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late-18th and early 19th centuries. Nations in the
Americas followed suit, with Brazil being the last nation to abolish slavery, in 1888. The abolition of slavery led to a rapid decline in the fortunes of the planter class, which responded by importing indentured servants from Asia. By the 20th century, the planter class ceased to be politically and socially influential in either the Americas or Europe. The exact reasons for the decline of the planter class and their role in the development of
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469:, hid in the jungles away from civilization and lived off the land and what could be stolen in violent raids on the island's sugar and coffee plantations. Although the numbers in the bands grew large (sometimes into the thousands), they generally lacked the leadership and strategy to accomplish large-scale objectives. In April 1791, a massive slave insurgency rose violently against the plantation system, setting a precedent of resistance to slavery.
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537:
577:. American buildings of the Georgian period were very often constructed of wood with clapboards; even columns were made of timber, framed up, and turned on an oversized lathe. At the start of the period, the difficulties of obtaining and transporting brick or stone made them a common alternative only in the larger cities or where they were obtainable locally. A premier example of Georgian planter architecture is
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taught them to cultivate native plant species, including tobacco and fruits, which, within a century, would become a global industry itself that funded a multinational slave trade. Colonial politics would come to be dominated by wealthy noble landowners interested in commercial development. In an effort to reduce the financial burden of continental wars, European governments began instituting
554:, characterized by its wide hipped roofs extending over wraparound porches, thin wooden columns, and living quarters raised above ground level. Learning building practices from the West Indies, colonists designed practical dwellings for a territory prone to flooding. A notable loss of plantation homes in Louisiana is attributed to an economic shift from agriculture to industry during the
437:, granted unparalleled rights for slaves to marry, gather publicly, and abstain from work on Sundays. It forbade slave owners to torture or to separate families; though corporal punishment was sanctioned, masters who killed their slaves or falsely accused a slave of a crime and had the slave put to death would be fined. Masters openly and consistently broke the
236:, where by European goods were brought to Africa and exchanged for slaves, which were brought to the Americas to be sold to colonists, who used them to produce cash crops which were shipped back to Europe; most African slaves brought to the Americas were sold to the planter class, who frequently subjected them to brutal mistreatment.
380:, and other islands of the Caribbean. The French territory of Saint-Domingue began cultivating coffee in 1734, and by 1788, it supplied half the global market. The French colonial plantations relied heavily on African slave laborers. However, the harsh conditions that slaves endured on coffee plantations precipitated the
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Covered and columned porches feature prominently in
Palladian architecture, in many cases dominating the main facade. Red brick exteriors and either slanted or domed roofs are commonplace among residential buildings. Monticello, residence of US President Thomas Jefferson, was built in a style unique
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Arriving in the late 16th and the early 17th centuries, settlers landed on the shores of an unspoiled and hostile countryside. Early planters first began as colony farmers providing for the needs of settlements besieged by famine, disease, and tribal raids. Native
Americans friendly to the colonists
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caused high mortality. White planters and their families, together with the merchants and shopkeepers, lived in fear of slave rebellion. Thus, in the functions of society and efforts to combat dissent, cruelty was noted in the form of overwork, inadequate food and shelter, insufficient clothing and
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A plantation house served to group the owner's family, guests, and house slaves within one large structure in a central location on the estate. Often starting as a modest abode, the house was enlarged or replaced with a newer, more impressive home as the planter's wealth grew. Commonly seen is the
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attacked slavery in the 1780 edition of his history of
European colonization. He also predicted a general slave revolt in the colonies by saying that there were signs of "the impending storm." Sugar production in Saint-Domingue was sustained under especially harsh conditions, including the humid
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in 1532, organized to produce a tropical crop, sugar, in great demand and short supply in Europe. The other major powers of
Western Europe soon hoped to establish profitable colonies of their own. Presented with new opportunities, Europeans who were disenchanted by the rigid social structures of
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in Europe and the
Americas led to a popular movement to abolish slavery in European colonies, which met with strong resistance from the planter class. Despite this, European nations gradually began to abolish their involvement in the slave trade and the institution of slavery itself during the
353:. When tobacco prices dropped precipitously in the 1750s, many plantations struggled to remain financially solvent. In an effort to combat financial ruin, planters pushed to increase crop yield or, with the depletion of soil nutrients, converted to growing other crops such as cotton or wheat.
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area was immensely hospitable to tobacco cultivation. Ships annually hauled 1.5 million lb (680,000 kg) of tobacco out to the Bay by the 1630s and about 40 million lb (18 million kg) by the end of the century. Tobacco planters financed their operations with loans from
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As
European settlers began to colonize the Americas in the 16th and 17th centuries, they quickly realized the economic potential of growing cash crops which were in high demand in Europe. Settlers began to establish plantations, the majority of which were located in the
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systems by which a soldier, typically an officer, would be granted land in the colonies for services rendered. That incentivized military professionals to settle in the
Americas and thus contribute to colonial defense against foreign colonists and hostile Natives.
290:
The search for gold and silver was a constant theme in overseas expansion, but there were other
European demands that the New World could also satisfy, which contributed to its growing involvement in the Western-dominated world economy. While
612:, purchased the property in 1899. She was instrumental in modernizing the house, rebuilding the east wing, and adding hyphens to connect the main house to the previously separate dependencies, thereby creating one long building.
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carried across Europe the ideals of egalitarianism and brought into question the practice of slavery in the colonies of other
European powers. In Britain, a fledgling abolitionist movement received a major boost after the 1772
407:
An age of enlightenment dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century. Philosophers began writing pamphlets against slavery and its moral and economic justifications, including
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and was able to harvest his first crop in 1726, or shortly thereafter. Within 50 years, there were 18,000 coffee trees in Martinique, enabling the spread of coffee cultivation to
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became popular with American society in the construction of colleges and public buildings, while many houses too were built in the Jefferson Palladian style of
160:, where the soil was fertile enough to handle the intensity of plantation agriculture. Cash crops produced on plantations owned by the planter class included
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589:. An elaborate doorway, which is recognized as "the Westover doorway," adorns the main entrance and contrasts an otherwise simple construction.
476:, the National Assembly of the First Republic abolished slavery in France and its colonies. The military successes of the French Republic and of
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340:, was the first colonist to grow tobacco in North America. He arrived in Virginia with tobacco seeds procured from an earlier voyage to
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The French origins of planters in Canada, Louisiana, and Saint-Domingue heavily influenced the development of
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344:, and in 1612, he harvested his inaugural crop for sale on the European market. In the 17th century, the
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from Europe, but they were eventually supplanted by enslaved Africans brought to the Americas via the
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did not uphold the legality of slavery. Eleven years later in 1783, a group of Britons, many of them
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columns, curved stairs, semi-detached wings, and other architectural elements popular at the time.
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The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America
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Rice, Robert A. (1999). "A Place Unbecoming: The Coffee Farm of Northern Latin America".
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of European descent, consisted of individuals who owned or were financially connected to
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Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624–1713
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During the American Civil War, the house served as the headquarters of Union General
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in high demand across Euro-American markets. These plantations were operated by the
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In 1720, coffee was first introduced to the West Indies by French naval officer
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507:. His efforts finally abolished the slave trade in the British Empire with the
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to him that has been emulated in the construction of many colleges, such as
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608:. The wing caught fire and lay in ruin until Mrs. Clarise Sears Ramsey, a
831:"Abolition and Republicanism over the Transatlantic Long Term, 1640–1800"
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and passed local legislation that reversed its less desirable articles.
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emigrated to the abundant virginal lands of the colonial frontier.
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384:. Coffee had a major influence on the geography of Latin America.
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232:. Colonial plantations eventually formed a key component of the
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developed Palladianism in the 16th century, publishing in 1570
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receiving Royal Assent the week after his death, in July 1833.
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224:. Initially, these plantations were operated with the labor of
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Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution
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427:. The laws governing slavery in the French West Indies, the
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of slaves and indentured servants and typically existed in
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depicting two members of the planter class and their slave
212:. In North America, the planter class formed part of the
181:
462:
medical care, rape, lashings, castration and burnings.
909:"The History Press | The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833"
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led the cause of abolition through his campaign in the
27:
Racial and socio-economic caste of Pan-American society
248:
remain a strong point of contention among historians.
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862:. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 119.
581:, built in the mid-18th century as the residence of
1086:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
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695:Plantation complexes in the Southern United States
453:climate of the Caribbean, where diseases such as
140:, large-scale farms devoted to the production of
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1072:. London: Printed for T. Cadell & W. Davies.
829:Di Lorenzo, A; Donoghue, J; et al. (2016).
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360:, who procured a coffee plant seedling from the
239:Beginning in the mid-18th century, the rise of
810:The Politics of Taste in Antebellum Charleston
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295:seemed to fulfill dreams of mineral wealth,
1187:History of agriculture in the United States
930:
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495:, founded an abolitionist organisation in
132:. Members of the caste, most of whom were
962:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
858:Censer, Jack Richard; Hunt, Lynn (2001).
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80:Learn how and when to remove this message
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487:court case, which affirmed that English
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329:A social event held by slaves in Surinam
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43:This article includes a list of general
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988:Center for Palladian Studies in America
936:"Westover Plantation: Official website"
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368:. He transplanted it on the slopes of
1167:Culture of the Southern United States
990:. palladiancenter.org. Archived from
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1182:Social history of the United States
1069:The Coffee Planter of Saint Domingo
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964:. U.S. National Park Service. 1966
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884:"Society of Friends | religion"
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364:in Paris and transported it to
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719:"The First Plantation Colony"
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258:Slavery in the United States
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1177:High society (social class)
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505:Parliament of Great Britain
388:Revolution and abolitionism
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1051:. New Orleans: Harmanson.
683:First Families of Virginia
513:1833 Slavery Abolition Act
321:Rise of plantation economy
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108:, also referred to as the
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1023:. New York: Basic Books.
913:www.thehistorypress.co.uk
739:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
465:Runaway slaves, known as
984:"Palladio and his Books"
1066:Laborie, P. J. (1798).
888:Encyclopædia Britannica
835:La Révolution française
717:Stearns, Peter (1999).
362:Royal Botanical Gardens
299:became the first major
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1017:Brandt, Allan (2007).
666:University of Virginia
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414:The Spirit of the Laws
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126:European colonization
120:which emerged in the
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1162:American upper class
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524:addition of massive
509:1807 Slave Trade Act
230:Atlantic slave trade
156:, and somewhat more
18:Southern aristocracy
808:Maurie D. McInnis,
768:Geographical Review
602:Berkeley Plantation
579:Westover Plantation
501:William Wilberforce
226:indentured servants
130:early modern period
110:planter aristocracy
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587:Richmond, Virginia
556:Reconstruction era
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484:Somerset v Stewart
478:Napoleon Bonaparte
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397:Sarah Reeve Ladson
382:Haitian Revolution
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158:temperate climates
116:and socioeconomic
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1157:American planters
596:, the protégé of
571:Thirteen Colonies
545:Darrow, Louisiana
474:French Revolution
336:, a settler from
301:plantation colony
246:racial capitalism
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662:the Rotunda
606:James River
573:during the
417:(1748) and
409:Montesquieu
370:Mount Pelée
222:West Indies
150:subtropical
138:plantations
62:introducing
1151:Categories
958:"Westover"
918:2023-03-03
701:References
644:Monticello
625:Monticello
541:The Houmas
489:common law
366:Martinique
334:John Rolfe
267:Background
256:See also:
142:cash crops
45:references
616:Palladian
435:Louis XIV
430:Code Noir
378:New Spain
338:Jamestown
306:feudalism
262:Old South
198:oil palms
194:oil seeds
166:sugarcane
70:June 2018
1129:Business
998:June 23,
968:June 24,
942:June 24,
796:20662186
735:cite web
672:See also
562:Georgian
342:Trinidad
154:tropical
134:settlers
122:Americas
112:, was a
1141:History
1103:Portals
893:13 June
725:July 2,
664:of the
493:Quakers
467:Maroons
455:malaria
448:writer
421:in the
281:Surinam
252:History
162:tobacco
128:in the
124:during
58:improve
1172:Gentry
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837:(11).
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788:216102
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497:London
351:London
297:Brazil
210:fruits
208:, and
178:coffee
174:indigo
170:cotton
114:racial
47:, but
784:JSTOR
190:sisal
186:cocoa
118:caste
1088:ISBN
1078:Dunn
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