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2832:, with the Earth added for scale. On the right an image of the Sun shows a helium emissions, and there is an image on the left showing emissions from iron. One application for spaceflight is to take observation hindered or made more difficult by being on Earth's surface. Skylab included a massive crewed solar observatory that revolutionized solar science in the early 1970s using the Apollo-based space station in conjunction with crewed spaceflights to it.
13309:
1869:. Suborbital spaceflight over an intercontinental distance requires a vehicle velocity that is only a little lower than the velocity required to reach low Earth orbit. If rockets are used, the size of the rocket relative to the payload is similar to an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). Any intercontinental spaceflight has to surmount problems of heating during atmosphere re-entry that are nearly as large as those faced by orbital spaceflight.
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phase, and then the hard docked position which establishes an air-tight structural connection between spacecraft. Berthing, by contrast, is when an incoming spacecraft is grappled by a robotic arm and its interface mechanism is placed close to the stationary interface mechanism. Then typically there is a capture process, coarse alignment and fine alignment, and then structural attachment.
12239:
4903:, something that is manageable for today's astronauts flying in low-Earth orbit but would be a bigger deal for people traveling farther and for longer." (p. 25.) "On the edge of terrestrial frontiers, people were seeking, say, gold or more farmable land. In space, explorers can't be sure of the value proposition at their destination." (p. 27.) "Harmful extraterrestrial
1160:. These windows depend upon the position of celestial bodies and orbits relative to the launch site. The biggest influence is often the rotation of the Earth itself. Once launched, orbits are normally located within relatively constant flat planes at a fixed angle to the axis of the Earth, and the Earth rotates within this orbit.
2010:, as this would make it possible for passengers in a fast-moving vehicle to travel further into the future while aging very little, in that their great speed slows down the rate of passage of on-board time. However, attaining such high speeds would still require the use of some new, advanced method of
2233:
was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the US Space
Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the dissolution of the USSR, prevented
1456:
After rendezvousing with the space station, the space vehicle then docks or berths with the station. Docking refers to joining of two separate free-flying space vehicles, while berthing refers to mating operations where an inactive vehicle is placed into the mating interface of another space vehicle
7115:
1821:
100 km (62 mi) above sea level. (NASA alternatively defines an astronaut as someone who has flown more than 80 km (50 mi) above sea level.) It is not generally recognized by the public that the increase in potential energy required to pass the Kármán line is only about 3% of the
1653:
are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them. Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Humans can not be sterilized
3932:
The most prevalent concept for suborbital Earth to Earth transportation comes from none other than Elon Musk and SpaceX. Primarily designed for transporting large payloads to Mars for the purpose of colonization, the next generation
Starship launch system offers a bonus capability for transporting
2670:
or other chemicals, and this can cause temporary local holes in the ozone layer. Re-entering spacecraft generate nitrates which also can temporarily impact the ozone layer. Most rockets are made of metals that can have an environmental impact during their construction. While spaceflight altogether
1297:
Robotic missions do not require an abort capability and require radiation minimalization only for delicate electronics, and because modern launchers routinely meet "instantaneous" launch windows, space probes to the Moon and other planets generally use direct injection to maximize performance by
3797:
Docking is when one incoming spacecraft rendezvous with another spacecraft and flies a controlled collision trajectory in such a manner so as to align and mesh the interface mechanisms. The spacecraft docking mechanisms typically enter what is called soft capture, followed by a load attenuation
1895:
requires much higher velocities than a minimal sub-orbital flight, and so it is technologically much more challenging to achieve. To achieve orbital spaceflight, the tangential velocity around the Earth is as important as altitude. In order to perform a stable and lasting flight in space, the
1094:
Spaceflight has been widely employed by numerous government and commercial entities for placing satellites into orbit around Earth for a broad range of purposes. Certain government agencies have also sent uncrewed spacecraft exploring space beyond the Moon and developed continuous crewed
2633:. Geomagnetic storms due to increased solar activity can potentially blind sensors onboard spacecraft, or interfere with on-board electronics. An understanding of space environmental conditions is also important in designing shielding and life support systems for crewed spacecraft.
2554:. It must also maintain the correct body temperature, an acceptable pressure on the body and deal with the body's waste products. Shielding against harmful external influences such as radiation and micro-meteorites may also be necessary. Components of the life support system are
605:
colliding with functional satellites. This problem is exacerbated when large objects, often upper stages, break up in orbit or collide with other objects, creating often hundreds of small, hard to find pieces of debris. This problem of continuous collisions is known as
1167:
is a fixed structure designed to dispatch airborne vehicles. It generally consists of a launch tower and flame trench. It is surrounded by equipment used to erect, fuel, and maintain launch vehicles. Before launch, the rocket can weigh hundreds of tons. The
1205:
failing due to lack of atmosphere and alternatives such as space elevators not being built yet. Chemical propulsion, or the acceleration of gases at high velocities, is effective mainly because of its ability to sustain thrust even as the atmosphere thins.
953:. During a test flight in June 1944, one such rocket reached space at an altitude of 189 kilometers (102 nautical miles), becoming the first human-made object ever to reach space. At the end of World War II, most of the V-2 rocket team, including its head,
3285:
abandoned its independent space launch program in 1972 in favour of co-operating with the
European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO) on launch technologies until 1974. Australia abandoned its launcher program shortly after the successful launch of
2901:. These companies often assert that much of the previous high cost of access to space was caused by governmental inefficiencies they can avoid. This assertion can be supported by much lower published launch costs for private space launch vehicles such as
1527:
After a successful landing the spacecraft, its occupants, and cargo can be recovered. In some cases, recovery has occurred before landing: while a spacecraft is still descending on its parachute, it can be snagged by a specially designed aircraft. This
3890:
Berthing refers to mating operations where an inactive module/vehicle is placed into the mating interface using a Remote
Manipulator System-RMS. Docking refers to mating operations where an active vehicle flies into the mating interface under its own
2890:
Most early spaceflight development was paid for by governments. However, today major launch markets such as communication satellites and satellite television are purely commercial, though many of the launchers were originally funded by governments.
1327:
Astrodynamics is the study of spacecraft trajectories, particularly as they relate to gravitational and propulsion effects. Astrodynamics allows for a spacecraft to arrive at its destination at the correct time without excessive propellant use. An
11066:
1274:, spacecraft are inserted into parking orbits, or lower intermediary orbits. The parking orbit approach greatly simplified Apollo mission planning in several important ways. It acted as a "time buffer" and substantially widened the allowable
2625:). "Space weather describes the conditions in space that affect Earth and its technological systems. Our space weather is a consequence of the behavior of the Sun, the nature of Earth's magnetic field, and our location in the Solar System."
11072:
2628:
Space weather exerts a profound influence in several areas related to space exploration and development. Changing geomagnetic conditions can induce changes in atmospheric density causing the rapid degradation of spacecraft altitude in
1484:. Based on this theory, reentry vehicles present blunt shapes to the atmosphere for reentry. Blunt shapes mean that less than 1% of the kinetic energy ends up as heat reaching the vehicle, and the remainder heats up the atmosphere.
601:. Used upper stages or failed spacecraft, however, often lack the ability to deorbit themselves. This becomes a major issue when large numbers of uncontrollable spacecraft exist in frequently used orbits, increasing the risk of
1805:, in which case a suborbital flight will last only a few minutes, but it is also possible for an object with enough energy for an orbit to have a trajectory that intersects the Earth's atmosphere, sometimes after many hours.
2427:
All launch vehicles contain a huge amount of energy that is needed for some part of it to reach orbit. There is therefore some risk that this energy can be released prematurely and suddenly, with significant effects. When a
1475:
Vehicles in orbit have large amounts of kinetic energy. This energy must be discarded if the vehicle is to land safely without vaporizing in the atmosphere. Typically this process requires special methods to protect against
1822:
orbital energy (potential plus kinetic energy) required by the lowest possible Earth orbit (a circular orbit just above the Kármán line.) In other words, it is far easier to reach space than to stay there. On May 17, 2004,
10266:
973:, in turn, captured several V2 production facilities and built several replicas, with 5 of their 11 rockets successfully reaching their targets. (This was actually relatively consistent with Nazi Germany's success rate.)
13738:
11204:
10989:
3138:
The following nations or organizations have developed their own launch vehicles to launch uncrewed spacecraft into orbit either from their own territory or with foreign assistance (date of first launch in parentheses):
4898:
Sarah Scoles, "Why We'll Never Live in Space: The technological, biological, psychological and ethical challenges to leaving Earth", vol. 329, no. 3 (October 2023), pp. 22–29. "Perhaps the most significant concern is
1813:
intended to reach the Moon. A partial failure caused it to instead follow a suborbital trajectory to an altitude of 113,854 kilometers (70,746 mi) before reentering the Earth's atmosphere 43 hours after launch.
1746:
made one orbit around the Earth. In official Soviet documents, there is no mention of the fact that
Gagarin parachuted the final seven miles. As of 2020, the only spacecraft regularly used for human spaceflight are
12453:
3254:
Also several countries, such as Canada, Italy, and
Australia, had semi-independent spacefaring capability, launching locally-built satellites on foreign launchers. Canada had designed and built satellites
2674:
In addition to the atmospheric effects there are effects on the near-Earth space environment. There is the possibility that orbit could become inaccessible for generations due to exponentially increasing
2905:
developed with private financing. Lower launch costs and excellent safety will be required for the applications such as space tourism and especially space colonization to become feasible for expansion.
2036:. However, theoretically speaking, there is nothing to conclusively indicate that intergalactic travel is impossible. To date several academics have studied intergalactic travel in a serious manner.
760:
590:, which propels the spacecraft to high enough speeds that it reaches orbit. Once in orbit, spacecrafts are at high enough speeds that they fall around the Earth rather than fall back to the surface.
1149:
for vertical rocket launches and runways for takeoff and landing of carrier airplanes and winged spacecraft. Spaceports are situated well away from human habitation for noise and safety reasons.
13054:
9641:
2032:
Intergalactic travel involves spaceflight between galaxies, and is considered much more technologically demanding than even interstellar travel and, by current engineering terms, is considered
1618:, in which they have a pre-programmed list of operations that will be executed unless otherwise instructed. A robotic spacecraft for scientific measurements is often called a space probe or
11209:
Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs
10544:
13383:
12971:
9624:
9550:
2476:
In a microgravity environment such as that provided by a spacecraft in orbit around the Earth, humans experience a sense of "weightlessness." Short-term exposure to microgravity causes
1305:
The escape velocity from a celestial body decreases as the distance from the body increases. However, it is more fuel-efficient for a craft to burn its fuel as close as possible to its
1302:. Although some might coast briefly during the launch sequence, they do not complete one or more full parking orbits before the burn that injects them onto an Earth escape trajectory.
2435:
Space is a fairly predictable environment, but there are still risks of accidental depressurization and the potential failure of equipment, some of which may be very newly developed.
9217:
10242:
6249:
930:
improved efficiency enough for interplanetary travel to become possible. After further research, Goddard attempted to secure an Army contract for a rocket-propelled weapon in the
2716:
ever since the first phase of space exploration. Even though some rights of non-spacefaring countries have been secured, sharing of space for all humanity is still criticized as
12533:
12151:
10444:
10439:
9832:
6217:
3058:. Spacefaring nations are those capable of independently building and launching craft into space. A growing number of private entities have become or are becoming spacefaring.
10311:
1278:. The parking orbit gave the crew and controllers time to thoroughly check out the spacecraft after the stresses of launch before committing it for a long journey to the Moon.
1675:
are robotic spacecraft. Not every uncrewed spacecraft is a robotic spacecraft; for example, a reflector ball is a non-robotic uncrewed spacecraft. Space missions where other
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9161:
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in the same way as a spaceship, as they coexist with numerous micro-organisms, and these micro-organisms are also hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit.
1195:, which is 100 kilometers (62 mi) above the Earth's surface. (The United States defines outer space as everything beyond 50 miles (80 km) in altitude.)
13748:
13728:
12966:
12740:
11119:
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4443:
Yap, Xiao-Shan; Heiberg, Jonas; Truffer, Bernhard (2023). "The emerging global socio-technical regime for tackling space debris: A discourse network analysis".
2006:
are likely to be able to reach the nearest star significantly faster. Another possibility that could allow for human interstellar spaceflight is to make use of
11966:
10072:
9578:
9237:
6125:
4651:
2484:. Long-term exposure causes multiple health issues. The most significant is bone loss, some of which is permanent, but microgravity also leads to significant
13393:
11998:
11871:
11014:
6092:
5540:
3020:. The degree of knowledge needed within these areas is dependent upon the nature of the work and the type of vessel employed. "Spacefaring" is analogous to
1801:
the spacecraft reaches space and then returns to the atmosphere after following a (primarily) ballistic trajectory. This is usually because of insufficient
9668:
4322:
3265:) in 1962 and 1965 which were orbited using U.S. launch vehicles. Italy has designed and built several satellites, as well as pressurized modules for the
3070:(UNOOSA) has been the main multilateral body servicing international contact and exchange on space activity among spacefaring and non-spacefaring states.
2663:
and sometimes toxic components. Particularly at higher levels of the atmosphere the potency of exhausted gases as greenhouse gases increases considerably
13378:
11411:
10366:
6547:
6433:
6244:
6120:
5081:
2422:
2153:'s flight, on 12 April 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which flown in the atmosphere and five of which flown in space. The
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13598:
13093:
13059:
12916:
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9658:
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2432:
rocket exploded 13 seconds after launch on
January 17, 1997, there were reports of store windows 10 miles (16 km) away being broken by the blast.
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9171:
9127:
6616:
6451:
6239:
2659:
Exhaust pollution of rockets depends on the produced exhausts by the propellants reactions and the location of exhaustion. They mostly exhaust
3749:
2065:, since this was the only crewed vehicle to have been designed for, and operated only in space; and is notable for its non-aerodynamic shape.
37:
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13794:
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and forecasting; spacecraft operations; operation of various equipment; spacecraft design and construction; atmospheric takeoff and reentry;
436:
10161:
9965:
9928:
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12507:
12337:
10062:
10045:
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12366:
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10864:
10708:
10198:
10020:
9375:
8311:
6967:
6510:
2775:
Access to outer space has been enabled and limited through and for some few countries, as non-spacefaring countries, particularly of the
389:
2897:
is a rapidly developing area: space flight that is not only paid for by corporations or even private individuals, but often provided by
13853:
13758:
12581:
12463:
12003:
11959:
11623:
11167:
11019:
11009:
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10356:
9773:
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6623:
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2796:
7126:
4022:
1377:
13691:
12752:
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8077:
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6012:
6007:
6002:
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5992:
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5940:
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are becoming more common, particularly for uncrewed vehicles, and this can significantly reduce the vehicle's mass and increase its
1508:
in the sea. These capsules were designed to land at relatively low speeds with the help of a parachute. Soviet/Russian capsules for
13337:
11708:
11618:
11261:
10296:
9019:
6411:
5857:
4390:
3951:. 68th annual meeting of the International Astronautical Congress in Adelaide, Australia. SpaceX. 29 September 2017. Archived from
1933:. Plans for future crewed interplanetary spaceflight missions often include final vehicle assembly in Earth orbit, such as NASA's
13186:
9600:
9088:
6596:
6426:
6331:
5518:
5108:
2411:
10753:
10731:
3717:
13841:
12962:
12897:
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9227:
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7862:
7842:
7148:
7095:
6694:
6416:
3518:
2538:
often uses the phrase
Environmental Control and Life Support System or the acronym ECLSS when describing these systems for its
7144:
7129:
938:. After choosing to work with private financial support, he was the first to launch a liquid-fueled rocket on March 16, 1926.
699:
13708:
13701:
13131:
12859:
12301:
11952:
11893:
11187:
11114:
11102:
10959:
10952:
10859:
10703:
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10193:
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7909:
7872:
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5098:
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3663:
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2237:
The Space
Shuttle was retired in 2011 due mainly to its old age. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by the
1344:
394:
3902:
918:
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13521:
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12787:
12267:
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9110:
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8193:
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7852:
7847:
7137:
6886:
6677:
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6466:
6177:
4827:
4003:
3596:
1359:
7135:
7132:
7128:
7124:
3952:
2949: Countries who operate a launch vehicle and a satellite but currently have no plans to develop a crewed space vehicle
12448:
12093:
11777:
10747:
10092:
8756:
7857:
7035:
6921:
6911:
6846:
6421:
6386:
6034:
4492:
2642:
9065:
7142:
7134:
2943: Countries seeking to develop a human spaceflight program but also have developed or currently own a launch vehicle
12988:
12811:
12728:
12628:
12562:
12425:
11642:
11462:
10346:
9891:
9689:
9610:
9450:
9294:
7131:
6537:
6527:
6391:
6069:
5118:
3849:
2296:
achieved the first vertical soft landing of a re-usable orbital rocket stage on
December 21, 2015, after delivering 11
1849:
in which a spacecraft provides rapid transport between two terrestrial locations. A conventional airline route between
1436:
1150:
981:
7149:
7145:
2810:, since established spacefaring countries endanger access to outer space with their orbital space polluting activity.
1449:
and approach to a very close distance (e.g. within visual contact). This is done by a set of orbital maneuvers called
13398:
12930:
12468:
12182:
11975:
11841:
11529:
11273:
10902:
10807:
10496:
10486:
10456:
10336:
10102:
9808:
9259:
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8005:
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7140:
7007:
6542:
6172:
5138:
4688:
1720:
1559:
429:
384:
9026:
4418:
2145:, was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on 19 July 1963. The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, the
909:, or potential change in velocity. This formula, which is still used by engineers, is a key concept of spaceflight.
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Launch aircraft development continues while suborbital ship awaits investigation into fatal explosion in California
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2213:
1823:
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1697:, were capable of remote guided station-keeping and docking maneuvers with both resupply craft and new modules.
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10000:
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4100:
Burruss, Robert Page; Colwell, J. (September–October 1987). "Intergalactic Travel: The Long Voyage From Home".
3916:
2513:
2961: Countries who operate an orbiting satellite but do not own a launch vehicle or have plans to produce one
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2828:
This shows an extreme ultraviolet view of the Sun (the Apollo Telescope Mount SO82A Experiment) taken during
2671:
pollutes at a fraction of other human activities, it still does pollute heavily if calculated per passenger.
1229:
958:
935:
8510:
3810:
2779:
have pointed out. Therefore inclusion has been a national and international issue, resulting in 1967 in the
1240:
might be feasible with current technology. Other ideas include rocket-assisted aircraft/spaceplanes such as
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10964:
10947:
10832:
10692:
10183:
9954:
9885:
9605:
8971:
8672:
8198:
8127:
8092:
7125:
7119:
7002:
6916:
6901:
6856:
6774:
6769:
6704:
6532:
6361:
6295:
6199:
5930:
5646:
5482:
5229:
5076:
4151:
3693:
3512:
3507:
3266:
2840:
2465:
1724:
1690:
1249:
1111:
1032:
957:, surrendered to the United States, and were expatriated to work on American missiles at what became the
883:
540:
529:
148:
113:
49:
17:
8112:
3779:
1681:
Many habitable spacecraft also have varying levels of robotic features. For example, the space stations
1087:(first mission to nearly land on the moon). These events culminated with the first crewed moon landing,
13246:
12320:
11913:
11782:
11435:
11375:
11142:
11060:
9440:
9346:
9166:
9137:
8954:
8907:
8587:
8388:
8271:
8254:
8220:
7146:
7088:
6906:
6804:
6726:
6574:
6471:
6351:
6326:
6112:
6064:
5982:
5975:
5935:
5718:
5487:
5160:
4968:
2784:
1922:
1913:
1861:, could be traversed in less than one hour. While no company offers this type of transportation today,
1329:
677:
548:
517:
509:
356:
4575:
13015:
12255:
12194:
11856:
11613:
11423:
10854:
10391:
9144:
8922:
8912:
8430:
8405:
8215:
6936:
6891:
6819:
6799:
6784:
6731:
6721:
6699:
6638:
6398:
6376:
6341:
6336:
6132:
5965:
5641:
5523:
5261:
5026:
4931:
A City on Mars: Can We Settle Space, Should We Settle Space, and Have We Really Thought This Through?
4630:
4152:"Eternity in six hours: intergalactic spreading of intelligent life and sharpening the Fermi paradox"
3502:
3000:(a.k.a. astrodynamics); communications; engines and rockets; execution of evolutions such as towing,
2746:
2602:
2477:
2307:
The first Falcon 9 second flight occurred on 30 March 2017. SpaceX now routinely recovers and reuses
1672:
1611:
1028:
7143:
4290:
1826:
launched the GoFast rocket on a suborbital flight, the first amateur spaceflight. On June 21, 2004,
643:
is the use of spacecraft to transport people or cargo into or through outer space. This may include
629:
refers to a spaceflight intended to achieve an objective. Objectives for space missions may include
13670:
13349:
12156:
11809:
11399:
11249:
11182:
10849:
10822:
10449:
10351:
10207:
10111:
9001:
8872:
8721:
8326:
6931:
6861:
6794:
6759:
6684:
6371:
6356:
6079:
5756:
5256:
5244:
5216:
3753:
3499: – Visual art depicting the appearance of a landscape as viewed from an aircraft or spacecraft
2702:
2175:
2155:
2118:
2003:
1225:
927:
544:
311:
143:
123:
3039:(ESA) countries, and a few corporations and enterprises have plans in various stages to travel to
2980:. It involves a knowledge of a variety of topics and development of specialised skills including:
2245:
in the 2020s. The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is now done by commercial launch vehicles.
1789:
in flight. X-15 flew above 100 km (62 mi) twice and both of the flights were piloted by
597:
themselves or, in the case of uncrewed spacecraft in high-energy orbits, to boost themselves into
13651:
13313:
13265:
12716:
11923:
11908:
11344:
11237:
11217:
11078:
11042:
10802:
10698:
10429:
10188:
9778:
9716:
9555:
9320:
9154:
8851:
8410:
8237:
7884:
7788:
7695:
7395:
7245:
7136:
7127:
6946:
6866:
6851:
6754:
6651:
6628:
6443:
6381:
6157:
6137:
6054:
5892:
5760:
5696:
5475:
5377:
5288:
5192:
5165:
5066:
3270:
2858:
2819:
2584:
2193:
2181:
2164:
1846:
1802:
1798:
1776:
1348:
1241:
1096:
1044:
666:
575:
346:
108:
11703:
11125:
10172:
4856:
4779:
4362:
2366:
1633:
operation, due to lower cost and risk factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as
1236:
require new materials much stronger than any currently known. Electromagnetic launchers such as
13361:
13289:
13078:
12704:
12291:
11851:
11752:
10827:
10812:
10797:
10386:
10151:
10146:
10077:
9651:
9531:
9482:
9205:
9052:
8961:
8415:
8353:
8301:
8291:
8276:
8227:
8087:
8017:
7433:
7121:
6951:
6926:
6881:
6764:
6656:
6633:
6259:
6184:
6039:
5808:
5770:
5204:
5123:
5061:
3311:
2937: Countries that have operated at least one human spaceflight program, if not independently
2922:
2352:
2187:
2169:
2136:
1917:
1408:
1215:
1202:
1169:
1134:
1080:
681:
660:
583:
533:
328:
315:
118:
98:
91:
8336:
7141:
7133:
7130:
4276:
889:
771:
13935:
13925:
13424:
13277:
13222:
13155:
13000:
12279:
12127:
12038:
12026:
11933:
11767:
11762:
11157:
10538:
10406:
10286:
10281:
10217:
10087:
10005:
9694:
9430:
9116:
9013:
9007:
8991:
8899:
8781:
8708:
8582:
8435:
8398:
8286:
8281:
7081:
7040:
6941:
6871:
6841:
6711:
6569:
5658:
5465:
5103:
4803:
3653:
3585:
3191:
3044:
3036:
2792:
2791:
being still limited, and minorities like people with disability only having been selected in
2712:
Participation and representation of all humanity in spaceflight is an issue of international
2271:
2255:
2084:
2074:
2011:
1934:
1501:
988:
as a counter measure to United States bomber planes in the 1950s. The Tsiolkovsky-influenced
525:
8450:
4532:
1610:
on board. Uncrewed spacecraft may have varying levels of autonomy from human input, such as
13930:
13897:
13865:
13593:
13533:
13448:
13301:
13251:
12911:
12835:
12657:
12411:
11673:
11661:
11577:
11553:
11325:
10932:
10842:
10817:
10519:
9903:
9844:
9750:
9521:
9334:
9315:
9307:
8894:
8343:
8296:
7953:
7405:
7370:
7365:
7259:
7210:
7183:
7139:
7118:
6876:
6646:
6552:
6476:
6346:
6189:
5827:
5728:
5711:
5348:
5283:
5276:
5133:
5019:
4452:
4166:
4132:
4072:
3496:
2868:
2863:
2807:
2706:
2618:
2555:
2027:
1299:
854:
827:
797:
473:
366:
168:
63:
7122:
7120:
4349:
2315:, hoped to drastically reduce the price of space exploration due to being fully reusable.
2002:
over 74,000 years to reach this distance. Vehicle designs using other techniques, such as
694:), published in 1903. In his work, Tsiolkovsky describes the fundamental rocket equation:
8:
13373:
13047:
12892:
12854:
12638:
12593:
12521:
11789:
11387:
11315:
11305:
11278:
10321:
10141:
9918:
9896:
9827:
9684:
9560:
9420:
9353:
9300:
9200:
8936:
8795:
8684:
8522:
8495:
8445:
8249:
7707:
7400:
7252:
6689:
6321:
5925:
5723:
5701:
5636:
5355:
5199:
4935:
3917:"Preparing for "Earth to Earth" space travel and a competition with supersonic airliners"
3544:
3527:
2894:
2654:
2622:
2531:
2525:
2446:
to further international cooperation and scientific advancement in space systems safety.
2283:
2062:
1954:
1892:
1878:
1831:
1786:
1752:
1668:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1477:
1470:
1388:
1233:
1220:
Many ways to reach space other than rocket engines have been proposed. Ideas such as the
579:
361:
351:
250:
7603:
7482:
4907:
could return with astronauts or equipment – a planetary-protection risk called backward
4514:
4456:
4170:
4136:
4076:
3310:, became the first spacefaring nation in 1944. The following nations have only achieved
2915:
13581:
13198:
12873:
12633:
11804:
11697:
11541:
11137:
11084:
11048:
10610:
10326:
9975:
9460:
8775:
8645:
8592:
8470:
8440:
8348:
8161:
7292:
7123:
6366:
5838:
5621:
5547:
5402:
5298:
5150:
4478:
4216:
4062:
3562:
3550:
3473:
3274:
2884:
2780:
2580:
2559:
2387:
1694:
1615:
1533:
1509:
1481:
1015:
on February 1, 1958. Three years later, the USSR launched Vostok 1, carrying cosmonaut
574:, which provide the thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propel spacecraft onto
412:
207:
173:
163:
7576:
7539:
3269:. Early Italian satellites were launched using vehicles provided by NASA, first from
11589:
11481:
11295:
10593:
9789:
9595:
9455:
9383:
8981:
8635:
8205:
8147:
7938:
7827:
7753:
7688:
7417:
5950:
5908:
5834:
5793:
5433:
5328:
5303:
5249:
5239:
5056:
4922:
4888:
4684:
3845:
3714:
3679:
3659:
3636:
3487:
3079:
2997:
2853:
2848:
2751:
2539:
2481:
2407:
2248:
2124:
1991:
1834:
1715:
1630:
1619:
1554:
1529:
1521:
1416:
1322:
1008:
954:
913:
644:
630:
571:
556:
501:
469:
241:
153:
7659:
4464:
4178:
4049:
Larrouturou, Mathias N.; Higgns, Andrew J.; Greason, Jeffrey K. (28 November 2022).
2229:), launched by the USSR on 15 November 1988, although it made only one flight. This
1929:. In practice, the use of the term is confined to travel between the planets of our
1641:
are too hostile for human survival, given current technology. Outer planets such as
12473:
11928:
11918:
11447:
11300:
11054:
10640:
10622:
10575:
10030:
9874:
9269:
9042:
9032:
8976:
8696:
8500:
8490:
8383:
8358:
7768:
7738:
7583:
7457:
7297:
7162:
6586:
6104:
5706:
5535:
5492:
5458:
5423:
5360:
5313:
5155:
4926:
4460:
4174:
4080:
3533:
3299:
2755:
2687:). Many launched vehicles today are therefore designed to be re-entered after use.
2684:
2606:
2505:
2339:
1995:
1926:
1818:
1790:
1748:
1676:
1450:
1432:
1192:
648:
607:
505:
496:
control. The first spaceflights began in the 1950s with the launches of the Soviet
493:
481:
275:
224:
79:
53:
5849:
4963:
3825:
Docking: The joining or coming together of two separate free flying space vehicles
3610: – Overview of ventures beyond Earth as depicted for ease of American postage
2967: Countries who have a launch vehicle but do not currently operate a satellite
2290:) in 2008, but this was delayed due to an accident in the propulsion development.
2109:
Launch systems are used to carry a payload from Earth's surface into outer space.
13624:
11799:
11601:
11332:
11320:
11131:
10634:
10562:
10396:
9938:
9908:
9767:
9732:
9389:
9102:
8567:
8465:
8373:
8264:
8242:
8039:
7983:
7973:
7763:
7743:
7712:
7700:
7654:
7642:
7546:
7529:
7489:
7467:
7462:
6716:
6044:
5751:
5651:
5604:
5502:
5443:
5428:
5382:
5365:
5271:
5266:
4995:
4600:
4369:
4326:
3721:
3613:
3574:
3538:
3278:
3051:
2650:
2630:
2501:
2497:
2312:
2301:
2279:
2238:
2033:
2015:
1866:
1493:
1407:
imparted by a rocket stage to its payload. This can be the energy imparted by a
1271:
1261:
1064:
1024:
923:
598:
513:
497:
323:
178:
4835:
4257:"SpaceX Recovered Falcon Heavy Nose Cone, Plans to Re-fly it This Year (Photos)"
4007:
1289:
was the first known artificial object to achieve escape velocity from the Earth
1133:
Rockets are the only means currently capable of reaching orbit or beyond. Other
13412:
13074:
11944:
11833:
11715:
11596:
11256:
11225:
10567:
10434:
10035:
9948:
9943:
9879:
9704:
9251:
8949:
8551:
8331:
8321:
8259:
8122:
8049:
8010:
7931:
7904:
7758:
7732:
7622:
7593:
7571:
7561:
7551:
7504:
6049:
5798:
5785:
5678:
5609:
5599:
5584:
5562:
5552:
5448:
5438:
5387:
5308:
4917:, "A Space Settler Walks into a Dome...: A very funny book about why living on
4191:
4085:
4050:
3978:
3778:
Cook, John; Aksamentov, Valery; Hoffman, Thomas; Bruner, Wes (1 January 2011),
3556:
3282:
3185:
3013:
2788:
2660:
2485:
2455:
2391:
2267:
2104:
1497:
1412:
1221:
1201:
remain to be only currently practical means of reaching space, with planes and
1198:
1104:
1040:
1036:
989:
985:
634:
521:
318:
2516:
significantly increases the chances of cancer over a decade exposure or more.
1091:, and six subsequent missions, five of which successfully landed on the moon.
13919:
11819:
11744:
11727:
11649:
11608:
11290:
11268:
10401:
10331:
9415:
9406:
9211:
8650:
8630:
8210:
7943:
7926:
7747:
7664:
7627:
7598:
7588:
7556:
7534:
7514:
7477:
7450:
7445:
7440:
6287:
5746:
5663:
5594:
5557:
5397:
5318:
5182:
5177:
4908:
4165:. Future of Humanity Institute, Philosophy Department, Oxford University: 1.
3680:"Apollo lunar landing launch window: The controlling factors and constraints"
3568:
3149:
3114:
3089:
3005:
2993:
2873:
2844:
2802:
The dominating issue about access in most recent years has been the issue of
2787:". Furthermore social inclusion in human spaceflight has been demanded, with
2571:
2469:
2347:
2311:. SpaceX is now developing a fully reusable super heavy lift rocket known as
2287:
2221:
2146:
2007:
1897:
1760:
1702:
1517:
1442:
1384:
1366:
1340:
1310:
1275:
1265:
1157:
1138:
1100:
564:
560:
552:
265:
260:
255:
183:
158:
3515: – Extreme benchmarks set off Earth by astronauts, launchers and probes
476:. Most spaceflight is uncrewed and conducted mainly with spacecraft such as
13753:
11866:
11861:
11794:
11757:
11004:
10097:
9755:
8877:
8867:
8728:
8714:
8505:
8460:
8117:
8000:
7894:
7834:
7817:
7637:
7615:
7566:
7524:
7509:
7494:
7360:
7319:
7284:
7104:
5803:
5738:
5407:
5392:
5093:
5088:
4027:
3386:
3374:
3332:
3326:
3303:
3143:
3104:
3017:
3001:
2985:
2803:
2776:
2676:
2646:
2372:
2297:
2275:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2159:
was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a
2150:
1998:, the closest star other than the Sun, is 267,000 AU distant. It will take
1965:
1960:
1930:
1827:
1764:
1739:
1128:
1020:
1016:
993:
977:
970:
950:
942:
602:
587:
457:
294:
8820:
4731:"Couriermail.com.au | Subscribe to The Courier Mail for exclusive stories"
4023:"'Dynamic Soaring' Trick Could Speed Spacecraft Across Interstellar Space"
2733:
2534:
is a group of devices that allow a human being to survive in outer space.
2381:
13903:
13877:
12983:
11524:
11512:
11500:
11363:
11310:
11090:
10616:
10222:
10116:
9913:
9738:
9590:
9395:
9242:
8862:
8769:
8763:
8546:
8534:
8529:
8480:
8455:
8425:
8420:
8368:
8363:
8188:
8102:
8061:
8022:
7899:
7724:
7647:
7610:
7499:
5631:
5497:
5187:
5170:
4121:"The Feasibility of Intergalactic Colonisation and its Relevance to SETI"
3446:
3434:
3350:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3055:
2981:
2824:
2717:
2667:
2594:
2576:
2509:
2443:
1810:
1756:
1626:
1458:
1237:
1188:
966:
931:
619:
489:
485:
465:
219:
45:
2018:
as a way to travel across interstellar space has been proposed as well.
1137:
technologies have yet to be built, or remain short of orbital speeds. A
1043:
programs. After successfully performing a rendezvous and docking and an
11814:
9642:
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
9325:
8944:
8917:
8788:
8735:
8475:
8054:
7632:
6606:
5765:
5673:
5616:
5576:
5370:
5071:
3307:
3262:
3257:
2977:
2931: Countries with independently developed human spaceflight programs
2230:
2160:
2045:
1603:
1513:
1512:
make use of a big parachute and braking rockets to touch down on land.
1505:
1420:
1336:
1164:
1146:
1076:
1012:
461:
306:
270:
196:
103:
4709:
4391:"How the billionaire space race could be one giant leap for pollution"
3979:"Point-to-point suborbital transportation: sounds good on paper, but…"
3571: – Human habitats located in environments inhospitable for humans
13557:
13545:
13509:
13210:
12775:
12401:
12389:
11370:
11034:
10897:
10758:
10672:
9995:
9583:
8966:
8749:
8742:
8171:
8137:
7968:
7889:
7812:
7807:
7778:
7519:
7472:
7341:
7324:
5775:
5626:
5343:
5224:
5145:
5128:
4900:
4261:
3553: – Idea that long-term human presence requires to be spacefaring
3422:
3356:
3167:
3021:
3009:
2989:
2713:
2696:
2610:
2593:
Space weather is the concept of changing environmental conditions in
2088:
1986:
1806:
1736:
1664:
1576:
1563:
1306:
1142:
1088:
1084:
1052:
1007:
The US, after the launch of Sputnik and two embarrassing failures of
1001:
997:
477:
301:
214:
9625:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
7773:
488:
for flights beyond Earth orbit. Such spaceflights operate either by
11572:
11536:
11418:
10766:
9551:
European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
9340:
9264:
9076:
8802:
8640:
8107:
7963:
7948:
7683:
7390:
7238:
6074:
4988:
4120:
4067:
3404:
2902:
2829:
2680:
2429:
2206:
1845:
Point-to-point, or Earth to Earth transportation, is a category of
1732:
1682:
1415:
to an upper stage plus payload, or by an upper stage or spacecraft
1245:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1048:
3481:
3281:
rocket programme within the European Space Agency since 1998. The
1027:
on February 20, 1962. These events were followed by a pledge from
13040:
12669:
11632:
11442:
10771:
9839:
9274:
9193:
8044:
8032:
7958:
7351:
7329:
7204:
7189:
6601:
4904:
4576:"Iran Launches Small Earth-Watching Satellite Into Orbit: Report"
4149:
3344:
3319:
3209:
2598:
2242:
2092:
1659:
1650:
1638:
680:, in an 1861 essay "A Journey Through Space". More well-known is
594:
3008:; cargo handling equipment, dangerous cargos and cargo storage;
1964:
is the fifth spacecraft put on an escape trajectory leaving the
996:
missiles were used to launch the world's first artificial Earth
11656:
11584:
11548:
11476:
11430:
11394:
11382:
11244:
10010:
9435:
8485:
7676:
7671:
7385:
7380:
7346:
7334:
7279:
7231:
7224:
7199:
7194:
7073:
6059:
5589:
5453:
4298:
3452:
3440:
3410:
3392:
3362:
3338:
3315:
3287:
3277:) between 1967 and 1988; Italy has led the development of the
3250:★Launch vehicle fully or partially developed by another country
3215:
3203:
3155:
3108:
3097:
3085:
2614:
2309:
their first stages, with the intent of reusing fairings as well
2293:
2080:
1938:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1646:
1642:
1607:
1549:
1404:
1286:
962:
673:
618:
There are several terms that refer to a flight into or through
41:
5011:
3565: – Concept of permanent human habitation outside of Earth
2460:
2323:
1781:
1145:(cosmodrome), which may be equipped with launch complexes and
13770:
13656:
11680:
11668:
11560:
11488:
11406:
11232:
10887:
10628:
9727:
Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research
9425:
9162:
European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
7802:
7375:
7307:
7302:
7217:
7172:
7167:
4885:
An Explorer's Guide to the Universe – Unmanned Space Missions
3559: – Advocacy for exploration and/or colonization of space
3416:
3398:
3368:
3197:
3179:
3173:
3161:
3120:
3100:. Spacefaring nations listed by date of first crewed launch:
3093:
3028:
2547:
2440:
International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety
2358:
2050:
1942:
1901:
1634:
1446:
1252:
powered spaceplanes. Gun launch has been proposed for cargo.
1176:
6877:
R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)
4993:
4500:
1883:
1570:
912:
Spaceflight became a practical possibility with the work of
692:
The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices
593:
Most spacecraft, and all crewed spacecraft, are designed to
13234:
12976:
12502:
12139:
11692:
11454:
10995:
International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
9629:
7428:
7312:
7177:
4918:
4331:
4051:"Dynamic soaring as a means to exceed the solar wind speed"
3777:
3380:
3221:
3040:
3032:
2836:
Current and proposed applications for spaceflight include:
2551:
2535:
2330:
2142:
1743:
1067:. Shortly after its successful completion, the US launched
1019:
into orbit. The US responded with the suborbital launch of
3655:
It's ONLY Rocket Science: An Introduction in Plain English
3521: – Overview of and topical guide to space exploration
2219:
The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the
1663:, launched October 4, 1957 to orbit the Earth. Nearly all
1532:
technique was used to recover the film canisters from the
10657:
9541:
Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
7157:
6148:
5470:
4194:. History.nasa.gov (1969-03-03). Retrieved on 2011-10-05.
3752:(Press release). SpaceX. 22 December 2015. Archived from
2543:
1994:
distant and is moving at 3.6 AU per year. In comparison,
1686:
1679:
but no humans are on-board are called uncrewed missions.
1051:
tragedy. Following multiple uncrewed test flights of the
992:
became the chief rocket designer, and derivatives of his
946:
4048:
2508:
issues occur and increase. Further away from the Earth,
1984:
are the earlier ones. The one farthest from the Sun is
1865:
has revealed plans to do so as early as the 2020s using
755:{\displaystyle \Delta v=v_{e}\ln {\frac {m_{0}}{m_{f}}}}
11109:
International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement
11000:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
9620:
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
3869:"Advanced Docking/Berthing System – NASA Seal Workshop"
3708:
3547: – Spaceflight not paid for by a government agency
3523:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1817:
The most generally recognized boundary of space is the
676:
was published by Scottish astronomer and mathematician
9579:
AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
4493:"Homework Help and Textbook Solutions | bartleby"
2720:
and lacking, understanding spaceflight as a resource.
2480:, a self-limiting nausea caused by derangement of the
2058:
Spacecraft are vehicles designed to operate in space.
1179:, weighed 2030 metric tons (4,480,000 lb) at takeoff.
687:Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами
11872:
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
11015:
Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
3658:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 25.
2149:, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of
1403:
The term "transfer energy" means the total amount of
892:
857:
830:
800:
774:
702:
672:
The first theoretical proposal of space travel using
9669:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
3750:"Musk pre-launch backgrounder on Falcon 9 Flight 20"
3463:
2512:
can give a fatal radiation dose in minutes, and the
2167:. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was the
2061:
The first 'true spacecraft' is sometimes said to be
5879:
3290:, and became the only non-European member of ELDO.
3035:system. However, the United States, Russia, China,
2976:is to be capable of and active in the operation of
2955: Countries seeking to develop a launch vehicle
2423:
List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents
11879:Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
10990:International Space Exploration Coordination Group
9659:European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
9637:European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
4644:
4533:"Space Today Online - Iran space satellite launch"
3592:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
3298:Considering merely launching an object beyond the
3027:There has never been a crewed mission outside the
2926:Map showing countries with spaceflight capability
2666:. Many solid rockets have chlorine in the form of
901:
870:
843:
813:
783:
754:
11120:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
10980:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
4442:
3736:Space Flight: History, Technology, and Operations
3733:
3602:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
1767:has conducted two human suborbital spaceflights.
528:. Other current spaceflight are conducted to the
13917:
11974:
10975:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
3724:. Van.physics.uiuc.edu. Retrieved on 2011-10-05.
2496:Once above the atmosphere, radiation due to the
1763:fleet operated from April 1981 until July 2011.
1445:, a spacecraft would have to arrive at the same
878:) are the initial and final masses of the rocket
136:
11103:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement
9630:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
9504:European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
7117:
4996:"Reflections – manned vs. unmanned spaceflight"
4479:"spacefaring - Definitions from Dictionary.com"
4335:, 16 September 2002, Retrieved 25 October 2011.
3127:
2636:
2617:in space (generally close to Earth but also in
1580:spacecraft at Mercury (artist's interpretation)
570:Spaceflight can be achieved conventionally via
10387:Re-establishment of the National Space Council
9172:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
9128:European Cooperation for Space Standardization
6617:Timeline of first Earth observation satellites
4615:
4601:"North Korea defies warnings to launch rocket"
4384:
4382:
4099:
3874:. NASA. 2004-11-04. p. 15. Archived from
3842:Automated Rendezvous and Docking of Spacecraft
3302:to be the minimum requirement of spacefaring,
3247:*Previously a major region in the Soviet Union
2542:missions. The life support system may supply:
1335:Non-rocket orbital propulsion methods include
1075:(first Apollo mission to launch with both the
13892:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
11960:
10938:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
10910:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
9745:Creation of the British National Space Centre
9133:European Space Research and Technology Centre
9043:
9033:
8836:
7278:
7089:
5865:
5027:
4994:Tedd E. Hankins; H. Paul Shuch (1987-03-04).
4623:"S. Korea successfully launches space rocket"
4568:
4416:
4239:] launches first recycled rocket – video"
4125:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
3844:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3616: – Measure of a civilization's evolution
3608:U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps
3134:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
3073:
3068:United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
2605:, and deals with phenomena involving ambient
1480:. The theory behind reentry was developed by
949:, were developed and employed as a weapon by
685:
430:
9184:European Space Security and Education Centre
7053:Timeline of first images of Earth from space
4150:Armstrong, Stuart; Sandberg, Anders (2013).
4118:
4042:
3863:
3861:
3588: – Method used to accelerate spacecraft
3273:in 1964 and then from a spaceport in Kenya (
2709:have been issues of spaceflight regulation.
1332:may be needed to maintain or change orbits.
78:
11025:Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
10985:International Mobile Satellite Organization
10865:Politics of the International Space Station
9500:EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
8850:
4379:
4014:
3905:. Astronautix.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-05.
3803:
3781:ISS Interface Mechanisms and their Heritage
2054:An Apollo Lunar Module on the lunar surface
1153:have various special launching facilities.
1047:, the Gemini program ended just before the
11967:
11953:
11020:Arab Satellite Communications Organization
11010:Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
10357:Development of the Commercial Crew Program
9774:Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
9097:European Launcher Development Organisation
8843:
8829:
7096:
7082:
5872:
5858:
5034:
5020:
4412:
4410:
4192:Apollo Expeditions to the Moon: Chapter 10
3604: – Space exploration on Soviet stamps
2266:on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the
2127:expendable launch systems to reach space.
2087:, but other propulsion techniques such as
1925:is flight between planets within a single
1023:on May 5, 1961, and the orbital launch of
437:
423:
11097:Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
10943:Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
10883:International Civil Aviation Organization
10425:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
10322:Launch of the Space Launch System program
10317:Cancellation of the Constellation program
4939:, vol. 329, no. 4 (November 2023), p. 93.
4084:
4066:
3914:
3858:
2558:, and are designed and constructed using
2472:can be seen exercising in the foreground.
2375:after its flight into space, 21 June 2004
2357:seconds after engine ignition on mission
1426:
10477:Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
8615:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
4683:Walter Dornberger, Moewig, Berlin 1984.
4277:"Unmanned rocket explodes after liftoff"
2921:
2823:
2575:
2488:of muscular and cardiovascular tissues.
2459:
2049:
1882:
1780:
1719:
1569:
1548:
1280:
1244:(currently in early stage development),
1156:A launch is often restricted to certain
1141:for a spaceflight usually starts from a
936:November 11, 1918 armistice with Germany
791:) is the change in the rocket's velocity
36:
11126:Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol
10248:2002 National missile defense directive
9601:Council of European Aerospace Societies
9483:Western European Union Satellite Centre
8811:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
7839:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets
5519:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
4407:
4297:. European Space Agency. Archived from
4093:
3915:Burghardt, Thomas (December 26, 2020).
3908:
3835:
3833:
3811:"International Docking Standardization"
3541: – Growth of plants in outer space
2412:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
2333:pulling away from its drop launch plane
2278:. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by
1625:Many space missions are more suited to
1614:, or remote guidance. They may also be
1487:
582:, the spacecraft usually separates the
14:
13918:
11899:International Astronautical Federation
10680:
10208:Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
9616:European Committee for Standardization
9228:Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
5541:Psychological and sociological effects
4388:
4004:"Spacecraft escaping the Solar System"
3651:
3634:
3519:List of uncrewed spacecraft by program
3061:
3054:, supranational entities, and private
919:A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes
637:, and national firsts in spaceflight.
11948:
11894:International Academy of Astronautics
11115:International Docking System Standard
10960:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
10953:International Planetary Data Alliance
10860:International Space Station programme
10582:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
10492:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
9784:UK Global Navigation Satellite System
9546:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
9223:Space Situational Awareness Programme
8824:
7077:
5853:
5015:
4887:, Britannica Educational Publishing,
4363:Space Weather: A Research Perspective
4346:"Breathing Easy on the Space Station"
4020:
3976:
3839:
3773:
3771:
3738:. Government Institutes. p. 187.
3694:"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details"
3672:
2783:and its claim of outer space as the "
2597:. It is distinct from the concept of
2390:'s first stage landing vertically on
2163:and gliding to deadstick landings at
1657:The first uncrewed space mission was
1591:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
1187:The most commonly used definition of
551:, the rendezvouses and dockings with
539:Spaceflights include the launches of
11889:Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
9904:Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
9111:European Space Research Organisation
6434:Spaceflight-related human fatalities
4979:Aerospace engineering at Wikiversity
4755:"Australia re-enters the space race"
4702:"T-Minus Engineering - T-Minus DART"
4436:
4006:. Heavens-Above GmbH. Archived from
3933:large amounts of cargo around Earth.
3830:
3597:Timeline of Solar System exploration
2727:
916:'s publication in 1919 of his paper
10748:United Rocket and Space Corporation
10402:Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
10282:Launch of the Constellation program
10006:Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
3314:capability by launching indigenous
2643:Environmental impact of spaceflight
2514:health threat from cosmic radiation
2141:The first reusable spacecraft, the
2079:Spacecraft today predominantly use
1071:(first mission to orbit the moon),
982:intercontinental ballistic missiles
24:
11842:Air & Space Forces Association
10482:Antennas & Propagation Society
9690:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
9611:European Civil Aviation Conference
7113:
6986:Communications satellite companies
5250:Weather and environment monitoring
4877:
3768:
3577: – Logistics for space travel
1896:spacecraft must reach the minimal
1437:Docking and berthing of spacecraft
1398:
893:
775:
703:
27:Flight into or through outer space
25:
13947:
10915:General Assembly Fourth Committee
10903:Space Generation Advisory Council
10337:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
9511:EU Agency for the Space Programme
9260:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
9233:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
9060:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
9002:Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine
7031:First orbital launches by country
4943:
2449:
2216:during reentry in February 2003.
2098:
1907:
1840:
1701:are increasingly used for crewed
1560:Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer
1182:
934:but his plans were foiled by the
13871:
13859:
13847:
13835:
13823:
13811:
13788:
13776:
13764:
13664:
13645:
13618:
13606:
13587:
13575:
13551:
13539:
13527:
13515:
13503:
13480:
13468:
13456:
13442:
13430:
13418:
13406:
13367:
13355:
13343:
13331:
13319:
13307:
13295:
13283:
13271:
13259:
13240:
13228:
13216:
13204:
13192:
13180:
13161:
13149:
13137:
13125:
13113:
13099:
13087:
12994:
12924:
12905:
12886:
12867:
12848:
12829:
12817:
12805:
12793:
12781:
12769:
12746:
12734:
12722:
12710:
12698:
12686:
12663:
12651:
12622:
12610:
12587:
12575:
12551:
12539:
12527:
12515:
12496:
12442:
12419:
12395:
12383:
12326:
12314:
12285:
12273:
12261:
12249:
12237:
12212:
12200:
12188:
12176:
12164:
12145:
12133:
12121:
12087:
12075:
12063:
12051:
12032:
12020:
11904:International Astronomical Union
11726:
11714:
11702:
11691:
11679:
11667:
11655:
11631:
11607:
11595:
11583:
11571:
11559:
11547:
11535:
11523:
11511:
11499:
11487:
11475:
11453:
11441:
11429:
11417:
11405:
11393:
11381:
11369:
11267:
11255:
11243:
11231:
10727:Medvedev modernisation programme
10430:Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
10098:1985 anti-satellite missile test
9762:Space Innovation and Growth Team
9507:European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
9189:European Space Operations Centre
9150:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
8702:
8690:
8678:
7103:
7058:Timeline of longest spaceflights
5833:
5823:
5822:
4389:Gammon, Katharine (2021-07-19).
4291:"The second IAASS: Introduction"
3946:"Becoming a Multiplanet Species"
3480:
3466:
3429:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3096:are the only crewed spacefaring
2732:
2565:
2380:
2365:
2338:
2322:
2021:
1731:The first human spaceflight was
1376:
1358:
1316:
1255:
886:, can be used to find the total
406:
11153:Astronomical naming conventions
10078:Strategy of Technology doctrine
9850:Establishment of Cape Canaveral
9768:Creation of the UK Space Agency
9218:European Space Policy Institute
9178:European Space Astronomy Centre
8578:Gravitationally rounded objects
7063:Timeline of private spaceflight
6737:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
6597:Communications satellite firsts
5294:Space launch market competition
5041:
4921:is a terrible idea" (review of
4849:
4820:
4796:
4772:
4747:
4723:
4694:
4674:
4593:
4543:
4525:
4507:
4485:
4471:
4465:10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.01.016
4356:
4338:
4313:
4283:
4269:
4249:
4227:
4209:
4197:
4185:
4179:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.04.002
4143:
4112:
4055:Frontiers in Space Technologies
4021:Mcrae, Mike (6 December 2022).
3996:
3970:
3938:
3896:
3581:Space travel in science fiction
3322:or both into suborbital space:
2813:
2701:A wide range of issues such as
2519:
1948:
1857:, a flight that normally lasts
1824:Civilian Space eXploration Team
1209:
945:, the first guided rocket, the
665:For a chronological guide, see
11884:British Interplanetary Society
11847:Alliance for Space Development
10970:Global Standards Collaboration
10893:Office for Outer Space Affairs
10420:China exclusion policy of NASA
10088:Space Station Freedom proposal
10001:Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
9071:Planetary Exploration of China
8895:Planetary protection principle
5531:Health threat from cosmic rays
4417:Haris Durrani (19 July 2019).
4119:Fogg, Martyn (November 1988).
3816:. NASA. 2009-03-17. p. 15
3742:
3727:
3686:
3645:
3628:
3016:and first aid; fire fighting;
2909:
2234:any further flights of Buran.
2123:Most current spaceflight uses
1770:
1345:plasma-bubble magnetic systems
613:
13:
1:
11067:US-USSR Cooperation Agreement
10397:Launch of the Artemis program
10327:Redesign of the Orion program
10243:Aerospace Industry Commission
9939:Launch of the Mariner program
9664:European Southern Observatory
9364:Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)
6998:Private spaceflight companies
5941:Rocket and missile technology
4555:State Space Agency of Ukraine
4419:"Is Spaceflight Colonialism?"
4235:"SpaceX successfuly [
3621:
3293:
2899:private spaceflight companies
2880:potentially hazardous objects
2690:
2401:
2112:
2068:
2039:
1059:, the US launched the crewed
961:, producing missiles such as
959:Army Ballistic Missile Agency
11976:Public-sector space agencies
11148:Extraterrestrial real estate
10688:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
10588:Soviet crewed lunar programs
10497:Vehicular Technology Society
10487:Broadcast Technology Society
10262:Vision for Space Exploration
10179:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
10137:Space Exploration Initiative
10083:Strategic Defense Initiative
10036:Launch of the Viking program
9949:Launch of the Apollo program
9944:Launch of the Gemini project
9796:Defence in a Competitive Age
9733:Start of the Ariel programme
9647:European Patent Organisation
6612:Earth observation satellites
6467:Cumulative spacewalk records
4969:Resources in other libraries
4629:. 2013-01-30. Archived from
4374:National Academy of Sciences
3977:Hoerr, David (May 5, 2008).
3128:Uncrewed spacefaring nations
3050:Spacefaring entities can be
3012:; dealing with emergencies;
2841:Earth observation satellites
2683:of satellites and vehicles (
2637:Environmental considerations
2491:
2286:carrying paying passengers (
1735:on April 12, 1961, on which
1699:Uncrewed resupply spacecraft
1441:In order to reach towards a
882:This equation, known as the
32:Spaceflight (disambiguation)
7:
10965:Group on Earth Observations
10948:Committee on Space Research
10392:Creation of the Space Force
10312:Kennedy Space Center speech
9955:We choose to go to the Moon
9886:Introduction to Outer Space
9606:European Broadcasting Union
8673:Outline of the Solar System
8436:Interplanetary medium/space
7036:First satellites by country
5647:Self-replicating spacecraft
5483:International Space Station
3513:List of spaceflight records
3508:List of Solar System probes
3459:
3267:International Space Station
2745:to comply with Knowledge's
2300:commercial satellites into
2130:
1727:crew member stores samples.
1691:International Space Station
1544:
1112:International Space Station
884:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
530:International Space Station
379:List of space organizations
50:International Space Station
10:
13952:
11914:Space Exploration Alliance
11143:Common heritage of mankind
11061:Space Liability Convention
10833:North Korean space program
10759:2015 Creation of Roscosmos
10223:Launch of the X-37 program
10073:Citizens' Advisory Council
9167:European Data Relay System
9138:Concurrent Design Facility
8883:Space Debris Working Group
8389:Extraterrestrial materials
6727:Medium-lift launch vehicle
6528:Objects at Lagrange points
5161:Space Liability Convention
4551:"Launches of Ukrainian LV"
4086:10.3389/frspt.2022.1017442
3734:Lance K. Erickson (2010).
3638:God's Glory in the Heavens
3131:
3077:
3074:Crewed spacefaring nations
2913:
2817:
2694:
2640:
2569:
2530:In human spaceflight, the
2523:
2468:in weightless conditions.
2453:
2420:
2405:
2282:planned to begin reusable
2134:
2116:
2102:
2072:
2043:
2025:
1952:
1923:Interplanetary spaceflight
1914:Interplanetary spaceflight
1911:
1887:Apollo 6 heads into orbit.
1876:
1872:
1774:
1713:
1602:or robotic spacecraft are
1590:
1583:
1468:
1464:
1430:
1330:orbital maneuvering system
1320:
1259:
1213:
1126:
664:
658:
654:
510:Human spaceflight programs
29:
13886:
13803:
13679:
13637:
13495:
13073:
12955:
12948:
12761:
12678:
12602:
12434:
12375:
12359:
12352:
12227:
12113:
12106:
12012:
11989:
11982:
11857:Space Frontier Foundation
11832:
11743:
11352:
11343:
11284:Launch market competition
11216:
11033:
10923:
10875:
10855:Ugandan space initiatives
10790:
10740:
10719:
10671:
10650:
10603:
10555:
10531:
10518:
10511:
10415:
10375:
10295:
10231:
10160:
10125:
10061:
10044:
10019:
9984:
9964:
9927:
9909:Launch of Project Mercury
9858:
9816:
9807:
9715:
9677:
9569:
9473:
9405:
9363:
9287:
9206:Ariane launcher programme
9145:European Astronaut Centre
9103:Europa launcher programme
9087:
9044:
9034:
8990:
8935:
8923:The Spaceguard Foundation
8858:
8709:Earth sciences portal
8668:
8623:
8560:
8431:Interplanetary dust cloud
8310:
8146:
8076:
7787:
7723:
7416:
7269:
7111:
7021:
6976:
6960:
6745:
6732:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
6722:Small-lift launch vehicle
6665:
6585:
6511:Landings on other planets
6489:
6442:
6314:
6286:
6258:
6198:
6146:
6103:
5958:
5949:
5901:
5888:
5817:
5784:
5737:
5689:
5575:
5524:Space adaptation syndrome
5511:
5416:
5336:
5327:
5215:
5049:
4984:Encyclopedia Astronautica
4964:Resources in your library
4808:forum.nasaspaceflight.com
4780:"Australian Space Agency"
4245:. Reuters. 31 March 2017.
3503:List of crewed spacecraft
2723:
2478:space adaptation syndrome
2416:
2201:was built to replace the
1990:, which is more than 100
1298:limiting the boil off of
1248:powered spaceplanes, and
1226:momentum exchange tethers
1191:is everything beyond the
1122:
1117:
1029:President John F. Kennedy
922:. His application of the
821:) is the exhaust velocity
686:
11810:Reconnaissance satellite
11183:International Designator
10850:Philippine space program
10798:Australian space program
10450:Office of Space Commerce
10440:House Committee on Space
10352:Space Shuttle retirement
10307:2009 Augustine Committee
10142:1990 Augustine Committee
9288:Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)
8873:Space traffic management
8722:Local Interstellar Cloud
7434:other near-Earth objects
7013:Spacecraft manufacturers
6548:leaving the Solar System
5257:Communications satellite
4933:, Penguin Press, 2023),
3787:, Houston, Texas: Boeing
3715:Escape Velocity of Earth
3635:Leitch, William (1867).
2859:Communication satellites
2758:may contain suggestions.
2743:may need to be rewritten
2703:space traffic management
2274:has built its successor
2119:Expendable launch system
2004:nuclear pulse propulsion
1709:
1539:
1270:On some missions beyond
1035:and the creation of the
902:{\displaystyle \Delta v}
784:{\displaystyle \Delta v}
500:satellites and American
460:to fly objects, usually
48:capsule approaching the
11924:Space Force Association
11909:Lunar Explorers Society
11079:Registration Convention
11043:Partial Test Ban Treaty
10924:Other intergovernmental
10838:Pakistani space program
10803:Brazilian space program
10173:Faster, better, cheaper
9976:1967 Outer Space Treaty
9779:Space Industry Act 2018
9556:European Defence Agency
9212:Vega launcher programme
9155:Living Planet Programme
8878:Space debris management
8852:Politics of outer space
8685:Solar System portal
8411:Giant-impact hypothesis
8018:Trans-Neptunian objects
6427:timeline by nationality
5893:Timeline of spaceflight
5761:reusable launch systems
5378:Extravehicular activity
5289:Commercial use of space
5193:Militarisation of space
5166:Registration Convention
5082:Accidents and incidents
4883:Erik Gregerson (2010):
4603:. BBC. 12 December 2012
4206:, retrieved 2012-01-27.
3840:Fehse, Wigbert (2003).
3530: – 2000 video game
3271:Wallops Flight Facility
2820:Human presence in space
2785:province of all mankind
2442:was established in the
2165:Edwards AFB, California
1847:sub-orbital spaceflight
1830:was used for the first
1803:specific orbital energy
1799:sub-orbital spaceflight
1777:Sub-orbital spaceflight
1365:Ionized gas trail from
1349:gravitational slingshot
1242:Reaction Engines Skylon
1097:human presence in space
667:Timeline of spaceflight
576:suborbital trajectories
549:interplanetary missions
474:without humans on board
456:) is an application of
109:Timeline of spaceflight
11852:National Space Society
11753:Space domain awareness
10926:or inter-agency bodies
10828:Lebanese space program
10813:Japanese space program
10754:2014 Military doctrine
10732:2010 Military doctrine
10152:National Space Council
10147:Hubble Space Telescope
9919:Launch of X-15 program
9840:Aerobee rocket program
9790:2021 Integrated Review
9652:European Patent Office
9572:initiatives and bodies
8962:Billionaire space race
8888:Space Debris Committee
8573:Possible dwarf planets
8416:Gravitational collapse
8354:Circumstellar envelope
7153:
7046:Constellation missions
6673:Orbital launch systems
6565:Timeline of satellites
6506:Interplanetary voyages
5809:Mission control center
5771:Non-rocket spacelaunch
5205:Billionaire space race
4735:www.couriermail.com.au
4348:. NASA. Archived from
3312:suborbital spaceflight
2969:
2916:Wiktionary:spacefaring
2878:Protecting Earth from
2833:
2590:
2473:
2137:Reusable launch system
2055:
1918:Interplanetary mission
1888:
1794:
1791:Joe Walker (astronaut)
1728:
1581:
1567:
1427:Reaching space station
1294:
1216:Non-rocket spacelaunch
1203:high-altitude balloons
1135:non-rocket spacelaunch
1004:, on October 4, 1957.
903:
872:
845:
815:
785:
756:
682:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
661:History of spaceflight
534:Tiangong Space Station
526:Space Shuttle programs
413:Spaceflight portal
329:Non-rocket spacelaunch
99:History of spaceflight
83:
56:
11934:The Planetary Society
11763:Anti-satellite weapon
11158:ITU Radio Regulations
10808:Emirati space program
10539:Operation Osoaviakhim
10407:Executive Order 13959
10287:Operation Burnt Frost
10218:Decadal Planning Team
9700:Indian ASAT programme
9695:Space Activities Bill
9117:European Space Agency
9089:ESA Science Programme
8900:Post-detection policy
8782:Laniakea Supercluster
8399:Sample-return mission
7152:
6961:Launches by spaceport
6570:Sample-return mission
6084:Civilian spaceflight
5659:Spacecraft propulsion
5109:European Space Agency
4989:Basics of Spaceflight
4658:. ESA. Archived from
4519:TheFreeDictionary.com
4515:"space-faring nation"
3881:on September 22, 2011
3696:. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
3652:Rogers, Lucy (2008).
3586:Spacecraft propulsion
3192:European Space Agency
3132:Further information:
3078:Further information:
3045:Human mission to Mars
3037:European Space Agency
2925:
2914:Further information:
2827:
2818:Further information:
2793:European Space Agency
2789:women to fly to space
2579:
2463:
2272:The Spaceship Company
2256:suborbital spaceplane
2209:in January 1986. The
2075:Spacecraft propulsion
2053:
1935:Constellation program
1886:
1784:
1723:
1573:
1552:
1300:cryogenic propellants
1284:
1272:LEO (Low Earth Orbit)
904:
873:
871:{\displaystyle m_{f}}
846:
844:{\displaystyle m_{0}}
816:
814:{\displaystyle v_{e}}
786:
757:
82:
40:
13898:Soviet space program
11356:units and formations
11326:Project Harvest Moon
11073:Satellite Convention
10933:African Space Agency
10843:Space programme 2040
10823:Kenyan space program
10818:Kazakh space program
9751:Outer Space Act 1986
9739:Black Arrow launcher
9522:Copernicus programme
9495:EU/ESA Space Council
9123:EU/ESA Space Council
9014:Chinese ASAT program
8697:Astronomy portal
8598:Solar System objects
8344:Circumplanetary disk
6685:Sounding rocket list
6624:Geosynchronous orbit
6560:Missions to the Moon
6332:by year of selection
5284:Satellite navigation
3497:Aerial landscape art
3449:(September 19, 2020)
3443:(September 27, 2018)
3425:(September 29, 2004)
3365:(September 21, 1976)
2988:; programs to train
2869:Satellite navigation
2864:Satellite television
2808:space sustainability
2797:2022 astronaut group
2603:planetary atmosphere
2258:that carried pilots
2028:Intergalactic travel
1488:Landing and recovery
1387:return capsule by a
1309:(lowest point); see
890:
855:
828:
798:
772:
700:
578:. If the mission is
484:, but also includes
30:For other uses, see
13048:Guiana Space Centre
11790:Kinetic bombardment
11316:Space manufacturing
11306:Space-based economy
11279:Private spaceflight
10699:Shuttle–Mir program
10267:Aldridge Commission
10189:Shuttle–Mir program
9897:Space Act Agreement
9828:Operation Paperclip
9685:Department of Space
9678:Indian space policy
9561:Europe by Satellite
9489:EU Satellite Centre
9201:Guiana Space Centre
8945:Cold War space race
8863:Spacefaring nations
8796:Observable universe
8593:Solar System models
8523:Protoplanetary disk
8446:Interstellar medium
8406:Frost/Ice/Snow line
7022:Other mission lists
7003:Rocket launch sites
6977:Agencies, companies
6273:Crewed Spaceflights
5931:Spaceflight records
5883:lists and timelines
5669:Electric propulsion
5356:Life-support system
5240:Imagery and mapping
5200:Private spaceflight
4936:Scientific American
4828:"Upcoming Launches"
4457:2023AcAau.207..445Y
4217:"SpaceX on Twitter"
4171:2013AcAau..89....1A
4137:1988JBIS...41..491F
4077:2022FrST....317442L
3545:Private spaceflight
3528:Orbiter (simulator)
3437:(November 30, 2009)
3419:(September 1, 2000)
3413:(December 15, 1998)
3371:(February 18, 1981)
3347:(November 21, 1962)
3341:(September 5, 1959)
3062:Global coordination
2895:Private spaceflight
2655:Spacecraft cemetery
2623:interstellar medium
2621:, and occasionally
2609:, magnetic fields,
2532:life support system
2526:Life support system
2284:private spaceflight
2063:Apollo Lunar Module
1955:Interstellar travel
1893:orbital spaceflight
1879:Orbital spaceflight
1787:North American X-15
1637:or the vicinity of
1600:Uncrewed spacecraft
1593:Uncrewed spacecraft
1586:Uncrewed spacecraft
1478:aerodynamic heating
1471:Atmospheric reentry
928:liquid-fuel rockets
557:crewed spaceflights
522:Apollo Moon landing
251:Apollo Lunar Module
11805:Military satellite
11643:Ranks and insignia
11138:Space jurisdiction
11085:Bogota Declaration
11049:Outer Space Treaty
10545:list of scientists
9833:list of scientists
9475:EU Space Programme
8776:Virgo Supercluster
8757:Milky Way subgroup
8588:Natural satellites
8471:Nebular hypothesis
8451:Interstellar space
8441:Interstellar cloud
8349:Circumstellar disc
7939:Near-Earth objects
7823:names and meanings
7154:
6922:Thor DM-21 Agena-B
6912:Thor DM-18 Agena-A
6825:Falcon 9 and Heavy
6521:artificial objects
6472:Longest spacewalks
6035:Vostok and Voskhod
5622:Robotic spacecraft
5548:Space and survival
5403:Space colonization
5299:Space architecture
5151:Outer Space Treaty
4537:www.spacetoday.org
4503:on March 26, 2005.
4368:2009-03-26 at the
4325:2019-07-13 at the
4010:on April 27, 2007.
3795:– via NASA,
3720:2007-07-13 at the
3563:Space colonization
3551:Space and survival
3474:Spaceflight portal
3455:(October 29, 2020)
3353:(October 27, 1967)
3275:San Marco Platform
3004:construction, and
2970:
2885:Space colonization
2849:weather satellites
2834:
2781:Outer Space Treaty
2591:
2560:safety engineering
2474:
2464:Astronauts on the
2438:In April 2004 the
2388:Falcon 9 Flight 20
2173:, followed by the
2056:
1889:
1795:
1729:
1582:
1568:
1482:Harry Julian Allen
1385:Discoverer 14
1295:
1291:(replica pictured)
1285:Launched in 1959,
899:
868:
841:
811:
781:
752:
572:multistage rockets
545:telecommunications
482:orbit around Earth
464:, into or through
208:Robotic spacecraft
84:
57:
13913:
13912:
13633:
13632:
12944:
12943:
12348:
12347:
12230:and the Caribbean
12102:
12101:
11942:
11941:
11828:
11827:
11820:Satellite jamming
11296:Space advertising
10786:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10667:
10666:
10507:
10506:
10127:George H. W. Bush
9596:Council of Europe
9517:Galileo programme
9469:
9468:
9456:Comet Interceptor
8982:Space competition
8818:
8817:
8663:
8662:
8659:
8658:
8636:Lagrangian points
8608:by discovery date
8206:Human spaceflight
8177:historical models
8070:
8069:
7689:S/2015 (136472) 1
7071:
7070:
6485:
6484:
5966:Crewed spacecraft
5951:Human spaceflight
5909:Space exploration
5847:
5846:
5794:Flight controller
5571:
5570:
5329:Human spaceflight
5304:Space exploration
5230:Earth observation
4950:Library resources
4923:Kelly Weinersmith
4893:978-1-61530-052-5
4857:"Successful fire"
4804:"Southern Launch"
4662:on March 14, 2016
4445:Acta Astronautica
4159:Acta Astronautica
3665:978-0-387-75377-5
3488:Technology portal
3080:Human spaceflight
3014:survival at space
2998:orbital mechanics
2854:Space exploration
2773:
2772:
2747:quality standards
2540:human spaceflight
2482:vestibular system
2408:Human spaceflight
2249:Scaled Composites
1859:over twenty hours
1835:human spaceflight
1809:was NASA's first
1716:Human spaceflight
1620:space observatory
1530:mid-air retrieval
1323:Orbital mechanics
1099:with a series of
955:Wernher von Braun
914:Robert H. Goddard
750:
645:human spaceflight
631:space exploration
541:Earth observation
447:
446:
341:Spaceflight types
285:
284:
242:Crewed spacecraft
234:
233:
149:Earth observation
16:(Redirected from
13943:
13896:Preceded by the
13876:
13875:
13874:
13864:
13863:
13862:
13852:
13851:
13850:
13840:
13839:
13838:
13828:
13827:
13826:
13816:
13815:
13814:
13793:
13792:
13791:
13781:
13780:
13779:
13769:
13768:
13767:
13669:
13668:
13667:
13650:
13649:
13648:
13623:
13622:
13621:
13611:
13610:
13609:
13592:
13591:
13590:
13580:
13579:
13578:
13556:
13555:
13554:
13544:
13543:
13542:
13532:
13531:
13530:
13520:
13519:
13518:
13508:
13507:
13506:
13485:
13484:
13483:
13473:
13472:
13471:
13461:
13460:
13459:
13447:
13446:
13445:
13435:
13434:
13433:
13423:
13422:
13421:
13411:
13410:
13409:
13372:
13371:
13370:
13360:
13359:
13358:
13348:
13347:
13346:
13336:
13335:
13334:
13324:
13323:
13322:
13312:
13311:
13310:
13300:
13299:
13298:
13288:
13287:
13286:
13276:
13275:
13274:
13264:
13263:
13262:
13245:
13244:
13243:
13233:
13232:
13231:
13221:
13220:
13219:
13209:
13208:
13207:
13197:
13196:
13195:
13185:
13184:
13183:
13166:
13165:
13164:
13154:
13153:
13152:
13142:
13141:
13140:
13130:
13129:
13128:
13118:
13117:
13116:
13104:
13103:
13102:
13092:
13091:
13090:
12999:
12998:
12997:
12953:
12952:
12929:
12928:
12927:
12910:
12909:
12908:
12891:
12890:
12889:
12872:
12871:
12870:
12853:
12852:
12851:
12834:
12833:
12832:
12822:
12821:
12820:
12810:
12809:
12808:
12798:
12797:
12796:
12786:
12785:
12784:
12774:
12773:
12772:
12751:
12750:
12749:
12739:
12738:
12737:
12727:
12726:
12725:
12715:
12714:
12713:
12703:
12702:
12701:
12691:
12690:
12689:
12668:
12667:
12666:
12656:
12655:
12654:
12627:
12626:
12625:
12615:
12614:
12613:
12592:
12591:
12590:
12580:
12579:
12578:
12556:
12555:
12554:
12544:
12543:
12542:
12532:
12531:
12530:
12520:
12519:
12518:
12501:
12500:
12499:
12447:
12446:
12445:
12424:
12423:
12422:
12400:
12399:
12398:
12388:
12387:
12386:
12357:
12356:
12331:
12330:
12329:
12319:
12318:
12317:
12290:
12289:
12288:
12278:
12277:
12276:
12266:
12265:
12264:
12254:
12253:
12252:
12242:
12241:
12240:
12217:
12216:
12215:
12205:
12204:
12203:
12193:
12192:
12191:
12181:
12180:
12179:
12169:
12168:
12167:
12150:
12149:
12148:
12138:
12137:
12136:
12126:
12125:
12124:
12111:
12110:
12092:
12091:
12090:
12080:
12079:
12078:
12068:
12067:
12066:
12056:
12055:
12054:
12037:
12036:
12035:
12025:
12024:
12023:
11987:
11986:
11969:
11962:
11955:
11946:
11945:
11929:Space Foundation
11919:Space Fellowship
11731:
11730:
11719:
11718:
11706:
11696:
11695:
11684:
11683:
11672:
11671:
11660:
11659:
11636:
11635:
11612:
11611:
11600:
11599:
11588:
11587:
11576:
11575:
11564:
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11540:
11539:
11528:
11527:
11516:
11515:
11504:
11503:
11492:
11491:
11480:
11479:
11458:
11457:
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11445:
11434:
11433:
11422:
11421:
11410:
11409:
11398:
11397:
11386:
11385:
11374:
11373:
11350:
11349:
11301:Space technology
11272:
11271:
11260:
11259:
11248:
11247:
11236:
11235:
11178:COSPAR standards
11055:Rescue Agreement
10678:
10677:
10529:
10528:
10516:
10515:
9875:Project Vanguard
9814:
9813:
9285:
9284:
9270:Aurora programme
9256:Mars and beyond
9047:
9046:
9037:
9036:
9008:Shuguang program
8977:Space propaganda
8904:Asteroid impact
8845:
8838:
8831:
8822:
8821:
8812:
8810:
8801:
8794:
8787:
8780:
8774:
8768:
8762:
8755:
8748:
8741:
8734:
8727:
8720:
8707:
8706:
8705:
8695:
8694:
8693:
8683:
8682:
8681:
8384:Exozodiacal dust
8074:
8073:
8040:Detached objects
7276:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7116:
7098:
7091:
7084:
7075:
7074:
6403:Space travelers
6399:Space scientists
6387:African American
5956:
5955:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5851:
5850:
5837:
5826:
5825:
5536:Space psychology
5361:Animals in space
5334:
5333:
5314:Space technology
5156:Rescue Agreement
5036:
5029:
5022:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4927:Zach Weinersmith
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4834:. Archived from
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4708:. Archived from
4698:
4692:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4652:"Vega Programme"
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4499:. Archived from
4497:www.bartleby.com
4489:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4414:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4386:
4377:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4342:
4336:
4320:Super Spaceships
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4265:. 12 April 2019.
4253:
4247:
4246:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4156:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4070:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3983:The Space Review
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3958:on 8 August 2018
3957:
3950:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3921:NASA Spaceflight
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3837:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3731:
3725:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3632:
3534:Animals in space
3524:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3359:(April 16, 1969)
3335:(April 12, 1957)
3052:sovereign states
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2736:
2728:
2685:Kessler syndrome
2661:greenhouse gases
2581:Aurora australis
2506:cosmic radiation
2394:in December 2015
2384:
2369:
2350:
2342:
2326:
1996:Proxima Centauri
1927:planetary system
1832:privately funded
1536:spy satellites.
1451:space rendezvous
1433:Space rendezvous
1380:
1362:
1061:Apollo 7 mission
1009:Vanguard rockets
908:
906:
905:
900:
877:
875:
874:
869:
867:
866:
850:
848:
847:
842:
840:
839:
820:
818:
817:
812:
810:
809:
790:
788:
787:
782:
761:
759:
758:
753:
751:
749:
748:
739:
738:
729:
721:
720:
689:
688:
649:cargo spacecraft
608:Kessler syndrome
599:graveyard orbits
586:and ignites the
439:
432:
425:
411:
410:
409:
236:
235:
225:Cargo spacecraft
202:
201:
59:
58:
21:
13951:
13950:
13946:
13945:
13944:
13942:
13941:
13940:
13916:
13915:
13914:
13909:
13882:
13872:
13870:
13860:
13858:
13848:
13846:
13836:
13834:
13824:
13822:
13812:
13810:
13799:
13789:
13787:
13777:
13775:
13765:
13763:
13675:
13665:
13663:
13646:
13644:
13629:
13619:
13617:
13607:
13605:
13588:
13586:
13576:
13574:
13552:
13550:
13540:
13538:
13528:
13526:
13516:
13514:
13504:
13502:
13491:
13481:
13479:
13469:
13467:
13457:
13455:
13443:
13441:
13431:
13429:
13419:
13417:
13407:
13405:
13368:
13366:
13356:
13354:
13344:
13342:
13332:
13330:
13320:
13318:
13308:
13306:
13296:
13294:
13284:
13282:
13272:
13270:
13260:
13258:
13241:
13239:
13229:
13227:
13217:
13215:
13205:
13203:
13193:
13191:
13181:
13179:
13162:
13160:
13150:
13148:
13138:
13136:
13126:
13124:
13114:
13112:
13100:
13098:
13088:
13086:
13069:
12995:
12993:
12940:
12925:
12923:
12906:
12904:
12887:
12885:
12868:
12866:
12849:
12847:
12830:
12828:
12818:
12816:
12806:
12804:
12794:
12792:
12782:
12780:
12770:
12768:
12757:
12747:
12745:
12735:
12733:
12723:
12721:
12711:
12709:
12699:
12697:
12687:
12685:
12674:
12664:
12662:
12652:
12650:
12623:
12621:
12611:
12609:
12598:
12588:
12586:
12576:
12574:
12552:
12550:
12540:
12538:
12528:
12526:
12516:
12514:
12497:
12495:
12443:
12441:
12430:
12420:
12418:
12396:
12394:
12384:
12382:
12371:
12344:
12327:
12325:
12315:
12313:
12286:
12284:
12274:
12272:
12262:
12260:
12250:
12248:
12238:
12236:
12229:
12223:
12213:
12211:
12201:
12199:
12189:
12187:
12177:
12175:
12165:
12163:
12146:
12144:
12134:
12132:
12122:
12120:
12098:
12088:
12086:
12076:
12074:
12064:
12062:
12052:
12050:
12033:
12031:
12021:
12019:
12008:
11991:
11978:
11973:
11943:
11938:
11824:
11800:Missile defense
11739:
11725:
11713:
11690:
11678:
11666:
11654:
11630:
11606:
11594:
11582:
11570:
11558:
11546:
11534:
11522:
11510:
11498:
11486:
11474:
11452:
11440:
11428:
11416:
11404:
11392:
11380:
11368:
11355:
11339:
11333:Asteroid mining
11321:Lunar resources
11266:
11254:
11242:
11230:
11212:
11205:ISECG standards
11168:ODCWG standards
11163:CCSDS standards
11132:Artemis Accords
11029:
10925:
10919:
10871:
10778:
10736:
10715:
10663:
10646:
10599:
10594:Voskhod program
10563:Sputnik program
10551:
10523:
10521:
10512:USSR and Russia
10503:
10411:
10378:
10371:
10298:
10291:
10234:
10227:
10163:
10156:
10128:
10121:
10064:
10057:
10047:
10040:
10022:
10015:
9987:
9980:
9967:
9960:
9930:
9923:
9861:
9854:
9819:
9809:US space policy
9803:
9719:space programme
9718:
9711:
9673:
9571:
9565:
9532:EUSST programme
9527:EGNOS programme
9465:
9401:
9390:LISA Pathfinder
9359:
9301:Cassini–Huygens
9283:
9194:ESTRACK network
9083:
9066:Mars and beyond
8993:
8986:
8931:
8854:
8849:
8819:
8814:
8808:
8806:
8805:
8799:
8792:
8785:
8778:
8772:
8766:
8760:
8753:
8746:
8739:
8732:
8725:
8718:
8703:
8701:
8691:
8689:
8679:
8677:
8664:
8655:
8619:
8556:
8540:vs. Hill sphere
8466:Molecular cloud
8394:Sample curation
8374:Detached object
8313:
8306:
8150:
8142:
8079:
8066:
8011:Neptune trojans
7794:
7792:
7790:
7783:
7719:
7412:
7283:
7265:
7151:
7114:
7107:
7102:
7072:
7067:
7023:
7017:
6978:
6972:
6956:
6907:Thor DM-18 Able
6815:Delta IV Medium
6747:
6741:
6717:Sounding rocket
6661:
6588:
6581:
6492:
6481:
6438:
6412:by first flight
6310:
6282:
6254:
6194:
6142:
6099:
5945:
5897:
5884:
5878:
5848:
5843:
5813:
5780:
5752:Escape velocity
5733:
5685:
5652:Space telescope
5605:Reentry capsule
5567:
5507:
5412:
5383:Overview effect
5366:Bioastronautics
5323:
5211:
5045:
5040:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4880:
4878:Further reading
4875:
4874:
4865:
4863:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4841:
4839:
4832:Southern Launch
4826:
4825:
4821:
4812:
4810:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4788:
4786:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4764:
4762:
4759:Cosmos Magazine
4753:
4752:
4748:
4739:
4737:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4715:
4713:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4636:
4634:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4606:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4585:
4583:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4559:
4557:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4415:
4408:
4399:
4397:
4387:
4380:
4370:Wayback Machine
4361:
4357:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4327:Wayback Machine
4318:
4314:
4304:
4302:
4301:on 24 July 2012
4289:
4288:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4202:
4198:
4190:
4186:
4154:
4148:
4144:
4131:(11): 491–496.
4117:
4113:
4098:
4094:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4019:
4015:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3925:
3923:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3838:
3831:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3756:on 8 March 2017
3748:
3747:
3743:
3732:
3728:
3722:Wayback Machine
3713:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3650:
3646:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:Kardashev scale
3575:Space logistics
3539:Plants in space
3522:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3407:(April 6, 1998)
3377:(March 1, 1981)
3329:(June 20, 1944)
3296:
3136:
3130:
3082:
3076:
3064:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2912:
2822:
2816:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2750:
2737:
2726:
2699:
2693:
2657:
2651:Graveyard orbit
2641:Main articles:
2639:
2631:Low Earth orbit
2574:
2568:
2528:
2522:
2502:solar radiation
2498:Van Allen belts
2494:
2458:
2452:
2425:
2419:
2414:
2406:Main articles:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2346:
2343:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2302:low Earth orbit
2280:Virgin Galactic
2254:was a reusable
2239:SpaceX Dragon 2
2139:
2133:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2077:
2071:
2048:
2042:
2034:science fiction
2030:
2024:
2016:Dynamic soaring
1957:
1951:
1920:
1912:Main articles:
1910:
1900:required for a
1881:
1875:
1843:
1779:
1773:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1596:
1588:
1562:measurement of
1547:
1542:
1490:
1473:
1467:
1439:
1431:Main articles:
1429:
1401:
1399:Transfer energy
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1325:
1319:
1268:
1262:Escape velocity
1260:Main articles:
1258:
1218:
1212:
1185:
1131:
1125:
1120:
986:nuclear weapons
932:first World War
924:de Laval nozzle
891:
888:
887:
862:
858:
856:
853:
852:
835:
831:
829:
826:
825:
805:
801:
799:
796:
795:
773:
770:
769:
744:
740:
734:
730:
728:
716:
712:
701:
698:
697:
670:
663:
657:
641:Space transport
616:
532:and to China's
443:
407:
405:
400:
399:
380:
372:
371:
342:
334:
333:
324:Escape velocity
319:launch vehicles
297:
287:
286:
281:
280:
244:
230:
229:
210:
199:
189:
188:
139:
129:
128:
94:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13949:
13939:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13911:
13910:
13908:
13907:
13900:
13894:
13887:
13884:
13883:
13881:
13880:
13868:
13856:
13844:
13832:
13820:
13807:
13805:
13801:
13800:
13798:
13797:
13785:
13773:
13761:
13756:
13751:
13746:
13741:
13736:
13731:
13726:
13721:
13716:
13711:
13706:
13705:
13704:
13694:
13689:
13683:
13681:
13677:
13676:
13674:
13673:
13661:
13660:
13659:
13641:
13639:
13635:
13634:
13631:
13630:
13628:
13627:
13615:
13603:
13602:
13601:
13584:
13572:
13571:
13570:
13565:
13548:
13536:
13524:
13512:
13499:
13497:
13493:
13492:
13490:
13489:
13477:
13465:
13453:
13452:
13451:
13427:
13415:
13403:
13402:
13401:
13396:
13391:
13386:
13381:
13364:
13352:
13340:
13328:
13316:
13304:
13292:
13280:
13268:
13256:
13255:
13254:
13237:
13225:
13213:
13201:
13189:
13177:
13176:
13175:
13158:
13146:
13134:
13122:
13110:
13109:
13108:
13083:
13081:
13071:
13070:
13068:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13051:
13050:
13045:
13044:
13043:
13033:
13028:
13023:
13018:
13013:
13008:
12991:
12986:
12981:
12980:
12979:
12969:
12959:
12957:
12950:
12946:
12945:
12942:
12941:
12939:
12938:
12921:
12920:
12919:
12902:
12901:
12900:
12883:
12882:
12881:
12864:
12863:
12862:
12845:
12844:
12843:
12826:
12814:
12802:
12790:
12778:
12765:
12763:
12759:
12758:
12756:
12755:
12743:
12731:
12719:
12707:
12695:
12682:
12680:
12679:Southeast Asia
12676:
12675:
12673:
12672:
12660:
12648:
12647:
12646:
12641:
12636:
12619:
12606:
12604:
12600:
12599:
12597:
12596:
12584:
12572:
12571:
12570:
12565:
12548:
12536:
12524:
12512:
12511:
12510:
12493:
12492:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12480:
12479:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12456:
12438:
12436:
12432:
12431:
12429:
12428:
12416:
12415:
12414:
12409:
12392:
12379:
12377:
12373:
12372:
12370:
12369:
12363:
12361:
12354:
12350:
12349:
12346:
12345:
12343:
12342:
12341:
12340:
12323:
12311:
12310:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12282:
12270:
12258:
12246:
12233:
12231:
12225:
12224:
12222:
12221:
12209:
12197:
12185:
12173:
12161:
12160:
12159:
12142:
12130:
12117:
12115:
12108:
12104:
12103:
12100:
12099:
12097:
12096:
12084:
12072:
12060:
12048:
12047:
12046:
12029:
12016:
12014:
12010:
12009:
12007:
12006:
12001:
11995:
11993:
11984:
11980:
11979:
11972:
11971:
11964:
11957:
11949:
11940:
11939:
11937:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11875:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11844:
11838:
11836:
11834:Space advocacy
11830:
11829:
11826:
11825:
11823:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11786:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11770:
11760:
11755:
11749:
11747:
11741:
11740:
11738:
11737:
11736:
11735:
11723:
11721:United Kingdom
11711:
11700:
11688:
11676:
11664:
11650:Space commands
11647:
11646:
11645:
11640:
11628:
11627:
11626:
11621:
11604:
11602:United Kingdom
11592:
11580:
11568:
11556:
11544:
11532:
11520:
11508:
11496:
11484:
11472:
11471:
11470:
11465:
11450:
11438:
11426:
11414:
11402:
11390:
11378:
11360:
11358:
11347:
11345:Militarisation
11341:
11340:
11338:
11337:
11336:
11335:
11330:
11329:
11328:
11318:
11313:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11287:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11264:
11262:United Kingdom
11252:
11240:
11226:Space industry
11222:
11220:
11218:Commercial use
11214:
11213:
11211:
11210:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11191:
11190:
11188:IPDA standards
11185:
11175:
11173:CEOS standards
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11129:
11123:
11117:
11112:
11106:
11100:
11094:
11088:
11082:
11076:
11070:
11064:
11058:
11052:
11046:
11039:
11037:
11031:
11030:
11028:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10956:
10955:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10929:
10927:
10921:
10920:
10918:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10906:
10905:
10900:
10890:
10885:
10879:
10877:
10876:United Nations
10873:
10872:
10870:
10869:
10868:
10867:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10846:
10845:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10794:
10792:
10791:Other policies
10788:
10787:
10784:
10783:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10776:
10775:
10774:
10769:
10767:MARS-500 study
10761:
10756:
10751:
10744:
10742:
10738:
10737:
10735:
10734:
10729:
10723:
10721:
10717:
10716:
10714:
10713:
10712:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10690:
10684:
10682:
10675:
10669:
10668:
10665:
10664:
10662:
10661:
10654:
10652:
10648:
10647:
10645:
10644:
10638:
10632:
10626:
10623:Salyut program
10620:
10614:
10607:
10605:
10601:
10600:
10598:
10597:
10591:
10585:
10579:
10576:Vostok program
10573:
10572:
10571:
10568:Sputnik crisis
10559:
10557:
10553:
10552:
10550:
10549:
10548:
10547:
10535:
10533:
10526:
10513:
10509:
10508:
10505:
10504:
10502:
10501:
10500:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10453:
10452:
10442:
10437:
10435:Budget of NASA
10432:
10427:
10422:
10416:
10413:
10412:
10410:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10383:
10381:
10373:
10372:
10370:
10369:
10367:2015 Space Act
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10303:
10301:
10293:
10292:
10290:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10253:Space Shuttle
10250:
10245:
10239:
10237:
10233:George W. Bush
10229:
10228:
10226:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10213:1998 Space Act
10210:
10205:
10204:
10203:
10202:
10201:
10191:
10181:
10176:
10168:
10166:
10158:
10157:
10155:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10133:
10131:
10123:
10122:
10120:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10103:Space Shuttle
10100:
10095:
10093:1984 Space Act
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10069:
10067:
10059:
10058:
10056:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10042:
10041:
10039:
10038:
10033:
10027:
10025:
10017:
10016:
10014:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9992:
9990:
9982:
9981:
9979:
9978:
9972:
9970:
9962:
9961:
9959:
9958:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9935:
9933:
9925:
9924:
9922:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9900:
9899:
9889:
9882:
9880:Sputnik crisis
9877:
9872:
9866:
9864:
9856:
9855:
9853:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9824:
9822:
9811:
9805:
9804:
9802:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9787:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9765:
9759:
9753:
9748:
9742:
9736:
9730:
9723:
9721:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9709:
9708:
9707:
9705:Mission Shakti
9697:
9692:
9687:
9681:
9679:
9675:
9674:
9672:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9655:
9654:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9633:
9632:
9622:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9587:
9586:
9575:
9573:
9570:Other European
9567:
9566:
9564:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9537:
9536:
9535:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9508:
9505:
9497:
9492:
9486:
9479:
9477:
9471:
9470:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9412:
9410:
9403:
9402:
9400:
9399:
9392:
9387:
9380:
9379:
9378:
9367:
9365:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9357:
9350:
9343:
9338:
9331:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9312:
9311:
9297:
9291:
9289:
9282:
9281:
9280:
9279:
9278:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9265:MARS-500 study
9262:
9254:
9252:ESA Television
9249:
9248:
9247:
9246:
9245:
9235:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9209:
9203:
9198:
9197:
9196:
9186:
9181:
9175:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9158:
9157:
9147:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9130:
9125:
9114:
9108:
9107:
9106:
9093:
9091:
9085:
9084:
9082:
9081:
9080:
9079:
9077:MARS-500 study
9074:
9063:
9057:
9056:
9055:
9050:
9040:
9024:
9023:
9022:
9011:
9005:
8998:
8996:
8988:
8987:
8985:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8958:
8957:
8952:
8950:Sputnik crisis
8941:
8939:
8933:
8932:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8927:
8926:
8925:
8915:
8910:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8891:
8890:
8885:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8848:
8847:
8840:
8833:
8825:
8816:
8815:
8712:
8711:
8699:
8687:
8675:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8661:
8660:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8627:
8625:
8621:
8620:
8618:
8617:
8612:
8611:
8610:
8605:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8564:
8562:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8554:
8552:Scattered disc
8549:
8544:
8543:
8542:
8532:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8396:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8337:Excretion disk
8332:Accretion disk
8329:
8324:
8322:Star formation
8318:
8316:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8268:
8267:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8211:space stations
8203:
8202:
8201:
8196:
8186:
8185:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8164:
8158:
8156:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8084:
8082:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8064:
8059:
8058:
8057:
8052:
8050:Scattered disc
8047:
8042:
8037:
8036:
8035:
8030:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8008:
7998:
7997:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7882:
7881:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7837:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7825:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7799:
7797:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7741:
7736:
7729:
7727:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7681:
7680:
7679:
7669:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7608:
7607:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7448:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7422:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7358:
7357:
7356:
7355:
7354:
7349:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7317:
7316:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7289:
7287:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7256:
7249:
7242:
7235:
7228:
7221:
7214:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7101:
7100:
7093:
7086:
7078:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7038:
7033:
7027:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7010:
7008:Space agencies
7005:
7000:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6982:
6980:
6979:and facilities
6974:
6973:
6971:
6970:
6964:
6962:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6897:Thor and Delta
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6810:Delta IV Heavy
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6751:
6749:
6748:by rocket type
6743:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6687:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6643:Magnetospheric
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6593:
6591:
6587:Earth-orbiting
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6530:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6508:
6503:
6497:
6495:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6448:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6417:by nationality
6414:
6409:
6401:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6292:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6264:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6204:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6154:
6152:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5962:
5960:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5916:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5877:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5854:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5830:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5799:Ground station
5796:
5790:
5788:
5786:Ground segment
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5754:
5749:
5743:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5719:Interplanetary
5716:
5715:
5714:
5712:Geosynchronous
5709:
5699:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5679:Gravity assist
5676:
5671:
5666:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5619:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5610:Service module
5607:
5602:
5600:Orbital module
5592:
5587:
5585:Launch vehicle
5581:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5563:Space sexology
5560:
5555:
5553:Space medicine
5550:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5533:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5468:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5388:Weightlessness
5385:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5340:
5338:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5309:Space research
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5245:Reconnaissance
5242:
5237:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5114:European Union
5111:
5106:
5101:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5039:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5010:
5009:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:External links
4942:
4941:
4940:
4912:
4896:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4848:
4819:
4795:
4771:
4746:
4722:
4706:www.t-minus.nl
4693:
4673:
4643:
4614:
4592:
4567:
4542:
4524:
4506:
4484:
4470:
4435:
4406:
4378:
4355:
4352:on 2008-09-21.
4337:
4312:
4282:
4268:
4248:
4226:
4208:
4196:
4184:
4142:
4111:
4092:
4041:
4013:
3995:
3969:
3937:
3907:
3895:
3857:
3851:978-0521824927
3850:
3829:
3802:
3767:
3741:
3726:
3707:
3685:
3671:
3664:
3644:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3557:Space advocacy
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3516:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3477:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3401:(May 12, 1994)
3396:
3390:
3389:(June 1, 1989)
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3295:
3292:
3283:United Kingdom
3252:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
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3186:United Kingdom
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3118:
3112:
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2851:
2845:spy satellites
2815:
2812:
2771:
2770:
2740:
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2731:
2725:
2722:
2695:Main article:
2692:
2689:
2638:
2635:
2619:interplanetary
2570:Main article:
2567:
2564:
2524:Main article:
2521:
2518:
2493:
2490:
2486:deconditioning
2456:Weightlessness
2454:Main article:
2451:
2450:Weightlessness
2448:
2421:Main article:
2418:
2415:
2403:
2400:
2392:Landing Zone 1
2386:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2363:
2344:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2288:space tourists
2268:Ansari X Prize
2135:Main article:
2132:
2129:
2117:Main article:
2114:
2111:
2105:Launch vehicle
2103:Main article:
2100:
2099:Launch systems
2097:
2073:Main article:
2070:
2067:
2044:Main article:
2041:
2038:
2026:Main article:
2023:
2020:
1953:Main article:
1950:
1947:
1909:
1908:Interplanetary
1906:
1877:Main article:
1874:
1871:
1842:
1841:Point-to-point
1839:
1775:Main article:
1772:
1769:
1714:Main article:
1711:
1708:
1703:space stations
1612:remote control
1597:
1589:
1584:Main article:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1489:
1486:
1469:Main article:
1466:
1463:
1428:
1425:
1413:launch vehicle
1400:
1397:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1364:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1341:magnetic sails
1321:Main article:
1318:
1315:
1276:launch windows
1257:
1254:
1222:space elevator
1214:Main article:
1211:
1208:
1199:Rocket engines
1184:
1183:Reaching space
1181:
1170:Space Shuttle
1158:launch windows
1127:Main article:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1101:space stations
1033:go to the moon
990:Sergey Korolev
898:
895:
880:
879:
865:
861:
838:
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792:
780:
777:
747:
743:
737:
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715:
711:
708:
705:
678:William Leitch
659:Main article:
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635:space research
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553:space stations
445:
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427:
419:
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402:
401:
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385:Space agencies
381:
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266:Space stations
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119:Lunar missions
116:
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68:
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26:
9:
6:
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13929:
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13906:participation
13905:
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13869:
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13709:Cospas-Sarsat
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12293:
12283:
12281:
12271:
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12259:
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12247:
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12235:
12234:
12232:
12228:Latin America
12226:
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12210:
12208:
12198:
12196:
12186:
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12172:
12162:
12158:
12155:
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12119:
12118:
12116:
12114:North America
12112:
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12073:
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12045:
12042:
12041:
12040:
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12011:
12005:
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11997:
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11994:
11988:
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11900:
11897:
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11877:
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11831:
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11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
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11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11784:
11783:United States
11781:
11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11765:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11750:
11748:
11746:
11745:Space warfare
11742:
11734:
11733:United States
11729:
11724:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11710:
11705:
11701:
11699:
11694:
11689:
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11639:
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11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11616:
11615:
11614:United States
11610:
11605:
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11598:
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11591:
11586:
11581:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11567:
11562:
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11533:
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11526:
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11509:
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11495:
11490:
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11473:
11469:
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11439:
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11432:
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11396:
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11389:
11384:
11379:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11366:
11365:
11362:
11361:
11359:
11357:
11354:Space forces,
11351:
11348:
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11327:
11324:
11323:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
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11309:
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11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11291:Space tourism
11289:
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11275:
11274:United States
11270:
11265:
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11234:
11229:
11228:
11227:
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11223:
11221:
11219:
11215:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11200:GEO standards
11198:
11196:
11195:GSC standards
11193:
11189:
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11184:
11181:
11180:
11179:
11176:
11174:
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11118:
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10998:
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10988:
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10841:
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10809:
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10773:
10770:
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10757:
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10752:
10749:
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10707:
10705:
10704:ISS programme
10702:
10700:
10697:
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10679:
10676:
10674:
10670:
10659:
10656:
10655:
10653:
10649:
10642:
10639:
10636:
10635:Buran program
10633:
10630:
10627:
10624:
10621:
10618:
10615:
10612:
10611:Soyuz program
10609:
10608:
10606:
10602:
10595:
10592:
10589:
10586:
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10574:
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10390:
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10382:
10380:
10374:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10362:2014 NASA Act
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10342:2010 NASA Act
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10332:Flexible path
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
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10308:
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10278:
10277:2005 NASA Act
10275:
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10265:
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10260:
10258:
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10251:
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10221:
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10209:
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10197:
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10194:ISS programme
10192:
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10113:
10112:Rogers Report
10110:
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9902:
9898:
9895:
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9892:1958 NASA Act
9890:
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9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9585:
9582:
9581:
9580:
9577:
9576:
9574:
9568:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9506:
9503:
9502:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9490:
9487:
9484:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9472:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9416:Solar Orbiter
9414:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9407:Cosmic Vision
9404:
9398:
9397:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9372:
9371:ISS programme
9369:
9368:
9366:
9362:
9356:
9355:
9351:
9349:
9348:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9336:
9332:
9330:
9329:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9310:
9309:
9305:
9304:
9303:
9302:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9292:
9290:
9286:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9257:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9244:
9241:
9240:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9230:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9213:
9210:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9195:
9192:
9191:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9179:
9176:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9156:
9153:
9152:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9112:
9109:
9104:
9101:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9092:
9090:
9086:
9078:
9075:
9072:
9069:
9068:
9067:
9064:
9061:
9058:
9054:
9053:Space station
9051:
9049:
9041:
9039:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9021:
9018:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9009:
9006:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8995:
8994:space program
8989:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8947:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8938:
8934:
8924:
8921:
8920:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8880:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8860:
8857:
8853:
8846:
8841:
8839:
8834:
8832:
8827:
8826:
8823:
8813:
8804:
8797:
8790:
8783:
8777:
8771:
8765:
8758:
8751:
8744:
8737:
8730:
8723:
8716:
8710:
8700:
8698:
8688:
8686:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8667:
8652:
8651:Tidal locking
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8631:Double planet
8629:
8628:
8626:
8622:
8616:
8613:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8583:Minor planets
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8559:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8541:
8538:
8537:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8524:
8521:
8517:
8516:Merging stars
8514:
8513:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8309:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8208:
8207:
8204:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8191:
8190:
8187:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8149:
8145:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8118:Subsatellites
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8081:
8078:Hypothetical
8075:
8072:
8063:
8060:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8019:
8016:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8003:
8002:
7999:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7944:Asteroid belt
7942:
7940:
7937:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7818:Minor planets
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7786:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7749:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7726:
7722:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7697:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7685:
7682:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7673:
7670:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7656:
7653:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7624:
7621:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7582:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7545:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7491:
7488:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7415:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7359:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7281:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7257:
7255:
7254:
7250:
7248:
7247:
7243:
7241:
7240:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7110:
7106:
7099:
7094:
7092:
7087:
7085:
7080:
7079:
7076:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7041:NASA missions
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7024:and timelines
7020:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6975:
6969:
6968:Satish Dhawan
6966:
6965:
6963:
6959:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6744:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6584:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6488:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6435:
6432:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6392:Ibero-America
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6224:Spaceflights
6223:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6169:Spaceflights
6168:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6117:Spaceflights
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5882:
5875:
5870:
5868:
5863:
5861:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5840:
5836:
5831:
5829:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5747:Direct ascent
5745:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5729:Intergalactic
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5664:Rocket engine
5662:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5595:Space capsule
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5558:Space nursing
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5512:Health issues
5510:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5466:Space Shuttle
5464:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5398:Space tourism
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5319:Space weather
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5246:
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5232:
5231:
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5220:
5218:
5214:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5183:Space command
5181:
5180:
5179:
5178:Space warfare
5176:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5139:United States
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:Astrodynamics
5055:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5037:
5032:
5030:
5025:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5014:
4997:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4915:Rebecca Boyle
4913:
4910:
4909:contamination
4906:
4902:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4838:on 2020-11-23
4837:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4712:on 2020-10-01
4711:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4690:
4689:3-8118-4341-9
4686:
4682:
4677:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4633:on 2013-02-04
4632:
4628:
4627:xinhuanet.com
4624:
4618:
4602:
4596:
4581:
4577:
4571:
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4396:
4392:
4385:
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4375:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4334:
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4328:
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4321:
4316:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4278:
4272:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4244:
4240:
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4230:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4193:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
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4030:
4029:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3984:
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3973:
3954:
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3941:
3934:
3922:
3918:
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3899:
3892:
3877:
3870:
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3853:
3847:
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3834:
3826:
3812:
3806:
3799:
3783:
3782:
3774:
3772:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3695:
3689:
3681:
3675:
3667:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3641:. A. Strahan.
3640:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3569:Human outpost
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
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3535:
3532:
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3517:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3478:
3475:
3464:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3395:(May 8, 1991)
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
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3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3150:United States
3148:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3115:United States
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3090:United States
3087:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3006:space docking
3003:
2999:
2995:
2994:space weather
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2874:Space tourism
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2767:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2741:This section
2739:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2572:Space weather
2566:Space weather
2563:
2561:
2557:
2556:life-critical
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2470:Michael Foale
2467:
2462:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2424:
2413:
2409:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2348:Space Shuttle
2341:
2332:
2325:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2147:Space Shuttle
2144:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2022:Intergalactic
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:time dilation
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1937:and Russia's
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1898:orbital speed
1894:
1885:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1761:Space Shuttle
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:Space Shuttle
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:splashed down
1504:capsules all
1503:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:space station
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1368:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1324:
1317:Astrodynamics
1314:
1312:
1311:Oberth effect
1308:
1303:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1266:Parking orbit
1263:
1256:Leaving orbit
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:rocket launch
1136:
1130:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:
915:
910:
896:
885:
863:
859:
836:
832:
823:
806:
802:
793:
778:
767:
766:
765:
762:
745:
741:
735:
731:
725:
722:
717:
713:
709:
706:
695:
693:
683:
679:
675:
668:
662:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
636:
632:
628:
627:space mission
623:
621:
611:
609:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
440:
435:
433:
428:
426:
421:
420:
418:
417:
414:
404:
403:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
376:
375:
368:
367:Intergalactic
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
338:
337:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
296:
291:
290:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
261:Space Shuttle
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
246:
243:
238:
237:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
209:
204:
203:
198:
193:
192:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
138:
133:
132:
125:
124:Mars missions
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
93:
88:
87:
81:
77:
76:
73:
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
13936:Astronautics
13926:Solar System
13902:Preceded by
13754:Intersputnik
13599:TÜBİTAK UZAY
13060:EUTELSAT IGO
12956:Pan-European
12917:TÜBİTAK UZAY
12376:Central Asia
11992:and pan-Arab
11867:Moon Society
11862:Mars Society
11795:Kill vehicle
11758:Space weapon
11364:Space forces
11005:Intersputnik
10641:Apollo–Soyuz
10379:space policy
10299:space policy
10254:
10235:space policy
10171:
10164:space policy
10129:space policy
10104:
10065:space policy
10048:space policy
10031:Apollo–Soyuz
10023:space policy
9996:Moon landing
9988:space policy
9968:space policy
9931:space policy
9884:
9862:space policy
9820:space policy
9794:
9756:Project Juno
9394:
9382:
9352:
9345:
9333:
9327:
9306:
9299:
9099:(1960–1975)
8868:Space policy
8807:Each arrow (
8729:Local Bubble
8715:Solar System
8713:
8506:Planetesimal
8461:Kuiper cliff
8189:Space probes
8162:Colonization
8001:Kirkwood gap
7922:Saturn Moons
7835:Planetesimal
7293:Terrestrials
7258:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7223:
7216:
7209:
7182:
7105:Solar System
6712:Upper stages
6553:lunar probes
6491:Solar System
6477:Spacewalkers
6462:2015–present
6422:billionaires
6147:
6018:2021–present
5983:Spaceflights
5880:
5739:Space launch
5724:Interstellar
5690:Destinations
5459:Apollo–Soyuz
5408:Space diving
5393:Space toilet
5217:Applications
5134:Soviet Union
5094:Space policy
5089:Space launch
5042:
5002:. Retrieved
4954:
4934:
4930:
4884:
4864:. Retrieved
4860:
4851:
4840:. Retrieved
4836:the original
4831:
4822:
4811:. Retrieved
4807:
4798:
4787:. Retrieved
4783:
4774:
4763:. Retrieved
4761:. 2020-09-14
4758:
4749:
4738:. Retrieved
4734:
4725:
4714:. Retrieved
4710:the original
4705:
4696:
4680:
4676:
4666:February 10,
4664:. Retrieved
4660:the original
4655:
4646:
4635:. Retrieved
4631:the original
4626:
4617:
4605:. Retrieved
4595:
4584:. Retrieved
4582:. 2012-02-03
4579:
4570:
4558:. Retrieved
4554:
4545:
4536:
4527:
4518:
4509:
4501:the original
4496:
4487:
4473:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4426:. Retrieved
4422:
4398:. Retrieved
4395:the Guardian
4394:
4358:
4350:the original
4340:
4330:
4315:
4303:. Retrieved
4299:the original
4294:
4285:
4271:
4260:
4251:
4243:The Guardian
4242:
4236:
4229:
4220:
4211:
4199:
4187:
4162:
4158:
4145:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4105:
4102:The Futurist
4101:
4095:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4032:. Retrieved
4028:ScienceAlert
4026:
4016:
4008:the original
3998:
3986:. Retrieved
3982:
3972:
3960:. Retrieved
3953:the original
3940:
3931:
3924:. Retrieved
3920:
3910:
3898:
3889:
3883:. Retrieved
3876:the original
3841:
3824:
3818:. Retrieved
3805:
3796:
3789:, retrieved
3780:
3758:. Retrieved
3754:the original
3744:
3735:
3729:
3710:
3698:. Retrieved
3688:
3674:
3654:
3647:
3637:
3630:
3431: (2007)
3387:South Africa
3375:West Germany
3333:East Germany
3327:Nazi Germany
3297:
3256:
3253:
3144:Soviet Union
3137:
3105:Soviet Union
3083:
3065:
3056:corporations
3049:
3026:
3018:life support
3010:spacewalking
3002:microgravity
2986:astronautics
2973:
2971:
2919:
2893:
2889:
2835:
2814:Applications
2804:space debris
2801:
2777:Global South
2774:
2761:
2752:You can help
2742:
2711:
2700:
2677:space debris
2673:
2665:
2658:
2647:Space debris
2627:
2592:
2585:
2562:techniques.
2529:
2520:Life support
2510:solar flares
2495:
2475:
2437:
2434:
2426:
2373:SpaceShipOne
2353:
2306:
2298:Orbcomm OG-2
2292:
2276:SpaceShipTwo
2264:Brian Binnie
2260:Mike Melvill
2252:SpaceShipOne
2247:
2236:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2210:
2205:, which was
2202:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2154:
2151:Yuri Gagarin
2140:
2122:
2108:
2078:
2060:
2057:
2031:
1999:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:Solar System
1961:New Horizons
1959:
1958:
1949:Interstellar
1931:Solar System
1921:
1902:closed orbit
1890:
1844:
1828:SpaceShipOne
1816:
1796:
1765:SpaceShipOne
1740:Yuri Gagarin
1730:
1658:
1656:
1629:rather than
1624:
1598:
1575:
1553:
1526:
1520:land like a
1491:
1474:
1455:
1440:
1402:
1383:Recovery of
1347:, and using
1334:
1326:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1269:
1238:launch loops
1219:
1210:Alternatives
1197:
1186:
1171:
1162:
1155:
1132:
1129:Space launch
1105:
1093:
1021:Alan Shepard
1017:Yuri Gagarin
1006:
994:R-7 Semyorka
978:Soviet Union
975:
971:Soviet Union
951:Nazi Germany
943:World War II
940:
917:
911:
881:
763:
696:
691:
671:
640:
639:
626:
624:
617:
592:
588:second stage
569:
547:satellites,
538:
512:include the
486:space probes
458:astronautics
454:space flight
453:
449:
448:
390:Space forces
362:Interstellar
295:Space launch
137:Applications
114:Space probes
71:
13931:Spaceflight
13904:Interkosmos
13878:Interkosmos
12984:Eurocontrol
12634:Antrix Corp
11990:Pan-African
11530:North Korea
11518:New Zealand
11506:Netherlands
11311:Space trade
11091:Moon Treaty
10750:(2013–2015)
10660:(1986–2001)
10637:(1974–1993)
10631:(1973–1977)
10625:(1971–1986)
10619:(1967–1991)
10617:Interkosmos
10596:(1964–1966)
10590:(1961–1976)
10584:(1960–1982)
10578:(1960–1963)
10117:Ride Report
9914:Missile gap
9786:(2018–2020)
9764:(2009–2010)
9741:(1964–1971)
9591:Eurocontrol
9485:(1992–2002)
9409:(2015–2025)
9396:BepiColombo
9243:Space Rider
9174:(1983–2010)
9113:(1964–1975)
9105:(1962–1973)
9027:Project 921
9010:(1966–1972)
9004:(1966–1976)
8937:Space races
8770:Local Sheet
8764:Local Group
8547:Rubble pile
8535:Roche limit
8530:Ring system
8481:Outer space
8456:Kuiper belt
8426:Hill sphere
8421:Hills cloud
8369:Debris disk
8364:Cosmic dust
8148:Exploration
8103:Planet Nine
8088:Fifth giant
8062:Hills cloud
8023:Kuiper belt
7994:exceptional
7910:Trojan camp
6847:H-II and H3
6790:Delta DM-19
6780:Black Brant
6493:exploration
6268:Expeditions
6208:Expeditions
6158:Expeditions
6113:Expeditions
5881:Spaceflight
5697:Sub-orbital
5632:Space probe
5498:New Shepard
5476:Shuttle–Mir
5235:Archaeology
5188:Space force
5171:Moon Treaty
5043:Spaceflight
4955:Spaceflight
4911:." (p. 28.)
4681:Peenemünde,
4656:www.esa.int
4607:12 December
4451:: 445–454.
4108:(5): 29–33.
3988:November 5,
3926:January 29,
3760:28 December
3700:November 5,
3447:Netherlands
3435:New Zealand
3383:(June 1984)
3351:Switzerland
3306:, with the
3300:Kármán line
3240:New Zealand
3234:South Korea
3228:North Korea
2982:aeronautics
2974:spacefaring
2910:Spacefaring
2764:August 2024
2718:imperialist
2668:perchlorate
2595:outer space
2444:Netherlands
2125:multi-stage
1819:Kármán line
1811:space probe
1771:Sub-orbital
1759:. The U.S.
1757:Crew Dragon
1627:telerobotic
1514:Spaceplanes
1459:robotic arm
1457:by using a
1409:first stage
1337:solar sails
1193:Kármán line
1189:outer space
1147:launch pads
1103:, from the
1011:, launched
620:outer space
614:Terminology
584:first stage
520:, the past
490:telerobotic
466:outer space
450:Spaceflight
347:Sub-orbital
271:Spaceplanes
220:Space probe
154:Exploration
72:Spaceflight
54:Earth orbit
46:Crew Dragon
18:Spacefaring
13920:Categories
13890:See also:
12603:South Asia
12207:USSPACECOM
11815:Spaceplane
10556:Khrushchev
10105:Challenger
9860:Eisenhower
9321:Cluster II
8918:Spaceguard
8908:Prediction
8789:Local Hole
8736:Gould Belt
8476:Oort cloud
8312:Formation,
8302:Deep space
8138:Vulcanoids
8055:Oort cloud
7979:first 1000
7915:Greek camp
7813:Meteoroids
7808:Damocloids
7754:Charikloan
6991:comparison
6917:Thor DM-18
6902:Thor-Agena
6857:Long March
6775:Atlas LV3C
6770:Atlas LV3B
6690:Spacecraft
6678:Comparison
6607:PocketQube
6589:satellites
6367:Cosmonauts
6322:Astronauts
6278:Spacewalks
6240:Spacewalks
6185:Spacewalks
6133:Spacewalks
6093:Suborbital
5976:by program
5936:Space Race
5926:Spacecraft
5766:Launch pad
5757:Expendable
5707:Geocentric
5674:Solar sail
5617:Spaceplane
5577:Spacecraft
5371:Space suit
5349:commercial
5277:Television
5072:Space Race
5004:2011-04-15
4866:2020-09-19
4842:2020-09-19
4813:2020-09-19
4789:2020-09-19
4765:2020-09-19
4740:2020-09-19
4716:2020-09-19
4637:2013-02-10
4586:2014-01-01
4423:The Nation
4400:2022-05-05
4068:2211.14643
4034:6 December
3885:2011-03-04
3820:2011-03-04
3622:References
3308:V-2 rocket
3294:Suborbital
3258:Alouette 1
3084:Currently
2990:astronauts
2978:spacecraft
2691:Regulation
2679:caused by
2613:and other
2589:, May 1991
2402:Challenges
2231:spaceplane
2203:Challenger
2176:Challenger
2161:Boeing 747
2156:Enterprise
2113:Expendable
2089:ion drives
2085:propulsion
2069:Propulsion
2046:Spacecraft
2040:Spacecraft
2012:propulsion
1982:Pioneer 11
1978:Pioneer 10
1891:A minimal
1689:, and the
1665:satellites
1616:autonomous
1604:spacecraft
1558:takes its
1421:spacecraft
1417:kick motor
1230:rotovators
1165:launch pad
1025:John Glenn
1013:Explorer 1
980:developed
684:'s work, "
567:missions.
561:scientific
508:missions.
494:autonomous
478:satellites
462:spacecraft
312:Expendable
307:Launch pad
197:Spacecraft
179:Telescopes
174:Settlement
169:Navigation
104:Space Race
13558:Roscosmos
13546:KazCosmos
13510:ArmCosmos
13211:DTU Space
13173:BIRA-IASB
13120:EU SatCen
12879:KACST-SRI
12776:ArmCosmos
12762:West Asia
12435:East Asia
12402:Roscosmos
12390:KazCosmos
12360:Pan-Asian
11624:Structure
11376:Australia
11035:Space law
10898:UN-SPIDER
10673:Roscosmos
10651:Gorbachev
9584:Eurospace
9020:2007 test
8967:Mars race
8913:Avoidance
8750:Milky Way
8743:Orion Arm
8511:Formation
8496:Migration
8491:Disrupted
8359:Coatlicue
8327:Accretion
8314:evolution
8260:Asteroids
8172:astronomy
8167:Discovery
8028:Cubewanos
7949:Asteroids
7779:Quaoarian
7769:Neptunian
7759:Chironean
7744:Saturnian
7520:Enceladus
6937:V-2 tests
6835:2020–2022
6830:2010–2019
6805:Delta III
6457:2000–2014
6452:1965–1999
6306:Rollbacks
6070:Gaganyaan
6013:2011–2020
6008:2001–2010
6003:1991–2000
5998:1981–1990
5993:1971–1980
5988:1961–1970
5776:Spaceport
5627:Satellite
5344:Astronaut
5272:Telephone
5225:Astronomy
5146:Space law
5099:Australia
4901:radiation
4580:space.com
4428:2 October
4305:3 January
4262:Space.com
3423:Indonesia
3357:Argentina
3168:Australia
3022:seafaring
2756:talk page
2714:space law
2707:liability
2697:Space law
2611:radiation
2601:within a
2586:Discovery
2492:Radiation
2227:Snowstorm
2199:Endeavour
2194:Endeavour
2182:Discovery
2000:Voyager 1
1987:Voyager 1
1974:Voyager 2
1970:Voyager 1
1807:Pioneer 1
1737:cosmonaut
1577:MESSENGER
1564:Yogi Rock
1555:Sojourner
1516:like the
1351:effects.
1307:periapsis
1143:spaceport
1089:Apollo 11
1085:Apollo 10
1053:Saturn 1B
1002:Sputnik 1
998:satellite
984:to carry
894:Δ
776:Δ
726:
704:Δ
468:, either
395:Companies
302:Spaceport
215:Satellite
159:Espionage
13783:UNCOPUOS
13094:DG DEFIS
13055:EUMETSAT
12107:Americas
12013:National
11578:Thailand
11542:Pakistan
11424:Colombia
10720:Medvedev
10709:Politics
10695:(1993–)
10604:Brezhnev
10347:Title 51
10257:disaster
10255:Columbia
10199:Politics
10107:disaster
9513:(2021–)
9431:EnVision
9376:Politics
9347:Herschel
9341:INTEGRAL
9119:(1975–)
9045:Tiangong
9035:Shenzhou
9029:(1992–)
9016:(1964–)
8955:Timeline
8803:Universe
8641:Moonlets
8221:programs
8194:timeline
8182:timeline
8113:Planet X
8108:Planet V
8045:Sednoids
8033:Plutinos
8006:Centaurs
7984:families
7713:Dysnomia
7701:Xiangliu
7696:Gonggong
7684:Makemake
7643:Kerberos
7530:Hyperion
7468:Callisto
7463:Ganymede
7396:Gonggong
7391:Makemake
7246:Gonggong
7239:Makemake
6892:Starship
6862:Minotaur
6820:Delta IV
6800:Delta II
6785:Electron
6746:Launches
6705:heaviest
6695:uncrewed
6666:Vehicles
6602:CubeSats
6543:orbiters
6501:Timeline
6362:European
6301:Missions
6260:Tiangong
6250:Deployed
6245:Visitors
6233:uncrewed
6218:Visiting
6190:Visitors
6178:uncrewed
6138:Visitors
6126:uncrewed
6075:Spacelab
6065:Shenzhou
5971:timeline
5919:timeline
5828:Category
5493:Tiangong
5488:Shenzhou
5417:Programs
5262:Internet
5067:Timeline
4905:microbes
4560:20 April
4366:Archived
4323:Archived
3962:15 April
3903:Vostok 1
3791:31 March
3718:Archived
3460:See also
3405:Pakistan
3320:missiles
3111:) (1961)
2903:Falcon 9
2843:such as
2830:Skylab 3
2681:spalling
2430:Delta II
2354:Columbia
2313:Starship
2214:broke up
2211:Columbia
2188:Atlantis
2170:Columbia
2131:Reusable
1945:tandem.
1867:Starship
1753:Shenzhou
1733:Vostok 1
1683:Salyut 7
1606:without
1566:on Mars.
1545:Uncrewed
1391:airplane
1246:scramjet
1234:skyhooks
1172:Columbia
1079:and the
1073:Apollo 9
1069:Apollo 8
1057:Saturn V
1055:and the
1049:Apollo 1
651:flight.
524:and the
518:Shenzhou
506:Vanguard
502:Explorer
316:reusable
164:Military
64:a series
62:Part of
13744:ISS MCB
13638:Oceania
13413:PTSPACE
13379:CBK PAN
13041:ESTRACK
12967:CENELEC
12670:SUPARCO
12617:SPARRSO
12454:SASTIND
12171:FAA/AST
12004:Arabsat
11638:Vietnam
11619:History
11448:Germany
10772:ExoMars
10681:Yeltsin
10613:(1967–)
10541:(1946)
10524:program
10462:FAA/AST
10162:Clinton
9966:Johnson
9929:Kennedy
9870:WS-117L
9717:British
9491:(2002–)
9335:Rosetta
9316:Cluster
9308:Huygens
9275:ExoMars
9214:(1998–)
9208:(1973–)
9180:(2005–)
9073:(2016–)
9062:(2003–)
9048:program
9038:program
8992:Chinese
8972:Records
8624:Related
8603:by size
8292:Neptune
8277:Jupiter
8228:Mercury
8153:outline
8098:Phaeton
8093:Nemesis
8080:objects
7932:Neptune
7905:Jupiter
7885:Trojans
7878:Neptune
7863:Jupiter
7843:Mercury
7774:Haumean
7764:Uranian
7746: (
7660:Hiʻiaka
7594:Proteus
7584:Neptune
7572:Miranda
7562:Umbriel
7552:Titania
7540:all 146
7505:Iapetus
7458:Jupiter
7352:Neptune
7330:Jupiter
7298:Mercury
7280:Planets
7205:Neptune
7190:Jupiter
7163:Mercury
6932:Tsyklon
6795:Delta 1
6760:Antares
6407:by name
6352:Chinese
6347:Mercury
6327:by name
6288:Shuttle
6088:Orbital
6080:Artemis
6045:Mercury
6030:Russian
5959:General
5914:outline
5902:General
5702:Orbital
5503:Artemis
5434:Voskhod
5429:Mercury
5337:General
5077:Records
5062:History
5050:General
4895:(eBook)
4861:Twitter
4784:Twitter
4453:Bibcode
4295:Congrex
4221:Twitter
4167:Bibcode
4133:Bibcode
4073:Bibcode
3682:. NASA.
3345:Lebanon
3316:rockets
3304:Germany
3242:(2018)★
3236:(2013)★
3218:(1992)*
3212:(1991)*
3210:Ukraine
3170:(1967)★
3164:(1967)★
3098:nations
2599:weather
2243:CST-100
2093:delta-v
2081:rockets
1873:Orbital
1742:of the
1693:module
1677:animals
1669:landers
1660:Sputnik
1651:Neptune
1639:Jupiter
1494:Mercury
1465:Reentry
1369:reentry
1367:Shuttle
1110:to the
1108:program
941:During
851:) and (
764:Where:
674:rockets
655:History
595:deorbit
580:orbital
565:tourist
498:Sputnik
352:Orbital
184:Tourism
92:History
13804:Former
13795:UNOOSA
13697:COSPAR
13168:BELSPO
12949:Europe
12741:GISTDA
12717:PhilSA
12582:SaTReC
12484:PLAASF
12152:NESDIS
12082:NASRDA
11999:RASCOM
11983:Africa
11778:Russia
11707:
11662:France
11590:Turkey
11554:Russia
11482:Israel
11436:France
11400:Canada
11388:Brazil
11250:Russia
11134:(2020)
11128:(2012)
11122:(1999)
11111:(1998)
11105:(1988)
11099:(1981)
11093:(1979)
11087:(1976)
11081:(1975)
11075:(1974)
11069:(1972)
11063:(1972)
11057:(1968)
11051:(1967)
11045:(1963)
10643:(1975)
10570:(1957)
10532:Stalin
10520:Soviet
10445:NESDIS
10063:Reagan
10046:Carter
10011:Skylab
9818:Truman
9770:(2010)
9758:(1991)
9747:(1985)
9735:(1962)
9729:(1958)
9446:ATHENA
9436:CHEOPS
9421:Euclid
9354:Planck
9328:Newton
8798:
8791:
8784:
8759:
8752:
8745:
8738:
8731:
8724:
8717:
8646:Syzygy
8568:Comets
8501:System
8486:Planet
8379:EXCEDE
8287:Uranus
8282:Saturn
8272:Comets
8265:mining
8243:mining
8133:Vulcan
7974:active
7969:Hygiea
7964:Pallas
7927:Uranus
7873:Uranus
7868:Saturn
7803:Comets
7795:bodies
7793:System
7739:Jovian
7677:Weywot
7672:Quaoar
7665:Namaka
7655:Haumea
7628:Charon
7604:all 16
7599:Nereid
7589:Triton
7577:all 28
7557:Oberon
7547:Uranus
7535:Phoebe
7515:Tethys
7490:Saturn
7483:all 95
7478:Europa
7451:Deimos
7446:Phobos
7425:Earth
7386:Quaoar
7381:Haumea
7361:Dwarfs
7347:Uranus
7335:Saturn
7320:Giants
7285:dwarfs
7232:Quaoar
7225:Haumea
7200:Uranus
7195:Saturn
6947:Vulcan
6867:Proton
6852:Kosmos
6755:Ariane
6700:crewed
6639:Kosmos
6538:active
6533:Probes
6516:rovers
6377:Muslim
6342:Gemini
6337:Apollo
6315:People
6228:crewed
6173:crewed
6121:crewed
6105:Salyut
6060:Skylab
6055:Apollo
6050:Gemini
6025:Soviet
5839:Portal
5832:
5821:
5637:Lander
5590:Rocket
5454:Skylab
5449:Apollo
5439:Gemini
5424:Vostok
5129:Russia
4952:about
4891:
4687:
4376:, 1997
4279:. CNN.
3891:power.
3848:
3662:
3453:Turkey
3441:Norway
3411:Taiwan
3393:Sweden
3363:Brazil
3339:Canada
3288:WRESAT
3230:(2012)
3224:(2009)
3216:Russia
3206:(1988)
3204:Israel
3200:(1980)
3194:(1979)
3188:(1971)
3182:(1970)
3176:(1970)
3158:(1965)
3156:France
3152:(1958)
3146:(1957)
3123:(2003)
3117:(1961)
3109:Russia
3088:, the
3086:Russia
2972:To be
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2754:. The
2724:Access
2653:, and
2615:matter
2607:plasma
2417:Safety
2294:SpaceX
2197:. The
2191:, and
1939:Kliper
1863:SpaceX
1855:Sydney
1851:London
1755:, and
1673:rovers
1649:, and
1647:Uranus
1643:Saturn
1631:crewed
1608:people
1534:Corona
1522:glider
1502:Apollo
1500:, and
1498:Gemini
1405:energy
1287:Luna 1
1224:, and
1123:Launch
1118:Phases
1106:Salyut
1083:) and
1041:Apollo
1037:Gemini
969:. The
963:Juno I
603:debris
555:, and
276:Vostok
42:SpaceX
13854:NASDA
13771:ITU-R
13759:ODCWG
13739:ISECG
13729:ICSMD
13687:CCSDS
13680:World
13657:CSIRO
13496:Other
13389:KRRiT
13374:POLSA
13144:BEREC
13106:EUSPA
13026:ECSAT
13021:ESRIN
13011:ESTEC
12935:MBRSC
12931:UAESA
12824:NEHSA
12812:IRIAF
12693:LAPAN
12489:CASIC
12478:CGWIC
12367:APSCO
12268:CONAE
12094:SANSA
12070:GSSTC
12058:ESSTI
12044:NARSS
11773:India
11768:China
11709:NORAD
11686:Italy
11674:India
11566:Spain
11494:Japan
11459:Iran
11412:China
11238:India
10888:ITU-R
10763:Mars
10741:Putin
10629:Almaz
10522:space
10377:Trump
10297:Obama
9986:Nixon
9461:SMILE
9441:JUICE
9426:ARIEL
9238:PRIDE
8561:Lists
8297:Pluto
8255:Ceres
8233:Venus
8128:Tyche
8123:Theia
7959:Vesta
7954:Ceres
7895:Earth
7890:Venus
7853:Earth
7848:Venus
7828:moons
7791:Solar
7789:Small
7748:Rhean
7733:Earth
7725:Rings
7638:Hydra
7623:Pluto
7616:Vanth
7611:Orcus
7567:Ariel
7525:Mimas
7510:Dione
7495:Titan
7418:Moons
7406:Sedna
7376:Pluto
7371:Orcus
7366:Ceres
7308:Earth
7303:Venus
7260:Sedna
7218:Pluto
7211:Orcus
7184:Ceres
7173:Earth
7168:Venus
6952:Zenit
6927:Titan
6882:Scout
6765:Atlas
6372:women
6357:Asian
6296:Crews
6040:Soyuz
5642:Rover
5444:Soyuz
5267:Radio
5124:Japan
5119:India
5104:China
4999:(PDF)
4155:(PDF)
4063:arXiv
3956:(PDF)
3949:(PDF)
3879:(PDF)
3872:(PDF)
3814:(PDF)
3785:(PDF)
3417:Syria
3399:Yemen
3369:Spain
3198:India
3180:China
3174:Japan
3162:Italy
3121:China
3094:China
3043:(see
3029:Earth
2548:water
2359:STS-1
2351:
2222:Buran
1943:Parom
1797:On a
1749:Soyuz
1710:Human
1695:Zarya
1635:Venus
1540:Types
1510:Soyuz
1447:orbit
1419:to a
1411:of a
1389:C-119
1228:like
1177:STS-1
1175:, on
1151:ICBMs
1063:into
967:Atlas
514:Soyuz
13830:KCST
13818:BNSC
13749:ITSO
13734:IMSO
13724:IADC
13702:IPDA
13692:CEOS
13671:NZSA
13625:UKSA
13613:SSAU
13568:VVKO
13522:MAKA
13487:SNSA
13437:INTA
13425:ROSA
13362:NOSA
13338:SRON
13235:CNES
13187:SRTI
13132:EASA
13077:and
13036:ESOC
13031:ESAC
13006:ECSS
12989:ECAC
12977:ETSI
12972:CEPT
12898:GORS
12860:NCSR
12841:ISRC
12800:NSSA
12788:MAKA
12753:VNSC
12729:SSTL
12705:MYSA
12644:NRSC
12629:ISRO
12594:TASA
12568:KASI
12563:KARI
12558:KASA
12546:NATA
12534:NICT
12508:ISAS
12503:JAXA
12469:CAST
12464:CALT
12459:CASC
12449:CNSA
12426:TNSA
12353:Asia
12338:IVIC
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