shrublands. Retrieved from
1011:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
237:
140:
1280:
Island Africa: The Evolution of Africa's Rare Plants and Animals
927:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
470:. Grasses and herbs grow during periods of sufficient rainfall.
823:
528:
275:
260:
256:
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1284:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp.
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http://editors.eol.org/eoearth/Socotra_Island_xeric_shrublands
194:
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100:
72:
929:(UNESCO) as a world natural heritage site in July 2008. The
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1101:"Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen"
901:
named unplanned urbanisation and tourism development,
999:
FACTBOX-Socotra, jewel of biodiversity in Arabian Sea
815:). Socotra is also one of the homes of the butterfly
603:
The islands' fauna includes several endemic species.
1395:"Yemen: protecting Socotra's dwindling biodiversity"
1318:
Josef Suchomel, Josef (2012). "Mammals of Socotra".
1227:
1225:
1223:
857:of Socotra are diverse, with many endemic species.
189:biologists conducted a survey of the archipelago's
1277:
527:, anthropogenic pastures, and rock outcrops with
1220:
1431:
1367:"Box 4.4 Land snails of the Socotra Archipelago"
1064:
1062:
442:rise above the shrub layer. Woody trees include
143:and several smaller islands that constitute the
1070:"EU to protect Socotra archipelago environment"
240:and 380 kilometres (240 mi) south of the
1059:
1034:
1032:
610:species, including six endemic species – the
1336:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149985
1231:
1216:. China Youth International. 25 April 2008.
1180:. Cambridge University Press; 2011:197-225.
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201:species, found nowhere else on earth; only
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1076:. Yemen News Agency (SABA). 15 April 2008.
1029:
974:Huntingford, George Wynn Brereton (1980).
967:
49:Topographic map of the Socotra Archipelago
955:
255:The other islands in the archipelago are
163:, and lies south of the Yemeni mainland.
159:. Politically the archipelago is part of
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323:
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1192:"The Most Alien-Looking Place on Earth"
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1234:Ethnoflora of the Socotra Archipelago
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92:3,616 km (1,396 sq mi)
899:United Nations Environment Programme
248:mostly of Cretaceous limestone. The
147:. The archipelago is in the western
1364:
1240:
236:(150 mi) east of the coast of
177:Socotra is considered the jewel of
13:
1210:"Socotra islands scenery in Yemen"
1080:
1010:
976:The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
513:grow on the high mountain slopes.
14:
1466:
1417:
1236:. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
1232:Miller, A.G.; Morris, M. (2004).
1145:"Socotra Island xeric shrublands"
1123:"Socotra Island xeric shrublands"
925:The island was recognised by the
594:List of endemic plants of Socotra
1190:Abrams, Avi (4 September 2008).
978:. Hakluyt Society. p. 103.
866:
333:Centre for Middle Eastern Plants
299:temperatures and more moisture.
139:that covers the large island of
43:
24:
1387:
1355:Bicyclus, Site of Markku Savela
1349:
1340:
1327:
1312:
1302:
1202:
1183:
1039:Burdick, Alan (25 March 2007).
133:Socotra Island xeric shrublands
19:Socotra Island xeric shrublands
1137:
1115:
1004:
889:and other introduced species.
877:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
652:Socotra golden-winged grosbeak
337:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
1:
948:
263:, known as The Brothers, and
1455:Deserts and xeric shrublands
1309:10.13140/RG.2.2.14724.63360.
1178:The Biology of Island Floras
1041:"The Wonder Land of Socotra"
230:
78:deserts and xeric shrublands
7:
1322:. Accessed 15 August 2020.
943:List of ecoregions in Yemen
936:
606:The islands have 178 known
10:
1471:
862:List of spiders of Socotra
859:
656:Rhynchostruthus socotranus
591:
293:
197:. They counted nearly 700
185:. In the 1990s, a team of
905:, resource exploitation,
777:Hemidactylus flaviviridis
675:Egyptian mouse-tailed bat
538:Nirarathamnos asarifolius
535:, including the endemics
121:
111:
106:
96:
88:
83:
71:
59:
54:
42:
23:
18:
1426:(landscape photo, notes)
1399:UN Environment Programme
893:Conservation and threats
683:Geoffroy's horseshoe bat
598:
510:Allophylus rhoidiphyllus
504:Cephalocroton socotranus
500:Dense shrub thickets of
319:
311:orographic precipitation
1440:Afrotropical ecoregions
806:Socotra pseudocardisoma
799:) and three species of
763:Suncus madagascariensis
564:Dendrosicyos socotranus
429:Dendrosicyos socotranus
170:; up to a third of its
1450:Environment of Socotra
796:Monocentropus balfouri
759:Madagascan pygmy shrew
455:Ziziphus spina-christi
422:. The succulent trees
328:
1001:. Reuters, 2008-04-23
771:Hemidactylus robustus
695:Asellia italosomalica
502:Searsia thyrsiflora,
327:
1047:. The New York Times
699:Socotran pipistrelle
691:Somalian trident bat
687:Rhinolophus clivosus
640:Cisticola haesitatus
616:Onychognathus frater
567:, the rare Socotran
561:, the cucumber tree
1445:Ecoregions of Yemen
921:World Heritage Site
727:lesser Indian civet
697:), and the endemic
624:Nectarinia balfouri
586:Boswellia socotrana
515:Dragon's blood tree
484:Dirichletia obovata
480:Buxus hildebrandtii
476:Searsia thyrsiflora
425:Euphorbia arbuscula
419:Jatropha unicostata
272:Socotra Governorate
222:World Heritage Site
145:Socotra Archipelago
117:Critical/endangered
113:Conservation status
31:Socotra dragon tree
1374:Friends of Soqotra
1320:Friends of Soqotra
1196:Dark Roasted Blend
787:Chamaeleo monachus
731:Viverricula indica
632:Emberiza socotrana
574:Punica protopunica
519:Dracaena cinnabari
445:Sterculia africana
354:Cephalocrotonopsis
329:
35:Dracaena cinnabari
1424:Baobab on Socotra
1295:978-0-691-08560-9
1274:Kingdon, Jonathan
1147:. EOL. 6 May 2014
1017:www.teara.govt.nz
985:978-0-904180-05-3
679:Rhinopoma cystops
636:Socotra cisticola
489:Carphalea obovata
458:, and species of
413:Croton socotranus
304:Tropical cyclones
282:extension of the
278:– a geologic and
242:Arabian Peninsula
215:Galápagos Islands
157:Arabian Peninsula
155:and south of the
135:is a terrestrial
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1125:. Global Species
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801:freshwater crabs
715:dromedary camels
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648:Passer insularis
612:Socotra starling
408:succulent plants
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755:Suncus etruscus
711:Equus africanus
660:Socotra warbler
644:Socotra sparrow
628:Socotra bunting
620:Socotra sunbird
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558:Dorstenia gigas
541:and species of
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179:biodiversity
176:
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107:Conservation
66:Afrotropical
34:
1405:8 September
1214:en.youth.cn
903:overgrazing
855:coral reefs
848:Subulinidae
828:land snails
743:house mouse
723:Felis catus
580:Aloe perryi
569:pomegranate
544:Helichrysum
378:Lachnocapsa
366:Duvaliandra
265:Abd al Kuri
203:New Zealand
183:Arabian Sea
1434:Categories
1151:4 February
1129:4 February
1107:4 February
1051:9 November
1045:T Magazine
1022:2017-06-09
949:References
860:See also:
844:Cerastidae
836:Pomatiidae
832:operculate
668:feral cats
592:See also:
467:Commiphora
439:sokotranum
390:Socotrella
213:, and the
172:plant life
1379:1 October
842:families
840:pulmonate
782:chameleon
735:black rat
524:Hypericum
461:Boswellia
449:socotrana
396:Tamridaea
348:Ballochia
231:Geography
137:ecoregion
125:0 km (0%)
122:Protected
84:Geography
1276:(1989).
1074:Saba Net
937:See also
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809:and two
531:and low
384:Paraerva
360:Cyanixia
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491:), and
294:Climate
238:Somalia
199:endemic
181:in the
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824:isopod
583:, and
507:, and
497:spp.
494:Croton
487:(syn.
432:, and
393:, and
276:Africa
261:Darsah
257:Samhah
219:UNESCO
207:Hawaii
1370:(PDF)
1288:–42.
1103:. WWF
887:goats
803:(one
599:Fauna
553:aloes
464:and
447:var.
437:spp.
320:Flora
195:fauna
191:flora
161:Yemen
101:Yemen
73:Biome
61:Realm
1407:2024
1381:2024
1290:ISBN
1153:2019
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1053:2009
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