386:
advice. Gleeson suggested this effectively blocked the
Solicitor-General providing advice without the express permission of the Attorney-General which is contradictory to the independence of the role from the executive branch of government. He explained this was especially problematic in the situation where an election resulted in a hung parliament and the Governor-General sought the advice of the Solicitor-General which under the amendment would be unlawful. Brandis claimed in the Explanatory Statement of the amendment that he had in fact consulted Gleeson and sought feedback. The dispute resulted in the Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs launching an inquiry. The result of this was a majority of the Committee being in accordance with Gleeson’s perspective that Brandis did not properly consult Gleeson.
148:
359:
Solicitor-General
Gleeson in 2014 remarked that the Solicitor and Attorney-General should work together in order to be sure that the Attorney-General is adequately briefed and advised to be able to report to parliament. Gleeson commented that his particular system involved monthly reports to the Attorney-General briefing them of any requests for advice and reports of any advice provided. In 2015, Guidance Note 11 codified that all legal advice requested of the Solicitor-General and subsequently provided to be given to the Attorney-General.
292:(Cth) dictating they are appointed for a term with a maximum of seven years. Although the act does not stipulate a fixed term, recently Solicitors-General have ordinarily been appointed to five year terms. In s10 the act also dictates that the Solicitor-General can only be dismissed from the role by the Governor-General as a result of illness, misbehaviour or bankruptcy. This is widely viewed as an important aspect of the Solicitor-General’s role, as it ensures they remain independent due to the security of their tenure.
371:
505:. Stephen Donaghue, Commonwealth Solicitor-General during this crisis, is widely viewed as having had an important role in offering advice to MP’s and representing MP's including appearing in court on behalf of Attorney-General Brandis. This saw him submit that five of the seven parliamentarians should not be impacted by s 44(i) as they had not voluntarily received their dual citizenship. This was denied as the court adopted the stance taken in
304:(Cth) the functions of the Solicitor-General are prescribed. It separates the Solicitor-General’s functions into acting as counsel for the Commonwealth, ministers, government bodies and any person for which the Attorney-General seeks counsel under s 12(a) and also to provide their opinion on legal questions referred to them by the Attorney-General under s 12(b).
320:
the legal opinion of the
Solicitor-General even where this question falls out of the scope provided in s 12(a). This view was supported by Gavan Griffith, Solicitor-General between 1984–1997, who remarked that the Solicitor-General would often receive requests for advice from emanations of the Commonwealth separate from the Attorney.
351:
Solicitor-General is an independent and legally profound body it is expected that when legal and constitutional questions arise concerning government legislation, the
Attorney General with the support of the legal opinion and advice of the Solicitor-General is to offer parliament and the public guidance.
354:
Considering the wholly political
Attorney-General at times has limited or no legal qualifications, the Solicitor-General’s role as a non-political legal advocate and advisor to parliament exists in order to complement the Attorney-General who due to their political role can generally not offer legal
470:
and submitted that
Australia had failed to respect the right of the people of East Timor to self-determination. Also, that Australia had failed to respect Portugal as the Administering Power of East Timor. Gavan Griffith, the Commonwealth Solicitor-General at the time acted as agent and counsel for
319:
Anthony Mason
Solicitor-General between 1964–1969 had previously proposed that s 12(b) should not limit the Solicitor-General to only providing advice with the express approval of the Attorney-General. In 2016 he clarified this position by explaining that s 12(b) allows the Attorney-General to seek
239:
Although the
Solicitor-General is essentially the deputy Attorney-General, it is a statutory role whereas the Attorney-General is a political one, filled by a member of parliament, and it is rare for a Solicitor-General to then become the Attorney-General. Bob Ellicott is the only Solicitor-General
385:
The general consensus however is that the central issue was
Gleeson claimed to not have been consulted regarding the Legal Services Amendment (Solicitor-General Opinions) Direction 2016, which necessitated approval by the Attorney-General of any legal questions brought to the Solicitor-General for
315:
In 2016 Solicitor-General
Gleeson suggested that s 12(b) should not restrict s 12(a). Although, Gleeson during his term as Solicitor-General introduced Guidance Note 11, this codified a system for those in government seeking advice. This included notifying the Attorney-General of any requests for
185:
but retained his position as Attorney-General. Robert Garran had already been permanent secretary of the Attorney-General's Department since Federation, and the new position recognised the additional responsibilities that Hughes now delegated to him. The name "Solicitor-General" is taken from the
440:
offered the legal opinion that Gair was no longer a senator and had effectively resigned at either the date that the Executive Council approved the post or the date that Ireland accepted his ambassadorship. Importantly, Byers remarked that both of these dates preceded Bjelke-Petersen issuing the
429:. Whitlam is believed to have hoped that Gair’s resignation, which was required having accepted the post, would allow Labor to contest and win his vacant seat in the upcoming half-Senate election, in turn gaining a majority in the Senate. In what later became known as “The Night of Long Prawns”
193:
Garran continued in the position of Solicitor-General and permanent head of the Attorney-General's Department until his retirement in 1932. His successor, George Knowles, inherited both positions as well as the position of Parliamentary Draftsman. The position of Parliamentary Draftsman became a
358:
Some concern arose when the role of Solicitor-General was first created concerning the lack of accountability in the position. In order to address these concerns particular prominence has been given to the Attorney-General maintaining all accountability for the actions of the Solicitor-General.
381:
Gleeson also is remarked as being frustrated about his opinion being misrepresented to the public. He claimed in particular that he was not consulted concerning legislation aiming to revoke the citizenship of dual nationals under anti-terror laws when it was suggested by the government he had
350:
The Solicitor-General together with the Attorney-General make up the Australian Law Officers. Legal opinion is that as Law Officers, the public would expect the government when making important decisions to have sought the opinion of and adopted the advice of the Law Officers. As the
171:. Sir Charles Powers was also sometimes referred to as the "Solicitor-General", but the two offices are separate: Powers was succeeded in 1913 as Crown Solicitor by Gordon Castle, whereas the first Solicitor-General, Robert Garran, was not appointed until 1916.
271:
and generally represents the Commonwealth in constitutional disputes as well as occasionally representing the Commonwealth in international litigation. Until 1979, the Solicitor-General had criminal law prosecutorial powers, but these are now held by the
528:, indicating that workplace COVID-19 vaccine mandates would most likely not be viewed as discriminatory. Donaghue suggested that under both state and Commonwealth law, protection is only provided for people concerning certain attributes, including
533:
498:
311:
has given rise to some uncertainty as to whether s 12(b) is restrictive of the conditions of s 12(a) whereby the Attorney-General is able to restrict access to the Solicitor-General for those seeking advice concerning a legal question.
389:
Gleeson in his resignation letter expressed that the Commonwealth is best served when the Law Officers completely trust each other and have a “mutually respectful relationship” which he described as being broken with Brandis.
316:
advice and the Attorney-General receiving a copy of any advice received. Gleeson did later clarify that these stipulations applied with the exception of the Prime Minister and the Governor-General seeking confidential advice.
445:
who proposed that the government had not opposed Gair being involved in Senate debates and votes at any point before the writs for the half-Senate election were issued. This matter ultimately concluded by Whitlam enacting a
502:
471:
the Commonwealth. This case concluded with the court finding that it could not make a ruling in part as a result of Griffith on behalf of the Commonwealth submitting that the Court should also rule upon
190:, first appointed in 1461, with the name "solicitor general" becoming standard from 1536. Unlike the Australian position however, the British position is by convention filled by a member of parliament.
436:
issued the writs for the Queensland senate seats for the half-Senate election before Gair was able to formally resign meaning that his seat would not be in contention. Solicitor-General at the time
343:
1881:
512:
where the knowledge or voluntary acquisition citizenship was not relevant and as such the five parliamentarians deemed to have been citizens by the court had their seats declared vacant.
367:
On 7 November 2016, Solicitor-General Gleeson resigned from the post citing in his resignation letter that his relationship with Attorney-General Brandis was “irretrievably broken”.
327:
remarked that s 12(b) does not facilitate any capacity for anyone outside of the Attorney-General to seek advice concerning a question of law from the Solicitor-General.
260:(Cth). In performing their role, the Solicitor-General must act in accordance with the rule of law and maintain independence from the executive government of the day.
1907:
529:
488:
203:
128:
1510:
1588:
194:
separate role in 1946. The positions of Solicitor-General and permanent secretary to the Attorney-General's Department were not separated until 1964, when
1844:"Dual Citizens in the Federal Parliament: Re Canavan, Re Ludlam, Re Waters, Re Roberts [No 2], Re Joyce, Re Nash, Re Xenophon (2017) 349 ALR 534"
845:
476:
680:
661:
252:
or the High Court with at least five years' experience. The general consensus is that their role is primarily to advocate and independently advise
1451:
1370:
540:
however is not included. In spite of this in August 2021 Morrison expressed that the federal government will most likely not mandate vaccines.
209:, enacted that year, codified the role of the Solicitor-General as statutory counsel, distinct from the role of the permanent secretary as the
799:
1138:
277:
44:
1477:
273:
2015:
2010:
2020:
132:
1347:
Appleby, Gabrielle (2016). "Statutory interpretation: Navigating a complicated relationship:the role of the solicitor-general".
187:
123:
legal advice and appears in court to represent the Commonwealth's interest in important legal proceedings, particularly in the
1951:
1736:
1698:
1425:
1380:
1091:
1043:
890:
928:
378:
Gleeson criticised Brandis suggesting that he was not referred to on marriage equality and anti-terrorism citizenship laws.
127:. The Solicitor-General notably offered advice to the government and defended members of parliament in court during the
1938:
1306:
1030:
877:
599:
822:
525:
168:
1943:
1035:
882:
689:
610:
463:
330:
Considering the inconsistency in views according to some legal opinions there is need of reform of s 12 of the
175:
101:
1107:
943:
228:
in 2012. Gageler is the only person to be directly elevated from the solicitor-generalship to the High Court.
54:
1215:"The role of the solicitor-general: negotiating law, politics and the public interest [Book Review]"
164:
147:
1541:
182:
58:
786:
233:
1658:
corporatename:Old Parliament House, Executive Agency within the Prime Minister and Cabinet portfolio.
1011:
696:
116:
1933:
1659:
1214:
672:
248:
The Commonwealth Solicitor-General role is required to be filled by a barrister or solicitor of a
1025:
932:
591:
494:
217:
136:
124:
120:
442:
410:
249:
1563:
989:
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618:
430:
221:
195:
1766:"Latest developments | East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) | International Court of Justice"
743:
574:
872:
382:
provided advice that the legislation would succeed against a challenge in the High Court.
8:
433:
422:
210:
1086:. Canberra: Noel Francis (Australia); Australian National University Press (worldwide).
334:
to clarify if the Attorney-General is able to restrict access to the Solicitor-General.
1821:
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707:
447:
264:
1965:
1957:
1947:
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1742:
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1637:
1396:
1376:
1278:
1266:
1190:
1087:
1057:
1049:
1039:
904:
896:
886:
1994:
1794:"International Court of Justice: Case Concerning East Timor (Portugal v. Australia)"
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were deemed ineligible to be an elected member of parliament as a result of holding
1851:
1805:
1632:
1627:
1615:
1256:
1180:
751:
537:
288:
The Solicitor-General is appointed on a fixed term basis, with section 6(1) of the
105:
33:
342:
1511:"Solicitor-General resigns citing irreconcilable differences with George Brandis"
715:
225:
1589:"Brandis v Gleeson: fiery accusations fly between country's top legal officials"
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732:
582:
521:
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324:
160:
109:
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565:
437:
414:
370:
156:
69:
1969:
1261:
1244:
1061:
908:
256:. The role is distinctly separate from any political role by statute in the
1616:"The biographical dictionary of the Australian Senate, volume 3: 1962–1983"
993:. Vol. 15, no. 44. Queensland, Australia. 12 June 1903. p. 7
632:
426:
229:
178:
1843:
1726:
1688:
1855:
1542:"The Brandis-Gleeson affair – what does "consultation" mean? – AUSPUBLAW"
1452:"Labor calls for Brandis' resignation amid stoush with solicitor-general"
482:
404:
1908:"High risk businesses in COVID-19 hotspots to get mandatory vax backing"
1185:
1168:
557:
467:
418:
268:
1564:"Legal Services Amendment (Solicitor-General Opinions) Direction 2016"
1372:
Public sentinels: A comparative study of Australian solicitors-general
1765:
472:
450:
nullifying the half-Senate election as all seats were in contention.
253:
1245:"The evolution of a public sentinel: Australia's Solicitor General"
462:
commenced international legal proceedings against Australia in the
459:
199:
108:, who took office on 16 January 2017 following the resignation of
965:. No. 28, 915. Victoria, Australia. 26 April 1939. p. 4
346:
Justin Gleeson, Solicitor-General of Australia between 2013–2016.
100:) is the country's second highest-ranking law officer, after the
1307:"Reform of the Attorney General comparing Britain and Australia"
151:
Anthony Mason, Solicitor-General of Australia between 1964–1969.
1478:"George Brandis v Justin Gleeson: blessed be the misunderstood"
1426:"Solicitor-General resigns over 'broken' relationship with A-G"
1369:
Appleby, Gabrielle; Keyzer, Patrick; Williams, John M. (2014).
374:
George Brandis Attorney-General of Australia between 2013–2017.
1995:"The Solicitor-General in context: A tri-jurisdictional study"
1657:
1169:"The Solicitor-General in context: A tri-jurisdictional study"
520:
In 2021, Donaghue also provided advice to the Prime Minister
1121:"Diplomat's Death in Pretoria: Career of Sir George Knowles"
362:
155:
The office was created in 1916 with the appointment of Sir
174:
The creation of the role owed much to circumstances, when
1664:
Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House
483:
Australian Parliamentary Eligibility Crisis of 2017–18
475:’s actions, however, Indonesia’s absence exceeded the
276:, a separate office supported by an agency within the
1882:"Is it legal to require workers to have a COVID jab?"
1368:
337:
846:"High Court starts hearings on dual citizenship MPs"
489:
2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis
216:Two solicitors-general have been appointed to the
2002:
263:The Solicitor-General specialises in matters of
1997:, Bond Law Review: Vol. 23: Iss. 2, Article 4.
802:. Australian Government Directory. 2 June 2017
1724:
1690:Ninety not out : the Nationals 1920–2010
1075:
543:
493:In 2017–18 seven senators and members in the
453:
1620:Australian Academic & Research Libraries
1110:, House of Commons Library research briefing
515:
131:. Unlike the Australian attorney-general or
129:Australian Parliamentary eligibility crisis
1942:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
1934:"Bailey, Sir Kenneth Hamilton (1898–1972)"
1034:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
1012:AGS Legal Opinions – CASTLE Gordon Harwood
1001:– via National Library of Australia.
973:– via National Library of Australia.
881:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
1631:
1260:
1184:
1167:Goff-Gray, Christopher (1 January 2012).
1166:
1026:"Garran, Sir Robert Randolph (1867–1957)"
1905:
1879:
1113:
369:
363:Resignation of Solicitor-General Gleeson
341:
240:who went on to become Attorney-General.
232:subsequently served on the bench of the
146:
1613:
1346:
1313:. October: 573–594 – via Westlaw.
1304:
1242:
1081:
823:"Five more years for Solicitor-General"
393:
202:was appointed permanent secretary. The
159:. Prior to this, from 1903 to 1913 Sir
2003:
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503:s 44(i) of the Australian Constitution
213:of the Attorney-General's department.
188:Attorney-General for England and Wales
133:the same position in England and Wales
1837:
1835:
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1731:. Carlton: Melbourne University Pub.
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820:
526:COVID-19 vaccine rollout in Australia
98:solicitor-general of the Commonwealth
1084:The Gifted Knight: Sir Robert Garran
840:
838:
836:
441:writs. This was responded to by the
1870:
1715:
1677:
1648:
1529:
1496:
1415:
1243:Appleby, Gabrielle (5 March 2020).
1212:
1023:
949:
870:
13:
1987:
1939:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1832:
1783:
1753:
1660:"Don't come the raw prawn with me"
1359:
1317:
1285:
1229:
1201:
1145:
1031:Australian Dictionary of Biography
946:, Supreme Court Library Queensland
878:Australian Dictionary of Biography
421:the position of ambassador to the
338:Relationship with Attorney-General
14:
2032:
2016:Region-specific legal occupations
1880:Bonyhady, Nick (19 August 2021).
1614:Gilbert, Catherine (March 2011).
1219:University of Tasmania Law Review
873:"Powers, Sir Charles (1853–1939)"
833:
211:non-political public service head
135:, the solicitor-general is not a
2011:Australian law government bodies
1906:Bonyhady, Nick (6 August 2021).
1249:Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly
2021:Solicitors-general of Australia
1925:
1899:
1804:(6): 1581–1591. November 1995.
1607:
1581:
1555:
1470:
1444:
1389:
1131:
1127:. 24 November 1947. p. 13.
1100:
1017:
1014:, Attorney-General's Department
1005:
724:Australian National University
274:Director of Public Prosecutions
169:Australian Government Solicitor
16:Second law officer of Australia
1993:Goff-Gray, Christopher (2011)
1944:Australian National University
1633:10.1080/00048623.2011.10722208
1561:
1375:. Ashgate Publishing Limited.
1036:Australian National University
977:
937:
922:
883:Australian National University
864:
814:
792:
776:
690:Australian National University
611:Corpus Christi College, Oxford
464:International Court of Justice
398:
104:. The current officeholder is
102:Attorney-General for Australia
94:solicitor-general of Australia
24:Solicitor-General of Australia
1:
1798:International Legal Materials
1728:Gough Whitlam : His Time
957:"Obituary SIR CHARLES POWERS"
769:
278:Attorney-General’s Department
198:became Solicitor-General but
121:Australian federal government
57:on the recommendation of the
45:Attorney-General's Department
295:
165:Commonwealth Crown Solicitor
119:Solicitor-General gives the
7:
1593:Australian Financial Review
1515:Australian Financial Review
1482:Australian Financial Review
1305:Appleby, Gabrielle (2016).
1139:"ParlInfo – Search Results"
850:Australian Financial Review
417:offered Queensland Senator
186:title of the deputy of the
183:Prime Minister of Australia
10:
2037:
1349:Law Society of NSW Journal
544:List of Solicitors-General
486:
454:Case Concerning East Timor
402:
234:Federal Court of Australia
142:
38:since 16 January 2017
1912:The Sydney Morning Herald
1886:The Sydney Morning Herald
1810:10.1017/s0020782900015291
762:Magdalen College, Oxford
516:COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates
283:
167:, which later became the
75:
64:
50:
43:
28:
23:
1842:Nikias, Kyriaco (2018).
1397:"A fragile relationship"
760:University of Melbourne
673:Magdalen College, Oxford
670:University of Melbourne
608:University of Melbourne
355:services to government.
163:had served as the first
1848:SSRN Electronic Journal
1262:10.53386/nilq.v63i3.395
933:High Court of Australia
929:Sir Charles Powers KCMG
821:Pelly, Malcolm (2021).
592:University of Melbourne
495:Parliament of Australia
243:
218:High Court of Australia
1725:Jenny Hocking (2012).
1693:. Sydney: UNSW Press.
1568:www.legislation.gov.au
1082:Francis, Noel (1983).
375:
347:
152:
990:Morning Post (Cairns)
962:The Argus (Melbourne)
783:Law Officers Act 1964
741:University of Sydney
705:University of Sydney
656:University of Sydney
641:University of Sydney
627:University of Sydney
487:Further information:
403:Further information:
373:
345:
302:Law Officers Act 1964
290:Law Officers Act 1964
258:Law Officers Act 1964
150:
1932:Richardson, Jack E.
1856:10.2139/ssrn.3368116
1687:Davey, Paul (2010).
744:University of Oxford
575:University of Sydney
477:court’s jurisdiction
394:Notable Involvements
137:member of parliament
1125:The West Australian
800:"Solicitor-General"
726:Harvard Law School
434:Joh Bjelke-Petersen
423:Republic of Ireland
300:Within s 12 of the
250:State Supreme Court
1213:Workman, Bryanna.
1186:10.53300/001c.5583
944:Sir Charles Powers
708:Harvard Law School
448:double dissolution
431:Queensland Premier
376:
348:
153:
1953:978-0-522-84459-7
1738:978-0-522-86215-7
1700:978-1-74223-167-9
1595:. 14 October 2016
1517:. 24 October 2016
1432:. 24 October 2016
1382:978-1-4094-5425-0
1093:978-0-9592095-0-1
1045:978-0-522-84459-7
985:"From the States"
892:978-0-522-84459-7
767:
766:
554:Period in office
323:Attorney-General
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1484:. 5 October 2016
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1458:. 5 October 2016
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1403:. 4 October 2016
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1108:The Law Officers
1106:Alexander Home,
1104:
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1097:
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1024:Forster, Colin.
1021:
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871:Forster, Colin.
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852:. 9 October 2017
842:
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830:
827:Financial Review
818:
812:
811:
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752:Stephen Donaghue
548:
547:
499:dual citizenship
332:Law Officers Act
309:Law Officers Act
254:the Commonwealth
205:Law Officers Act
176:Attorney-General
106:Stephen Donaghue
96:(officially the
86:
84:
65:Inaugural holder
55:Governor-General
34:Stephen Donaghue
21:
20:
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1988:Further reading
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1471:
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1173:Bond Law Review
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1101:
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797:
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716:Stephen Gageler
681:Henry Burmester
546:
530:gender identity
518:
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413:Prime Minister
407:
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226:Stephen Gageler
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524:regarding the
522:Scott Morrison
517:
514:
508:Sykes v Cleary
484:
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400:
397:
395:
392:
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336:
325:George Brandis
297:
294:
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265:constitutional
245:
242:
161:Charles Powers
144:
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110:Justin Gleeson
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2019:
2017:
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1963:
1959:
1955:
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1941:
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1935:
1928:
1913:
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1225:(2): 144–147.
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617:
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219:
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224:in 1972 and
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399:Gair Affair
2005:Categories
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1891:7 December
1669:11 January
1599:11 January
1573:11 January
1547:11 January
1521:11 January
1488:11 January
1462:11 January
1436:11 January
1311:Public Law
856:7 December
770:References
738:2013–2016
721:2008–2012
702:1998–2008
686:1997–1998
667:1984–1997
653:1973–1983
638:1969–1973
624:1964–1969
605:1946–1964
588:1932–1946
571:1916–1932
558:Alma Mater
468:East Timor
443:Opposition
419:Vince Gair
269:public law
125:High Court
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425:and the
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181:became
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