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In implementation of the source–filter model of speech production, the sound source, or excitation signal, is often modelled as a periodic impulse train, for voiced speech, or white noise for unvoiced speech. The vocal tract filter is, in the simplest case, approximated by an all-pole filter, where
507:, they were able to predict the formant frequencies of different vowels, establishing a relationship between the two. Gunnar Fant, a pioneering speech scientist, used Chiba and Kajiyama's research involving X-ray photography of the vocal tract to interpret his own data of Russian speech sounds in
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the coefficients are obtained by performing linear prediction to minimize the mean-squared error in the speech signal to be reproduced. Convolution of the excitation signal with the filter response then produces the synthesised speech.
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An important assumption that is often made in the use of the source–filter model is the independence of source and filter. In such cases, the model should more accurately be referred to as the "independent source–filter model".
584:, which can produce a periodic sound when constricted or an aperiodic (white noise) sound when relaxed. The filter is the rest of the vocal tract, which can change shape through manipulation of the
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in the time domain and by harmonics in the frequency domain, and a filter that depends on, for example, tongue position and lip protrusion. On the other hand,
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In 1942, Chiba and
Kajiyama published their research on vowel acoustics and the vocal tract in their book,
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Acoustic Theory of Speech
Production with Calculations Based on X-ray Studies of Russian Articulations
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Arai, Takayuki (2004). "History of Chiba and
Kajiyama and their influence in modern speech science".
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One possible combination of source and filter in the human vocal tract.
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From Sound to Sense: 50+ Years of
Discoveries in Speech Communication
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can be distinguished by the properties of their source(s) and their
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The Sounds of
Language: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
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represents speech as a combination of a sound source, such as the
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and Masato
Kajiyama, who first showed the relationship between a
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because of its relative simplicity. It is also related to
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In human speech production, the sound source is the
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817:. (hardcover in 1999) / (paperback in 2000).
592:roughly compares the source and filter to
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672:Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan
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18:Source-filter model of speech production
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509:Acoustic Theory of Speech Production
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501:The Vowel: Its nature and structure
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487:and the shape of the vocal tract.
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754:Chiba, T.; Kajiyama, M. (1942).
562:Modeling human speech production
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519:To varying degrees, different
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380:Theories of speech perception
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612:to produce a speech sound.
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485:vowel's acoustic properties
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734:. John Wiley & Sons.
367:Neural encoding of sound
777:Stevens, K. N. (2001).
145:Manners of articulation
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568:Articulatory phonetics
357:Categorical perception
92:Places of articulation
707:Fant, Gunnar (1970).
666:Fant, Gunnar (2001).
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265:Fundamental frequency
285:Source–filter theory
203:Airstream mechanisms
726:Zsiga, Elizabeth C.
655:. pp. 115–120.
449:source–filter model
800:Acoustic Phonetics
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411:Linguistics portal
388:Acoustic landmarks
48:Linguistics Series
814:978-0-262-19404-4
803:. Cambridge, MA:
741:978-1-118-34060-8
541:voiced fricatives
505:X-ray photography
469:linear prediction
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598:articulation
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539:. So-called
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515:Applications
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398:Motor theory
280:Pitch accent
116:Postalveolar
81:Articulation
67:Articulatory
46:Part of the
604:of varying
582:vocal folds
477:Ken Stevens
473:Gunnar Fant
463:and speech
457:vocal tract
453:vocal cords
179:Approximant
628:References
610:attenuated
606:amplitudes
533:fricatives
334:Perception
227:Percussive
805:MIT Press
789:(2): 6–7.
602:harmonics
594:phonation
251:Phonation
240:Acoustics
217:Glottalic
169:Fricative
164:Affricate
154:Consonant
136:Laryngeal
40:Phonetics
826:Category
797:(1998).
728:(2012).
616:See also
521:phonemes
465:analysis
212:Pulmonic
111:Alveolar
72:Auditory
62:Acoustic
32:a series
30:Part of
586:pharynx
537:pharynx
495:History
372:Prosody
362:Hearing
352:Aphasia
321:Breathy
270:Glottis
255:Voicing
222:Lingual
189:Lateral
159:Plosive
121:Palatal
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689:3 July
316:Creaky
184:Liquid
131:Uvular
106:Dental
101:Labial
678:(2).
653:(PDF)
311:Modal
275:Pitch
194:Vowel
174:Nasal
126:Velar
809:ISBN
767:ISBN
736:ISBN
691:2020
596:and
590:Fant
447:The
290:Tone
765:as
680:doi
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