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359:. Its provisions state that a state bears international responsibility for all space objects that are launched within their territory. This means that regardless of who launches the space object, if it was launched from State A's territory, or from State A's facility, or if State A caused the launch to happen, then State A is fully liable for damages that result from that space object. In 1978, the crash of the
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1148:(DoS) is the Indian government department responsible for administration of the Indian space program. It manages several agencies and institutes related to space exploration and space technologies. The Indian space program under the DoS aims to promote the development and application of space science and technology for the socio-economic benefit of the country. It includes two major satellite systems,
875:
661:
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331:, and must provide all possible assistance to rescue the personnel of a spacecraft who have landed within that state's territory. Moreover, if the distress occurs in an area that is beyond the territory of any nation, then any state party that is in a position to do so shall, if necessary, extend assistance in the search and rescue operation.
1684:"Institutional Framework for the Province of all Mankind: Lessons from the International Seabed Authority for the Governance of Commercial Space Mining.] Jonathan Sydney Koch. "Institutional Framework for the Province of all Mankind: Lessons from the International Seabed Authority for the Governance of Commercial Space Mining."
1139:
There are some who question the relevance of space activities in a developing nation. To us, there is no ambiguity of purpose....we are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally, and in the community of nations, we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies
1049:
In the 1980s the Soviet Union was considered to be technologically behind the United States, but it outspent the United States in its space budget, and its cosmonauts had spent three times as many days in space as
American astronauts. The Soviet Union had also been more willing than the United States
999:
The China
National Space Administration states its aims as maintaining the country's overall development strategy, making innovations in an independent and self-reliant manner, promoting the country's science and technology sector and encouraging economic and social development, and actively engaging
334:
At the time the agreement was drafted, rescuing travelers in space was unlikely, due to the limited launch capabilities of even the most advanced space programs. More recently, it has become more plausible. The Rescue
Agreement has been criticized for being vague, especially regarding the definition
929:
The ESA Director
General's Proposal for the European Space Policy states, "Space systems are strategic assets demonstrating independence and the readiness to assume global responsibilities. Initially developed as defence or scientific projects, they now also provide commercial infrastructures on
220:, the issue of nuclear tests and the resultant radioactive debris drew intensified public attention. As the treaty does not outright ban nuclear tests underground, hundreds of such tests were conducted in the following decades. The Partial Test Ban Treaty is seen as the first step towards global
1108:
boomed throughout 2005 from high prices for exports, such as oil and gas, and the outlook for subsequent funding became more favorable. The federal space budget for the year 2009 was left unchanged despite the global economic crisis, standing at around 82 billion rubles ($ 2.4 billion). Current
675:
by the end of the 1960s decade, in response to contemporary Soviet space successes. This speech at Rice
University on 12 September 1962 is famous for the quote "We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are
926:, which by 1985 had captured over 40 percent of commercial launch market in the free world. The ESA budget is split between mandatory and voluntary programs, the latter of which allow individual member nations to pursue their own national space goals within the organization.
860:
in 2011. In national security, foreign development of counterspace systems has become a regular feature of public statements by U.S. defense and intelligence officials. This is reminiscent of similar concerns about the Soviet Union's space program between the launch of
507:' final space policy product is, in the case of domestic policy a bill explicitly stating the policy objectives and the budget appropriation for their implementation to be submitted to the President for signature into law, or else a ratified treaty with other nations.
930:
which important sectors of the economy depend and which are relevant in the daily life of citizens.... Europe needs an effective space policy to enable it to exert global leadership in selected policy areas in accordance with
European interests and values."
865:
in 1957 and the success of the Apollo lunar missions. The threat of Soviet dominance in space turned out to be less formidable than expected, but it continued to drive policy and programmatic decisions for decades, until the Soviet Union ceased to exist.
1602:
933:
In the final part of 2010s the ESA has made strong efforts in order to make Europe stronger in the competition for the development of new strategies regarding space policy. Those included a huge increase in ESA's budget promoted by countries such as
664:
335:
of who is entitled to be rescued and the definition of what constitutes a spacecraft and its component parts. With the recent increase of commercial spaceflight providers, this distinction has become more relevant, raising questions as to whether
4400:
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851:
In recent years, U.S. space operators and decisionmakers have become increasingly concerned about threats to U.S. space leadership. In the civil sector, this has been driven largely by U.S. dependence on Russia for crew access to the
213:, and under water. It also prohibits nuclear explosions underground if they cause "radioactive debris to be present outside the territorial limits of the State under whose jurisdiction or control" the explosions were conducted.
976:
decided on 14 July 1967 that the PRC should not be left behind, and started China's own human spaceflight program. The first success came on 15 October 2003 when China sent its first astronaut into space for 21 hours aboard
3600:
7072:
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638:
conducts hearings on proposed space treaties, and the various appropriations committees have power over the budgets for space-related agencies. Space policy efforts are supported by
Congressional agencies such as the
1152:
for communication, television broadcasting and meteorological services, and Indian Remote
Sensing Satellites (IRS) system for resources monitoring and management. It has also developed two satellite launch vehicles,
302:
With the increase of private satellites and counter-space technologies since 2016, there have been calls for an update to the Outer Space Treaty. This topic, amongst others, was discussed in 2021 at the annual
921:
The ESA was founded to serve as a counterweight to the dominant United States and Soviet space programs, and further the economic and military independence of Europe. This has included the development of the
5787:
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2975:
323:. The agreement essentially requires that any state party to the agreement, upon becoming aware that the personnel of a spacecraft are in distress, must notify the launching authority and the
4543:
Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs
3878:
918:
provides a framework for coordination between the two organizations and member states, including issues such as security and defence, access to space, space science, and space exploration.
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623:
548:(NASA, subsequent to 29 July 1958), and military space activities (communications, reconnaissance, intelligence, mapping, and missile defense) are carried out by various agencies of the
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165:(UNOOSA) is primarily responsible for the implementation of international space law, and helps advise governments and non-governmental organizations on space law.
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global navigation satellite system has for many years been one of the top priorities and has been given its own budget line in the federal space budget.
635:
398:
was ratified on
September 15, 1976. The convention's provisions require states to provide details such as date and location of launch, as well as basic
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are covered by the term "personnel of a spacecraft" used in the agreement. There have been calls to revisit these issues in international space law.
1951:
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154:. Since that time, space law has evolved and assumed more importance as mankind has increasingly come to use and rely on space-based resources.
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to peaceful purposes; establishing that space shall be freely explored and used by all nations; and precluding any country from claiming
552:. The President is legally responsible for deciding which space activities fall under the civilian and military areas. In addition, the
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2022:
1603:"Perspective | If a satellite falls on your house, space law protects you — but there are no legal penalties for leaving junk in orbit"
1077:. While scientific missions, such as interplanetary probes or astronomy missions during these years played a very small role, although
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1578:"SpaceX satellites nearly collided with China's space station twice this year, sparking online criticism of Elon Musk's 'space junk'"
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1996:
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that continuously lie over the signatory nations' territory. The declaration has been signed by seven equatorial countries:
177:
were adopted by the UN General
Assembly. The Partial Test Ban Treaty, being the first, was signed by the governments of the
7163:
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499:. The President may also negotiate with other nations and sign space treaties on behalf of the US, according to his or her
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inherited its space programs in 1991 from its predecessor state, the Soviet Union. Russia's civilian space agency is the
989:
572:
549:
370:
in Canadian territory led to the only claim filed under the convention. More recently, in July and October 2021, China's
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299:. These claims did not receive wider international support or recognition, and were subsequently largely abandoned.
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426:(including the orbits around such bodies) over to the participant countries. Thus, all activities would conform to
284:
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878:
The ESA is an international organization whose membership overlaps with, but is not the same as, that of the EU.
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was ratified on December 3, 1968. The agreement's provisions elaborate on the rescue provisions set forth by the
202:
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770:. Reagan in 1982 announced a renewed active space effort, which included initiatives such the construction of
640:
534:
492:
151:
140:
The inception of the field of space law began with the launch of the world's first artificial satellite by the
968:
launch to place a Chinese satellite in orbit by 1959 to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the founding of the
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has connections with Russian aerospace forces, its budget is not part of the defense budget of the country,
813:
in mid-2011. There is a current debate on the post-Space Shuttle future of the civilian space program: the
157:
International space law consists of six international treaties, five declarations and principles, and other
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space station programs, and increased their investment in space programs throughout the 1970s and 1980s.
853:
798:
740:
729:
644:
1927:"Resolution on the European Space Policy: ESA Director General's Proposal for the European Space Policy"
1804:
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43:
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2256:
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1970:
1427:
224:. Continued efforts in this direction include increasing public awareness through events such as the
825:
to create a set of new spacecraft with the goal of sending astronauts to the Moon and Mars, but the
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736:
90:
969:
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7304:
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395:
59:
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1065:, the 1990s saw serious financial problems because of the decreased cash flow, which encouraged
263:
International challenges to the Outer Space Treaty have been attempted. Most prominently is the
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was responsible for the Chinese space program prior to July 1999, when it was split into the
955:
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907:
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830:
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771:
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86:
2026:
495:, and submitted for approval and establishment of funding to the legislative process of the
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and development of new communications, navigation and remote Earth sensing spacecraft. The
1110:
1039:
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972:(PRC), China did not successfully launch its first satellite until 24 April 1970. Mao and
89:. It also encompasses government regulation of third-party activities such as commercial
8:
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in January 1986 led to a reevaluation of the future of the national space program in the
423:
268:
257:
245:
221:
94:
1974:
374:, with three astronauts aboard, performed "evasive maneuver(s)" to avoid collision with
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910:(ESA) is the common space agency for many European nations. It is independent of the
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1610:
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451:
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137:. There are currently six treaties that make up the body of international space law.
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39:
2000:
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on their space activity plans, as potential input for the policy draft submitted to
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1094:
595:'s expected willingness to provide necessary funding levels for proposed programs.
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240:
was ratified on October 10, 1967. Key provisions of the treaty include prohibiting
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1069:
to improvise and seek other ways to keep space programs running. This resulted in
1008:
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was ratified on July 11, 1984. The agreement is a multilateral treaty that turns
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27:
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became the world's first spacefaring state by launching its first satellite,
763:
756:
735:'s budget continued to decline and three of the planned Apollo Moon landings
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5128:
5091:
4338:
3431:
3089:
2211:
1706:"The Space Review: Beyond UNISPACE: It's time for the Moon Treaty (page 1)"
1031:
845:
748:
705:
697:
680:
The early history of United States space policy is linked to the US–Soviet
672:
419:
383:
178:
141:
2154:
382:. The Liability Convention does not introduce legal penalties for leaving
193:
on August 5, 1963, before it was opened for signature by other countries.
8253:
8152:
7869:
7735:
7425:
7408:
7280:
7237:
7211:
6317:
4858:
4846:
4834:
4697:
4644:
4424:
3950:
3556:
3450:
3247:
3072:
2924:
2729:
2576:
791:
709:
415:
253:
249:
210:
134:
35:
31:
2122:
1295:
833:, opting instead to emphasize development of commercial rocket systems.
8388:
8207:
8003:
7911:
7854:
7814:
7608:
7309:
5148:
2976:
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
2659:
2278:
2251:
1217:
978:
973:
961:
681:
367:
434:. It has not been ratified by any state that engages in self-launched
8013:
7864:
7581:
7462:
7383:
7366:
6891:
6879:
6843:
6544:
6109:
5735:
5723:
4704:
4368:
4231:
4092:
4006:
3329:
2917:
2300:
1212:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1035:
965:
862:
721:
693:
364:
296:
146:
126:
121:
101:
2959:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
4906:
4870:
4752:
4100:
2885:
European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
2674:
2598:
2410:
615:
379:
276:
2139:
844:
administration in 2004 was replaced with a new policy released by
541:) may provide advice to the government and lobby for space goals.
58:, attempt to maximize the peaceful uses of space and restrict the
22:
is the political decision-making process for, and application of,
6374:
6003:
4966:
4776:
4105:
3173:
2608:
2527:
1114:
1020:
943:
747:
in 1972, but did not support funding of other projects such as a
272:
205:
was entered into force on October 10, 1963. The treaty prohibits
8087:
2148:
598:
Once the President's policy draft or treaty is submitted to the
7827:
7691:
4990:
4918:
4882:
4810:
4764:
4728:
4716:
4578:
3344:
2769:
2127:
939:
443:
375:
288:
190:
51:
7249:
614:'s operations and investigation of accidents such as the 1967
226:
International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons
100:
Space policy also encompasses the creation and application of
7104:
6990:
5014:
5002:
4894:
4822:
4740:
4566:
4221:
3962:
3061:
Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research
2759:
2496:
European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
2025:. Information Office of China's State Council. Archived from
935:
874:
560:
operates various services with space components, such as the
351:
was ratified on September 1, 1972. The treaty expands on the
292:
6568:
6310:
5836:
5473:
5026:
4788:
4329:
International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
2963:
1851:
1527:"Humanity needs a space-rescue capability, report stresses"
822:
779:
732:
717:
689:
611:
568:
545:
544:
Civilian and scientific space policy is carried out by the
287:(in 1997 renamed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo),
1867:“Statement before the Senate Committee on Armed Services,”
1161:(GSLV), to place IRS and INSAT class satellites in orbit.
7708:
3991:
2875:
Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
1761:. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. pp. 79–83.
1086:
1055:
618:
fire. Military policies are reviewed and overseen by the
2109:
1109:
priorities of the Russian space program include the new
4443:
International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement
4334:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
2954:
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
2136:– collected by the Center for Space Policy and Strategy
1738:
National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958), Sec. 102(b).
16:
Public policy concerning the exploration of outer space
2913:
AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
1450:"Space policy is finally moving into the 21st century"
1241:. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. p. vii.
1135:(regarded as the father of the Indian space program):
5206:
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
4349:
Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
1131:
The purpose of India's space program was outlined by
1027:, which handles both civilian and military programs.
708:
by the end of the decade. Although the costs of the
267:
which asserts sovereignty over those portions of the
244:
in space; limiting the use of the Moon and all other
3003:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
1168:
1073:' leading role in commercial satellite launches and
992:
responsible for setting policy, and the state-owned
696:
satellite. Thereafter, in response to the flight of
129:
is an area of the law that encompasses national and
2149:
Space Policy - Outer Space Policy, Politics and Law
1193:
Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy
778:, and, later in his term, a 30 percent increase in
692:was passed in 1958, after the launch of the Soviet
5213:Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
4324:International Space Exploration Coordination Group
2993:European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
2971:European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
1089:well past its planned lifespan, contribute to the
994:China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
209:tests or nuclear explosions in the atmosphere, in
4454:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
4314:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
2144:United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research
475:Space policy of the George W. Bush administration
69:, since national space programs often perform or
8411:
5308:
4309:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
2083:"Dr. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai (1963–1971) – ISRO"
1956:, Osservatorio Globalizzazione, 29 February 2020
1296:"UNODA Treaty Database: Partial Test Ban Treaty"
628:House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
610:. These committees also exercise oversight over
4437:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement
2964:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
2838:European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
558:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
483:Space policy of the Donald Trump administration
479:Space policy of the Barack Obama administration
3721:Re-establishment of the National Space Council
2506:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
2462:European Cooperation for Space Standardization
8103:
7265:
7226:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
5294:
4272:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
4244:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
3079:Creation of the British National Space Centre
2467:European Space Research and Technology Centre
2377:
2367:
2170:
1789:
1787:
1373:"The Partial Test Ban Treaty: 50 Years Later"
1301:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
1050:to embark on long-term programs, such as the
546:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
487:United States space policy is drafted by the
450:), and thus it has little to no relevancy in
2518:European Space Security and Education Centre
2057:Harvey, Brian (2007). "The design bureaus".
150:, the satellite was launched as part of the
108:organizations exist to support the cause of
4359:Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
4319:International Mobile Satellite Organization
4199:Politics of the International Space Station
2834:EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
2184:
604:House Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics
216:With increased knowledge of the effects of
8110:
8096:
7272:
7258:
5301:
5287:
4354:Arab Satellite Communications Organization
4344:Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
3691:Development of the Commercial Crew Program
3108:Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
2431:European Launcher Development Organisation
2177:
2163:
1784:
797:The United States has participated in the
389:
196:
4431:Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
4277:Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
4217:International Civil Aviation Organization
3759:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
3656:Launch of the Space Launch System program
3651:Cancellation of the Constellation program
1999:. 雷霆万钧. 16 September 2005. Archived from
1678:
168:
3811:Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
2059:The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program
1802:
1140:to the real problems of man and society.
873:
658:
608:Senate Subcommittee on Science and Space
602:, civilian policies are reviewed by the
7757:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
4460:Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol
3582:2002 National missile defense directive
2935:Council of European Aerospace Societies
2817:Western European Union Satellite Centre
1830:"Fact Sheet: The National Space Policy"
1756:
1236:
1159:Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
704:in 1961 committed the United States to
632:Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
624:Senate Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
585:Office of Science and Technology Policy
537:; and policy organizations such as the
342:
8412:
7779:Psychological and sociological effects
5233:International Astronautical Federation
4014:
3542:Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
2950:European Committee for Standardization
2562:Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
2056:
2050:
1230:
620:House Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
8091:
7253:
5282:
5228:International Academy of Astronautics
4449:International Docking System Standard
4294:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
4287:International Planetary Data Alliance
4194:International Space Station programme
3916:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
3826:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
3118:UK Global Navigation Satellite System
2880:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
2557:Space Situational Awareness Programme
2158:
1524:
1473:
1085:managed to operate the space station
1003:
231:
30:(or association of states) regarding
5223:Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
3238:Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
2445:European Space Research Organisation
2128:Center for Space Policy and Strategy
1842:from the original on 21 January 2017
1525:David, Leonard (15 September 2021).
1290:
1288:
1286:
1260:
1258:
1015:and its military counterpart is the
457:
159:United Nations (UN) General Assembly
4082:United Rocket and Space Corporation
3736:Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
3616:Launch of the Constellation program
3340:Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
2061:(1st ed.). Germany: Springer.
1932:. European Space Agency. p. 21
1474:Ayala, Christine (8 October 2021).
1426:. 27 September 2011. Archived from
1424:"Who Owns the Geostationary Orbit?"
1266:"Space Law Treaties and Principles"
990:China National Space Administration
856:(ISS) since the termination of the
579:. He or she also consults with the
310:
13:
7488:Weather and environment monitoring
5176:Air & Space Forces Association
3816:Antennas & Propagation Society
3024:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
2945:European Civil Aviation Conference
2023:"China's Space Activities in 2006"
1803:Connolly, John F. (October 2006).
1653:
1628:
1544:
1493:
1476:"Is conflict in space inevitable?"
1127:Indian Space Research Organisation
996:, responsible for implementation.
902:Space policy of the European Union
686:National Aeronautics and Space Act
636:Senate Foreign Relations Committee
14:
8436:
8117:
4249:General Assembly Fourth Committee
4237:Space Generation Advisory Council
3671:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
2845:EU Agency for the Space Programme
2594:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
2567:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
2394:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
2336:Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine
2103:
1973:. 16 October 2007. Archived from
1283:
1255:
1208:Space Generation Advisory Council
1093:, and continue to fly additional
883: ESA and EU member countries
784:Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
523:Space Generation Advisory Council
469:Space policy of the United States
409:
163:UN Office for Outer Space Affairs
8071:
8061:
8060:
7205:
7193:
7181:
7169:
7157:
7145:
7122:
7110:
7098:
6998:
6979:
6952:
6940:
6921:
6909:
6885:
6873:
6861:
6849:
6837:
6814:
6802:
6790:
6776:
6764:
6752:
6740:
6701:
6689:
6677:
6665:
6653:
6641:
6629:
6617:
6605:
6593:
6574:
6562:
6550:
6538:
6526:
6514:
6495:
6483:
6471:
6459:
6447:
6433:
6421:
6328:
6258:
6239:
6220:
6201:
6182:
6163:
6151:
6139:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6080:
6068:
6056:
6044:
6032:
6020:
5997:
5985:
5956:
5944:
5921:
5909:
5885:
5873:
5861:
5849:
5830:
5776:
5753:
5729:
5717:
5660:
5648:
5619:
5607:
5595:
5583:
5571:
5546:
5534:
5522:
5510:
5498:
5479:
5467:
5455:
5421:
5409:
5397:
5385:
5366:
5354:
5238:International Astronomical Union
5060:
5048:
5036:
5025:
5013:
5001:
4989:
4965:
4941:
4929:
4917:
4905:
4893:
4881:
4869:
4857:
4845:
4833:
4821:
4809:
4787:
4775:
4763:
4751:
4739:
4727:
4715:
4703:
4601:
4589:
4577:
4565:
4061:Medvedev modernisation programme
3764:Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
3432:1985 anti-satellite missile test
3096:Space Innovation and Growth Team
2841:European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
2523:European Space Operations Centre
2484:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
1805:"Constellation Program Overview"
1348:"Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT)"
1188:Chinese exclusion policy of NASA
1171:
1017:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
649:Government Accountability Office
462:
7532:Space launch market competition
7279:
4487:Astronomical naming conventions
3412:Strategy of Technology doctrine
3184:Establishment of Cape Canaveral
3102:Creation of the UK Space Agency
2552:European Space Policy Institute
2512:European Space Astronomy Centre
2110:European Space Policy Institute
2075:
2041:
2015:
1989:
1959:
1944:
1919:
1910:
1888:
1873:
1858:
1822:
1796:
1775:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1698:
1595:
1575:
1569:
1518:
1467:
1063:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1044:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1042:was active from 1955 until the
811:retirement of the Space Shuttle
807:Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
766:first launched in 1981, during
671:committed the United States to
589:Office of Management and Budget
305:Outer Space Security Conference
7769:Health threat from cosmic rays
5218:British Interplanetary Society
5181:Alliance for Space Development
4304:Global Standards Collaboration
4227:Office for Outer Space Affairs
3754:China exclusion policy of NASA
3422:Space Station Freedom proposal
3335:Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
2405:Planetary Exploration of China
2229:Planetary protection principle
2123:Space Policy Resource Websites
1882:Space Leadership in Transition
1810:. Constellation Program Office
1442:
1416:
1391:
1365:
1340:
1315:
1155:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
1000:in international cooperation.
986:Ministry of Aerospace Industry
768:Ronald Reagan's administration
743:approved the beginning of the
641:Congressional Research Service
535:American Astronautical Society
493:President of the United States
173:All treaties below except the
152:International Geophysical Year
1:
4401:US-USSR Cooperation Agreement
3731:Launch of the Artemis program
3661:Redesign of the Orion program
3577:Aerospace Industry Commission
3273:Launch of the Mariner program
2998:European Southern Observatory
2698:Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)
1694:10.1080/14777622.2017.1381824
1323:"Space Treaty Implementation"
1224:
1025:State Space Agency of Ukraine
819:George W. Bush administration
531:American Astronomical Society
65:Space policy intersects with
5310:Public-sector space agencies
4482:Extraterrestrial real estate
4022:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
3922:Soviet crewed lunar programs
3831:Vehicular Technology Society
3821:Broadcast Technology Society
3596:Vision for Space Exploration
3513:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
3471:Space Exploration Initiative
3417:Strategic Defense Initiative
3370:Launch of the Viking program
3283:Launch of the Apollo program
3278:Launch of the Gemini project
3130:Defence in a Competitive Age
3067:Start of the Ariel programme
2981:European Patent Organisation
2130:at The Aerospace Corporation
1759:Space Policy:An Introduction
1239:Space Policy:An Introduction
1013:Russian Federal Space Agency
838:Vision for Space Exploration
805:has continued, although the
801:beginning in the 1990s, the
788:National Commission on Space
776:Strategic Defense Initiative
720:'s budget as early as 1965,
567:The President consults with
115:
7:
7885:Self-replicating spacecraft
7721:International Space Station
4299:Group on Earth Observations
4282:Committee on Space Research
3726:Creation of the Space Force
3646:Kennedy Space Center speech
3289:We choose to go to the Moon
3220:Introduction to Outer Space
2940:European Broadcasting Union
1757:Goldman, Nathan C. (1992).
1237:Goldman, Nathan C. (1992).
1164:
1091:International Space Station
854:International Space Station
799:International Space Station
724:occurred in 1969, early in
700:as the first man in space,
645:Congressional Budget Office
513:organizations (such as the
81:, for applications such as
10:
8441:
7399:Space Liability Convention
5248:Space Exploration Alliance
4477:Common heritage of mankind
4395:Space Liability Convention
4167:North Korean space program
4093:2015 Creation of Roscosmos
3557:Launch of the X-37 program
3407:Citizens' Advisory Council
2501:European Data Relay System
2472:Concurrent Design Facility
2217:Space Debris Working Group
1124:
970:People's Republic of China
953:
899:
726:Richard Nixon's presidency
654:
472:
466:
448:People's Republic of China
119:
8346:
8125:
8055:
8022:
7975:
7927:
7813:
7762:Space adaptation syndrome
7749:
7654:
7574:
7565:
7453:
7287:
7220:
7137:
7013:
6971:
6829:
6407:
6289:
6282:
6095:
6012:
5936:
5768:
5709:
5693:
5686:
5561:
5447:
5440:
5346:
5323:
5316:
5191:Space Frontier Foundation
5166:
5077:
4686:
4677:
4618:Launch market competition
4550:
4367:
4257:
4209:
4189:Ugandan space initiatives
4124:
4074:
4053:
4005:
3984:
3937:
3889:
3865:
3852:
3845:
3749:
3709:
3629:
3565:
3494:
3459:
3395:
3378:
3353:
3318:
3298:
3261:
3243:Launch of Project Mercury
3192:
3150:
3141:
3049:
3011:
2903:
2807:
2739:
2697:
2621:
2540:Ariane launcher programme
2479:European Astronaut Centre
2437:Europa launcher programme
2421:
2378:
2368:
2324:
2269:
2257:The Spaceguard Foundation
2192:
1636:"Registration Convention"
1038:, on 4 October 1957. The
869:
706:landing a man on the Moon
673:landing a man on the Moon
581:National Security Council
91:communications satellites
8399:Public policy by country
7495:Communications satellite
5144:Reconnaissance satellite
4517:International Designator
4184:Philippine space program
4132:Australian space program
3784:Office of Space Commerce
3774:House Committee on Space
3686:Space Shuttle retirement
3641:2009 Augustine Committee
3476:1990 Augustine Committee
2622:Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)
2207:Space traffic management
2151:– Blog by Dr Jill Stuart
1997:"首批航天员19人胜出 为后来积累了宝贵的经验"
1399:"The Outer Space Treaty"
1352:U.S. Department of State
1120:
949:
753:colonization of the Moon
712:and the programs of the
491:at the direction of the
307:in Geneva, Switzerland.
133:governing activities in
7999:reusable launch systems
7616:Extravehicular activity
7527:Commercial use of space
7431:Militarisation of space
7404:Registration Convention
7320:Accidents and incidents
5258:Space Force Association
5243:Lunar Explorers Society
4413:Registration Convention
4377:Partial Test Ban Treaty
4258:Other intergovernmental
4172:Pakistani space program
4137:Brazilian space program
3507:Faster, better, cheaper
3310:1967 Outer Space Treaty
3113:Space Industry Act 2018
2890:European Defence Agency
2546:Vega launcher programme
2489:Living Planet Programme
2212:Space debris management
2186:Politics of outer space
2134:US Space Policy Archive
1898:. European Space Agency
1896:"European Space Policy"
1198:Politics of outer space
964:planned after Russia's
809:has led to the planned
515:Space Science Institute
406:for each space object.
396:Registration Convention
390:Registration Convention
203:Partial Test Ban Treaty
197:Partial Test Ban Treaty
175:Partial Test Ban Treaty
144:in October 1957. Named
60:militarization of space
8369:Public policy doctrine
8047:Mission control center
8009:Non-rocket spacelaunch
7443:Billionaire space race
5186:National Space Society
5087:Space domain awareness
4260:or inter-agency bodies
4162:Lebanese space program
4147:Japanese space program
4088:2014 Military doctrine
4066:2010 Military doctrine
3486:National Space Council
3481:Hubble Space Telescope
3253:Launch of X-15 program
3174:Aerobee rocket program
3124:2021 Integrated Review
2986:European Patent Office
2906:initiatives and bodies
2296:Billionaire space race
2222:Space Debris Committee
1710:www.thespacereview.com
1552:"Liability Convention"
1142:
897:
889: ESA-only members
840:established under the
722:the first Moon landing
677:
554:Department of Commerce
519:National Space Society
497:United States Congress
432:United Nations Charter
372:Tiangong space station
169:International treaties
87:anti-satellite weapons
52:International treaties
8359:Public administration
8354:Evidence-based policy
7897:Spacecraft propulsion
7347:European Space Agency
5268:The Planetary Society
5097:Anti-satellite weapon
4492:ITU Radio Regulations
4142:Emirati space program
3873:Operation Osoaviakhim
3741:Executive Order 13959
3621:Operation Burnt Frost
3552:Decadal Planning Team
3034:Indian ASAT programme
3029:Space Activities Bill
2451:European Space Agency
2423:ESA Science Programme
2234:Post-detection policy
2140:Space Security Portal
1781:Goldman, pp. 107–112.
1454:MIT Technology Review
1137:
956:Chinese space program
916:European Space Policy
908:European Space Agency
895: EU-only members
877:
858:Space Shuttle program
831:Constellation program
815:Constellation program
803:Space Shuttle program
772:Space Station Freedom
745:Space Shuttle program
667:
591:to take into account
573:Department of Defense
550:Department of Defense
355:rules created in the
38:, both for civilian (
8374:Public policy school
7522:Satellite navigation
7232:Soviet space program
4690:units and formations
4660:Project Harvest Moon
4407:Satellite Convention
4267:African Space Agency
4177:Space programme 2040
4157:Kenyan space program
4152:Kazakh space program
3085:Outer Space Act 1986
3073:Black Arrow launcher
2856:Copernicus programme
2829:EU/ESA Space Council
2457:EU/ESA Space Council
2348:Chinese ASAT program
1953:Icaro nel XXI secolo
1688:, 16:1, 1-27, 2008.
1430:on 27 September 2011
1111:Angara rocket family
1040:Soviet space program
827:Obama administration
741:Nixon administration
730:Nixon administration
349:Liability Convention
343:Liability Convention
8425:Politics of science
7907:Electric propulsion
7594:Life-support system
7478:Imagery and mapping
7438:Private spaceflight
6382:Guiana Space Centre
5124:Kinetic bombardment
4650:Space manufacturing
4640:Space-based economy
4613:Private spaceflight
4033:Shuttle–Mir program
3601:Aldridge Commission
3523:Shuttle–Mir program
3231:Space Act Agreement
3162:Operation Paperclip
3019:Department of Space
3012:Indian space policy
2895:Europe by Satellite
2823:EU Satellite Centre
2535:Guiana Space Centre
2279:Cold War space race
2197:Spacefaring nations
2047:Goldman, pp. 38–42.
2003:on 22 December 2005
1916:Goldman, pp. 34–36.
1793:Goldman, pp. 84–90.
1747:Goldman, pp. 91–97.
1146:Department of Space
774:, and the military
684:of the 1960s. The
380:Starlink satellites
269:geostationary orbit
222:nuclear disarmament
95:private spaceflight
54:, such as the 1967
7860:Robotic spacecraft
7786:Space and survival
7641:Space colonization
7537:Space architecture
7389:Outer Space Treaty
5139:Military satellite
4977:Ranks and insignia
4472:Space jurisdiction
4419:Bogota Declaration
4383:Outer Space Treaty
3879:list of scientists
3167:list of scientists
2809:EU Space Programme
2119:– Academic Journal
1729:Goldman, pp.79–83.
1501:"Rescue Agreement"
1377:All Things Nuclear
1179:Spaceflight portal
1004:Russia and Ukraine
960:Although Chairman
914:, though the 2007
898:
678:
539:National Academies
400:orbital parameters
386:in Earth's orbit.
357:Outer Space Treaty
321:Outer Space Treaty
265:Bogota Declaration
238:Outer Space Treaty
232:Outer Space Treaty
56:Outer Space Treaty
8407:
8406:
8332:
8325:
8318:
8279:
8272:
8243:
8236:
8217:
8210:
8203:
8196:
8189:
8182:
8175:
8161:
8085:
8084:
8032:Flight controller
7809:
7808:
7567:Human spaceflight
7542:Space exploration
7468:Earth observation
7247:
7246:
6967:
6966:
6278:
6277:
5682:
5681:
5564:and the Caribbean
5436:
5435:
5276:
5275:
5162:
5161:
5154:Satellite jamming
4630:Space advertising
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4001:
4000:
3841:
3840:
3461:George H. W. Bush
2930:Council of Europe
2851:Galileo programme
2803:
2802:
2790:Comet Interceptor
2316:Space competition
2068:978-0-387-71354-0
1950:Andrea Muratore,
1870:February 27, 2014
1852:National Archives
1379:. 10 October 2013
1023:'s agency is the
848:on 28 June 2010.
755:, or a permanent
669:President Kennedy
665:
626:, as well as the
527:learned societies
458:Policy by country
452:international law
436:human spaceflight
428:international law
325:Secretary General
161:resolutions. The
131:international law
110:space exploration
8432:
8364:Public budgeting
8328:
8321:
8314:
8275:
8268:
8241:Renewable energy
8239:
8232:
8213:
8206:
8199:
8192:
8185:
8178:
8171:
8157:
8112:
8105:
8098:
8089:
8088:
8075:
8064:
8063:
7774:Space psychology
7599:Animals in space
7572:
7571:
7552:Space technology
7394:Rescue Agreement
7274:
7267:
7260:
7251:
7250:
7230:Preceded by the
7210:
7209:
7208:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7186:
7185:
7184:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6957:
6956:
6955:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6287:
6286:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5691:
5690:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5445:
5444:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5321:
5320:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5280:
5279:
5263:Space Foundation
5253:Space Fellowship
5065:
5064:
5053:
5052:
5040:
5030:
5029:
5018:
5017:
5006:
5005:
4994:
4993:
4970:
4969:
4946:
4945:
4934:
4933:
4922:
4921:
4910:
4909:
4898:
4897:
4886:
4885:
4874:
4873:
4862:
4861:
4850:
4849:
4838:
4837:
4826:
4825:
4814:
4813:
4792:
4791:
4780:
4779:
4768:
4767:
4756:
4755:
4744:
4743:
4732:
4731:
4720:
4719:
4708:
4707:
4684:
4683:
4635:Space technology
4606:
4605:
4594:
4593:
4582:
4581:
4570:
4569:
4512:COSPAR standards
4389:Rescue Agreement
4012:
4011:
3863:
3862:
3850:
3849:
3209:Project Vanguard
3148:
3147:
2619:
2618:
2604:Aurora programme
2590:Mars and beyond
2381:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2342:Shuguang program
2311:Space propaganda
2238:Asteroid impact
2179:
2172:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1977:on 14 March 2008
1963:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1877:
1871:
1864:Cecil D. Haney,
1862:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1838:. 28 June 2010.
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1702:
1696:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1661:"Moon Agreement"
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1582:Business Insider
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1292:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1234:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1174:
894:
888:
882:
782:'s budget. The
666:
489:Executive branch
430:, including the
424:celestial bodies
317:Rescue Agreement
311:Rescue Agreement
246:celestial bodies
77:, and also with
8440:
8439:
8435:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8430:
8429:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8403:
8379:Policy analysis
8342:
8121:
8116:
8086:
8081:
8051:
8018:
7990:Escape velocity
7971:
7923:
7890:Space telescope
7843:Reentry capsule
7805:
7745:
7650:
7621:Overview effect
7604:Bioastronautics
7561:
7449:
7283:
7278:
7248:
7243:
7216:
7206:
7204:
7194:
7192:
7182:
7180:
7170:
7168:
7158:
7156:
7146:
7144:
7133:
7123:
7121:
7111:
7109:
7099:
7097:
7009:
6999:
6997:
6980:
6978:
6963:
6953:
6951:
6941:
6939:
6922:
6920:
6910:
6908:
6886:
6884:
6874:
6872:
6862:
6860:
6850:
6848:
6838:
6836:
6825:
6815:
6813:
6803:
6801:
6791:
6789:
6777:
6775:
6765:
6763:
6753:
6751:
6741:
6739:
6702:
6700:
6690:
6688:
6678:
6676:
6666:
6664:
6654:
6652:
6642:
6640:
6630:
6628:
6618:
6616:
6606:
6604:
6594:
6592:
6575:
6573:
6563:
6561:
6551:
6549:
6539:
6537:
6527:
6525:
6515:
6513:
6496:
6494:
6484:
6482:
6472:
6470:
6460:
6458:
6448:
6446:
6434:
6432:
6422:
6420:
6403:
6329:
6327:
6274:
6259:
6257:
6240:
6238:
6221:
6219:
6202:
6200:
6183:
6181:
6164:
6162:
6152:
6150:
6140:
6138:
6128:
6126:
6116:
6114:
6104:
6102:
6091:
6081:
6079:
6069:
6067:
6057:
6055:
6045:
6043:
6033:
6031:
6021:
6019:
6008:
5998:
5996:
5986:
5984:
5957:
5955:
5945:
5943:
5932:
5922:
5920:
5910:
5908:
5886:
5884:
5874:
5872:
5862:
5860:
5850:
5848:
5831:
5829:
5777:
5775:
5764:
5754:
5752:
5730:
5728:
5718:
5716:
5705:
5678:
5661:
5659:
5649:
5647:
5620:
5618:
5608:
5606:
5596:
5594:
5584:
5582:
5572:
5570:
5563:
5557:
5547:
5545:
5535:
5533:
5523:
5521:
5511:
5509:
5499:
5497:
5480:
5478:
5468:
5466:
5456:
5454:
5432:
5422:
5420:
5410:
5408:
5398:
5396:
5386:
5384:
5367:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5342:
5325:
5312:
5307:
5277:
5272:
5158:
5134:Missile defense
5073:
5059:
5047:
5024:
5012:
5000:
4988:
4964:
4940:
4928:
4916:
4904:
4892:
4880:
4868:
4856:
4844:
4832:
4820:
4808:
4786:
4774:
4762:
4750:
4738:
4726:
4714:
4702:
4689:
4673:
4667:Asteroid mining
4655:Lunar resources
4600:
4588:
4576:
4564:
4546:
4539:ISECG standards
4502:ODCWG standards
4497:CCSDS standards
4466:Artemis Accords
4363:
4259:
4253:
4205:
4112:
4070:
4049:
3997:
3980:
3933:
3928:Voskhod program
3897:Sputnik program
3885:
3857:
3855:
3846:USSR and Russia
3837:
3745:
3712:
3705:
3632:
3625:
3568:
3561:
3497:
3490:
3462:
3455:
3398:
3391:
3381:
3374:
3356:
3349:
3321:
3314:
3301:
3294:
3264:
3257:
3195:
3188:
3153:
3143:US space policy
3137:
3053:space programme
3052:
3045:
3007:
2905:
2899:
2866:EUSST programme
2861:EGNOS programme
2799:
2735:
2724:LISA Pathfinder
2693:
2635:Cassini–Huygens
2617:
2528:ESTRACK network
2417:
2400:Mars and beyond
2327:
2320:
2265:
2188:
2183:
2106:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2087:www.isro.gov.in
2081:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2029:on 2 April 2011
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1885:, November 2019
1878:
1874:
1863:
1859:
1845:
1843:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1607:Washington Post
1601:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1294:
1293:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1133:Vikram Sarabhai
1129:
1123:
1106:Russian economy
1006:
958:
952:
904:
896:
892:
890:
886:
884:
880:
872:
790:report and the
716:forced cuts to
659:
657:
562:Landsat program
485:
471:
465:
460:
412:
392:
361:nuclear-powered
345:
313:
242:nuclear weapons
234:
218:nuclear fallout
207:nuclear weapons
199:
171:
124:
118:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8438:
8428:
8427:
8422:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8401:
8396:
8394:Youth services
8391:
8386:
8384:Policy studies
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8350:
8348:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8281:
8280:
8273:
8270:Pharmaceutical
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8237:
8234:Nuclear energy
8225:
8220:
8219:
8218:
8211:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8183:
8176:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8138:Climate change
8135:
8129:
8127:
8123:
8122:
8115:
8114:
8107:
8100:
8092:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8079:
8068:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8037:Ground station
8034:
8028:
8026:
8024:Ground segment
8020:
8019:
8017:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7992:
7987:
7981:
7979:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7957:Interplanetary
7954:
7953:
7952:
7950:Geosynchronous
7947:
7937:
7931:
7929:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7919:
7917:Gravity assist
7914:
7909:
7904:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7857:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7848:Service module
7845:
7840:
7838:Orbital module
7830:
7825:
7823:Launch vehicle
7819:
7817:
7811:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7801:Space sexology
7798:
7793:
7791:Space medicine
7788:
7783:
7782:
7781:
7771:
7766:
7765:
7764:
7753:
7751:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7717:
7716:
7706:
7701:
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7626:Weightlessness
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7547:Space research
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7483:Reconnaissance
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7352:European Union
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5168:Space advocacy
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5055:United Kingdom
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4984:Space commands
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4679:Militarisation
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4560:Space industry
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4552:Commercial use
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4522:IPDA standards
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4507:CEOS standards
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4125:Other policies
4122:
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4110:
4109:
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4101:MARS-500 study
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3957:Salyut program
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3910:Vostok program
3907:
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3769:Budget of NASA
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3701:2015 Space Act
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3587:Space Shuttle
3584:
3579:
3573:
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3567:George W. Bush
3563:
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3547:1998 Space Act
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3437:Space Shuttle
3434:
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3427:1984 Space Act
3424:
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3214:Sputnik crisis
3211:
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3039:Mission Shakti
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2599:MARS-500 study
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2586:ESA Television
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2411:MARS-500 study
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2284:Sputnik crisis
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2112:
2105:
2104:External links
2102:
2100:
2099:
2074:
2067:
2049:
2040:
2014:
1988:
1958:
1943:
1918:
1909:
1887:
1879:Vedda, James.
1872:
1857:
1835:whitehouse.gov
1821:
1795:
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1740:
1731:
1722:
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1665:www.unoosa.org
1652:
1640:www.unoosa.org
1627:
1594:
1576:Tan, Huileng.
1568:
1556:www.unoosa.org
1543:
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1505:www.unoosa.org
1492:
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1403:www.unoosa.org
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1327:www.unoosa.org
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1270:www.unoosa.org
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1203:Space advocacy
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924:Ariane rockets
912:European Union
900:Main article:
891:
885:
879:
871:
868:
842:George W. Bush
829:cancelled the
737:were cancelled
656:
653:
511:Space advocacy
501:constitutional
467:Main article:
464:
461:
459:
456:
416:Moon Agreement
411:
410:Moon Agreement
408:
404:United Nations
391:
388:
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341:
337:space tourists
329:United Nations
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258:celestial body
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183:United Kingdom
170:
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120:Main article:
117:
114:
106:space advocacy
83:spy satellites
79:defense policy
67:science policy
15:
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8249:Environmental
8247:
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8119:Public policy
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7985:Direct ascent
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7967:Intergalactic
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7902:Rocket engine
7900:
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7833:Space capsule
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7796:Space nursing
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7750:Health issues
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7704:Space Shuttle
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7636:Space tourism
7634:
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7564:
7558:
7557:Space weather
7555:
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7525:
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7501:
7498:
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7470:
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7444:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7436:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7421:Space command
7419:
7418:
7417:
7416:Space warfare
7414:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7382:
7378:
7377:United States
7375:
7373:
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7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
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7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7295:Astrodynamics
7293:
7292:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7275:
7270:
7268:
7263:
7261:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7240:participation
7239:
7235:
7233:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7219:
7213:
7203:
7201:
7191:
7189:
7179:
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7167:
7165:
7155:
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7096:
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7079:
7076:
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7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7043:Cospas-Sarsat
7041:
7037:
7034:
7033:
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7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7016:
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6907:
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6898:
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5966:
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5954:
5952:
5942:
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5929:
5919:
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5907:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5883:
5881:
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5869:
5859:
5857:
5847:
5843:
5840:
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5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
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5774:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5751:
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5727:
5725:
5715:
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5712:
5708:
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5689:
5685:
5673:
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5627:
5617:
5615:
5605:
5603:
5593:
5591:
5581:
5579:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5562:Latin America
5560:
5554:
5544:
5542:
5532:
5530:
5520:
5518:
5508:
5506:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5477:
5475:
5465:
5463:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:North America
5446:
5443:
5439:
5429:
5419:
5417:
5407:
5405:
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5393:
5383:
5379:
5376:
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5364:
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5299:
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5264:
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5207:
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5199:
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5165:
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5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5117:United States
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5079:Space warfare
5076:
5068:
5067:United States
5063:
5058:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4948:United States
4944:
4939:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4896:
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4884:
4879:
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4872:
4867:
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4824:
4819:
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4807:
4803:
4800:
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4790:
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4778:
4773:
4771:
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4749:
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4737:
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4730:
4725:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4688:Space forces,
4685:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4625:Space tourism
4623:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:United States
4604:
4599:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4534:GEO standards
4532:
4530:
4529:GSC standards
4527:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
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4500:
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4312:
4310:
4307:
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4280:
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4038:ISS programme
4036:
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4010:
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3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3969:Buran program
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3945:Soyuz program
3943:
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3936:
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3926:
3923:
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3808:
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3727:
3724:
3722:
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3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:2014 NASA Act
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:2010 NASA Act
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:Flexible path
3664:
3662:
3659:
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3654:
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3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
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3611:2005 NASA Act
3609:
3607:
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3540:
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3528:ISS programme
3526:
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3464:
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3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Rogers Report
3444:
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3251:
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3236:
3232:
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3226:1958 NASA Act
3224:
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3207:
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3140:
3132:
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3114:
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3017:
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3001:
2999:
2996:
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2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:Solar Orbiter
2748:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:Cosmic Vision
2738:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:ISS programme
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
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2683:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2673:
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2639:
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2607:
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2600:
2597:
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2578:
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2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
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2420:
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2409:
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2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2387:Space station
2385:
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2375:
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2365:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2355:
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764:Space Shuttle
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728:. Under the
727:
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24:public policy
21:
8420:Space policy
8347:Other topics
8322:
8133:Agricultural
7977:Space launch
7962:Interstellar
7928:Destinations
7697:Apollo–Soyuz
7646:Space diving
7631:Space toilet
7455:Applications
7372:Soviet Union
7332:Space policy
7331:
7327:Space launch
7236:Preceded by
7088:Intersputnik
6933:TÜBİTAK UZAY
6394:EUTELSAT IGO
6290:Pan-European
6251:TÜBİTAK UZAY
5710:Central Asia
5326:and pan-Arab
5201:Moon Society
5196:Mars Society
5129:Kill vehicle
5092:Space weapon
4698:Space forces
4339:Intersputnik
3975:Apollo–Soyuz
3713:space policy
3633:space policy
3588:
3569:space policy
3505:
3498:space policy
3463:space policy
3438:
3399:space policy
3382:space policy
3365:Apollo–Soyuz
3357:space policy
3330:Moon landing
3322:space policy
3302:space policy
3265:space policy
3218:
3196:space policy
3154:space policy
3128:
3090:Project Juno
2728:
2716:
2686:
2679:
2667:
2661:
2640:
2633:
2433:(1960–1975)
2202:Space policy
2201:
2116:Space Policy
2115:
2090:. Retrieved
2086:
2077:
2058:
2052:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:the original
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
2001:the original
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:the original
1961:
1952:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1921:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1890:
1880:
1875:
1865:
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1850:– via
1844:. Retrieved
1833:
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1812:. Retrieved
1798:
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1709:
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1479:
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1453:
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1428:the original
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:
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1381:. Retrieved
1376:
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1355:. Retrieved
1351:
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1330:. Retrieved
1326:
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1299:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1238:
1232:
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1103:
1060:
1048:
1032:Soviet Union
1029:
1007:
998:
983:
959:
932:
928:
920:
905:
850:
846:Barack Obama
835:
796:
761:
749:Mars landing
698:Yuri Gagarin
679:
597:
566:
543:
529:such as the
509:
486:
420:jurisdiction
413:
393:
384:space debris
346:
333:
314:
301:
262:
235:
215:
200:
179:Soviet Union
172:
156:
145:
142:Soviet Union
139:
125:
99:
64:
34:and uses of
20:Space policy
19:
18:
8290:Immigration
8277:Vaccination
7935:Sub-orbital
7870:Space probe
7736:New Shepard
7714:Shuttle–Mir
7473:Archaeology
7426:Space force
7409:Moon Treaty
7281:Spaceflight
7238:Interkosmos
7212:Interkosmos
6318:Eurocontrol
5968:Antrix Corp
5324:Pan-African
4864:North Korea
4852:New Zealand
4840:Netherlands
4645:Space trade
4425:Moon Treaty
4084:(2013–2015)
3994:(1986–2001)
3971:(1974–1993)
3965:(1973–1977)
3959:(1971–1986)
3953:(1967–1991)
3951:Interkosmos
3930:(1964–1966)
3924:(1961–1976)
3918:(1960–1982)
3912:(1960–1963)
3451:Ride Report
3248:Missile gap
3120:(2018–2020)
3098:(2009–2010)
3075:(1964–1971)
2925:Eurocontrol
2819:(1992–2002)
2743:(2015–2025)
2730:BepiColombo
2577:Space Rider
2508:(1983–2010)
2447:(1964–1975)
2439:(1962–1973)
2361:Project 921
2344:(1966–1972)
2338:(1966–1976)
2271:Space races
1846:20 December
1157:(PSLV) and
792:Ride Report
710:Vietnam War
503:authority.
254:outer space
250:sovereignty
211:outer space
135:outer space
36:outer space
32:spaceflight
8414:Categories
8389:Regulation
8330:Technology
8194:Investment
8187:Industrial
8004:Launch pad
7995:Expendable
7945:Geocentric
7912:Solar sail
7855:Spaceplane
7815:Spacecraft
7609:Space suit
7587:commercial
7515:Television
7310:Space Race
7224:See also:
5937:South Asia
5541:USSPACECOM
5149:Spaceplane
3890:Khrushchev
3439:Challenger
3194:Eisenhower
2655:Cluster II
2252:Spaceguard
2242:Prediction
2092:29 January
2033:1 February
1967:"赵九章与中国卫星"
1936:1 February
1902:1 February
1715:26 October
1670:25 October
1645:25 October
1620:25 October
1587:9 February
1561:25 October
1536:25 October
1510:25 October
1485:25 October
1459:25 October
1434:26 October
1408:25 October
1383:25 October
1357:20 October
1225:References
1218:Space Race
1125:See also:
1101:missions.
1061:After the
979:Shenzhou 5
974:Zhou Enlai
962:Mao Zedong
954:See also:
682:Space Race
587:, and the
521:, and the
473:See also:
438:(e.g. the
368:Kosmos 954
185:, and the
50:purposes.
44:commercial
40:scientific
8316:Stem cell
8295:Knowledge
8223:Education
8014:Spaceport
7865:Satellite
7582:Astronaut
7510:Telephone
7463:Astronomy
7384:Space law
7337:Australia
6892:Roscosmos
6880:KazCosmos
6844:ArmCosmos
6545:DTU Space
6507:BIRA-IASB
6454:EU SatCen
6213:KACST-SRI
6110:ArmCosmos
6096:West Asia
5769:East Asia
5736:Roscosmos
5724:KazCosmos
5694:Pan-Asian
4958:Structure
4710:Australia
4369:Space law
4232:UN-SPIDER
4007:Roscosmos
3985:Gorbachev
2918:Eurospace
2354:2007 test
2301:Mars race
2247:Avoidance
1615:0190-8286
1531:Space.com
1275:5 October
1213:Space law
1083:Roskosmos
1079:Roskosmos
1071:Roskosmos
1067:Roskosmos
1046:in 1991.
1036:Sputnik 1
966:Sputnik 1
863:Sputnik 1
821:directed
694:Sputnik 1
688:creating
365:satellite
353:liability
297:Indonesia
147:Sputnik 1
127:Space law
122:Space law
116:Space law
102:space law
8305:Military
8300:Language
8201:Monetary
8167:Economic
8148:Domestic
8143:Cultural
8066:Category
7731:Tiangong
7726:Shenzhou
7655:Programs
7500:Internet
7305:Timeline
7117:UNCOPUOS
6428:DG DEFIS
6389:EUMETSAT
5441:Americas
5347:National
4912:Thailand
4876:Pakistan
4758:Colombia
4054:Medvedev
4043:Politics
4029:(1993–)
3938:Brezhnev
3681:Title 51
3591:disaster
3589:Columbia
3533:Politics
3441:disaster
2847:(2021–)
2765:EnVision
2710:Politics
2681:Herschel
2675:INTEGRAL
2453:(1975–)
2379:Tiangong
2369:Shenzhou
2363:(1992–)
2350:(1964–)
2289:Timeline
1840:Archived
1165:See also
1099:Progress
630:and the
622:and the
616:Apollo 1
606:and the
600:Congress
593:Congress
577:Congress
533:and the
505:Congress
277:Colombia
48:military
8310:Science
8285:Housing
8259:Foreign
8180:Incomes
7940:Orbital
7741:Artemis
7672:Voskhod
7667:Mercury
7575:General
7315:Records
7300:History
7288:General
7078:ISS MCB
6972:Oceania
6747:PTSPACE
6713:CBK PAN
6375:ESTRACK
6301:CENELEC
6004:SUPARCO
5951:SPARRSO
5788:SASTIND
5505:FAA/AST
5338:Arabsat
4972:Vietnam
4953:History
4782:Germany
4106:ExoMars
4015:Yeltsin
3947:(1967–)
3875:(1946)
3858:program
3796:FAA/AST
3496:Clinton
3300:Johnson
3263:Kennedy
3204:WS-117L
3051:British
2825:(2002–)
2669:Rosetta
2650:Cluster
2642:Huygens
2609:ExoMars
2548:(1998–)
2542:(1973–)
2514:(2005–)
2407:(2016–)
2396:(2003–)
2382:program
2372:program
2326:Chinese
2306:Records
2142:at the
2007:24 July
1480:TheHill
1307:15 July
1115:GLONASS
1021:Ukraine
944:Germany
817:of the
739:. The
702:Kennedy
655:History
422:of all
402:to the
363:Soviet
327:of the
273:Ecuador
256:or any
8338:Social
8264:Health
8228:Energy
8173:Fiscal
8159:reform
8126:Fields
8077:Portal
8070:
8059:
7875:Lander
7828:Rocket
7692:Skylab
7687:Apollo
7677:Gemini
7662:Vostok
7367:Russia
7138:Former
7129:UNOOSA
7031:COSPAR
6502:BELSPO
6283:Europe
6075:GISTDA
6051:PhilSA
5916:SaTReC
5818:PLAASF
5486:NESDIS
5416:NASRDA
5333:RASCOM
5317:Africa
5112:Russia
5041:
4996:France
4924:Turkey
4888:Russia
4816:Israel
4770:France
4734:Canada
4722:Brazil
4584:Russia
4468:(2020)
4462:(2012)
4456:(1999)
4445:(1998)
4439:(1988)
4433:(1981)
4427:(1979)
4421:(1976)
4415:(1975)
4409:(1974)
4403:(1972)
4397:(1972)
4391:(1968)
4385:(1967)
4379:(1963)
3977:(1975)
3904:(1957)
3866:Stalin
3854:Soviet
3779:NESDIS
3397:Reagan
3380:Carter
3345:Skylab
3152:Truman
3104:(2010)
3092:(1991)
3081:(1985)
3069:(1962)
3063:(1958)
2780:ATHENA
2770:CHEOPS
2755:Euclid
2688:Planck
2662:Newton
2065:
1981:3 July
1814:6 July
1765:
1613:
1332:11 May
1245:
1052:Salyut
1009:Russia
940:France
893:
887:
881:
870:Europe
676:hard."
647:, and
643:, the
634:. The
583:, the
481:, and
444:Russia
376:SpaceX
295:, and
289:Uganda
191:Moscow
181:, the
104:, and
46:) and
8323:Space
8215:Trade
7880:Rover
7682:Soyuz
7505:Radio
7362:Japan
7357:India
7342:China
7188:NASDA
7105:ITU-R
7093:ODCWG
7073:ISECG
7063:ICSMD
7021:CCSDS
7014:World
6991:CSIRO
6830:Other
6723:KRRiT
6708:POLSA
6478:BEREC
6440:EUSPA
6360:ECSAT
6355:ESRIN
6345:ESTEC
6269:MBRSC
6265:UAESA
6158:NEHSA
6146:IRIAF
6027:LAPAN
5823:CASIC
5812:CGWIC
5701:APSCO
5602:CONAE
5428:SANSA
5404:GSSTC
5392:ESSTI
5378:NARSS
5107:India
5102:China
5043:NORAD
5020:Italy
5008:India
4900:Spain
4828:Japan
4793:Iran
4746:China
4572:India
4222:ITU-R
4097:Mars
4075:Putin
3963:Almaz
3856:space
3711:Trump
3631:Obama
3320:Nixon
2795:SMILE
2775:JUICE
2760:ARIEL
2572:PRIDE
1971:中国科学院
1930:(PDF)
1808:(PDF)
1150:INSAT
1121:India
1095:Soyuz
950:China
936:Italy
293:Kenya
285:Zaire
281:Congo
252:over
28:state
26:of a
8254:Food
8153:Drug
8042:Pass
7997:and
7164:KCST
7152:BNSC
7083:ITSO
7068:IMSO
7058:IADC
7036:IPDA
7026:CEOS
7005:NZSA
6959:UKSA
6947:SSAU
6902:VVKO
6856:MAKA
6821:SNSA
6771:INTA
6759:ROSA
6696:NOSA
6672:SRON
6569:CNES
6521:SRTI
6466:EASA
6411:and
6370:ESOC
6365:ESAC
6340:ECSS
6323:ECAC
6311:ETSI
6306:CEPT
6232:GORS
6194:NCSR
6175:ISRC
6134:NSSA
6122:MAKA
6087:VNSC
6063:SSTL
6039:MYSA
5978:NRSC
5963:ISRO
5928:TASA
5902:KASI
5897:KARI
5892:KASA
5880:NATA
5868:NICT
5842:ISAS
5837:JAXA
5803:CAST
5798:CALT
5793:CASC
5783:CNSA
5760:TNSA
5687:Asia
5672:IVIC
5667:ABAE
5636:INPE
5631:DCTA
5578:ALCE
5529:USSF
5474:NASA
5373:EgSA
5361:ASAL
5032:NATO
4802:IRGC
3806:IEEE
3606:ESAS
3355:Ford
3179:RAND
2785:LISA
2718:Gaia
2660:XMM-
2629:SOHO
2094:2019
2063:ISBN
2035:2011
2009:2008
1983:2008
1938:2011
1904:2011
1848:2015
1816:2009
1763:ISBN
1717:2021
1672:2021
1647:2021
1622:2021
1611:ISSN
1589:2022
1563:2021
1538:2021
1512:2021
1487:2021
1461:2021
1436:2021
1410:2021
1385:2021
1359:2021
1334:2020
1309:2021
1277:2021
1243:ISBN
1144:The
1104:The
1097:and
1054:and
1030:The
984:The
942:and
906:The
836:The
823:NASA
780:NASA
762:The
733:NASA
718:NASA
690:NASA
612:NASA
571:and
569:NASA
414:The
394:The
347:The
315:The
236:The
201:The
93:and
85:and
42:and
8208:Tax
7709:Mir
7200:SSP
7176:NAL
7053:GSC
7048:GEO
6986:ASA
6928:TUA
6916:SSO
6897:SRI
6868:BSA
6809:AEE
6797:EAE
6783:AEC
6733:ULC
6728:ORO
6718:UKE
6684:NSO
6660:LSO
6648:LSA
6636:ASI
6624:HSO
6612:HSA
6600:DLR
6586:CdE
6581:AAE
6557:ESO
6533:CSO
6490:ALR
6413:EEA
6399:ESO
6350:EAC
6335:ESA
6297:CEN
6246:TUA
6227:SSA
6208:SSA
6189:ISA
6170:ISA
5992:DSA
5973:DoS
5856:JSS
5808:CCF
5741:SRI
5655:CCE
5641:ITA
5626:AEB
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