526:
1273:
3592:
1595:
crisp, fresh styles in the early 1990s there was a resurgence in more active use of barrel fermenting whites as a throwback to the traditional, more oxidized styles of the 19th century. The use of oak has a long tradition in
Spanish winemaking, dating back even centuries before the French introduced the small 59 gallon (225 liter) barrica style barrels. Gradually Spanish winemakers in the late 19th and early 20th century started to develop a preference for the cheaper, and more strongly flavored,
2176:
5195:
4903:
1623:
1527:
2391:
959:
46:
1777:
1376:
314:
31:
1170:('protected geographic indication') – This is below the DOP level, and is wine originating from a specific place, a region or a country, which has a certain quality, reputation or another characteristic – including production phases – that can be essentially attributed to its geographical origin, at least one of which takes place in the defined geographical area. These can use the traditional term Vino de la Tierra (VT).
1679:– comes from the town of Sanlúcar de Barrameda by the sea, where flor yeast develops more vigorously. This wine is produced using exactly the same process as Fino, but as weather conditions are very different in Sanlucar district it develops into a slightly different kind of wine, slightly lighter and more saline than Fino. It is entirely dry (less than 1 gram of sugar per litre) and has to contain 15 to 17% of alcohol.
2188:
988:
817:
1125:(DOCG) designation, is for regions with a track record of consistent quality and is meant to be a step above DO level. Rioja was the first region afforded this designation in 1991 and was followed by Priorat in 2003. In 2008 Ribera del Duero was approved to receive DOCa classification, but acquiring the status was never pursued and Ribera del Duero remains a DO today.
1105:, which decides on the boundaries of the region, permitted varietals, maximum yields, limits of alcoholic strength and other quality standards or production limitations pertaining to the zone. As of 2019 there are 96 DOPs that are subdivided into DOCa, DO, VP, and VC. The sub-categories can be called DOP, or they can use the traditional terms of DOCa, DO, VP, and VC.
1367:. In years past, most harvesting had to be done in the early morning with wineries often refusing grapes after mid-day due to their prolonged exposure to the blistering heat. In recent years, aided in part by the wider spread of the use of mechanical harvesting, more harvests are now being done at the lower temperatures at night.
1208:, technically the wines have not been aged at all, but some will have undergone up to a few months oak wood aging. Depending on the producer, some of these wines will be meant to be consumed very young – often within a year of their release. Others will benefit from some time aging in the bottle. For the
1591:. In the warmer climate and regions of lower elevation, the red wines tilted towards being too high in alcohol and too low in acidity. The standard technique to rectify those wines was the addition of white wine grapes which balanced the acidity but diluted some of the fruit flavors of the red grapes.
1846:
For most of its existence, the production of Cava was not relegated to a particular region of DOP but rather to the grapes and method of production. Upon Spain's acceptance into the
European Union in 1986, efforts were undertaken to designate specific areas for Cava production. Today use of the term
978:
that make up the modern state of Spain. The central
Autonomous Community of Castilla – La Mancha is the largest wine producing region, producing 13 million hectolitres, a third of Spanish wine output. Catalonia is the second largest producer, producing 5.5 million hectolitres (14% of total), and La
1603:
and some wineries will use a combination of both as a blend. Most DOs require some minimum period of barrel ageing which will be stipulated on the wine label by the designations-Crianza, Reserva and Gran
Reserva depending on how long it spends in the barrel. The tradition of long barrel and bottle
1658:
system that also gradually blends the wines of different vintages together. Palomino wine, by itself, typically ferments to an alcohol level of around 12% with Sherry producers adding brandy to the wine in order to increase the alcohol level or kill the flor yeast which will not thrive in alcohol
801:
were lifted which gave winemakers greater control over yields and what areas could be planted. Soon the quality and production volume of premium wines began to overtake the presence of generic
Spanish bulk wines on the market and Spain's reputation entering the 21st century was that of a serious
1594:
The advent of temperature control stainless steel fermentation tanks radically changed the wine industry in warm climate regions like
Andalucia, La Mancha, and the Levante, allowing winemakers to make fresher and fruitier styles of wine-particularly whites. While many producers focused on these
1818:
and age in the bottle. The early Cava industry was nurtured by the phylloxera epidemic of the late 19th century, which caused the destruction and uprooting of vineyards planted with red grape varieties. Inspired by the success of
Champagne, vineyard owners started to replant with white grape
1558:
with some wines, even whites, spending as much as two decades ageing in the barrel. This created distinctly identifiable flavors that were internationally associated with the wines from regions such as the Rioja. In the 19th century, wine writers held negative views about
Spanish winemaking.
1065:. Wineries that are seeking to have their wine sold under DOP status must submit their wines to the Consejo Regulador laboratory and tasting panel for testing and evaluation. Wines that have been granted DOP status will feature the regional stamp of the Consejo Regulador on the label.
942:, temperatures often reach 113 °F (45 °C) in the summer. To adapt to these high temperatures, many Spanish vineyards will be planted on higher elevations, with many vineyards located over 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level. These high altitudes create a large
1300:. In these parts, the threat of drought and the poor fertility of the land has encouraged Spanish vineyard owners to plant their vines with widely spaced rows so that there is less competition between vines for resources. One widely adopted system is known as
1687:– starts as a Fino, but it loses its layer of flor as it grows older. It is therefore characterized by biological ageing (under flor) but also oxidative ageing (in contact with air). It is full, dry and nutty and by law it has to contain 16 to 22% of alcohol.
979:
Rioja is the third largest, producing almost 5 million hectolitres (13% of total). These larger wine regions are further divided into smaller wine regions that are classified under the
Spanish wine law system, with 138 identifiable wine regions.
1553:
philosophy. This relates to the view that the winemaker acts as more of a nurturer of the grapes and wine rather than as a producer. For many years, Spanish winemaking was very rustic and steeped in tradition. This included the judicious use of
1161:('quality wine with geographic indication'), a category formed in 2003 along with VP. The VC category is used for wines that do not fully meet the stringent standards of the DO category, but are above the standards of the IGP category.
1304:
and involves having 2.5 metres (8 ft) of space between vines in all directions. These areas, mostly in the south and central regions, have some of the lowest vine density in the world—often ranging between 375–650 vines per
1703:– is a very rare style. It is made from the finest base wines but like Oloroso it is aged oxidatively. Palo Cortado is said to combine the nose of Amontillado with the depth and body of Oloroso. It contains 17 to 22% of alcohol.
836:
known as the Meseta
Central that covers much of central Spain. Several of Spain's principal rivers that are at the heart of many Spanish wine regions flow to the sea from that central area. These include the eastward flowing
1386:
Some records estimate that over 600 grape varieties are planted throughout Spain, but 88% of the country's wine production is focused on only 20 grape varieties. The most widely planted grape is the white wine grape
1695:– is deeper/darker in color due to oxidative ageing from the start. Like the previous styles it is entirely dry (less than 5 grams of sugar/l). It is full-bodied, complex and round and contains 17 to 22% of alcohol.
1082:
1642:. In the 1990s, the European Union restricted the use of the name "Sherry" to the wine made from this region. It is mostly made from the Palomino grape, accounting for nearly 95% of the region's plantings, but
125:. The country is second in wine exports and ninth in worldwide consumption, with Spaniards drinking, on average, 21.6 litres (5.7 US gal) per person a year. The country has an abundance of native
3216:
2242:
471:
owned vineyards and drank wine. While there were laws written that outlawed the sale of wine, it was included on lists of items that were subject to taxation in Moorish territories. The Spanish
914:
conditions. Many regions receive less than 12 inches (300 mm) of rain annually with most of the rain falling during sudden downpours in the spring and autumn that can pose the risk of
1599:. Winemakers in regions like the Rioja found that the Tempranillo grape, in particular, responded well to new American oak. In the 1990s, more winemakers started to rediscover the use of
1137:('denomination of origin') – This level is for the mainstream quality-wine regions which are regulated by the Consejo Regulador who is also responsible for marketing the wines of that DO.
689:. Phylloxera eventually reached Spain, devastating regions like Malaga in 1878 and reaching Rioja in 1901. Its slow progress was due in part to the wide tracts of land, including the
1411:
that may appear on Spanish wine labels including Cencibel, Tinto Fino and Ull de Llebre. Both Tempranillo and Garnacha are used to make the full-bodied red wines associated with the
5686:
624:
and succeeding monarchs issuing decrees and declarations ordering the uprooting of New World vineyards and halting the production of wine by the colonies. In some countries, like
5444:
1072:, Spanish wine laws were brought in line to be more consistent with other European systems. One development was a five-tier classification system that is administered by each
604:. Spain became more dependent on the income from its Spanish colonies, including the exportation of Spanish wine to the Americas. The emergence of growing wine industries in
910:
The climate gets more extreme further inland towards the Meseta Central and is characterized by hot summers with temperatures that can reach 104 °F (40 °C) with
903:
on the northwest coast, the region receives annual rainfall that ranges from 39 inches (990 mm) on the coast to 79 inches (2.0 m) near the mountainous border of
1571:
that Spanish gave "rude treatment" to the grapes. Some of these criticisms were rooted in the traditional manners of winemaking that were employed in Spain. Crushing and
1259:
wines typically appear in above average vintages with the red wines requiring at least 5 years aging, a minimum of 2 years in oak and a minimum of 3 years in the bottle.
5691:
1344:
in those years. In 1996, the practice of using irrigation in all Spanish wine regions was legalized with many regions quickly adopting the practice. In the province of
1187:
from the late 20th century, some Spanish winemakers will intentionally declassify their wines so that they have greater flexibility in blending and winemaking methods.
1284:
Viticulture in Spain has developed in adaptation to the varied and extreme climate of the region. The dry weather in many parts of Spain reduces the threat of common
918:. Winters in these regions are characterized by cold temperatures that can often fall below freezing around −8 °F (−22 °C). Towards the southeast, around
3099:
946:
with low night time temperatures that allow the grapes to maintain acidity levels and colouring. Regions with lower altitude vineyards, such as along the southern
1831:
to use for sparkling wine production. These grapes are still the primary grapes of Cava today though some producers are experimenting with the use of the typical
5696:
5373:
773:
of Spain. The late 1970s and 1980s saw periods of modernization and a renewed emphasis on quality wine production. The 1986 acceptance of Spain into the
693:, that separated the major Spanish wine regions from each other. By the time the Spanish wine industry felt the full force of phylloxera, the remedy of
509:. The full-bodied and high alcohol in most Spanish wines made them favoured blending partners for the "weaker" wines from the cooler climate regions of
5930:
1486:. As the Spanish wine industry becomes more modern, there has been a larger presence of international grape varieties appearing in both blends and
1363:
While traditionally Spanish vineyards would harvest their grapes by hand, the modernization of the Spanish wine industry has seen increased use of
1121:
682:, bringing with them their expertise and winemaking methods. One of these developments was the introduction of the 59 gallon (225 liter)
650:
and Rioja. However the Spanish wine industry was falling behind those of other European countries who were embracing the developments of the early
129:, with over 400 varieties planted throughout Spain, though 88 percent of the country's wine production is from only 20 grapes — including the reds
1604:
ageing has meant that most Spanish wines are ready to drink once they hit the market. A new generation of winemakers have started to produce more
1715:
made from Moscatel grapes with partial fermentation and oxidative ageing. It contains 200–300 grams of sugar per litre and 15 to 22% of alcohol.
1360:. The widespread use of irrigation has encouraged higher density of vine plantings and has contributed to higher yields in some parts of Spain.
5508:
5438:
2220:
3316:
5925:
5844:
1741:
1391:, prized for its hardiness and resistance to drop. It is found throughout central Spain and for many years served as the base for Spanish
569:. During this period Spanish exports to England began to wane as Spanish-English relations steadily deteriorated following the divorce of
3296:
1057:
practices. These regulations govern everything from the types of grapes that are permitted to be planted, the maximum yields that can be
1814:
until Spanish producers officially adopted the term "Cava" (cellar) in 1970 in reference to the underground cellars in which the wines
974:
Spain can be traditionally divided into 12 main wine regions. These wine regions somewhat follow the administrative borders of the 17
5987:
3683:
1737:
of dry and sweet styles of sherry also exist – they were very popular in the 1970s and 1980s but their popularity is now in decline.
745:
It wasn't till the 1950s that domestic stability helped to usher in a period of revival for the Spanish wine industry. Several large
1751:
is a blend of Amontillado or Oloroso with Moscatel or Pedro Ximénez, less than 115 grams of sugar and between 15 and 22% of alcohol.
1654:, will develop and distinguish certain styles of Sherry. The flor needs fresh wine in order to survive and is added by the use of a
5429:
336:, Spanish wine was widely exported and traded throughout the Roman empire. The two largest wine-producing regions at the time were
1183:
and are made from unclassified vineyards or grapes that have been declassified through "illegal" blending. Similar to the Italian
873:
at the Sherry producing village of Sanlúcar de Barrameda. In addition to the Meseta Central, several mountain ranges are known as
5962:
5129:
3306:
1151:
is a Spanish term for a vineyard estate) which in some cases also have DO or VdlT appellations. This category was formed in 2003.
1010:
883:
that spur westward from the Pyrenees and protect regions like the Rioja from the rain and the cool of westerlies coming from the
1928:
5713:
5237:
3540:
265:
believe that these grapes were first cultivated sometime between 4000 and 3000 BC, long before the wine-growing culture of the
3435:
1745:
is a blend of Fino / Manzanilla with Moscatel or grape must, between 45 and 115 grams of sugar and less than 15.5% of alcohol.
5982:
1016:
892:
646:
The 17th and 18th centuries saw periods of popularity for various Spanish wines, namely Sherry (known in Britain as "sack"),
4951:
1101:('protected denomination of origin'), is the mainstay of Spain's wine quality control system. Each region is governed by a
1076:. Non-autonomous areas or wine regions whose boundaries overlap with other autonomous communities (such as Cava, Rioja and
1022:
708:
industry with the development of Cava in Catalonia. As the 20th century progressed, the production of Cava would rival the
690:
501:
established the maximum price of wine sold in England with the Spanish wines being priced at the same level as wines from
5350:
3388:
1478:
as well as still white wines. In the southern Sherry and Malaga producing regions of Andalusia, the principal grapes are
761:. In the 1960s, Sherry was rediscovered by the international wine market and soon Rioja wine was in demand. The death of
5635:
3167:
2213:
712:
region in worldwide production. Civil and political upheaval would mark most of the 20th century, including a military
3337:
3332:
1956:
1671:– a very dry and delicate Sherry. These wines are characterized by flor yeast. It has to contain 15 to 17% of alcohol.
5723:
4213:
3383:
2451:
2436:
2142:
2118:
2094:
2070:
2049:
2028:
1914:
597:
525:
3352:
1759:
is usually a blend of Oloroso with Pedro Ximénez, more than 115 grams of sugar and between 15.5% and 22% of alcohol.
600:
greatly reduced the strength of the Spanish navy and contributed to the country's debt incurred during the reign of
5476:
5315:
3692:
3311:
3281:
102:
1321:. Many Spanish vineyards are several decades old, with the old vines producing even lower yields of fruit. In the
1061:, the minimum length of time that the wine must be aged and what type of information is required to appear on the
5738:
5681:
5551:
5503:
5498:
5471:
5434:
5340:
4188:
3467:
1073:
975:
766:
4502:
3577:
1731:
of Pedro Ximénez grapes dried in the sun. It contains 400–500 grams of sugar per litre and 15 to 22% of alcohol.
786:
4669:
3398:
3373:
1026:(DOC) system. As of 2019, there were 138 DOP and IGP areas across Spain. Within the DOP category, there is the
927:
17:
3256:
1340:
In the 1990s, the use of irrigation became more popular after droughts in 1994, and 1995 severely reduced the
5753:
5571:
5345:
5155:
3676:
3135:
2206:
1034:) status for DOPs that have a consistent track record for quality. There are currently two DOCa/DOQ regions:
943:
3246:
5676:
5640:
5466:
5160:
4043:
3530:
3488:
3451:
3393:
3193:
2651:
5743:
5267:
3883:
1462:
respectively. In the Cava producing regions of Catalonia and elsewhere in Spain, the principal grapes of
820:
The mountain ranges of Spain influence the climates of many Spanish wine regions, isolating regions like
447:
during this period but there is evidence that some viable form of the wine industry was present when the
428:
1639:
5603:
5300:
5230:
5080:
5047:
4876:
3535:
3241:
3151:
2166:
497:. The quality of some of these exported Spanish wines appears to have been high. In 1364, the court of
290:
278:
3301:
1860:
5997:
5777:
5703:
5449:
5393:
5388:
5170:
5060:
3378:
1475:
3498:
2400:
2302:
1133:
1000:
722:
6091:
5972:
5618:
5493:
5290:
5165:
4944:
4886:
4815:
4707:
4308:
4291:
3669:
3032:
1049:, which acts as a governing control body that enforces the DOP regulations and standards involving
1004:(DO) system in 1932 that were later revised in 1970, and recently updated in 2016 to be called DOP
659:
2743:
845:
which flows westward through the Ribera del Duero region in Spain before crossing the border into
578:
6086:
5733:
5591:
5330:
5055:
4428:
4264:
1646:
and Pedro Ximenez can also be used. While the wine is aging in the barrel, a naturally occurring
1407:
is the second most widely planted grape variety. It is known throughout Spain under a variety of
709:
1008:('protected denomination of origin'). The system shares many similarities with the hierarchical
734:
saw vineyards neglected and wineries destroyed throughout Spain with regions like Catalonia and
463:, the Moorish rulers held an ambiguous stance on wine and winemaking during their rule. Several
5671:
5320:
5310:
4918:
4841:
4286:
717:
632:, they served to stunt growth and development until independence was gained from Spanish rule.
553:. This opened up a new export market as well as a new opportunity for wine production. Spanish
5514:
3266:
3251:
2646:
879:
serve to isolate and influence the climate of several Spanish wine regions. These include the
6010:
5967:
5864:
5824:
5799:
5608:
5556:
5223:
4856:
4625:
4269:
3973:
3261:
1560:
1364:
935:
923:
895:
receiving an average of 59 inches (1,500 mm) while the winemaking region of Rioja, near
769:
allowed more economic freedom for winemakers and created an emerging market with the growing
651:
641:
570:
550:
308:
286:
5897:
5829:
5819:
5666:
5625:
5613:
5280:
4507:
4259:
3012:
2590:
2229:
1877:
1272:
969:
962:
880:
542:
456:
197:
122:
1855:, Navarre, Basque Country, and Rioja. Around 95% of Spain's total Cava production is from
1313:). This is less than 1/8 of the vine density commonly found in other wine regions such as
1090:. With updates in 2016, the five-tier became a six-tier classification and is as follows:
8:
5947:
5834:
5814:
5804:
5586:
5561:
5325:
5085:
5037:
4937:
4181:
3604:
3493:
3188:
3183:
3007:
2997:
2950:
2919:
2856:
2804:
2799:
2783:
2661:
2595:
2539:
2534:
2487:
2472:
2256:
1815:
1771:
1572:
939:
802:
wine-producing country that could compete with other producers in the world wine market.
735:
621:
586:
574:
530:
369:
318:
277:
introduced new advances to the region-including the teachings of the early viticulturist
166:
4487:
3286:
2707:
2524:
1563:
noted in 1846 that the Spanish made wine in an "unscientific and careless manner" while
1455:
904:
742:
closed off European markets to Spanish exports and further damaged the Spanish economy.
322:
208:
5942:
5937:
5839:
5809:
5758:
5598:
5581:
5520:
5417:
5383:
5275:
5075:
4580:
3948:
3731:
3612:
3556:
3414:
3347:
3291:
3037:
2830:
2600:
2585:
2529:
2508:
1785:
1491:
1345:
811:
790:
601:
266:
2717:
1807:
1239:
For Rioja red wines these are aged for 1 year, with at least 6 months in oak barrels.
5957:
5869:
5854:
5849:
5789:
5728:
5718:
5630:
5539:
5525:
5481:
5460:
5398:
5029:
4976:
4560:
4298:
3514:
3342:
3271:
3225:
2748:
2565:
2441:
2421:
2138:
2114:
2090:
2066:
2045:
2024:
1910:
1675:
1349:
1046:
798:
749:
wineries were founded during this period and an international market was created for
731:
90:
4497:
3591:
3419:
2825:
2271:
1515:
789:
from abroad and broader acceptance of the use of international grape varieties like
720:. One of the measures instituted by Primo de Rivera was the early groundwork of the
220:
6051:
6044:
5889:
5748:
5654:
5576:
5486:
5454:
5368:
5258:
5250:
4820:
4747:
4610:
4512:
4090:
4003:
3968:
3822:
3767:
3276:
2636:
2503:
2446:
2276:
1793:
1539:
1479:
1416:
1297:
1031:
762:
754:
739:
671:
617:
417:
393:
240:
216:
189:
158:
61:
2702:
1719:
1483:
1220:) to appear on the label, a minimum of 85% of the grapes must be from that year's
5917:
5912:
5708:
5403:
5335:
5175:
4996:
4913:
4699:
4527:
4462:
4405:
4368:
4248:
4126:
4085:
3988:
3953:
3852:
3827:
3483:
3357:
3119:
3104:
3078:
3047:
3042:
3002:
2872:
2840:
2778:
1638:
produced in southern Spain around the towns of Jerez, Sanlúcar de Barrameda, and
1511:
1507:
1353:
1318:
1314:
1263:
whites and rosés must be aged for at least 4 years with at least 6 months in oak.
1253:
whites and rosés must be aged for at least 2 years with at least 6 months in oak.
900:
778:
401:
381:
377:
126:
2753:
2477:
950:
coast are suitable for producing grapes of high alcohol levels and low acidity.
224:
121:
and wide spacing of the old vines planted on the dry soils found in some of the
6060:
5977:
5952:
5879:
5794:
5378:
5305:
5065:
5014:
4968:
4825:
4797:
4772:
4693:
4682:
4677:
4575:
4542:
4358:
4336:
4303:
4279:
4174:
4136:
4116:
4106:
4038:
4018:
3933:
3888:
3837:
3802:
3757:
3736:
3716:
2820:
2773:
2687:
2631:
2621:
2580:
2570:
2560:
2467:
2426:
1635:
1622:
1583:. Afterward, the wine was stored in wooden barrels or pig skin bags lined with
1428:
1341:
1293:
1277:
1221:
1197:
1113:
denominación de origen calificada / denominació d'origen qualificada in Catalan
1069:
1058:
915:
899:, around 62 miles (100 km) away receives only 18 inches (460 mm). In
896:
862:
832:
One of the dominant geographical influences of Spanish viticulture is the vast
821:
774:
758:
705:
593:
566:
562:
514:
460:
212:
201:
83:
39:
5070:
3052:
2763:
2697:
1847:"Cava" is restricted to production around select municipalities in Catalonia,
1249:
red wines are aged for at least 3 years, with at least 1 year in oak barrels.
533:, Spain became more dependent on income from exporting wines to South America.
6080:
6018:
5874:
5194:
5095:
5004:
4902:
4810:
4805:
4482:
4274:
4131:
4111:
4069:
4059:
3993:
3963:
3918:
3893:
3873:
3868:
3812:
3797:
3777:
3762:
3741:
3726:
3721:
3711:
3706:
3646:
3636:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2738:
2575:
2175:
1789:
1564:
1424:
1285:
1115:('qualified denomination of origin') – This designation, which is similar to
1039:
947:
919:
884:
750:
647:
558:
510:
389:
385:
337:
274:
262:
228:
114:
3022:
2981:
2712:
408:
noting the high quality associated with some wines from Terraconensis while
6065:
6023:
5907:
4881:
4472:
4410:
4400:
4353:
4121:
4064:
4028:
4008:
3998:
3958:
3943:
3898:
3878:
3847:
3792:
3787:
3631:
3608:
3094:
2965:
2914:
2893:
2835:
2768:
2692:
2682:
2677:
2616:
2261:
2192:
1755:
1724:
1712:
1699:
1647:
1596:
1531:
1526:
1412:
1289:
1184:
1179:('table wine') – These are wines that are the equivalent of most country's
1077:
866:
850:
825:
770:
746:
713:
613:
554:
357:
333:
193:
185:
118:
106:
4630:
2390:
958:
6005:
5902:
5295:
5199:
5150:
5113:
4907:
4762:
4752:
4650:
4415:
4346:
4205:
4013:
3983:
3923:
3913:
3908:
3832:
3807:
3782:
3772:
2888:
2758:
2733:
2626:
2344:
2266:
2180:
1852:
1683:
1627:
1576:
1404:
1357:
1050:
1035:
888:
727:
663:
506:
494:
473:
451:
conquered the land during the early 8th century AD. While the Moors were
250:
130:
110:
98:
45:
35:
4532:
3068:
1828:
1776:
1510:. Other Spanish grape varieties that have significant plantings include
1471:
1447:
1379:
174:
146:
5103:
5019:
5009:
4960:
4866:
4861:
4846:
4782:
4777:
4742:
4640:
4635:
4595:
4522:
4467:
4457:
4439:
4395:
4383:
4373:
4331:
4157:
4147:
4033:
3978:
3938:
3928:
3903:
3817:
3616:
3017:
2898:
2555:
2376:
2360:
2328:
2281:
2198:
2158:
1872:
1840:
1836:
1600:
1555:
1550:
1534:
has long been associated with Spanish wine from regions like the Rioja.
1495:
1459:
1439:
have significant plantings, being used for both dark red wines and dry
1432:
1375:
1334:
1180:
1147:('estate wine'), a special term for high-quality, single-estate wines (
1062:
1054:
992:
875:
838:
794:
701:
to the European vines had already been discovered and widely utilized.
683:
655:
498:
444:
352:) in the south. During this period more Spanish wine was exported into
282:
142:
97:
has over 1.2 million hectares (3.0 million acres) planted in
79:
4452:
1420:
1224:. The three most common aging designations on Spanish wine labels are
666:, many countries turned to Spain, with French winemakers crossing the
5859:
5566:
4981:
4871:
4851:
4787:
4767:
4757:
4717:
4655:
4537:
4477:
4378:
4223:
3842:
3561:
2656:
2482:
1856:
1832:
1824:
1467:
1400:
1396:
931:
854:
782:
698:
679:
629:
546:
440:
432:
349:
341:
170:
582:
5285:
4727:
4722:
4712:
4605:
4585:
4552:
4517:
4363:
4326:
4238:
4233:
4218:
2641:
2286:
1961:
1933:
1707:
1643:
1487:
1243:
whites and rosés must be aged for at least 6 months in oak barrels.
870:
846:
694:
667:
577:. English merchants from the Sherry producing regions of Jerez and
397:
373:
365:
361:
313:
295:
258:
138:
101:, making it the most widely planted wine-producing nation, but the
75:
50:
4447:
3661:
1388:
1382:
is one of the principal grapes of the Spanish sparkling wine Cava.
841:
that runs through the Rioja and several Catalan wine regions; the
654:. A major turning point occurred in the mid-19th century when the
481:
emerged as a large trading port; introducing Spanish wines to the
400:. The quality of Spanish wine during Roman times was varied, with
270:
150:
30:
5215:
5180:
4986:
4737:
4590:
4565:
4492:
4228:
3641:
3027:
1820:
1728:
1691:
1463:
1451:
1408:
1322:
1310:
1209:
911:
833:
675:
502:
486:
482:
405:
345:
326:
178:
162:
154:
4341:
1440:
987:
5145:
5108:
4732:
4620:
4615:
2431:
2291:
1957:"Global leading countries in wine export 2023, based on volume"
1848:
1655:
1617:
1503:
1392:
1326:
1087:
605:
517:
though there were laws that explicitly outlawed this practice.
490:
478:
464:
452:
204:
1352:
flying winemakers helped to popularize the use of underground
704:
The end of the 19th century also saw the emergence of Spain's
5246:
4929:
4645:
4600:
4570:
3073:
1584:
1499:
1436:
1116:
842:
816:
625:
448:
436:
246:
134:
94:
86:
1799:
Vino Espumoso de Calidad Producido en una Región Determinada
4197:
4153:
3215:
2137:, Third Edition, pp. 145–145, Oxford University Press 2006
2113:, Third Edition, pp. 623–627, Oxford University Press 2006
1810:
in the late 19th century. The wine was originally known as
1667:
1651:
1306:
1196:
Spanish wines are often labeled according to the amount of
930:. In the south, the Sherry and Malaga producing regions of
858:
828:
region from the rain and cool winds from the Bay of Biscay.
609:
468:
412:
notes that one popular Spanish wine sold in Rome, known as
409:
353:
254:
2241:
2023:, Third Edition. pp. 652–65, Oxford University Press 2006
1863:
being home to many of Spain's largest production houses.
1608:(young wines) that are released with very little ageing.
1330:
934:
contain some of the hottest parts of Spain. North of the
628:, these orders were largely ignored; but in others, like
215:
that is known for its white wines made from Albariño and
1134:
denominación de origen / denominació d'origen in Catalan
443:. Little is known about the progress of viticulture and
4166:
2161:
Information about all Spanish DOCa and DOP wine regions
2164:
2081:
2079:
1929:"Leading countries in wine production worldwide 2023"
777:
brought economic aid to the rural wine industries of
302:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
585:
fled the area due to the fear of persecution by the
477:
reopened the possibility of exporting Spanish wine.
192:, which are known for their Tempranillo production;
2129:
2127:
2105:
2103:
2089:, Third Edition, pp. 232–246, Abbeville Press 2003
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
753:bulk wines that were sold under names like Spanish
658:epidemic ravaged European vineyards – most notably
2076:
2055:
1890:
6078:
2124:
2100:
1976:
1806:). It originated in the Catalonia region at the
1122:Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita
635:
520:
89:produced throughout the country. Located on the
273:around 1100 BC. Following the Phoenicians, the
1549:(to produce/make) when describing the Spanish
1446:In the northwest, the white wine varieties of
1329:, for example, yields are often less than 1.1
1083:Instituto Nacional de Denominaciones de Origen
5231:
4945:
4182:
3677:
2214:
1797:
1784:Cava is a Spanish sparkling wine made in the
730:system first developed in Rioja in 1926. The
364:being found in ruins of Roman settlements in
69:
2034:
5238:
5224:
4952:
4938:
4189:
4175:
3684:
3670:
2221:
2207:
1423:with Garnacha being the main grape of the
1280:, vines are widely spaced in the vineyard.
1395:. Wines made from this grape can be very
1159:vino de calidad con indicación geográfica
4152:
2228:
1775:
1621:
1525:
1374:
1271:
1191:
986:
957:
815:
805:
537:Following the completion of the Spanish
524:
312:
223:and still wine-producing regions of the
117:; this is due, in part, to the very low
44:
29:
5130:Clarification and stabilization of wine
3307:Sierras de las Estancias y los Filabres
3217:PGI: Protected Geographical Indications
2065:, pp. 302–311, Dorling Kindersley 2005
1909:, pp. 410–422, Workman Publishing 2001
1662:Sherry has a wide diversity of styles:
1569:History and Description of Modern wines
196:, known for its Monastrell production;
184:Major Spanish wine regions include the
14:
6079:
2243:PDO: Protected Denominations of Origin
1954:
1926:
1276:In many Spanish wine regions, such as
1068:Following Spain's acceptance into the
105:producer of wine in the world, behind
5509:Natural Sites of Community Importance
5219:
4933:
4170:
4151:
3665:
3214:
2240:
2202:
249:varieties fostered an early start to
53:are common sights in the countryside.
1023:Denominazione di origine controllata
887:. The Cantabrian Mountains act as a
824:in the northwest and protecting the
384:. Spanish wine was also provided to
5988:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
3691:
2159:Spain – Wine regions and their wine
1723:– is very rich and naturally sweet
1538:In Spain, winemakers often use the
1014:(AOC) system of France, Portugal's
416:, was merely good for getting your
38:wine, from Bodegues Ramon Roqueta,
24:
5245:
1780:A semi-seco (semi-dry) rosado Cava
1370:
1200:has received. When the label says
620:was a threat to this income, with
303:From Roman rule to the Reconquista
293:of the Spanish mainland, known as
25:
6103:
4214:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
2152:
2063:"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia"
2044:, p. 85, Simon and Schuster 1989
1028:Denominación de Origen Calificada
982:
785:. The 1990s saw the influence of
738:being particularly hard hit. The
5193:
4901:
3590:
2442:Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda
2389:
2186:
2174:
1099:denominación de origen protegida
1017:Denominação de Origem Controlada
1006:denominación de origen protegida
891:with the coastal regions of the
5552:Autonomous communities of Spain
3338:Ribera del Gállego-Cinco Villas
1650:native to the region, known as
1168:indicación geográfica protegida
1011:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
953:
797:. In 1996, the restrictions on
767:Spanish transition to democracy
431:, Spain was invaded by various
388:guarding border settlements in
5963:National and regional identity
4959:
3399:Serra de Tramuntana-Costa Nord
2135:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
2111:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
2021:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1948:
1920:
1851:, Castile and León, Valencia,
1296:as well as the development of
1267:
998:Spanish wine laws created the
662:. With the sudden shortage of
34:A glass and bottle of Spanish
13:
1:
5156:Glossary of viticulture terms
3603:Multi-regional wine regions:
2087:Jancis Robinson's Wine Course
1883:
1530:Extended periods of aging in
1521:
1454:are popular plantings in the
944:diurnal temperature variation
636:From phylloxera to modern day
549:under the sponsorship of the
521:Colonization of the New World
5161:Glossary of winemaking terms
1796:. The definition of Cava is
269:founded the trading post of
7:
5983:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
1955:Conway, Jan (5 June 2024).
1927:Conway, Jan (5 June 2024).
1866:
1545:(to elaborate) rather than
1356:to minimize the effects of
505:and higher than those from
429:decline of the Roman Empire
211:in the northwest region of
10:
6108:
5081:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
3242:Altiplano de Sierra Nevada
2042:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1769:
1615:
1080:) are administered by the
967:
809:
639:
306:
238:
234:
6038:
5996:
5888:
5785:
5776:
5662:
5653:
5547:
5538:
5425:
5416:
5361:
5266:
5257:
5189:
5171:History of the wine press
5138:
5122:
5094:
5061:Sparkling wine production
5046:
5028:
4995:
4967:
4895:
4834:
4796:
4691:
4668:
4551:
4438:
4426:
4319:
4247:
4204:
4164:
4099:
4078:
4052:
3861:
3750:
3699:
3599:
3588:
3570:
3549:
3523:
3507:
3476:
3460:
3444:
3428:
3407:
3366:
3325:
3234:
3223:
3210:
3176:
3160:
3144:
3128:
3117:
3087:
3061:
2990:
2974:
2963:
2928:
2907:
2881:
2865:
2849:
2813:
2792:
2726:
2670:
2652:Tierra del Vino de Zamora
2609:
2548:
2517:
2496:
2460:
2414:
2398:
2387:
2369:
2353:
2337:
2321:
2300:
2249:
2236:
1611:
1476:sparkling wine production
853:which is at the heart of
5641:Wars and armed conflicts
5281:Ancient History Timeline
5166:Wine tasting descriptors
4887:Wine tasting descriptors
4816:Phenolic content in wine
4708:Alternative wine closure
4292:Great French Wine Blight
4196:
1640:El Puerto de Santa María
565:vines with them as they
245:The abundance of native
5341:Transition to democracy
5316:Reaction and revolution
5056:Malolactic fermentation
3317:Villaviciosa de Córdoba
3297:Sierra Norte de Sevilla
1765:
1711:– is a naturally sweet
928:Mediterranean influence
861:which runs through the
567:colonized the new lands
459:that forbid the use of
289:that would lead to the
253:with evidence of grape
5931:International Interest
5739:Science and technology
5435:Autonomous communities
3884:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3100:Pago de Los Balagueses
1859:, with the village of
1798:
1781:
1631:
1567:noted in his work the
1535:
1383:
1281:
1001:Denominación de Origen
995:
976:Autonomous Communities
965:
922:, the climate is more
829:
723:Denominación de Origen
718:Miguel Primo de Rivera
573:from his Spanish wife
534:
329:
281:. Carthage would wage
70:
65:
54:
42:
5968:National Day of Spain
4857:Wine and food pairing
3262:Cumbres del Guadalfeo
1779:
1625:
1529:
1403:. The red wine grape
1378:
1365:mechanical harvesting
1275:
1192:Spanish labeling laws
990:
963:Wine regions of Spain
961:
869:which flows into the
819:
806:Geography and climate
642:History of Rioja wine
579:Sanlúcar de Barrameda
571:Henry VIII of England
528:
316:
309:Ancient Rome and wine
48:
33:
5572:Constitutional Court
4508:Muscat of Alexandria
3013:Dominio de Valdepusa
2230:Spanish wine regions
1878:Agriculture in Spain
1861:Sant Sadurní d'Anoia
1634:Sherry is a heavily
1575:would take place in
1490:forms, most notably
1309:(900–1600 vines per
1286:viticultural hazards
970:Spanish wine regions
881:Cantabrian Mountains
543:Christopher Columbus
457:Islamic dietary laws
198:Jerez de la Frontera
123:Spanish wine regions
27:Wine making in Spain
5515:Plazas de soberanía
5086:Yeast in winemaking
5038:Carbonic maceration
3499:Val do Miño-Ourense
3494:Ribeiras do Morrazo
3267:Desierto de Almería
3189:Valles de Benavente
3184:Sierra de Salamanca
3008:Dehesa del Carrizal
2998:Campo de La Guardia
2800:Ribera del Guadiana
2596:Valle de la Orotava
940:Guadalquivir Valley
587:Spanish Inquisition
575:Catherine of Aragon
529:Under the reign of
344:) in the north and
257:dating back to the
219:which includes the
5744:Telecommunications
5445:Biosphere Reserves
5346:Contemporary Spain
5336:Spain under Franco
5276:Prehistoric Iberia
5076:Traditional method
4877:Wine personalities
4581:Cabernet Sauvignon
3613:Ribera del Queiles
3557:Ribera del Queiles
3541:Campo de Cartagena
3415:Costa de Cantabria
3348:Ribera del Queiles
3302:Sierra Sur de Jaén
3292:Ribera del Andarax
2601:Ycoden-Daute-Isora
2586:Tacoronte-Acentejo
2535:Txakoli de Getaria
2530:Txakoli de Bizkaia
2432:Jerez-Xeres-Sherry
2292:Jerez-Xeres-Sherry
2133:J. Robinson (ed).
2109:J. Robinson (ed).
2019:J. Robinson (ed).
1786:traditional method
1782:
1725:dessert-style wine
1713:dessert-style wine
1659:levels above 16%.
1632:
1536:
1492:Cabernet Sauvignon
1384:
1282:
1204:("young wine") or
1020:(DOC) and Italy's
996:
966:
830:
812:Geography of Spain
791:Cabernet Sauvignon
592:The defeat of the
535:
330:
285:with the emerging
200:, the home of the
55:
43:
6074:
6073:
6034:
6033:
5958:Myths and legends
5926:National Interest
5772:
5771:
5724:Largest companies
5649:
5648:
5636:Political parties
5604:Foreign relations
5534:
5533:
5482:Iberian Peninsula
5430:Autonomous cities
5412:
5411:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5206:
4977:Late harvest wine
4927:
4926:
4664:
4663:
4561:Alicante Bouschet
4309:Judgment of Paris
4145:
4144:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3586:
3585:
3515:Valles de Sadacia
3445:Castile–La Mancha
3343:Ribera del Jiloca
3272:Laderas del Genil
3226:Vino de la tierra
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3113:
3112:
2991:Castile–La Mancha
2959:
2958:
2749:Costers del Segre
2671:Castile–La Mancha
2452:Sierras de Málaga
2422:Condado de Huelva
2385:
2384:
2313:calificada (DOCa)
1727:. It's made from
1103:consejo regulador
1074:autonomous region
1047:Consejo Regulador
938:mountains in the
787:flying winemakers
732:Spanish Civil War
598:Anglo-Spanish War
455:and subjected to
113:and ahead of the
91:Iberian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
6099:
6054:
6047:
5783:
5782:
5714:Financial crisis
5704:Economic history
5660:
5659:
5577:Cortes Generales
5545:
5544:
5487:Peninsular Spain
5423:
5422:
5374:Pre-Roman Iberia
5369:General overview
5264:
5263:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5217:
5216:
5198:
5197:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4931:
4930:
4906:
4905:
4821:Proteins in wine
4488:Grüner Veltliner
4436:
4435:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4149:
4148:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3663:
3662:
3594:
3436:Castile and León
3429:Castile and León
3367:Balearic Islands
3287:Norte de Almería
3277:Laujar-Alpujarra
3232:
3231:
3212:
3211:
3177:Castile and León
3126:
3125:
2972:
2971:
2744:Conca de Barberà
2708:Ribera del Júcar
2637:Ribera del Duero
2610:Castile and León
2525:Txakoli de Álava
2497:Balearic Islands
2447:Montilla-Moriles
2412:
2411:
2404:
2393:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2277:Ribera del Duero
2238:
2237:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2170:
2146:
2131:
2122:
2107:
2098:
2083:
2074:
2059:
2053:
2038:
2032:
2017:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1924:
1918:
1903:
1801:
1417:Ribera del Duero
1298:Botrytis cinerea
1226:Crianza, Reserva
1086:(INDO) based in
1030:(DOCa or DOQ in
991:A Reserva level
926:with the strong
905:Castile and León
857:production; the
765:in 1975 and the
763:Francisco Franco
740:Second World War
485:wine markets in
394:Limes Germanicus
323:Castile and León
283:a series of wars
241:History of Spain
190:Ribera del Duero
165:; and the three
73:
21:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6092:Wine by country
6077:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6030:
6025:Toro de Osborne
5992:
5973:Public holidays
5884:
5845:Life expectancy
5768:
5734:Property bubble
5645:
5530:
5408:
5404:Spanish miracle
5357:
5331:Second Republic
5253:
5244:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5200:Wine portal
5192:
5185:
5176:History of wine
5134:
5118:
5090:
5042:
5024:
5005:Deacidification
4991:
4963:
4958:
4928:
4923:
4908:Wine portal
4900:
4891:
4830:
4792:
4697:
4687:
4660:
4547:
4528:Sauvignon blanc
4463:Cayetana blanca
4431:
4429:grape varieties
4422:
4315:
4243:
4200:
4195:
4160:
4146:
4141:
4095:
4074:
4048:
3974:North Macedonia
3857:
3746:
3695:
3693:Wine by country
3690:
3660:
3651:
3595:
3582:
3566:
3545:
3519:
3503:
3484:Barbanza e Iria
3472:
3456:
3440:
3424:
3403:
3389:Isla de Menorca
3362:
3358:Valle del Cinca
3321:
3228:
3219:
3198:
3172:
3156:
3140:
3122:
3120:Vino de calidad
3109:
3105:Vera de Estenas
3083:
3079:Prado de Irache
3057:
3048:Pago Florentino
3043:Pago Calzadilla
3003:Casa del Blanco
2986:
2968:
2955:
2924:
2903:
2877:
2873:Vinos de Madrid
2861:
2845:
2809:
2788:
2722:
2666:
2605:
2591:Valle de Güímar
2544:
2513:
2492:
2456:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2394:
2381:
2365:
2349:
2333:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2296:
2245:
2232:
2227:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2173:
2165:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2132:
2125:
2108:
2101:
2084:
2077:
2060:
2056:
2039:
2035:
2018:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1925:
1921:
1904:
1891:
1886:
1869:
1819:varieties like
1808:Codorníu Winery
1792:sparkling wine
1774:
1768:
1620:
1614:
1524:
1512:Cayetana Blanca
1508:Sauvignon blanc
1427:region. In the
1373:
1371:Grape varieties
1354:drip irrigation
1270:
1194:
1045:Each DOP has a
985:
972:
956:
814:
808:
660:those of France
644:
638:
545:discovered the
523:
435:-including the
433:barbaric tribes
402:Pliny the Elder
311:
305:
243:
237:
127:grape varieties
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6105:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6087:Spanish drinks
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6056:
6055:
6048:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6021:
6016:
6015:Cultural icons
6013:
6008:
6002:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5894:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5592:Prime Minister
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5511:
5506:
5504:National parks
5501:
5499:Municipalities
5496:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5474:
5472:Extreme points
5469:
5464:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5379:Spanish Empire
5376:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5321:First Republic
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5291:Medieval Spain
5288:
5286:Roman Hispania
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5243:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5220:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5066:Sugars in wine
5063:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5034:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5015:Chaptalization
5012:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4957:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4934:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4842:Classification
4838:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4826:Sugars in wine
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4798:Wine chemistry
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4773:Wine dispenser
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4576:Cabernet Franc
4573:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4543:Welschriesling
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4498:Müller-Thurgau
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4433:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4265:Ancient Greece
4262:
4253:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4194:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4044:United Kingdom
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3904:Czech Republic
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3666:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3168:Islas Canarias
3164:
3162:
3161:Canary Islands
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2647:Tierra de León
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2549:Canary Islands
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2518:Basque Country
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Campo de Borja
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2409:
2406:de origen (DO)
2399:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2322:Basque Country
2316:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2196:
2195:
2183:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2153:External links
2151:
2148:
2147:
2123:
2099:
2075:
2061:T. Stevenson.
2054:
2033:
1975:
1947:
1919:
1907:The Wine Bible
1888:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1770:Main article:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1746:
1732:
1716:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1636:fortified wine
1616:Main article:
1613:
1610:
1579:jars known as
1523:
1520:
1372:
1369:
1294:powdery mildew
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1244:
1198:aging the wine
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1171:
1162:
1152:
1138:
1126:
1106:
1070:European Union
984:
983:Classification
981:
968:Main article:
955:
952:
916:flash flooding
893:Basque Country
807:
804:
775:European Union
716:under General
706:sparkling wine
691:Meseta Central
652:Industrial Age
637:
634:
594:Spanish Armada
563:European grape
522:
519:
427:Following the
386:Roman soldiers
304:
301:
291:Roman conquest
287:Roman Republic
263:Archaeologists
236:
233:
202:fortified wine
71:vino de España
26:
18:Spanish (wine)
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6104:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6037:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5697:median income
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5567:Head of State
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:Enlightenment
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5229:
5227:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5188:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4811:Acids in wine
4809:
4807:
4806:Aroma of wine
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4670:Major regions
4667:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Montepulciano
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:South America
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4070:United States
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:North America
4051:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:Liechtenstein
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3682:
3680:
3675:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Galician wine
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3384:Illes Balears
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Los Cerrillos
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Utiel-Requena
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Ribeira Sacra
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2509:Pla i Llevant
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2397:
2392:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:Major regions
2252:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2143:0-19-860990-6
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2120:
2119:0-19-860990-6
2116:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2095:0-7892-0883-0
2092:
2088:
2085:J. Robinson.
2082:
2080:
2072:
2071:0-7566-1324-8
2068:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2050:0-671-68702-6
2047:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2029:0-19-860990-6
2026:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1915:1-56305-434-5
1912:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1773:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1720:Pedro Ximénez
1717:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:Cyrus Redding
1562:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:Pedro Ximénez
1481:
1477:
1474:are used for
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:and prone to
1398:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1333:per acre (20
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1186:
1185:Super Tuscans
1182:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1002:
994:
989:
980:
977:
971:
964:
960:
951:
949:
948:Mediterranean
945:
941:
937:
936:Sierra Nevada
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:Bay of Biscay
882:
878:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
827:
823:
818:
813:
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
643:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:conquistadors
556:
552:
551:Spanish crown
548:
544:
540:
532:
527:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:Terraconensis
335:
328:
324:
321:built in the
320:
315:
310:
300:
298:
297:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:Carthaginians
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
242:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:; the whites
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:United States
112:
108:
104:
103:third largest
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
72:
67:
63:
59:
52:
47:
41:
40:Catalunya DOP
37:
32:
19:
6024:
6011:Coat of arms
5908:Bullfighting
5898:Architecture
5865:Prostitution
5825:Homelessness
5800:Demographics
5763:
5754:Trade unions
5692:unemployment
5677:Car industry
5609:Human rights
5557:Constitution
5513:
5459:
5439:ranked lists
5351:1975–present
5191:
5048:Fermentation
4899:
4882:Wine tasting
4503:Muscat blanc
4473:Chenin blanc
4270:Ancient Rome
4023:
3732:South Africa
3632:Catalan wine
3627:Spanish wine
3626:
3312:Torreperogil
3282:Los Palacios
3095:El Terrerazo
2966:Vino de Pago
2769:Pla de Bages
2566:Gran Canaria
2401:Denominación
2303:Denominación
2134:
2110:
2086:
2062:
2057:
2041:
2040:H. Johnson.
2036:
2020:
1966:. Retrieved
1960:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1932:
1922:
1906:
1905:K. MacNeil.
1845:
1811:
1803:
1783:
1756:Cream Sherry
1754:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1718:
1706:
1700:Palo Cortado
1698:
1690:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1633:
1605:
1597:American oak
1593:
1588:
1580:
1573:fermentation
1568:
1561:Richard Ford
1546:
1542:
1540:Spanish word
1537:
1532:American oak
1445:
1385:
1362:
1339:
1301:
1290:downy mildew
1283:
1261:Gran Reserva
1260:
1257:Gran Reserva
1256:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1230:Gran Reserva
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1177:vino de mesa
1176:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:vino de pago
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1081:
1067:
1051:viticultural
1044:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1005:
999:
997:
973:
954:Wine regions
909:
874:
867:Guadalquivir
851:Douro Valley
831:
771:middle class
757:and Spanish
747:co-operative
744:
721:
714:dictatorship
703:
686:
645:
591:
555:missionaries
538:
536:
472:
426:
422:Ars amatoria
421:
413:
370:Loire Valley
358:Italian wine
348:(modern-day
340:(modern-day
331:
294:
244:
227:as well the
183:
66:vino español
58:Spanish wine
57:
56:
49:Traditional
5830:Immigration
5820:Health care
5682:Communities
5667:Agriculture
5467:Earthquakes
5326:Restoration
5296:Reconquista
5151:Wine bottle
5123:Other steps
5114:Wine cellar
5071:Süssreserve
4763:Wine cellar
4753:Wine bottle
4694:accessories
4692:Packaging,
4651:Tempranillo
4280:Noah's wine
4260:Phoenicians
4206:Viticulture
4091:New Zealand
4034:Switzerland
3979:Netherlands
3828:Philippines
3468:Extremadura
3461:Extremadura
3333:Bajo Aragón
3053:Vallegarcía
2826:Rías Baixas
2793:Extremadura
2272:Rías Baixas
1853:Extremadura
1684:Amontillado
1628:Amontillado
1626:A glass of
1577:earthenware
1456:Rías Baixas
1405:Tempranillo
1358:evaporation
1268:Viticulture
1206:Sin crianza
1181:table wines
889:rain shadow
876:cordilleras
728:appellation
664:French wine
581:as well as
539:Reconquista
531:Phillip III
507:La Rochelle
495:Southampton
474:Reconquista
267:Phoenicians
251:viticulture
209:Rías Baixas
131:Tempranillo
99:wine grapes
74:) includes
36:Tempranillo
6081:Categories
5948:Mass media
5943:Literature
5835:Irreligion
5815:Euthanasia
5805:Disability
5587:Government
5562:Corruption
5384:Golden Age
5030:Maceration
5020:Wine press
5010:Destemming
4961:Winemaking
4867:Wine fraud
4862:Wine fault
4847:Oenophilia
4783:Wine label
4778:Wine glass
4743:Port tongs
4641:Sangiovese
4636:Pinot noir
4596:Douce noir
4523:Rkatsiteli
4468:Chardonnay
4458:Catarratto
4432:by acreage
4406:Biodynamic
4369:Aromatized
4158:winemaking
4004:San Marino
3969:Montenegro
3954:Luxembourg
3808:Kazakhstan
3768:Azerbaijan
3374:Formentera
3353:Valdejalón
3194:Valtiendas
3023:Finca Élez
3018:El Vicario
2982:Pago Aylés
2841:Valdeorras
2779:Terra Alta
2718:Valdepeñas
2504:Binissalem
1884:References
1873:Winemaking
1841:Pinot noir
1837:Chardonnay
1835:grapes of
1742:Pale Cream
1676:Manzanilla
1606:vino joven
1601:French oak
1551:winemaking
1522:Winemaking
1496:Chardonnay
1433:Monastrell
1350:Australian
1325:region of
1302:marco real
1202:vino joven
1063:wine label
1055:winemaking
839:Ebro river
810:See also:
799:irrigation
795:Chardonnay
656:phylloxera
640:See also:
622:Philip III
499:Edward III
445:winemaking
424:3.645-6).
334:Roman rule
307:See also:
239:See also:
143:Monastrell
5938:Languages
5840:Languages
5810:Education
5759:Transport
5599:Elections
5582:Judiciary
5521:Provinces
5418:Geography
5399:Civil War
5306:Expansion
4982:Noble rot
4872:Winemaker
4852:Sommelier
4788:Wine rack
4768:Wine cork
4758:Wine cave
4748:Screw cap
4718:Corkscrew
4683:New World
4678:Old World
4656:Zinfandel
4631:Mourvèdre
4538:Trebbiano
4478:Colombard
4379:Noble rot
4359:Fortified
4337:Sparkling
4304:New World
4107:Argentina
4086:Australia
3823:Palestine
3562:3 Riberas
3408:Cantabria
3235:Andalusia
3129:Andalusia
3033:La Jaraba
2821:Monterrei
2774:Tarragona
2739:Catalunya
2727:Catalonia
2693:Manchuela
2688:La Mancha
2581:Lanzarote
2571:La Gomera
2561:El Hierro
2483:Somontano
2468:Calatayud
2415:Andalusia
2338:Catalonia
2308:de origen
1857:Catalonia
1833:Champagne
1825:Parellada
1794:Champagne
1587:known as
1468:Parellada
1401:oxidation
1397:alcoholic
1059:harvested
932:Andalusia
863:La Mancha
855:Port wine
783:La Mancha
755:sauternes
710:Champagne
699:rootstock
697:American
680:Catalonia
630:Argentina
618:Argentina
602:Philip II
547:New World
541:in 1492,
441:Visigoths
350:Andalucia
342:Tarragona
217:Catalonia
171:Parellada
84:sparkling
51:vineyards
6061:Category
5922:Fiestas
5870:Religion
5855:Pensions
5850:Naturism
5790:Abortion
5729:Taxation
5719:Forestry
5631:Monarchy
5626:Military
5619:Intersex
5540:Politics
5526:Wildlife
5461:Comarcas
5394:Military
5389:Economic
5362:By topic
5268:Timeline
5251:articles
4997:Pressing
4919:Glossary
4835:Industry
4728:Jug wine
4723:Decanter
4713:Box wine
4611:Isabella
4606:Grenache
4586:Carignan
4533:Sémillon
4518:Riesling
4513:Palomino
4256:Ancient
4239:Vineyard
4234:Veraison
4219:Oenology
4127:Paraguay
4019:Slovenia
4014:Slovakia
3989:Portugal
3889:Bulgaria
3843:Thailand
3758:Abkhazia
3737:Tanzania
3717:Ethiopia
3623:See also
3578:Castelló
3571:Valencia
3531:Abanilla
3508:La Rioja
3489:Betanzos
3452:Castilla
3394:Mallorca
3145:Asturias
3088:Valencia
3069:Arínzano
2946:Valencia
2936:Alicante
2929:Valencia
2850:La Rioja
2759:Montsant
2703:Mondéjar
2698:Méntrida
2576:La Palma
2478:Cariñena
2354:La Rioja
1962:Statista
1934:Statista
1867:See also
1829:Xarel·lo
1708:Moscatel
1644:Moscatel
1547:fabricar
1543:elaborar
1488:varietal
1480:Palomino
1472:Xarel·lo
1448:Albariño
1431:region,
1409:synonyms
1380:Xarel·lo
1319:Burgundy
1315:Bordeaux
1214:vendimia
1109:DOCa/DOQ
924:moderate
920:Valencia
871:Atlantic
865:region;
847:Portugal
736:Valencia
695:grafting
668:Pyrenees
561:brought
439:and the
420:drunk. (
418:mistress
414:Saguntum
398:Germania
392:and the
382:Bordeaux
378:Provence
374:Brittany
366:Normandy
362:amphorae
325:city of
319:aqueduct
296:Hispania
261:period.
259:Tertiary
231:region.
175:Xarel·lo
159:Palomino
147:Albariño
139:Garnacha
6045:Outline
5998:Symbols
5918:Cuisine
5890:Culture
5778:Society
5749:Tourism
5655:Economy
5494:Islands
5477:Forests
5455:Climate
5450:Borders
5259:History
5181:Terroir
5139:Related
4987:Vintage
4969:Harvest
4914:Outline
4738:Muselet
4700:storage
4591:Cinsaut
4566:Barbera
4493:Macabeo
4453:Aligoté
4411:Organic
4401:Natural
4354:Dessert
4299:Georgia
4249:History
4229:Terroir
4224:Species
4137:Uruguay
4112:Bolivia
4079:Oceania
4039:Ukraine
3994:Romania
3964:Moldova
3939:Ireland
3934:Hungary
3924:Germany
3919:Georgia
3909:Denmark
3894:Croatia
3879:Belgium
3874:Austria
3869:Albania
3853:Vietnam
3813:Lebanon
3763:Armenia
3742:Tunisia
3727:Namibia
3722:Morocco
3707:Algeria
3642:Txakoli
3609:Jumilla
3550:Navarre
3477:Galicia
3420:Liébana
3257:Córdoba
3136:Lebrija
3062:Navarre
3028:Guijoso
2915:Navarra
2908:Navarre
2894:Jumilla
2836:Ribeiro
2814:Galicia
2764:Penedès
2754:Empordà
2683:Jumilla
2678:Almansa
2632:Cigales
2622:Arribes
2617:Arlanza
2427:Granada
2370:Navarre
2345:Priorat
2267:Priorat
2262:Navarra
2167:Portals
1968:21 June
1940:21 June
1821:Macabeo
1816:ferment
1812:Champan
1788:of the
1729:raisins
1692:Oloroso
1581:tinajas
1464:Macabeo
1452:Verdejo
1429:Levante
1425:Priorat
1421:Penedès
1342:harvest
1323:Jumilla
1311:hectare
1278:Galicia
1251:Reserva
1247:Reserva
1241:Crianza
1237:Crianza
1222:harvest
1218:cosecha
1210:vintage
1078:Jumilla
1040:Priorat
1032:Catalan
912:drought
901:Galicia
834:plateau
822:Galicia
779:Galicia
759:chablis
751:generic
687:barrica
676:Navarre
596:in the
515:Germany
503:Gascony
487:Bristol
483:English
465:caliphs
461:alcohol
406:Martial
390:Britain
360:, with
346:Baetica
327:Segovia
235:History
229:Priorat
225:Penedès
213:Galicia
194:Jumilla
179:Macabeo
169:grapes
163:Macabeo
155:Verdejo
62:Spanish
6066:Portal
6006:Anthem
5913:Cinema
5860:People
5709:Energy
5249:
5146:Winery
5109:Solera
4733:Kvevri
4621:Merlot
4616:Malbec
4416:Kosher
4392:Other
4347:Orange
4320:Styles
4287:France
4117:Brazil
4065:Mexico
4060:Canada
4029:Sweden
4009:Serbia
3999:Russia
3984:Poland
3929:Greece
3914:France
3899:Cyprus
3862:Europe
3848:Turkey
3838:Taiwan
3803:Jordan
3793:Israel
3773:Bhutan
3700:Africa
3647:Malaga
3536:Murcia
3524:Murcia
3326:Aragon
3247:Bailén
3152:Cangas
2975:Aragon
2889:Bullas
2882:Murcia
2866:Madrid
2734:Alella
2627:Bierzo
2461:Aragon
2437:Málaga
2403:
2310:
2305:
2141:
2117:
2093:
2069:
2048:
2027:
1913:
1849:Aragon
1827:, and
1804:VECPRD
1790:French
1749:Medium
1735:Blends
1656:solera
1630:Sherry
1618:Sherry
1612:Sherry
1589:cueros
1516:Mencía
1504:Merlot
1470:, and
1393:brandy
1346:Toledo
1337:/ha).
1327:Murcia
1212:year (
1088:Madrid
648:Malaga
606:Mexico
583:Málaga
511:France
491:London
479:Bilbao
453:Muslim
368:, the
332:Under
317:Roman
205:Sherry
177:, and
161:, and
141:, and
119:yields
111:France
82:, and
6052:Index
5978:Sport
5953:Music
5880:Women
5795:Crime
5672:Banks
5301:Union
5247:Spain
5096:Aging
4646:Syrah
4601:Gamay
4571:Bobal
4483:Glera
4448:Airén
4440:White
4396:Table
4384:Straw
4374:Fruit
4332:White
4275:China
4154:Wines
4122:Chile
4024:Spain
3959:Malta
3944:Italy
3833:Syria
3818:Nepal
3798:Japan
3783:India
3778:China
3712:Egypt
3617:Rioja
3379:Ibiza
3252:Cádiz
3074:Otazu
2899:Yecla
2713:Uclés
2642:Rueda
2556:Abona
2377:Rioja
2361:Rioja
2329:Rioja
2287:Rueda
2282:Rioja
2193:Spain
1648:yeast
1585:resin
1500:Syrah
1460:Rueda
1437:Bobal
1413:Rioja
1389:Airén
1288:like
1117:Italy
1036:Rioja
993:Rioja
843:Duero
826:Rioja
726:(DO)
672:Rioja
626:Chile
614:Chile
469:emirs
449:Moors
437:Suebi
356:than
271:Cádiz
247:grape
186:Rioja
151:Airén
135:Bobal
107:Italy
95:Spain
87:wines
80:white
6019:Flag
5875:Time
5764:Wine
5614:LGBT
4698:and
4427:Top
4342:Rosé
4198:Wine
4156:and
4132:Peru
3788:Iran
3751:Asia
3605:Cava
2951:Cava
2920:Cava
2857:Cava
2805:Cava
2784:Cava
2662:Cava
2657:Toro
2540:Cava
2488:Cava
2257:Cava
2181:Wine
2139:ISBN
2115:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2067:ISBN
2046:ISBN
2025:ISBN
1970:2024
1942:2024
1911:ISBN
1839:and
1772:Cava
1766:Cava
1668:Fino
1652:flor
1514:and
1506:and
1482:and
1458:and
1450:and
1441:rosé
1435:and
1419:and
1317:and
1307:acre
1292:and
1228:and
1149:pago
1053:and
1038:and
897:Haro
859:Tajo
793:and
781:and
678:and
616:and
610:Peru
557:and
513:and
493:and
467:and
410:Ovid
404:and
380:and
354:Gaul
279:Mago
255:pips
221:Cava
188:and
167:Cava
109:and
5903:Art
5687:GDP
5104:Oak
4553:Red
4364:Ice
4327:Red
1556:oak
1331:ton
1216:or
1174:VdM
1165:IGP
1119:'s
1095:DOP
849:'s
684:oak
670:to
396:in
76:red
68:or
6083::
3615:·
3611:·
3607:·
2126:^
2102:^
2078:^
1978:^
1959:.
1931:.
1892:^
1843:.
1823:,
1518:.
1502:,
1498:,
1494:,
1466:,
1443:.
1415:,
1348:,
1335:hl
1232:.
1157:–
1155:VC
1143:–
1141:VP
1131:–
1129:DO
1111:–
1097:–
1042:.
907:.
674:,
612:,
608:,
589:.
489:,
376:,
372:,
299:.
207:;
181:.
173:,
157:,
153:,
149:,
137:,
133:,
93:,
78:,
64::
5441:)
5437:(
5239:e
5232:t
5225:v
4953:e
4946:t
4939:v
4696:,
4190:e
4183:t
4176:v
3685:e
3678:t
3671:v
2222:e
2215:t
2208:v
2169::
2145:.
2121:.
2097:.
2073:.
2052:.
2031:.
1972:.
1944:.
1917:.
1802:(
60:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.