Spain–United Kingdom relations

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problems in Morocco, religious intolerance, and the usual issues of trade, which British merchants dominated. London opposed the union of Spain and Portugal because it wanted to keep Portugal as a loyal ally with its strategic location in the Atlantic. The United Kingdom held Gibraltar but it was not yet a fully satisfactory base. The unsuccessful attempts after September 1868 to find a successor to Queen Isabella who would satisfy the French, Germans, Portuguese, Austrians, Italians, and Spanish kept British diplomats busy with peacemaking moves in many capitals. With British help, Spain slowly ceded control of Morocco to France. Spanish anti-Protestant intolerance troubled British merchants and bankers, so Spain softened religious intolerance. For the most part British diplomats were able to defuse tensions and defend British interests in the Peninsula.

922: 1504: 1306: 566: 1397: 1864: 604:. The next day, the English set several of their ships on fire and sent them out to the English Channel, hoping they would destroy the ships of the Spanish fleet. The ships of the Armada cut their cables thus losing their anchors and scattered throughout the Channel breaking the crescent formation the fleet needed to maintain until troops arrived from the Netherlands. The English attacked the vulnerable Spanish ships at this conflict, known as the Battle of Gravelines on July 29. Lord Howard of Effingham's English warships fired at will, sinking one ship. Philip II's invasion was foiled, and the Armada was forced to push on into the 1267:, the British pressured the major European colonial powers, including Spain, to agree to abolish the slave trade. Under the agreement, Spain agreed to end the slave trade north of the Equator immediately, and south of the Equator by 1820. British naval vessels were given the right to search suspected slavers. Despite overwhelming British naval supremacy, the trade continued. In 1835, the Anglo-Spanish agreement on the slave trade was renewed, and the rights of British captains to board and search Spanish ships were expanded. Mixed British-Spanish commissions were established at 380: 74: 2389: 1171: 240: 2377: 844: 4977: 104: 1369: 254: 443:

in a love-hate relationship. The marriage of the Catholic sovereigns –Philip II and Mary Tudor– in 1554 was the high point in a century of negotiations, wars and treaties. Philip and Mary got along personally, but there were no children and their retainers displayed mistrust and the marriage lacked in ceremonies and entertainments. The death of Queen Mary brought the protestant Queen Elizabeth to the throne, and the two friendly nations became hostile enemies.

5864: 2042:. Relations between the Spanish and British governments deteriorated further when the Scottish Government alleged that a senior UK Treasury official visited Spain ostensibly to co-ordinate British and Spanish opposition to the independence movements in Scotland and Catalonia. Rajoy was one of the few European heads of government to explicitly voice opposition to Scottish independence, primarily due to his fears that it would encourage the 2099: 4295: 1325:, her uncle. Fearing a resurgent theocratic Spain, the possible re-emergence of long-silent pretenders to the British throne, a new Spanish monarch that might refuse to accept the independence of Spain's lost Latin American colonies, and domestic secessionism (particularly amongst Irish Catholics), the United Kingdom steadfastly supported Isabella who was a liberal instead of the Carlist pretenders who were reactionaries. 4116: 93: 5876: 22: 1348:, the United Kingdom subsidised the Spanish armed forces, just as it had done during the Peninsular War. This was vital to the Spanish war economy, as, since the Napoleonic Wars, the Spanish armed forces had been poorly funded, a legacy of the loss of the majority of Spain's colonial empire. Furthermore, the UK provided a large direct military contribution; the 10,000-strong 495:

eventually repaid the bankers. Spain reacted furiously, and seized English property in the Netherlands and Spain. England reacted by seizing Spanish ships and properties in England. Spain reacted by imposing an embargo preventing all English imports into the Netherlands. The bitter diplomatic standoff lasted for four years. However neither side wanted war, so in 1573 at the

695:, son of Mary, Queen of Scots, succeeded the childless Elizabeth to the throne. Both England and Spain ran into serious debt as a result of the war. Spain would declare bankruptcy again five years after the peace but would be able to consolidate and strengthen its Empire in the New World. The English too would prosper - they began to colonize North America, and the 1463:. His terms were too high for Hitler to accept; meanwhile the United Kingdom made a strong, successful effort to keep Spain neutral. Following Franco's triumph in the Spanish Civil War, the British government decided to recognize Franco's government as the legitimate government of Spain, and this recognition was granted in February 1939. 1722: 1133:

which became friendly when Spain switched sides in 1792 and became an ally of Britain against France. Spain surrendered to Britain many of its trade and territorial claims in the Pacific, ending a two-hundred-year monopoly on Asian-Pacific trade. The outcome was a victory for mercantile interests of

442:

During the 16th century (1500–1599) there were complex political, commercial, and cultural connections that linked the large powerful Spanish Empire under the Habsburgs with a small but ambitious England. The Habsburgs sought allies against France. Both countries were constantly in turmoil or allied

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had said that "I don't believe that, in the end, try to ignore these questions of nationality, independence, identity"... I think it's right to make your arguments, take them on and then you let the people decide" though he also added that "I would never presume to tell people in Spain how to meet

1933:

The intensity of the disagreement about Gibraltar has been perceived in different ways by the two countries. According to former Spanish prime minister Felipe González, "For the British, Gibraltar is a visit to the dentist once a year when we meet to talk about it. For us, it is a stone in the shoe

870:

Where continental Europe had been the focus of the conflict between Great Britain and France during the War of Spanish Succession, conflicts between Great Britain and Spain were largely focused in the Caribbean, and in North America. The British had been relatively late to settle on the continent,

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Many historians argue that the British policy of non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War was a product of the Establishment's anti-Communism. Scott Ramsay (2019) instead argues that the United Kingdom demonstrated a “benevolent neutrality”. It was simply hedging its bets, avoiding favouring one

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During 1865-1876 the United Kingdom sought to calm the Peninsula. The issues were many: Spain tried to unite with Portugal; there was internal strife in Spain over the throne; and France and Germany argued over the Spanish succession in 1870. Furthermore there was a "War-in-Sight" crisis of 1875,

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as payment for Spanish soldiers who were fighting the rebels there. Queen Elizabeth discovered that the gold was not owned by Spain, but was still owned by Italian bankers. She decided to seize it, and treated as a loan from the Italian bankers to England. The bankers agreed to her terms and she

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that fought on the Republican side. Many Conservative leaders believed the Republican government in Madrid was the puppet of extreme left Socialists and Communists. Accordingly, the British Cabinet adopted a policy of benevolent neutrality towards the military insurgents, with the covert aim of

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that Spain said gave it control of the entire Pacific Ocean. Britain rejected the Spanish claims and used its greatly superior naval power to threaten war and win the dispute. Spain, a rapidly fading military power, was unable to depend upon its longtime ally France, which was torn by internal

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advocated nonintervention, in the expectation that with limited material support from its allies the Spanish government could win the First Carlist War (1833–40). In Spain, British Commissioner Edward Granville Eliot stressed London's desire for peace without British or French involvement. He

485:

The "Treasure Crisis" of 1568 was Elizabeth's seizure of gold from Spanish ships in English ports in November 1568. Chased by privateers in the English channel, five small Spanish ships carrying gold and silver worth 400,000 florins (£85,000) sought shelter in English harbours at Plymouth and

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launch entered the Gibraltar harbour. Three armed officers landed in Gibraltar illegally and, along with a fourth, were arrested by the Royal Gibraltar Police. Many such incidents occur, with a more recent event being the arresting of Gibraltarian fisherman inside the waters of Gibraltar,

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was not dealt with, given its controversial nature, and the three-way talks focused on other subjects such as cooperation on the environment, maritime matters, and ways of further facilitating the Moroccan community in Gibraltar to transit Spain en route to and from Gibraltar and Morocco.

1985:, so that its waters wouldn't be over-fished by foreign-owned trawlers. Due to fishing's importance to some of the regional economies of Spain, the Spanish government protested vehemently, but had no power to prevent the UK determining its own domestic policies. However, when the 519:

was beheaded whom the latter had supported. King Philip II of Spain ordered an invasion of England and set about building what would become the Spanish Armada at the naval shipyards of Cádiz. Elizabeth once again authorized Francis Drake to disrupt Spanish shipping - he sacked

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of France was executed in 1793 Britain joined Spain in a growing coalition of European states trying to invade France and defeat the revolution. The coalition suffered a number of defeats at the hands of the French and soon broke up. Spain, influenced by the pro-French

1762:

In two referendums, held in September 1967 and November 2002, the people of Gibraltar rejected any proposal for the transfer of sovereignty to Spain. The 2002 referendum was on a proposal for joint sovereignty which at one stage was supported by the UK Government.

204:

The history of Spanish–British relations is complicated by the political and religious heritages of the two countries. Neither the United Kingdom nor Spain have a unique constitutional ancestor; Britain was originally created by a union of the kingdoms of

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confiscation of equipment and transfer of the individuals to Spain. This was strongly condemned by the UK Government, and the UK's method of quiet diplomacy with Spain was criticised by a local newspaper, which called for more 'open' diplomacy.

875:, which the Spanish tried to prevent by passing laws against non-Spanish traders. These longstanding policies had proved a source of conflict in the mid 17th century, and again became a source of conflict after the Treaty of Utrecht included an 1843:(to a three-mile limit), and claimed by Spain, are another source of contention, with the Government of Gibraltar actively backing the British position naming the disputed waters as "British Gibraltar territorial waters". In December 2008, the 556:

was ready to sail. Its 154 ships carried 19,000 soldiers (17,000 Spanish, 2,000 Portuguese) and 8,000 sailors, as well as 180 clerics who were to help reestablish Catholicism in England. The plan was for the Spanish Armada to sail up the

229:). They have also been complicated by the fact that the United Kingdom and Spain were both imperial powers, often after the same land, an occurrence which is being played out to this day with the disputed ownership and status of 2084:

In 2011, Spanish migration to the UK went up 85%. As for 2012, it was recorded that 69,097 Spanish-born people live in the United Kingdom. On the other hand, in the same period 397,535 British-born people were living in Spain

654:. The attack saw the city's capture, sacking and a two week occupation. The economic losses caused by this were numerous: the city was burned and the raid contributed to Spain's declaration of bankruptcy the following year. 1915:

Between January and November 2012, around 200 incursions by Spanish vessels into Gibraltar waters were recorded, as opposed to 23 in 2011 and 67 in 2010. In December 2012, one day after an incursion by a Spanish warship, a

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by the Government of Gibraltar, backed by the British government. The Commission will defend its position and, in doing so, will be backed by Spain In May 2009 Gibraltar authorities complained about the presence of a

1809:

moored in Gibraltar, for repairs on the cooling system of its nuclear reactor. The presence of the nuclear vessel in Gibraltar caused outrage among environmentalists and strained relations between Spain and the UK.

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in a crescent formation to clear a path for the entry of army troops stationed in the Netherlands. The first attempt to sail in May 1588 ended when the Spanish Armada ran into storms and the fleet lost five ships.

1124:, an unsettled area at the time that is now part of British Columbia, Canada. Spain seized small British commercial ships engaged in the fur trade on an area on the Pacific Coast. Spain claimed ownership based on 418:

with a large army. British troops numbering near 10,000 came to aid the Portuguese. In spite of three attempts the Spanish along with their French ally were heavily defeated losing in total upwards of 25,000 men.

1752: 1770: 1098:. Despite this there were ominous signs for the Spanish, as the combined French and Spanish fleets had been unable to gain mastery of the seas and had also failed in two of their key objectives, regaining 910:, had his ear cut off as a punishment in 1731 which later caused outrage in Britain when he testified at a hearing in the house of commons seven years later. This ultimately among other things led to the 1825: 1794:

Her Majesty’s Government will never enter into arrangements under which the people of Gibraltar would pass under the sovereignty of another state against their freely and democratically expressed wishes.

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hoping that the Holy Roman Empire would join in their side. However the siege was a costly failure and British diplomacy enabled Austrian non aggression. With Austria out Spain was forced to sign the

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arrived on a scheduled visit. Rather than taking on stores and fuel and proceeding as had been planned, the frigate and its Merlin helicopter conducted a patrol of Gibraltar waters as a message.

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on the Spanish throne. As a result, the British and (most) Spanish ended up on the same side, united against French invasion. A united British-Spanish-Portuguese army, under the command of the

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set sail in October 1596 but this hit a storm off Cape Finesterre and sailed back to port heavily ravaged. A year later the English led by the Earl of Essex a year later set out the Azores to

3139:: " has insisted that allowing the Gibraltarians to retain ties with Britain would constitute a partial disruption of Spain's territorial integrity in violation of paragraph 6 of 1514(XV)" 615:, in the hope that the Portuguese would rise up against the Spanish crown and to inflict further losses on the anchored Spanish fleet. The venture however failed and endured heavy losses. 2012:. At times of debate of the United Kingdom's declining fish stocks, this has caused strained relations between Spain and the UK, and particularly between Spain and the membership of the 3864: 3261: 193: 3736: 4965: 1847:

approved a Spanish request designating most of the waters around Gibraltar as one of Spain's protected nature sites under EU law. This decision is being currently challenged in the

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Hoping to gain revenge on the British for their defeat during the Seven Years' War, France offered support to rebel American colonists seeking independence from Britain during the

1224:, which the Spanish call their war of independence. Throughout the war, British and French soldiers committed a number of actions against the local population (including murder, 827:, who had died without issue. As aftermath of this war, that featured both an international dimension and a domestic civil conflict, the Bourbons held the Crown while Spain lost 672:

The final Spanish armada took place in 1601 and although depleted from storms, managed to make landfall in Southern Ireland. Their aim was to assist the Irish rebel earls led by

507:. It was finalised in the Convention of Bristol in August 1574 in which both sides paid for what they had seized. Trade resumed between England and Spain and relations improved. 1993:, and a Spanish company successfully challenged the right of the British government to prevent Spanish fishermen taking up the British quota in what has now become known as the 5879: 957:'s waters, captured merchant vessels, ravaged the coast, plundered towns, and levied tribute on the inhabitants almost at will. In the summer of 1742, the Spanish invasion of 5203: 5018: 953:, seizing several ships as they entered or cleared the river. These Spanish vessels were largely manned by negroes and mulattoes. For eight years, these privateers infested 4943: 1743:

is a major point of contention in relations between the two nations, dating back to the conflicts in the early 18th century. The official status of Gibraltar is that of a

1009:, and most smaller German states. Spain was drawn into the conflict later in 1761, on the side of France. In this Spain agreed to attack Britain’s ally Portugal and thus 1341:

facilitated a convention to humanize the treatment of prisoners of war. Wellington's policy helped stabilize Portugal and improved British relations with other powers.

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Unlike their French allies (for whom the war proved largely to be a disaster, financially and militarily) the Spanish made a number of territorial gains, recovering

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Napoleon moved into Spain in 1807, hoping that French control of Iberia would facilitate the war with the United Kingdom. He tried to force Portugal to accept the

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avoiding any direct or indirect help to the Popular Front Government. Franco had substantial support from Germany and Italy and after 1940 was pressured to join

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was in his minority when he ascended to the French throne, and in response, Philip V attempted to make Spain the dominant continental power. This began with the

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In following centuries, Portugal and Britain were closely allied in their politics and wars against Spain, which closely collaborated with France after the

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the legitimate inhabitants of the territory, and therefore entitled to the self-determination right in compliance of the same United Nations' resolutions.

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and in 1778 entered the war on their side. They then urged Spain to do the same, hoping the combined force would be strong enough to overcome the British

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side or the other. The goal was that in a future European war the United Kingdom would enjoy the ‘benevolent neutrality’ of whichever side won in Spain.

5907: 5764: 5198: 2415: 147: 3695: 3295: 2951: 5840: 5836: 5456: 294:. Relations with Portugal always have been closer than those with Spain, and Spain and Britain have gone to war twice over Portugal's independence. 5868: 5208: 5124: 4951: 3195:"FOLLOWING INTENSE DEBATE, FOURTH COMMITTEE APPROVES AMENDED OMNIBUS TEXT ON NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES – Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 2860: 1420: 4037:

Ramsay, Scott. “Ensuring Benevolent Neutrality: The British Government’s Appeasement of General Franco during the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939.”

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Scott Ramsay. “Ensuring Benevolent Neutrality: The British Government’s Appeasement of General Franco during the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939.”

1516: 3134: 1285:, the leverage afforded by British political support for the Spanish government declined, and the British abolitionist movement focused on the 361: 356:

in the sixteenth century led to renewed English support of the Portuguese independence movement that started in 1640 with the crowning of King

3235: 2008:. Nonetheless, a large part of its business comes from fishing in the waters of northern Europe, particularly those of the United Kingdom and 871:

but had built up a number of successful colonies with rapidly expanding populations. They began to challenge the Spanish monopoly on trade in

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were sacked and burned. This event marked the last time England was ever invaded by hostile forces. The following year the English launched a

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In 2008, the UN 4th Committee rejected the claim that a dispute over sovereignty affected self-determination, which was a basic human right.

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respectively were seized by the British. After the treaty of Paris in 1763 both Havana and Manila were returned in exchange for Spain ceding

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hoping to intercept the returning English fleet as well as invade the West of the British isles but this failed due to storms and bad luck.

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had stated that an independent Scotland would have to reapply for membership of the European Union, causing considerable irritation to the

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that raged off and on 1833 to 1876, Spain was wracked by civil war, as a result of a power struggle between the royal heir, Isabella and

1194: 933:, a major Spanish trading and naval base. The British triumph was hailed throughout its empire, and a number of streets are still named 5769: 5587: 5233: 5213: 4675: 3180: 2043: 1075:

remained neutral, leaving them isolated. Because of this there was virtually no military activity in continental Europe aside from the

30: 5416: 5083: 2304: 1860:

and a diplomatic protest by the Government of the United Kingdom. Further incidents occurred in November 2009, and in February 2019.

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however saw Spain and Portugal along with Britain being allies in their fight against Napoleon after he tried occupying Spain in the

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hinted in a May 1898 speech. Conversely, the Spanish press took any chance to criticise the British atrocities committed during the

5774: 5754: 5693: 5667: 5607: 5426: 5401: 5381: 5262: 4619: 4097: 3737:"Catalan News Agency – David Cameron: "let the people decide" and do not "ignore questions of nationality, independence, identity"" 3578: 3564: 3465: 1669: 1512: 1480: 1337: 1322: 1217: 921: 2664:

The origins of American diplomacy: the international history of Angloamerica, 1492-1763 American diplomatic history series Authors

906:. Nevertheless there were still tensions between the two countries. Things came to a head when news of an illegal trader, Captain 5812: 5714: 5642: 5602: 5461: 5356: 5351: 5282: 5272: 5078: 5058: 4981: 4424: 2410: 1202: 1997:. In total, £55m has been paid out by the British government to Spanish parties (both public and private) for loss of earnings. 5688: 5592: 5431: 5421: 5396: 5321: 5302: 5246: 5129: 4359: 2677:

James D. Alsop, "The Age of the Projectors: British Imperial Strategy in the North Atlantic in the War of Spanish Succession."

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Sarah Duncan, "'He to Be Intituled Kinge': King Philip of England and the Anglo-Spanish Court." in C. Beem and M. Taylor, eds.

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subjects, Spain asserts it is a bilateral issue between sovereign nations on the grounds of the "territorial integrity" clause

867:(1718–1720), in which Great Britain and France were allies against Spain when Spain attempted to reclaim territories in Italy. 1134:

Britain and opened the way to British expansion in the Pacific, whilst in turn it was an international humiliation for Spain.

5912: 5779: 5652: 5627: 5557: 5507: 5446: 5391: 5366: 5361: 5292: 5168: 5134: 5108: 5093: 5028: 5013: 4169: 2335: 2031: 1899:, becoming the first Spanish official to visit the territory since Spain closed its consulate in Gibraltar in the 1950s. The 1786: 717:

In April 1655, the English unsuccessfully attacked Santo Domingo. The expedition nevertheless was able to mount a successful

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The Labour Party opposed Franco and after it came to power in 1945 relations were frosty. After Franco died in 1975 and the

1454:'s Nationalists. However Germany, Italy and the USSR defied the embargo and British Communists organized volunteers for the 5672: 5632: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5547: 5542: 5532: 5527: 5512: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5466: 5371: 5277: 5267: 5241: 5178: 5073: 5063: 5053: 5038: 4927: 4923: 4876: 4522: 2455: 1551: 1524: 1041:

and be able to invade England. In 1779 Spain joined the war, hoping to take advantage of a substantially weakened Britain.

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created such fear throughout the colony that many people refugeed to South Carolina or elsewhere. The military activity on

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on the Spanish throne. The alliance was renewed in the face of Spain supporting France as an ally and the renewal of their

596:, July 24. The Armada was not seriously damaged and its formation remained intact. On July 27, the Armada had reached the 324:

of 1474–1479, because France also supported Joan's candidature. In the following years, the English collaborated with the

5662: 5647: 5637: 5622: 5617: 5582: 5552: 5537: 5517: 5451: 5441: 5411: 5346: 5336: 5287: 5226: 5188: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5103: 5098: 5068: 5048: 4932: 4891: 4795: 4090: 3014:

Paul Preston, "Britain and the Basque Campaign of 1937: The Government, the Royal Navy, the Labour Party and the Press."

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and over 100 Spanish ships were destroyed, delaying the launch of the Armada by a year. The English also captured 2,900

5597: 5577: 5471: 5436: 5406: 5376: 5341: 5313: 5307: 5297: 5183: 5163: 5088: 5043: 5033: 5023: 4695: 4019: 3389: 2163: 1955: 189: 3506: 1446:, 1936–1939, the Conservative government in London was neutral, and took the lead in an arms embargo against both the 5386: 5331: 5326: 5193: 5173: 4429: 4194: 3956:

Gold, Peter. "Sovereignty negotiations and Gibraltar's military facilities: How two 'red-line' issues became three."

3822:"Spanish Immigration to the UK up 85%: What This Means for Payments Abroad – LONDON, September 14, 2011 /PRNewswire/" 3647: 3620: 3156: 3118: 2999: 2844: 2806: 2630: 2603: 2570: 2138: 1782: 1678: 1660: 1644: 1573: 884: 712: 708: 618:

A new front opened in the war between Spain and England, the coast of northern France. In 1590, the Spanish occupied

529: 487: 383: 4584: 4274: 4144: 1555: 737: 2376: 2000:

To this day, the large Spanish fishing fleet does the majority of its fishing outside Spain's EEZ, as far away as

1305: 329: 4881: 4845: 4790: 4589: 4574: 4559: 4455: 4369: 4199: 2682: 2430: 2068: 1981:, the UK sought to create a framework that discriminated between British- and Spanish-owned boats, regardless of 1492: 907: 321: 1275:. Vessels carrying specified 'equipment articles' (including extra mess gear, lumber, foodstuffs) were declared 565: 5819: 4907: 4785: 4765: 4624: 4539: 4470: 4465: 4349: 4234: 4224: 4154: 3919:

Carrió-Invernizzi, Diana. "A new diplomatic history and the networks of Spanish diplomacy in the Baroque Era."

2120: 1654: 1605: 1159: 915: 521: 504: 4112: 3803: 3775: 1193:. British attempts to capture parts of the Spanish colonial empire were unsuccessful and included failures at 473:, making Philip king of Spain and of England and Ireland. Mary's early death without issue prevented a closer 4871: 4760: 4594: 4569: 4502: 4485: 4439: 4404: 4374: 4309: 3972:

Guymer, Laurence. "The Wedding Planners: Lord Aberdeen, Henry Bulwer, and the Spanish Marriages, 1841–1846."

3082: 1748: 1638: 1624: 1060:, which they took with relative ease against weak British garrisons, and were planning an expedition against 938: 892: 864: 784: 454: 3083:

David W. Mottram, Shaping the Inheritance of the Spanish Civil War on the British Left, 1939-1945, MA thesis

2889:"Casacas rojas y capas pardas: los soldados británicos y el pueblo español en la Guerra de la Independencia" 2748:

Georgia Journeys: Being an Account of the Lives of Georgia's Original Settlers and Many Other Early Settlers

4835: 4830: 4810: 4730: 4680: 4609: 4564: 4554: 4414: 4389: 4344: 4174: 4149: 3343: 1900: 1744: 1734: 1034: 1010: 930: 903: 415: 2081:. Of these, according to the BBC and contrary to popular belief, only about 21.5% are over the age of 65. 1977:

To prevent the fleets of other EU members (particularly Spain) taking up the UK's Common Fisheries Policy

1818: 1396: 4850: 4815: 4775: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4720: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4685: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4629: 4549: 4492: 4460: 4434: 4394: 4364: 4324: 4314: 4284: 4269: 4264: 4249: 4239: 4229: 4209: 4134: 1892: 1434:. It was unprepared to fight and was torn between factions favouring France and those favouring Germany. 934: 684:. Cut off by the English Navy the Spanish surrendered the following year which ended further operations. 3524: 1419:, the relations deteriorated: the British press included Spain within the group of decaying nations the 309:, and proved to be vital in securing the continued independence of Portugal from its larger neighbours. 4840: 4825: 4820: 4805: 4800: 4780: 4755: 4725: 4715: 4690: 4614: 4604: 4544: 4534: 4507: 4475: 4409: 4399: 4379: 4334: 4329: 4319: 4254: 4189: 4139: 4120: 3262:"Ten Greenpeace volunteers arrested in demonstration against HMS Tireless in Gibraltar – Greenpeace UK" 2435: 2405: 2078: 2064: 2055:

these challenges themselves; it's a matter for the Spanish Government and the Spanish Prime Minister."

1856:

Maritime Service vessel into the three-mile waters around Gibraltar, escalating to the intervention of

1829: 1673: 1189:, Spain again found itself allied with France, and again found itself outgunned at sea, notably at the 954: 855:

that ended the War of Spanish succession was followed within two years by the death of the French King

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which had been formed later in the war soon began to breach the Spanish and Portuguese trade monopoly.

365: 239: 1079:. Despite a prolonged besiegement, the British garrison there was able to hold out until relieved and 752:

in 1660, no treaty had been signed. England then gave full support to the Portuguese in 1662 who were

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and followed the Armada up the Channel. The first encounter was off Plymouth, July 21, the second off

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which ended in disaster. Worse was to follow - the capitals of the Spanish East & West Indies -

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Spain and Britain for the next 15 years were at peace with Britain even supporting Spain during the

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British Maritime Enterprise in the New World: From the Late Fifteenth to the Mid-eighteenth Century

2316: 2203: 1978: 1416: 1076: 986: 756:. In addition tensions in the Caribbean centred on England's hold of Jamaica - privateers, notably 677: 124: 2077:

recorded 54,482 Spanish-born people living in the UK. In comparison, it is estimated that 990,000

1170: 5749: 4063: 2483: 2109: 1971: 1951: 1697:

In the present day, Spain and the United Kingdom maintain civil relations, both being members of

1578: 1528: 1447: 1018: 1014: 772: 768: 741: 688: 369: 337: 169: 35: 3443: 1146:

unusually saw Britain and Spain as allies for the first time in well over a century. After King

305:

to thwart a French-backed Castilian invasion. These forces saw action at the decisive battle of

3550: 2798: 2367: 1868: 1751:, king Philip V of Spain transferred the territory to Great Britain in 1713 under the terms of 1650: 1560: 1455: 1179: 1084: 966: 911: 736:

In 1657, England formed an alliance with France, merging the Anglo–Spanish war with the larger

581: 349: 2989: 2620: 1863: 608:. The voyage home proved costly, stormy waters claiming some 60 ships and thousands of lives. 357: 3318: 2946:

Rosas Ledezma, Enrique (1980). "Las relaciones hispano-británicas a comienzos del siglo XX".

2718: 2229: 1814: 1609: 1587: 1537: 1508: 1349: 990: 749: 745: 496: 446: 341: 317: 306: 298: 150: 499:

England promised to end support for raids on Spanish shipping by English privateers such as

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between Portugal and Spain, which saw the independence of the former and the recognition of

302: 275: 253: 5219: 3194: 2595: 2047: 1924: 1564: 1533: 1408: 1353: 1333: 1257: 994: 627: 453:(a marriage that was later annulled by Henry), made a series of short-lived alliances with 373: 3593:"Royal Navy shows the flag in Gibraltar waters; 197 Spanish unlawful incursions this year" 2888: 2243: 8: 3421: 2039: 2009: 1986: 1982: 1844: 1821:'s beach instead of Gibraltar's where the planned military training was to be conducted. 1778: 1664: 1630: 1591: 1582: 1569: 1542: 1190: 998: 978: 958: 942: 824: 726: 722: 718: 516: 491: 462: 458: 450: 411: 333: 313: 210: 888: 651: 4058:

Samson, Alexander. "A Fine Romance: Anglo-Spanish Relations in the Sixteenth Century."

3128: 2854: 2791: 2233: 1857: 1836: 1803: 1774: 1600: 1546: 1400: 1297:, in 1888, over fifty years after the practice was outlawed across the British Empire. 1209: 1175: 1045: 982: 796: 696: 666: 658: 635: 466: 391: 353: 226: 214: 206: 3525:"Miguel ngel Moratinos Spanish Foreign Minister met by protests on visit to Gibraltar" 2478:

Alexander Samson, "A Fine Romance: Anglo-Spanish Relations in the Sixteenth Century."

1958:

in 1986, it had the world's sixth largest fishing fleet, and much of the economies of

1705:. They share a number of regulations due to their previously shared membership of the 775:

both of which were favourable to England - for one the Spanish finally ceded Jamaica.

379: 5829: 4015: 3616: 3390:"Action brought on 6 May 2009 – Government of Gibraltar v Commission (Case T-176/09)" 3174: 3114: 2995: 2972:

Carolyn S. Lowry, "At what cost?: Spanish neutrality in the First World War" (2009).

2955: 2899: 2840: 2802: 2706: 2626: 2599: 2566: 2363: 2283: 2019:

institutions, since Scotland is more dependent upon fishing than the rest of the UK.

1756: 1726: 1596: 1443: 1345: 1282: 1143: 1130: 1080: 1049: 1006: 962: 945:, killing about 10,000 while suffering only 800 dead. All the while, Spanish vessels 896: 880: 852: 816: 792: 788: 730: 721:

the following month. The Spanish tried twice to recapture the island but both times (

470: 387: 325: 287: 181: 2823:

International journal of Canadian studies= Revue internationale d'études canadiennes

2588: 2522:

Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World: Britain, Ireland, Europe and America

2223: 3709: 2873:

Charles H. MacKay, "The Spanish Ulcer: Origins of the Peninsular War Reconsidered"

2563:

The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-stock Company 1600-1640

1451: 1213: 820: 681: 403: 344:

and a small group of English soldiers even fought on the Castilian side during the

218: 3750: 2916:

F. Darrell Munsell, and John K. Severn, "Wellington's Iberian Policy, 1834-1845,"

2253: 1260:, which the United Kingdom and the United States separately had outlawed in 1807. 1241: 5737: 3666: 3659: 3610: 3108: 2662: 1994: 1959: 1920: 1777:

to the colonists themselves. On the other hand, Gibraltar's authorities consider

1686: 1431: 1424: 1380: 1186: 1152: 1022: 950: 597: 558: 427: 407: 222: 217:), whilst the Kingdom of Spain was initially created by a union of the crowns of 4042: 3890: 3208: 3045: 843: 4976: 3789: 2929:

C.J. Bartlett, "After Palmerston: Britain and the Iberian Peninsula, 1865-76."

2074: 1947: 1888: 1766: 1706: 1253: 1233: 1221: 1103: 1057: 1002: 808: 804: 662: 612: 553: 474: 431: 259: 245: 177: 108: 3029:

Diplomacy and Strategy of Survival: British Policy and Franco's Spain, 1940-41

1721: 5896: 4046: 2959: 2903: 2837:

The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know it

2152: 2051: 2035: 1908: 1896: 1853: 1286: 1125: 1115: 946: 872: 800: 631: 593: 589: 500: 279: 1368: 1129:

revolution. The dispute was settled by negotiations in 1792–94 known as the

426:. Once again Spain and France were allied against Portugal and Britain. The 332:

was sent to London as their first semi-permanent ambassador, their daughter

4994: 3650:. Parliament of the United Kingdom, 8 February 2001. Accessed 22 June 2006. 2239: 1460: 1372: 1332:, between the United Kingdom, Spain, France, and Portugal, which supported 1314: 1121: 763:

The conflict officially ended with two peace treaties which were signed at

757: 657:

In retaliation the Spanish attempted an invasion of the British isles; the

368:

further soured Anglo-Spanish relations. England nevertheless meditated the

166: 1475:

During World War II, Spanish nationals were among the prisoners of German

2976: 2896:

Boletín de la Real Academia Sevillana de Buenas Letras: Minervae Baeticae

1404: 1277: 1256:

was at the height of its power, and the United Kingdom sought to end the

345: 3635: 3404:"Spain/UK to cross swords in Gibraltar waters legal challenge before EC" 3344:

http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ibru/publications/full/bsb7-1_oreilly.pdf

823:. The later had been left as successor to the crown in the testament of 577: 4068:

Sanz, Porfirio. "England and Spanish foreign policy during the 1640s."

2355: 2328: 2219: 2199: 2159: 2123: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2013: 1917: 1038: 2934: 5755:

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

3951:

The Temptations of Trade: Britain, Spain, and the Struggle for Empire

3852: 3841: 2590:

America and the Americas: The United States in the Western Hemisphere

2343: 2324: 2273: 2259: 2209: 2193: 2179: 1967: 1740: 1147: 1099: 1053: 856: 832: 639: 605: 230: 3368: 2359: 2098: 422:

No further action between the powers took place until 1797 with the

2991:

The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy 1933–1940

2825:

19 (1999): 167–180. a Spanish perspective, translated into English.

2347: 2269: 2249: 2027: 2016: 1963: 1942:

The United Kingdom and Spain have had several recent disputes over

1376: 1268: 1229: 1072: 860: 812: 647: 623: 619: 585: 3937:

Cultural Diplomacy: A Hundred Years of the British-Spanish Society

3481:"Royal Navy used 'Spanish flag' for target practice off Gibraltar" 3683:

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-25132026

2213: 2189: 2183: 2173: 2169: 2005: 1943: 1357: 1318: 1237: 1225: 1095: 1091: 1068: 1061: 876: 828: 286:

For centuries, the role of England, and subsequently Britain, in

3988:

Into the Heart of the Fire: The British in the Spanish Civil War

1970:

depended upon catches by Spanish boats outside Spain's national

1120:

The Nootka Crisis was a crisis with Britain starting in 1789 at

549:

which later fuelled the popularisation of the drink in England.

21: 4030:

Spain, Britain and the American Revolution in Florida 1763–1783

3093:

Pilar Anaya, "The Labour Party, the TUC and Spain, 1959-1977."

2793:

The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790–1795

2339: 2320: 2296: 2279: 2001: 1990: 1710: 1495:, relations grew friendly, and trade and tourism grew rapidly. 1290: 1272: 764: 643: 601: 543: 3638:. American University, 11 January 1997. Accessed 22 June 2006. 4294: 4115: 3981:

Modern British Foreign Policy: The Nineteenth Century 1814–80

3710:"Scottish or Catalan vote 'torpedoes EU', says Spain's Rajoy" 2875:

Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Selected Papers

2821:

Emilia Soler Pascual, "Floridablanca and the Nootka Crisis."

2351: 2263: 1328:

In 1835, the United Kingdom instigated the foundation of the

532:. Further disruption then took place at Cadiz in 1587; Drake 173: 97: 1813:

In February 2002, the UK formally apologised when a unit of

515:

In 1585, relations between England and Spain worsened after

3944:

The British Government and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

3319:"Tell it to the marines... we've invaded the wrong country" 2032:

referendum on independence from the UK on 18 September 2014

1835:

Waters around Gibraltar, declared by the United Kingdom as

1702: 1698: 1294: 312:

The alliance submerged into crisis when Portugal supported

185: 4053:

Peninsula Years: Britain's Red Coats in Spain and Portugal

3288:"A beach too far: British marines invade Spain by mistake" 2688: 1517:

shield of Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg as Queen of Spain

1360:

and contributed greatly to the suppression of the revolt.

1293:. Slavery was abolished in Spain's main Caribbean colony, 1155:, made peace in 1795 while Britain continued to fight on. 887:, the Royal Navy launched unsuccessful operations against 744:. Although the Anglo-Spanish war was terminated after the 2918:

Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Proceedings

2456:"Change of His Majesty's Ambassador to Spain: Alex Ellis" 1427:, and to rejoice at any British setback in the conflict. 847:

A Spanish and an English edition of the Treaty of Utrecht

729:) they were defeated. The island was transformed into an 3110:

Territorial acquisition, disputes, and international law

1109: 1052:

launched a number of attacks in British colonies in the

925:

Unsuccessful 1741 British attack on Cartagena de Indias

414:. In this war Spain agreed to attack Portugal and thus 3755:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

3696:"Salmond: Spain is working with UK to thwart Yes vote" 3660:"Iyambo in fish talks with Spanish fisheries minister" 3436:"Who Owns Gibraltar? Spain Takes a Step Onto the Rock" 2535:

Cornwall & the Isles of Scilly: the complete guide

1828:, with equal representation of both countries and the 1824:

In 2004, Spain and the United Kingdom established the

1773:, which according to Spain prevails over the right to 993:(with the British king as its prince-elector) against 883:

to trade with Spain's South American colonies. In the

838: 665:

but encountered very little. At the same time another

3804:"BBC NEWS | Special Reports | Brits Abroad" 3356:"Declarations or Statements upon UNCLOS ratification" 2342:. The United Kingdom also has a consulate general in 3648:

House of Commons Written Answers for 8 February 2001

3106: 2835:

Bell, Lapidus, David Avrom, Sidney and Ruth (2007).

2622:

Between Two Worlds: How the English Became Americans

1989:

was implemented, in 1987, this became illegal under

1220:, eventually forced the French out of Spain, in the 282:

in the early years of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance.

2767: 1709:, several of which remain in force in the UK after 570:

The Spanish Armada and English ships in August 1588

3995:Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century 3930:Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht 1713–2013 2886: 2790: 2587: 2416:List of ambassadors of Spain to the United Kingdom 1620:Wars between the British and the Spanish include: 859:. This fundamentally changed the European system. 1162:and aligned with the French against the British. 815:candidate onto the Spanish throne instead of the 5894: 3891:"Brexit: Landmark UK-EU trade deal to be signed" 2750:. University of Georgia Press. 2010. p. 17. 2654: 1232:) in the form of war spoils during the sacks of 778: 3824:(Press release). United Kingdom: Prnewswire.com 3233: 2987: 1841:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 2797:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. pp. 2719:"Colonial and State Records of North Carolina" 2034:. In November 2013 the Spanish Prime Minister 486:Southampton. The English government headed by 4959: 4098: 4077:The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia 4043:https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2018.1428211 3790:"BBC NEWS – UK – Brits Abroad FAQs: The data" 3369:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Spain (2008). 3046:https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2018.1428211 2945: 2834: 2660: 1028: 490:gave permission. The money was bound for the 5825:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office 4060:Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 3418:"Britain tells Spain violation unacceptable" 3234:Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (27 October 2000). 2859:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2661:Fisher, Margaret Anne; Savelle, Max (1967). 2480:Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 2421:Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Spain 1749:Captured by Dutch and British troops in 1704 687:Peace between England and Spain was finally 266: 3776:"BBC NEWS – Special Reports – Brits Abroad" 2736:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 99. 937:. However, in the spring of 1741 Spaniards 787:(1701–14) saw the invasion of Spain by the 760:led devastating raids on the Spanish Main. 552:After almost two years of preparation, the 5736: 4966: 4952: 4105: 4091: 3605: 3133:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2839:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 109. 1826:Tripartite Forum for Dialogue on Gibraltar 1415:After the Spanish disaster of 1898 in the 5908:Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom 4009: 2694: 2560: 2151:The list below is of British and Spanish 2139:Learn how and when to remove this message 2022: 1946:rights, particularly with regards to the 1653:(1739–1742), which later merged into the 799:, as well as other minor German states), 733:but was still a threat from the Spanish. 3997:(1967), covers 1603 to 1702; pp 269–309. 3316: 3285: 3236:"Spain protests overleaking nuclear sub" 2782: 1862: 1720: 1513:Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom 1502: 1395: 1367: 1309:Don Carlos, the first Carlist Pretender. 1304: 1169: 1083:remained in British hands following the 1067:In Europe, Britain's traditional allies 920: 842: 811:and Portugal in an attempt to force the 564: 528:, which became the opening salvo of the 378: 270: 46:of all important aspects of the article. 4993: 4982:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom 3960:15.2 (2004): 375-384. Covers 2000-2003 3673:, 17 March 2006. Accessed 22 June 2006. 3466:"Tension heightens in Gibraltar waters" 2788: 2618: 2594:. University of Georgia Press. p. 2585: 2537:. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 20. 2426:United Kingdom–European Union relations 2411:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom 2394:Embassy of the United Kingdom in Madrid 2323:. Spain also has consulates general in 1247: 682:besieged the 4,000 Spaniards at Kinsale 576:Storms forced the fleet to stay put at 5895: 4002:Spain and the Irish Mission, 1609–1707 3522: 3179:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2731: 2725: 2310: 1407:as portrayed in the Spanish press (by 702: 449:, who had made a political match with 42:Please consider expanding the lead to 5796: 5735: 4992: 4947: 4086: 3478: 2734:North Carolina Through Four Centuries 2707:"Spain, Portugal & Italy 1715-88" 2509:The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime 2305:EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement 2290: 1493:democratisation movement gained power 1110:Nootka crisis with Britain, 1789–1795 622:from where they had a base to attack 584:on July 19. The English fleet was at 480: 437: 301:, England provided reinforcements to 5875: 3743: 3317:Tremlett, Giles (19 February 2002). 2121:adding citations to reliable sources 2092: 1552:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster 1437: 1391: 1137: 180:. Both countries are members of the 15: 3865:"UK and EU agree Brexit trade deal" 2952:Centro de Estudios Constitucionales 2948:Revista de Estudios Internacionales 2645: 2586:Langley, Lester D. (January 1989). 2565:. Taylor & Francis. p. 3. 1881:Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs 1783:Gibraltar's 2006 Constitution Order 1470: 981:lasted between 1756–1763, arraying 972: 969:and the withdrawal of the Spanish. 839:Eighteenth-century imperial warfare 678:rebelling against the English Crown 634:. Nevertheless the Spanish mounted 13: 3913: 3853:http://www.ine.es/prensa/np710.pdf 3842:http://www.ine.es/prensa/np705.pdf 3286:Sengupta, Kim (19 February 2002). 2974:Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 2547:Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker, 2498:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). 55-80. 1937: 1509:Lesser Royal Coat of Arms of Spain 1498: 1281:to be slavers. However, after the 1165: 663:intercept a Spanish treasure fleet 580:until July. Finally, they reached 14: 5924: 3479:Govan, Fiona (20 November 2009). 2887:Alberich Sotomayor, José (2013). 2762:William Pitt and national revival 2079:British-born people live in Spain 1615: 1064:when peace was declared in 1783. 931:capturing and sacking Porto Bello 510: 402:(1700–1714) that established the 5874: 5863: 5862: 5846:Prime Ministerial overseas trips 5204:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5019:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4975: 4293: 4160:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4114: 2387: 2375: 2097: 630:which secured the major port of 535:singed the King of Spain’s beard 252: 238: 102: 91: 72: 20: 3883: 3857: 3846: 3835: 3814: 3796: 3782: 3768: 3734: 3728: 3702: 3688: 3676: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3599: 3585: 3571: 3557: 3543: 3523:Keeley, Graham (21 July 2009). 3516: 3499: 3472: 3458: 3428: 3410: 3396: 3382: 3362: 3348: 3337: 3310: 3279: 3254: 3227: 3201: 3187: 3142: 3100: 3087: 3076: 3051: 3034: 3021: 3008: 2981: 2966: 2939: 2923: 2910: 2880: 2867: 2828: 2815: 2754: 2740: 2711: 2700: 2671: 2639: 2619:Gaskill, Malcolm (2014-11-20). 2612: 2108:needs additional citations for 2069:Spaniards in the United Kingdom 1300: 929:The British started the war by 754:fighting for their independence 322:War of the Castilian Succession 34:may be too short to adequately 5903:Spain–United Kingdom relations 5820:British entry into World War I 4014:. Cambridge University Press. 4012:Trade and Peace with Old Spain 3965:Gibraltar: British or Spanish? 3636:"UK and Spain Fishing Dispute" 3612:Gibraltar: British or Spanish? 3442:. 21 July 2009. Archived from 3209:"Nuclear sub leaves Gibraltar" 2579: 2554: 2541: 2527: 2514: 2501: 2488: 2472: 2448: 1883:visited Gibraltar to meet the 1765:Considering the Gibraltarians 1692: 1655:War of the Austrian Succession 1606:Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg 1430:Spain remained neutral in the 916:War of the Austrian Succession 297:In 1384, at the height of the 159:Spain–United Kingdom relations 44:provide an accessible overview 1: 5797: 3107:Surya Prakash Sharma (1997). 2994:. Cambridge UP. p. 266. 2441: 2431:Spanish in the United Kingdom 2336:Embassy of the United Kingdom 2303:and Spain is governed by the 2044:separatist drive in Catalonia 1858:Royal Navy Gibraltar Squadron 1681:of 1796–1807 was part of the 1672:of 1779–1783 was part of the 1663:of 1761–1763 was part of the 1639:War of the Quadruple Alliance 1625:War of the Spanish Succession 1044:A well-organised force under 893:attempted to retake Gibraltar 885:Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729) 865:War of the Quadruple Alliance 785:War of the Spanish Succession 779:War of the Spanish Succession 713:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) 709:Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) 592:, July 23, the third off the 530:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 330:Rodrigo González de la Puebla 5913:Bilateral relations of Spain 4924:Diplomatic missions of Spain 4039:International History Review 3921:International History Review 3042:International History Review 2667:. Macmillan. pp. 66–67. 2088: 2058: 1867:Gibraltarians celebrate the 1735:Disputed status of Gibraltar 1716: 1363: 1035:American War of Independence 904:War of the Polish Succession 626:. French and English forces 194:former European Union member 192:and the United Kingdom is a 7: 5765:International Monetary Fund 4933:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 4041:41:3 (2019): 604-623. DOI: 3751:"Country-of-birth database" 3551:"Incident at Harbour Views" 3378:(in Spanish). pp. 8–9. 3044:41:3 (2019): 604-623. DOI: 2732:Powell, William S. (2010). 2399: 947:menaced commercial shipping 348:. However, the struggle of 10: 5929: 4121:Foreign relations of Spain 4070:European History Quarterly 4010:Mclachlan, Jean O (1940). 3974:Diplomacy & Statecraft 3935:del Campo, Luis Martínez. 3615:. Routledge. p. 133. 3113:. The Hague. p. 311. 3016:European History Quarterly 2406:Foreign relations of Spain 2382:Embassy of Spain in London 2065:British migration to Spain 2062: 1830:British Overseas Territory 1802:From May 2000 to May 2001 1745:British overseas territory 1732: 1674:American Revolutionary War 1486: 1142:The aftermath of the 1789 1113: 1029:American Revolutionary War 914:, an element of the wider 706: 667:Spanish attempt took place 457:against France during the 199: 5858: 5803: 5792: 5745: 5731: 5707: 5681: 5480: 5255: 5117: 5006: 5002: 4988: 4916: 4900: 4864: 4643: 4448: 4302: 4291: 4127: 2931:English Historical Review 2778:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2524:(1999) pp 39, 216, 307-8. 1974:, just as they do today. 1885:British Foreign Secretary 1849:European Court of Justice 1819:La Linea de la Concepción 1785:endorsed and approved by 1683:French Revolutionary Wars 1252:In the 19th century, the 1158:In 1796 Spain signed the 1104:invasion of Great Britain 613:armada the following year 611:England sent out its own 424:French Revolutionary Wars 400:Spanish War of Succession 336:married Henry VII's sons 292:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 267:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 163:Spanish–British relations 140: 135: 123: 118: 114: 101: 90: 80: 71: 67:Spanish–British relations 5156:Turks and Caicos Islands 4047:online review in H-DIPLO 4000:Lozano, Cristina Bravo. 3958:Diplomacy and Statecraft 3294:. London. Archived from 2988:Maurice Cowling (2005). 2774:Nootka Sound Controversy 2561:Chaudhuri, K. N (1965). 2496:The Man behind the Queen 2204:Santa Coloma de Gramenet 1787:Her Majesty's Government 1481:occupied Channel Islands 1321:, led by the pretender, 1077:Great Siege of Gibraltar 652:major raid against Cadiz 572:(unknown, 16th-century). 370:Treaty of Lisbon of 1668 5750:Commonwealth of Nations 4079:(2 vol ABC-CLIO, 2016). 3983:(1975) pp. 133–54. 3507:"Trilateral Communique" 3372:Informe sobre Gibraltar 2933:109.430 (1994): 74-88. 2789:Pethick, Derek (1980). 2507:Wallace T. MacCaffrey, 1972:Exclusive Economic Zone 1952:Common Fisheries Policy 1579:Arthur, Prince of Wales 1529:Alfonso VIII of Castile 1160:Treaty of San Ildefonso 889:Blockade of Porto Bello 170:international relations 5837:Diplomatic missions of 5503:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4676:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2368:Santa Cruz de Tenerife 2307:since 1 January 2021. 2023:Scotland and Catalonia 1954:. When Spain became a 1877:Miguel Ángel Moratinos 1872: 1869:Gibraltar National Day 1730: 1711:its exit from the bloc 1561:Katherine of Lancaster 1520: 1456:International Brigades 1412: 1384: 1310: 1182: 1126:a papal decree of 1493 967:Battle of Bloody Marsh 926: 848: 680:. The English however 573: 395: 350:Elizabeth I of England 283: 130:British Embassy Madrid 125:Spanish Embassy London 5841:in the United Kingdom 5199:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4072:28.3 (1998): 291-310. 3976:21.4 (2010): 549-573. 3923:36.4 (2014): 603-618. 3097:64.3 (1999): 269-286. 3095:Labour History Review 3031:(Cambridge UP, 1986). 3018:48.3 (2018): 490-515. 2266:, Valencian Community 2246:, Community of Madrid 2230:Nuneaton and Bedworth 1866: 1817:accidentally invaded 1815:British Royal Marines 1724: 1610:Alfonso XIII of Spain 1588:Henry VIII of England 1538:Berengaria of Navarre 1506: 1448:Republican government 1399: 1371: 1308: 1173: 924: 846: 568: 497:Convention of Nymegen 447:Henry VIII of England 382: 318:Isabella I of Castile 274: 225:(and later joined by 213:(and later joined by 190:European Union member 5457:United Arab Emirates 5220:Special Relationship 4620:United Arab Emirates 4062:39.1 (2009): 65-94. 3579:"Panorama Home Page" 3565:"Panorama Home Page" 2482:39.1 (2009): 65-94. 2299:, Trade between the 2236:, Castilla–La Mancha 2216:, Castilla–La Mancha 2117:improve this article 2048:Catalan independence 1907:In December 2009, a 1565:Henry III of Castile 1556:Constance of Castile 1534:Richard I of England 1417:Spanish–American War 1354:George de Lacy Evans 1258:Atlantic slave trade 1248:Atlantic slave trade 1185:At the start of the 965:culminated with the 949:at the mouth of the 628:captured Fort Crozon 517:Mary, Queen of Scots 394:as English monarchs. 362:support for Portugal 316:instead of her aunt 290:was coloured by the 5209:Trinidad and Tobago 5125:Antigua and Barbuda 4917:Diplomatic missions 4425:Trinidad and Tobago 3993:Horn, David Bayne. 3792:. 11 December 2006. 3698:. 22 December 2013. 3485:The Daily Telegraph 3240:The Daily Telegraph 2877:(1998), pp 443-451. 2760:John Holland Rose, 2681:21.1 (1991): 30-53 2311:Diplomatic missions 2040:Scottish Government 1987:Single European Act 1845:European Commission 1779:Gibraltarian people 1651:War of Jenkins' Ear 1592:Catherine of Aragon 1583:Catherine of Aragon 1570:Henry IV of England 1543:Edward I of England 1191:Battle of Trafalgar 912:War of Jenkins' Ear 742:conquest of Dunkirk 719:invasion of Jamaica 703:Seventeenth century 492:Spanish Netherlands 463:Italian War of 1542 459:Italian War of 1521 451:Catherine of Aragon 358:João IV of Portugal 346:conquest of Granada 334:Catharine of Aragon 68: 63:Bilateral relations 4360:Dominican Republic 4075:Slape, Emily, ed. 4004:(Routledge, 2018). 3949:Finucane, Adrian. 3928:Dadson, Trevor J. 3897:. 29 December 2020 3871:. 24 December 2020 3810:. 6 December 2006. 3665:2012-02-24 at the 3298:on August 20, 2009 2646:Bradley, Peter T. 2549:The Spanish Armada 2346:and consulates in 2291:Economic relations 2186:, Castile and Leon 2176:, Region of Murcia 2046:. On the issue of 1891:, and Gibraltar's 1873: 1837:territorial waters 1775:self-determination 1731: 1601:Philip II of Spain 1547:Eleanor of Castile 1525:Eleanor of England 1521: 1413: 1385: 1338:Duke of Wellington 1330:Quadruple Alliance 1311: 1218:Duke of Wellington 1210:Continental System 1183: 1176:Battle of Talavera 1046:Bernardo de Galvez 1025:to Great Britain. 927: 879:which allowed the 849: 819:, a member of the 738:Franco-Spanish War 697:East India Company 659:2nd Spanish Armada 574: 481:Gold and diplomacy 477:of the countries. 467:Philip II of Spain 438:Age of Exploration 396: 354:Philip II of Spain 299:Hundred Years' War 284: 276:João I of Portugal 143:Carlos Bastarreche 119:Diplomatic mission 66: 5890: 5889: 5854: 5853: 5830:Foreign Secretary 5788: 5787: 5775:League of Nations 5727: 5726: 5723: 5722: 4941: 4940: 4170:Equatorial Guinea 3671:Namibia Economist 3063:VisitAlderney.com 3059:"WWII Occupation" 2920:(1990) 20:548-557 2764:(1911) pp 562–87. 2697:, pp. 91–93. 2520:John Wagner, ed. 2511:(1968) pp 271-90. 2364:Palma de Mallorca 2244:Alcalá de Henares 2149: 2148: 2141: 2050:, Prime Minister 1901:sovereignty issue 1839:according to the 1757:Treaty of Utrecht 1727:Rock of Gibraltar 1679:Anglo-Spanish War 1670:Anglo-Spanish War 1661:Anglo-Spanish War 1645:Anglo-Spanish War 1597:Mary I of England 1574:Joanna of Navarre 1444:Spanish Civil War 1438:Spanish Civil War 1403:being punched by 1392:Twentieth century 1346:First Carlist War 1283:First Carlist War 1265:London Conference 1144:French Revolution 1138:French Revolution 1131:Nootka Convention 1050:Spanish Louisiana 1048:operating out of 963:St. Simons Island 897:treaty of Seville 881:South Sea Company 853:Treaty of Utrecht 789:Holy Roman Empire 600:and anchored off 471:Mary I of England 326:Catholic Monarchs 182:Council of Europe 156: 155: 61: 60: 5920: 5878: 5877: 5866: 5865: 5794: 5793: 5733: 5732: 5699:Papua New Guinea 5004: 5003: 4990: 4989: 4980: 4979: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4945: 4944: 4877:Marshall Islands 4523:Kurdistan Region 4297: 4260:Sahrawi Republic 4119: 4118: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4084: 4083: 4025: 3986:Hopkins, James. 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3861: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3446:on July 23, 2009 3432: 3426: 3425: 3420:. 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OUP Oxford. 2611: 2604: 2578: 2571: 2553: 2540: 2526: 2513: 2500: 2487: 2471: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2374: 2338:is located in 2319:is located in 2312: 2309: 2301:United Kingdom 2292: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2282:, England and 2277: 2272:, England and 2267: 2262:, England and 2257: 2252:, England and 2247: 2242:, England and 2237: 2232:, England and 2227: 2222:, England and 2217: 2212:, England and 2207: 2197: 2187: 2177: 2172:, England and 2167: 2153:town twinnings 2147: 2146: 2105: 2103: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2075:2001 UK Census 2060: 2057: 2024: 2021: 1948:European Union 1939: 1936: 1893:chief minister 1889:David Miliband 1797: 1796: 1771:UN Resolutions 1767:decolonisation 1739:The status of 1733:Main article: 1718: 1715: 1707:European Union 1694: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1676: 1667: 1658: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1617: 1616:Armed conflict 1614: 1613: 1612: 1603: 1594: 1585: 1576: 1567: 1558: 1549: 1540: 1531: 1500: 1497: 1488: 1485: 1472: 1469: 1439: 1436: 1421:Lord Salisbury 1393: 1390: 1379:(right), then 1365: 1362: 1350:British Legion 1336:'s reign. The 1334:Queen Isabella 1302: 1299: 1254:British Empire 1249: 1246: 1234:Ciudad Rodrigo 1222:Peninsular War 1203:Canary Islands 1197:, Montevideo, 1167: 1164: 1139: 1136: 1114:Main article: 1111: 1108: 1058:Gulf of Mexico 1030: 1027: 974: 971: 955:North Carolina 908:Robert Jenkins 840: 837: 809:Duchy of Savoy 805:Dutch Republic 780: 777: 740:which saw the 731:English colony 704: 701: 689:signed in 1604 554:Spanish Armada 512: 511:War and Armada 509: 482: 479: 475:personal union 439: 436: 432:Peninsular War 268: 265: 264: 263: 260:British Empire 258: 251: 249: 246:Spanish Empire 244: 237: 201: 198: 178:United Kingdom 161:, also called 154: 153: 145: 138: 137: 133: 132: 127: 121: 120: 116: 115: 112: 111: 109:United Kingdom 100: 88: 87: 85: 82: 81: 78: 77: 62: 59: 58: 38:the key points 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5925: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5883: 5882: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5814: 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England's 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 310: 308: 304: 300: 295: 293: 289: 281: 280:John of Gaunt 278:entertaining 277: 273: 261: 255: 250: 247: 241: 236: 235: 234: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 197: 195: 191: 188:. Spain is a 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 168: 164: 160: 152: 149: 146: 144: 139: 134: 131: 128: 126: 122: 117: 113: 110: 99: 89: 86: 84: 83: 79: 75: 70: 55: 52:November 2020 45: 39: 37: 32: 27: 23: 18: 17: 5880: 5867: 5738:Multilateral 5657: 5417:Saudi Arabia 5312: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5154: 5084:South Africa 4855: 4585:Saudi Arabia 4275:South Africa 4145:Burkina Faso 4076: 4069: 4059: 4052: 4038: 4029: 4011: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3920: 3899:. Retrieved 3894: 3885: 3873:. Retrieved 3868: 3859: 3848: 3837: 3826:. Retrieved 3816: 3807: 3798: 3784: 3770: 3758:. Retrieved 3745: 3730: 3720:17 September 3718:. Retrieved 3713: 3704: 3690: 3678: 3670: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3611: 3601: 3587: 3573: 3559: 3545: 3533:. 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