73:
51:
913:
Bortolus, A, P Adam, JB Adams, ML Ainouche, D Ayres, MD Bertness, TJ Bouma, JF Bruno, I Caçador, JT Carlton, JM Castillo, CSB Costa, AJ Davy, L Deegan, B Duarte, E Figueroa, J Gerwein, AJ Gray, ED Grosholz, SD Hacker, AR Hughes, E Mateos-Naranjo, IA Mendelssohn, JT Morris, AF Muñoz-Rodríguez, FJJ
1029:
D. G. SanLeón, J. Izco & J. M. Sánchez (1999). Joseph
Caffrey; Philip R. F. Barrett; Maria Teresa Ferreira; Ilidio S. Moreira; Kevin J. Murphy; Philip Max Wade, eds. "Biology, Ecology and Management of Aquatic Plants". Hydrobiologia.
914:
Nieva, LA Levin, B Li, W Liu, SC Pennings, A Pickart, S Redondo-Gómez, DM Richardson, A Salmon, E Schwindt, BR Silliman, EE Sotka, C Stace, M Sytsma, S Temmerman, RE Turner, I Valiela, MP Weinstein, and JS Weis. (2019) Supporting
711:, also known as English cordgrass, is an aggressive, aquatic alien that invades mud flats, salt marshes and beaches, out-competing native plants, spreading quickly over mud flats and leaving large
860:
Schreber, Johann
Christian Daniel von. 1789. Genera Plantarum Eorumque Characteres Naturales Secundum Numerum, Figuram, Situm, & Proportionem Omnium Fructificationis Partium. (Ed. 8). 43
790:) is used in the construction of bull's eye targets for sports archery. A properly constructed target can stop an arrow safely without damage to the arrowhead as it lodges in the target.
581:
481:
357:
referred to as an accepted genus. In 2019, an interdisciplinary team of experts from all continents (except for
Antarctica) coauthored a report published in the journal
516:
505:
459:
683:
are considered as ecosystem engineers that can strongly influence the physical and biological environment. This is particularly important in areas where invasive
636:
559:
1325:
1364:
841:
1400:
428:
1260:
1187:
1338:
1286:
878:
315:
habitats inland in the
Americas. The highest species diversity is on the east coasts of North and South America, particularly
1039:
531:– Gulf cordgrass – Atlantic coast of North America from Florida to Argentina, incl the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico
307:, and are native to the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean in western and southern Europe, north-western and southern Africa, the
1343:
973:
invasions in the
Yangtze River estuary, China: An overview of current status and ecosystem effects, Ecol. Eng. 35: 511-520.
870:
311:
and the islands of the southern
Atlantic Ocean; one or two species also occur on the western coast of North America and in
185:
982:
Balke, T. et al (2012) Conditional outcome of ecosystem engineering: A case study on tussocks of the salt marsh pioneer
1182:
735:
species are invasive in numerous locations around the globe, including China, California, England, France, and Spain.
1528:
1523:
1475:
1454:
1369:
1312:
1449:
17:
1418:
1351:
1161:
1156:
1143:
1081:
1252:
1226:
1518:
1513:
1413:
847:
1291:
1480:
1379:
72:
669:
632:– saltmeadow cordgrass – east coast of North America from Labrador to Tamaulipas; West Indies
614:
422:
59:
1052:
1405:
1247:
603:
570:
327:, and grow quickly. The species vary in size from 0.3–2 m tall. Many of the species will produce
201:
1221:
1101:
1015:
592:
1330:
687:
species significantly alter their new environment, with impacts to native plants and animals.
599:– alkali cordgrass – western Canada, western + central US, Chihuahua, Jalisco, Michoacán
1392:
1195:
836:
807:
524:
470:
31:
8:
1508:
448:
437:
1239:
299:, frequently found in coastal salt marshes. Species in this genus are commonly known as
1462:
1234:
665:
625:
444:- Great Britain, introduced to Europe, China, Australia, New Zealand, and North America
217:
67:
900:
Peterson, PM, et al (2014) A molecular phylogeny and new subgeneric classification of
725:
have become invasive on the
Iberian Peninsula and the west coast of the United States
1503:
1387:
1169:
1035:
548:
1002:
Strong, D.R., & Ayres, D.R. (2013) Ecological and
Evolutionary Misadventures of
1467:
1174:
945:
927:
780:
704:
700:
673:
390:
350:
328:
1278:
1135:
1063:
Ainouche, M.L., et al (2009) Hybridization, polyploidy and invasion: lessons from
433:– smooth cordgrass – Atlantic coasts of North and South America, West Indies
1148:
110:
1441:
1356:
610:– prairie cordgrass – from Northwest Territories to Texas and Newfoundland
520:
P.M.Peterson & Saarela – Tristan da Cunha, Amsterdam Island in Indian Ocean
455:– California cordgrass – California, Baja California, Baja California Sur
97:
1497:
1124:
385:
320:
208:
123:
621:– denseflower cordgrass – Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile
1431:
193:
1299:
752:
661:
657:
136:
1265:
345:
324:
312:
166:
1304:
1273:
1208:
931:
760:
379:
50:
1095:
1426:
1118:
308:
1317:
1213:
764:
748:
316:
296:
156:
1200:
1053:
https://www.oregon.gov/oda/programs/weeds/pages/aboutweeds.aspx
756:
146:
373:
292:
84:
904:(Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Sporobolinae), Taxon 63: 1212-1243.
779:) have spread outside of their native boundaries and become
464:(Hauman & Parodi ex St.-Yves) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
1034:, Vol. 147. 415: 213–222. doi:10.1023/A:1003835201167.
715:
meadows. It is also invasive in China and
California.
577:– big cordgrass – eastern US (TX to MA); Bahamas
818:. United States Department of Agriculture. 2011-02-27
512:– Tristan da Cunha, Amsterdam Island in Indian Ocean
486:(H.Groves & J.Groves) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
402:
The following species are recognised in the section
27:
Genus of flowering plant in the grass family
Poaceae
998:
996:
994:
992:
1495:
1088:. Hearst Magazines. June 1952. pp. 126–127.
1051:Oregon Department of Agriculture, Noxious Weeds
989:
896:
894:
488:– Townsend's cordgrass – western Europe
1057:
1023:
907:
891:
767:. Various members of the genus (especially
1006:, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 44:389-410.
842:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
349:and reassigned to the taxonomic status of
49:
690:
555:– sand cordgrass – south-eastern US
388:word for a cord made from Spanish broom (
353:, but it is may still be possible to see
976:
879:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
816:Germplasm Resources Information Network
14:
1496:
918:: Interdisciplinary perspective shows
442:(C.E.Hubb.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
1100:
1099:
963:
943:
619:(Arechav.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
1455:2bb32561-5d61-4393-b27b-b006fd49ffcd
1380:90d6f0f1-b5ea-4bcd-b8ad-9009aefec409
641:(E.Fabre) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
608:(Hitchc.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
498:(Thouars) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
1045:
863:
800:
541:(Schreb) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
475:(Curtis) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
24:
564:(Trin.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
553:(Merr.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
529:(Trin.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
453:(Trin.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
25:
1540:
986:, Geomorphology 153-154: 232-238.
630:(Roth) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
1419:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325372-2
829:
71:
30:For the production company, see
1074:
1009:
656:are used as food plants by the
575:(L.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
319:. They form large, often dense
937:
854:
738:
13:
1:
793:
747:have been planted to reclaim
668:, which feeds exclusively on
588:– eastern North America
1032:Developments in Hydrobiology
679:Some species of the section
566:– Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay
431:) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
343:was subsumed into the genus
211:) P.M.Peterson & Saarela
7:
922:as a distinct solid genus.
731:and its hybrids with other
334:
331:if they come into contact.
251:Thouars 1808 not R.Br. 1810
10:
1545:
848:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
647:
597:P.M.Peterson & Saarela
586:P.M.Peterson & Saarela
415:P.M.Peterson & Saarela
397:
374:
323:, particularly on coastal
29:
1108:
926:, 100(11), 2019, e02863.
223:
216:
199:
192:
68:Scientific classification
66:
57:
48:
41:
1529:Grasses of South America
1524:Grasses of North America
769:Sporobolus alterniflorus
729:Sporobolus alterniflorus
719:Sporobolus montevidensis
615:Sporobolus montevidensis
517:Sporobolus mobberleyanus
423:Sporobolus alterniflorus
60:Sporobolus montevidensis
952:. Utah State University
950:Intermountain Herbarium
946:"17.45 SPARTINA Schreb"
777:Sporobolus × townsendii
743:Species of the section
652:Species of the section
643:– Mediterranean, Azores
604:Sporobolus michauxianus
582:Sporobolus × eatonianus
571:Sporobolus cynosuroides
482:Sporobolus × townsendii
202:Sporobolus cynosuroides
703:in some countries. In
691:As an invasive species
664:species including the
593:Sporobolus hookerianus
506:Sporobolus arundinacea
460:Sporobolus longispicus
971:Spartina alterniflora
771:and its derivatives,
637:Sporobolus versicolor
560:Sporobolus coarctatus
1082:"Bull's-eye Builder"
969:Li, B. et al (2009)
699:species have become
525:Sporobolus spartinae
471:Sporobolus maritimus
466:– Argentina, Uruguay
32:Spartina Productions
944:Barkworth, Mary E.
773:Sporobolus anglicus
449:Sporobolus foliosus
438:Sporobolus anglicus
339:In 2014, the taxon
1019:, Aliens Among Us.
723:Sporobolus pumilus
709:Sporobolus anglica
626:Sporobolus pumilus
1519:Grasses of Europe
1514:Grasses of Africa
1491:
1490:
1388:Open Tree of Life
1102:Taxon identifiers
1086:Popular Mechanics
1040:978-90-481-5404-3
763:, and to prevent
549:Sporobolus bakeri
542:
511:
510:(Thouars) Carmich
499:
476:
443:
416:
368:The section name
295:of plants in the
284:
283:
188:
16:(Redirected from
1536:
1484:
1483:
1471:
1470:
1458:
1457:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1422:
1421:
1409:
1408:
1396:
1395:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1360:
1359:
1357:NHMSYS0000463853
1347:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1294:
1282:
1281:
1269:
1268:
1256:
1255:
1243:
1242:
1230:
1229:
1217:
1216:
1204:
1203:
1191:
1190:
1178:
1177:
1165:
1164:
1152:
1151:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1072:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1027:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1000:
987:
984:Spartina anglica
980:
974:
967:
961:
960:
958:
957:
941:
935:
932:10.1002/ecy.2863
911:
905:
898:
889:
888:
886:
885:
867:
861:
858:
852:
851:
833:
827:
826:
824:
823:
804:
705:British Columbia
670:smooth cordgrass
642:
631:
620:
609:
598:
587:
576:
565:
554:
540:
530:
509:
497:
487:
477:- Europe, Africa
474:
465:
454:
441:
432:
414:
391:Spartium junceum
383:
377:
376:
372:is derived from
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
184:
76:
75:
53:
39:
38:
21:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1440:
1438:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1104:
1094:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1069:Biol. Invasions
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1010:
1001:
990:
981:
977:
968:
964:
955:
953:
942:
938:
912:
908:
899:
892:
883:
881:
869:
868:
864:
859:
855:
835:
834:
830:
821:
819:
806:
805:
801:
796:
788:S. cynosuroides
786:Big cordgrass (
741:
701:invasive plants
693:
666:Aaron's skipper
650:
640:
629:
618:
607:
596:
585:
574:
563:
552:
528:
485:
463:
452:
426:
400:
337:
280:
279:
274:
266:
258:
250:
242:
234:
227:
212:
205:
183:
70:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1542:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1472:
1468:wfo-4000035865
1459:
1446:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1374:
1361:
1348:
1335:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1257:
1244:
1231:
1218:
1205:
1192:
1179:
1166:
1153:
1140:
1130:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1073:
1071:11: 1159-1173.
1056:
1044:
1022:
1008:
988:
975:
962:
936:
906:
890:
862:
853:
828:
798:
797:
795:
792:
740:
737:
692:
689:
649:
646:
645:
644:
633:
622:
611:
600:
589:
578:
567:
556:
544:
543:
533:
532:
521:
513:
501:
500:
490:
489:
478:
467:
456:
445:
434:
418:
417:
399:
396:
336:
333:
282:
281:
278:
277:
269:
261:
253:
245:
237:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
214:
213:
206:
197:
196:
190:
189:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
127:
126:
121:
114:
113:
108:
101:
100:
95:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
64:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
18:Spartina marsh
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1541:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1005:
999:
997:
995:
993:
985:
979:
972:
966:
951:
947:
940:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
903:
897:
895:
880:
876:
874:
866:
857:
849:
845:
843:
838:
832:
817:
813:
811:
803:
799:
791:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
736:
734:
730:
726:
724:
720:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
695:Three of the
688:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
639:
638:
634:
628:
627:
623:
617:
616:
612:
606:
605:
601:
595:
594:
590:
584:
583:
579:
573:
572:
568:
562:
561:
557:
551:
550:
546:
545:
539:
535:
534:
527:
526:
522:
519:
518:
514:
508:
507:
503:
502:
496:
492:
491:
484:
483:
479:
473:
472:
468:
462:
461:
457:
451:
450:
446:
440:
439:
435:
430:
425:
424:
420:
419:
413:
409:
408:
407:
405:
395:
393:
392:
387:
382:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:
342:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
273:
270:
265:
262:
257:
254:
249:
246:
241:
238:
233:
230:
229:
222:
219:
215:
210:
204:
203:
198:
195:
191:
187:
182:
181:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:Tracheophytes
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
74:
69:
65:
62:
61:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1109:
1085:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1047:
1031:
1025:
1016:
1011:
1003:
983:
978:
970:
965:
954:. Retrieved
949:
939:
923:
919:
915:
909:
901:
882:. Retrieved
872:
865:
856:
840:
831:
820:. Retrieved
815:
809:
802:
787:
785:
776:
772:
768:
755:, to supply
744:
742:
732:
728:
727:
722:
718:
717:
712:
708:
696:
694:
684:
680:
678:
653:
651:
635:
624:
613:
602:
591:
580:
569:
558:
547:
537:
523:
515:
504:
494:
480:
469:
458:
447:
436:
421:
412:Alterniflori
411:
403:
401:
389:
380:
369:
367:
365:as a genus.
362:
358:
354:
344:
340:
338:
325:salt marshes
304:
300:
297:grass family
287:
286:
285:
271:
263:
255:
247:
239:
231:
200:
194:Type species
179:
178:
167:
130:
117:
104:
91:
58:
42:
36:
1300:iNaturalist
1067:(Poaceae),
739:Cultivation
662:Lepidoptera
536:Subsection
493:Subsection
410:Subsection
361:supporting
272:Trachynotia
256:Psammophila
137:Commelinids
111:Angiosperms
1509:Halophytes
1498:Categories
956:2013-11-30
902:Sporobolus
884:2011-03-03
837:"Spartina"
822:2011-03-03
794:References
751:areas for
672:, and the
495:Ponceletia
346:Sporobolus
313:freshwater
305:cord-grass
264:Solenachne
248:Ponceletia
168:Sporobolus
1274:GrassBase
761:livestock
749:estuarine
674:engrailed
301:cordgrass
232:Chauvinia
175:Section:
81:Kingdom:
1504:Spartina
1450:VicFlora
1439:VASCAN:
1432:40002506
1427:Tropicos
1318:325372-2
1279:gen00594
1240:Spartina
1188:Spartina
1183:eFloraSA
1119:Wikidata
1110:Spartina
1065:Spartina
1017:Spartina
1004:Spartina
920:Spartina
916:Spartina
873:Spartina
810:Spartina
808:"Genus:
781:invasive
745:Spartina
733:Spartina
713:Spartina
697:Spartina
685:Spartina
681:Spartina
660:of some
654:Spartina
538:Spartina
404:Spartina
381:spartínē
375:σπαρτίνη
370:Spartina
363:Spartina
355:Spartina
341:Spartina
335:Taxonomy
321:colonies
309:Americas
288:Spartina
240:Limnetis
218:Synonyms
180:Spartina
153:Family:
124:Monocots
43:Spartina
1331:1305462
1266:2704816
1125:Q159038
924:Ecology
812:Schreb"
765:erosion
753:farming
648:Ecology
429:Loisel.
398:Species
384:), the
359:Ecology
351:section
329:hybrids
317:Florida
259:Schult.
186:Schreb.
163:Genus:
157:Poaceae
143:Order:
85:Plantae
1481:234037
1401:PLANTS
1393:997889
1377:NZOR:
1253:130777
1227:130777
1201:108099
1162:120881
1136:194994
1133:APDB:
1038:
844:(WCSP)
757:fodder
676:moth.
658:larvae
275:Michx.
267:Steud.
235:Steud.
147:Poales
1476:WoRMS
1406:SPART
1370:15853
1344:41266
1326:IRMNG
1305:47433
1292:11328
1235:FoAO2
1214:1SPTG
1175:8W3NT
1149:68921
386:Greek
293:genus
291:is a
243:Rich.
131:Clade
118:Clade
105:Clade
92:Clade
1442:1704
1414:POWO
1365:NCBI
1339:ITIS
1313:IPNI
1287:GRIN
1261:GBIF
1209:EPPO
1157:BOLD
1144:APNI
1036:ISBN
775:and
759:for
721:and
226:List
1463:WFO
1352:NBN
1248:FoC
1222:FNA
1196:EoL
1170:CoL
928:doi
394:).
303:or
1500::
1478::
1465::
1452::
1429::
1416::
1403::
1390::
1367::
1354::
1341::
1328::
1315::
1302::
1289::
1276::
1263::
1250::
1237::
1224::
1211::
1198::
1185::
1172::
1159::
1146::
1121::
1084:.
991:^
948:.
893:^
877:.
846:.
839:.
814:.
783:.
707:,
406::
209:L.
133::
120::
107::
94::
1042:.
959:.
934:.
930::
887:.
875:"
871:"
850:.
825:.
427:(
378:(
207:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
