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983:). This type of mapping plays a key role in enabling children to expand their spoken vocabulary. Masur (1995) found that how often children repeat novel words versus those they already have in their lexicon is related to the size of their lexicon later on, with young children who repeat more novel words having a larger lexicon later in development. Speech repetition could help facilitate the acquisition of this larger lexicon.
42:
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904:. For example, the fact that children often make the error of over-regularizing the -ed past tense suffix in English (e.g. saying 'singed' instead of 'sang') shows that the regular forms are acquired earlier. Speech errors associated with certain kinds of aphasia have been used to map certain components of speech onto the brain and see the relation between different aspects of production; for example, the difficulty of
1095:
950:(VOT), one aspect of the phonetic production of consonant sounds. For example, Hebrew speakers, who distinguish voiced /b/ from voiceless /p/, will more easily detect a change in VOT from -10 ( perceived as /b/ ) to 0 ( perceived as /p/ ) than a change in VOT from +10 to +20, or -10 to -20, despite this being an equally large change on the VOT spectrum.
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Most human children develop proto-speech babbling behaviors when they are four to six months old. Most will begin saying their first words at some point during the first year of life. Typical children progress through two or three word phrases before three years of age followed by short sentences by
810:
Speech production is an unconscious multi-step process by which thoughts are generated into spoken utterances. Production involves the unconscious mind selecting appropriate words and the appropriate form of those words from the lexicon and morphology, and the organization of those words through the
1358:
Modern models of the neurological systems behind linguistic comprehension and production recognize the importance of Broca's and
Wernicke's areas, but are not limited to them nor solely to the left hemisphere. Instead, multiple streams are involved in speech production and comprehension. Damage to
46:
1363:
has been connected with difficulty in processing and producing morphology and syntax, while lexical access and comprehension of irregular forms (e.g. eat-ate) remain unaffected. Moreover, the circuits involved in human speech comprehension dynamically adapt with learning, for example, by becoming
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Speech production is a complex activity, and as a consequence errors are common, especially in children. Speech errors come in many forms and are used to provide evidence to support hypotheses about the nature of speech. As a result, speech errors are often used in the construction of models for
44:
47:
45:
1342:, who in 1874 proposed a connection between damage to the posterior area of the left superior temporal gyrus and aphasia, as he noted that not all aphasic patients had had damage to the prefrontal cortex. Damage to Wernicke's area produces Wernicke's or
1261:
Speech-related diseases, disorders, and conditions can be treated by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) or speech therapist. SLPs assess levels of speech needs, make diagnoses based on the assessments, and then treat the diagnoses or address the needs.
784:
for such purposes. The human species' unprecedented use of the tongue, lips and other moveable parts seems to place speech in a quite separate category, making its evolutionary emergence an intriguing theoretical challenge in the eyes of many scholars.
830:. Place of articulation refers to where in the neck or mouth the airstream is constricted. Manner of articulation refers to the manner in which the speech organs interact, such as how closely the air is restricted, what form of airstream is used (e.g.
1329:
identified an approximate region of the brain in 1861 which, when damaged in two of his patients, caused severe deficits in speech production, where his patients were unable to speak beyond a few monosyllabic words. This deficit, known as Broca's or
764:
1. Exo-labial, 2. Endo-labial, 3. Dental, 4. Alveolar, 5. Post-alveolar, 6. Pre-palatal, 7. Palatal, 8. Velar, 9. Uvular, 10. Pharyngeal, 11. Glottal, 12. Epiglottal, 13. Radical, 14. Postero-dorsal, 15. Antero-dorsal, 16. Laminal, 17. Apical, 18.
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patients in producing regular past-tense verbs, but not irregulars like 'sing-sang' has been used to demonstrate that regular inflected forms of a word are not individually stored in the lexicon, but produced from affixation to the base form.
946:, in that people put the sounds they hear into categories rather than perceiving them as a spectrum. People are more likely to be able to hear differences in sounds across categorical boundaries than within them. A good example of this is
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to convey meaning. Individuals may also unintentionally communicate aspects of their social position through speech, such as sex, age, place of origin, physiological and mental condition, education, and experiences.
746:
of distinctively human speech capacities has become a distinct and in many ways separate area of scientific research. The topic is a separate one because language is not necessarily spoken: it can equally be
43:
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in linguistics and cognitive psychology and perception in psychology. Research in speech perception seeks to understand how listeners recognize speech sounds and use this information to understand
834:, implosive, ejectives, and clicks), whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating, and whether the nasal cavity is opened to the airstream. The concept is primarily used for the production of
2666:; Marslen-Wilson, William (2009). "Fronto-temporal brain systems supporting spoken language comprehension". In Moore, Brian C.J.; Tyler, Lorraine K.; Marslen-Wilson, William D. (eds.).
923:
Speech perception refers to the processes by which humans can interpret and understand the sounds used in language. The study of speech perception is closely linked to the fields of
2191:
Kishon-Rabin, Liat; Rotshtein, Shira; Taitelbaum, Riki (2002). "Underlying
Mechanism for Categorical Perception: Tone-Onset Time and Voice-Onset Time Evidence of Hebrew Voicing".
873:, which is then modified by the vocal tract and mouth into different vowels and consonants. However humans can pronounce words without the use of the lungs and glottis in
2493:
1338:. In expressive aphasia, speech comprehension is generally less affected except in the comprehension of grammatically complex sentences. Wernicke's area is named after
811:
syntax. Then, the phonetic properties of the words are retrieved and the sentence is articulated through the articulations associated with those phonetic properties.
1881:
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Ullman, Michael T.; et al. (2005). "Neural correlates of lexicon and grammar: Evidence from the production,reading, and judgement of inflection in aphasia".
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Speech and language disorders can also result from stroke, brain injury, hearing loss, developmental delay, a cleft palate, cerebral palsy, or emotional issues.
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In speech repetition, speech being heard is quickly turned from sensory input into motor instructions needed for its immediate or delayed vocal imitation (in
1346:, which is characterized by relatively normal syntax and prosody but severe impairment in lexical access, resulting in poor comprehension and nonsensical or
2106:
Nicoladis, Elena; Paradis, Johanne (2012). "Acquiring
Regular and Irregular Past Tense Morphemes in English and French: Evidence From Bilingual Children".
1334:, is characterized by difficulty in speech production where speech is slow and labored, function words are absent, and syntax is severely impaired, as in
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Some non-human animals can produce sounds or gestures resembling those of a human language. Several species or groups of animals have developed
980:
614:, sometimes in the momentary adoption of a dual persona as self addressing self as though addressing another person. Solo speech can be used
1571:
1159:, nerve transmission, phonological processing or perception of the message (as opposed to the actual sound) leads to poor speech production.
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is the study of how the tongue, lips, jaw, vocal cords, and other speech organs are used to make sounds. Speech sounds are categorized by
1905:
Riede, T.; Bronson, E.; Hatzikirou, H.; Zuberbühler, K. (February 2006). "Multiple discontinuities in nonhuman vocal tracts – A reply".
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which superficially resemble verbal language, however, these usually are not considered a language because they lack one or more of the
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Determining the timeline of human speech evolution is made additionally challenging by the lack of data in the fossil record. The human
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to Broca's area, where morphology, syntax, and instructions for articulation are generated. This is then sent from Broca's area to the
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with others, people may also use speech without the intent to communicate. Speech may nevertheless express emotions or desires; people
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1546:
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Zasler, Nathan D.; Katz, Douglas I.; Zafonte, Ross D.; Arciniegas, David B.; Bullock, M. Ross; Kreutzer, Jeffrey S., eds. (2013).
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Abry, Christian; Boë, Louis-Jean; Laboissière, Rafael; Schwartz, Jean-Luc (1998). "A new puzzle for the evolution of speech?".
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of the brain (typically the left hemisphere for language). In this model, a linguistic auditory signal is first sent from the
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Wernicke K. (1995). "The aphasia symptom-complex: A psychological study on an anatomical basis (1875)". In Paul Eling (ed.).
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than in healthy controls. Therefore, speech is being investigated as a potential biomarker for mental health disorders.
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and auditory processing disorder impede the quality of auditory perception, and therefore, expression. Those who are
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Nakai, Y; Jeong, JW; Brown, EC; Rothermel, R; Kojima, K; Kambara, T; Shah, A; Mittal, S; Sood, S; Asano, E (2017).
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1046:
645:, the ability to map heard spoken words onto the vocalizations needed to recreate them, which plays a key role in
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Children with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties and communication problems: there is always a reason
2376:"Is early intervention effective in improving spoken language outcomes of children with congenital hearing loss?"
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Kelemen, G. (1963). Comparative anatomy and performance of the vocal organ in vertebrates. In R. Busnel (ed.),
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does not fossilize, and indirect evidence of vocal tract changes in hominid fossils has proven inconclusive.
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Plunkett, Kim; Juola, Patrick (1999). "A connectionist model of english past tense and plural morphology".
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2693:"Restoration and Efficiency of the Neural Processing of Continuous Speech Are Promoted by Prior Knowledge"
724:, no animals' vocalizations are articulated phonemically and syntactically, and do not constitute speech.
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more efficient in terms of processing time when listening to familiar messages such as learned verses.
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Human language and our reptilian brain : the subcortical bases of speech, syntax, and thought
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There are several organic and psychological factors that can affect speech. Among these are:
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Masur, Elise (1995). "Infants' Early Verbal
Imitation and Their Later Lexical Development".
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1402:. Researchers have been successful in teaching some animals to make gestures similar to
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Hillix, William A.; Rumbaugh, Duane M. (2004), "Washoe, the First
Signing Chimpanzee",
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and humans, like many other animals, have evolved specialised mechanisms for producing
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2616:"Three- and four-dimensional mapping of speech and language in patients with epilepsy"
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755:. Speech is in this sense optional, although it is the default modality for language.
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Catford, J.C.; Esling, J.H. (2006). "Articulatory
Phonetics". In Brown, Keith (ed.).
2013:
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1841:"Vocal production mechanisms in a non-human primate: morphological data and a model"
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1716:. Vol. 44. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 32–51.
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for purposes of social communication. On the other hand, no monkey or ape uses its
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Richards, Emma (June 2012). "Communication and swallowing problems after stroke".
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disorders have been shown to change speech acoustic features, where for instance,
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2273:"Automated assessment of psychiatric disorders using speech: A systematic review"
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2464:(4th ed., International ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. pp. 378–385.
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Fitch, W.Tecumseh (July 2000). "The evolution of speech: a comparative review".
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1406:, although whether this should be considered a language has been disputed.
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Researchers study many different aspects of speech: speech production and
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Broca's and
Wernicke's areas of the brain, which are critical in language.
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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Animal Bodies, Human Minds: Ape, Dolphin, and Parrot
Language Skills
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Riede, T.; Bronson, E.; Hatzikirou, H.; ZuberbĂĽhler, K. (Jan 2005).
935:. Research into speech perception also has applications in building
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Hillis, A.E., & Caramazza, A. (2005). "Aphasia". In L. Nadel,
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is accessed in
Wernicke's area, and these words are sent via the
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of voice (perceived as pitch) tends to be significantly lower in
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Normal human speech is pulmonic, produced with pressure from the
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National
Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
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or hard of hearing may be considered to fall into this category.
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Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
2613:
2425:"Developmental Delay: An Information Guide for Parents"
881:, pharyngeal speech and buccal speech (better known as
661:, underlie speech. Speech is the subject of study for
653:, and what different areas of the human brain, such as
1680:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
598:
sometimes in acts that are a development of what some
30:
For the process of speaking to a group of people, see
2670:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 193–217.
2743:"Can any animals talk and use language like humans?"
2519:(2nd ed.). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
1413:
1170:, can lead to phonological problems. In addition to
738:
Although related to the more general problem of the
606:) have maintained is the use of silent speech in an
2662:
2241:. National Insistitutes of Health. 13 October 2022.
570:, directing; acts may vary in various aspects like
1640:
2270:
1898:
1643:From hand to mouth : the origins of language
4298:
2105:
1702:
618:or to test one's memorization of things, and in
2668:The Perception of Speech: from sound to meaning
2459:
1287:of the language system in the brain focuses on
1185:Articulatory problems, such as slurred speech,
27:Human vocal communication using spoken language
2771:
2537:. American Speech–Language–Hearing Association
2235:"Speech and Language Developmental Milestones"
1027:Please review the contents of the section and
712:using vocalizations, and trained apes such as
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2926:
2351:Brain injury medicine principles and practice
2068:
2038:
1938:
1936:
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1629:
508:
2691:Cervantes Constantino, F; Simon, JZ (2018).
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762:Places of articulation (passive and active):
708:is subject to debate and speculation. While
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3512:
3498:
2933:
2919:
2607:
2423:The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne.
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2277:Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology
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3898:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
2321:
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40:
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2587:Reader in the History of Aphasia: From
2432:The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne
2053:
1566:
1367:
1120:, respiratory infections (bronchitis),
558:. There are many different intentional
14:
4299:
2806:"What Do Talking Apes Really Tell Us?"
2271:Low DM, Bentley KH, Ghosh, SS (2020).
2132:
1995:
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3760:High-context and low-context cultures
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3493:
2914:
2816:from the original on October 12, 2018
2567:
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2514:
2373:
2251:
1942:
1678:The biology and evolution of language
550:sounds to form units of meaning like
4109:Computer processing of body language
3887:
2460:Bauman-Waengler, Jacqueline (2011).
2178:Introduction to Language Development
2058:. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 11–46.
2056:Speech Errors as Linguistic Evidence
996:
405:Conservative and innovative language
4124:List of facial expression databases
4114:Emotion recognition in conversation
2264:
1265:
24:
2902:Speaking captured by real-time MRI
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2849:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1982.tb02120.x
2803:
2749:. 16 February 2015. Archived from
2562:
2441:from the original on 29 March 2016
1829:Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 489–521.
1353:
1270:
877:, of which there are three types:
590:While normally used to facilitate
25:
4333:
4008:Childhood disintegrative disorder
2895:
2697:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
2573:Encyclopedia of cognitive science
2557:Encyclopedia of cognitive science
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3473:
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1430:
1416:
1217:can also affect speech. Various
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1001:
562:, such as informing, declaring,
485:
51:Speech production visualized by
2993:Computer-mediated communication
2878:Apprendre Ă Ă©couter et Ă parler
2828:
2797:
2776:, Springer US, pp. 69–85,
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2656:
2578:
2549:
2523:
2508:
2496:from the original on 8 May 2016
2478:
2453:
2416:
2367:
2342:
2315:
2245:
2227:
2184:
2169:
2126:
2099:
2062:
2047:
2032:
1989:
1887:from the original on 2022-08-12
1549:from the original on 2020-08-07
554:, which belong to a language's
3532:
2531:"Speech–Language Pathologists"
1819:
1531:
1205:damage leading to problems in
1131:Diseases and disorders of the
1108:Diseases and disorders of the
1029:add the appropriate references
953:
13:
1:
2486:"Speech and Language Therapy"
2380:American Journal of Audiology
2010:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01319-4
1967:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01494-7
1827:Acoustic behavior of animals.
1792:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
1524:
1489:Index of linguistics articles
1168:auditory processing disorders
968:
912:
795:
3115:Text and conversation theory
2804:Hu, Jane C. (Aug 20, 2014).
2374:Ching, Teresa Y. C. (2015).
2324:Nursing and Residential Care
1998:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1945:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1927:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.10.005
1870:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.10.002
1543:American Heritage Dictionary
1250:
727:
345:Functional discourse grammar
211:Ethnography of communication
7:
4025:Nonverbal learning disorder
3603:Speech-independent gestures
3576:Facial Action Coding System
2782:10.1007/978-1-4757-4512-2_5
2336:10.12968/nrec.2012.14.6.282
2205:10.1515/jbcpp.2002.13.2.117
2147:10.1016/j.bandl.2004.10.001
1409:
1014:reliable medical references
986:
465:Second-language acquisition
10:
4338:
3765:Interpersonal relationship
3566:Body-to-body communication
2882:University of Ottawa Press
2876:Fitzpatrick, Élizabeth M.
2093:10.1207/s15516709cog2304_4
1907:Journal of Human Evolution
1676:Lieberman, Philip (1984).
1494:List of language disorders
1371:
1254:
1166:, and listening problems,
1164:otitis media with effusion
1162:Hearing problems, such as
1155:disorders, where impaired
990:
972:
957:
916:
902:child language acquisition
892:
799:
731:
143:Syntax–semantics interface
29:
4256:
4230:
4170:
4163:
4137:
4101:
4065:
4038:
3975:
3971:
3960:
3893:
3882:
3838:
3815:
3778:
3730:
3665:
3544:
3540:
3527:
3469:
3258:
3137:
3126:
2966:
2948:
2176:Kennison, Shelia (2013).
1805:10.1017/S0140525X98231268
1257:Speech–language pathology
1241:major depressive disorder
1225:can affect speech as can
1020:or relies too heavily on
888:
455:Philosophy of linguistics
355:Interactional linguistics
4180:Behavioral communication
3073:Nonviolent communication
3003:History of communication
2710:10.3389/fnsys.2018.00056
2392:10.1044/2015_aja-15-0007
2254:Merrill-Palmer Quarterly
1452:Freedom of speech portal
1384:defining characteristics
1311:to Wernicke's area. The
1285:Wernicke-Geschwind model
1128:of the lungs and throat.
900:language production and
710:animals also communicate
649:'s enlargement of their
3620:Interpersonal synchrony
3521:Nonverbal communication
3068:Nonverbal communication
3058:Models of communication
2515:Cross, Melanie (2011).
1301:superior temporal gyrus
693:. Speech compares with
610:to vivify and organize
36:Speech (disambiguation)
4217:Monastic sign lexicons
3908:Emotional intelligence
1572:"The Origin of Speech"
1380:forms of communication
1280:
838:, but can be used for
824:manner of articulation
820:articulatory phonetics
766:
292:Theoretical frameworks
246:Philosophy of language
226:History of linguistics
55:
34:. For other uses, see
4207:Impression management
3220:Mediated cross-border
2942:Communication studies
2575:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
2559:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
1722:10.1353/pbm.2001.0011
1637:Corballis, Michael C.
1278:
1237:fundamental frequency
942:Speech perception is
842:in qualities such as
828:place of articulation
761:
671:communication studies
186:Conversation analysis
50:
4222:Verbal communication
4175:Animal communication
4093:Targeted advertising
3610:Haptic communication
3155:Communication theory
3150:Communication design
2632:10.1093/brain/awx051
2180:. Los Angeles: Sage.
1504:Spatial hearing loss
1368:Animal communication
1227:motor neuron disease
960:Language development
637:used in a language,
430:Internet linguistics
340:Construction grammar
4231:Non-verbal language
4119:Gesture recognition
3966:Further information
3856:Emotion recognition
3807:Silent service code
1919:2006JHumE..50..222R
1862:2005JHumE..48...85R
1593:1960SciAm.203c..88H
1580:Scientific American
1568:Hockett, Charles F.
1305:dominant hemisphere
981:phonological memory
965:four years of age.
365:Systemic functional
160:Applied linguistics
102:General linguistics
4312:Oral communication
4257:Art and literature
4212:Meta-communication
4200:Passive-aggressive
4129:Sentiment analysis
3830:Non-verbal leakage
3185:Discourse analysis
3110:Telecommunications
3053:Meta-communication
2753:on 31 January 2021
2664:Tyler, Lorraine K.
2135:Brain and Language
1438:Linguistics portal
1336:telegraphic speech
1332:expressive aphasia
1323:for articulation.
1317:arcuate fasciculus
1281:
1122:vocal fold nodules
906:expressive aphasia
767:
740:origin of language
608:interior monologue
596:talk to themselves
530:is the use of the
470:Theory of language
440:Origin of language
395:Autonomy of syntax
350:Grammaticalization
196:Discourse analysis
191:Corpus linguistics
56:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
3988:Asperger syndrome
3956:
3955:
3938:Social competence
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3680:Emotional prosody
3586:Subtle expression
3571:Facial expression
3487:
3486:
2791:978-1-4419-3400-0
2677:978-0-19-956131-5
2600:978-90-272-1893-3
2490:CerebralPalsy.org
2108:Language Learning
2071:Cognitive Science
1710:Lieberman, Philip
1654:978-0-691-08803-7
1479:Freedom of speech
1344:receptive aphasia
1299:in the posterior
1293:prefrontal cortex
1283:The classical or
1211:Tourette syndrome
1153:speech processing
1102:
1101:
1078:
975:Speech repetition
919:Speech perception
879:esophageal speech
875:alaryngeal speech
802:Speech production
704:The evolutionary
667:cognitive science
639:speech repetition
631:speech perception
525:
524:
313:Distributionalism
256:Psycholinguistics
48:
16:(Redirected from
4329:
4168:
4167:
4145:Ray Birdwhistell
3973:
3972:
3962:
3961:
3888:Broader concepts
3884:
3883:
3861:First impression
3542:
3541:
3529:
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3507:
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3491:
3490:
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3132:
3083:Public relations
2978:Biocommunication
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2292:
2290:10.1002/lio2.354
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1624:
1623:
1617:
1611:. Archived from
1576:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1535:
1499:Origin of speech
1468:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1448:
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1440:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1291:in the inferior
1266:Brain physiology
1097:
1096:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1036:
1005:
1004:
997:
948:voice onset time
883:Donald Duck talk
861:, which creates
734:Origin of speech
706:origin of speech
695:written language
683:speech pathology
679:computer science
534:as a medium for
517:
510:
503:
489:
435:LGBT linguistics
425:Internationalism
400:Compositionality
261:Sociolinguistics
236:Neurolinguistics
231:Interlinguistics
216:Ethnomethodology
58:
57:
49:
21:
4337:
4336:
4332:
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4327:
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4278:
4269:Mimoplastic art
4252:
4243:Tactile signing
4226:
4159:
4133:
4097:
4061:
4034:
3967:
3952:
3928:Social behavior
3889:
3870:
3834:
3825:Microexpression
3811:
3795:One-bit message
3774:
3726:
3661:
3581:Microexpression
3536:
3523:
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3488:
3483:
3465:
3254:
3133:
3124:
2971:
2969:
2962:
2944:
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2898:
2873:
2870:
2868:Further reading
2865:
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2591:(Franz Gall to)
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2127:
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2100:
2084:10.1.1.545.3746
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1899:
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1615:
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1532:
1527:
1484:Imagined speech
1464:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1424:Language portal
1422:
1415:
1412:
1376:
1374:Talking animals
1370:
1356:
1354:Modern research
1309:auditory cortex
1297:Wernicke's area
1273:
1271:Classical model
1268:
1259:
1253:
1223:tongue diseases
1098:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1037:
1026:
1022:primary sources
1006:
1002:
995:
993:Speech disorder
989:
977:
971:
962:
956:
933:spoken language
921:
915:
897:
891:
808:
800:Main articles:
798:
763:
736:
730:
720:can use simple
659:Wernicke's area
540:Spoken language
521:
480:
479:
390:
382:
381:
293:
285:
284:
280:Writing systems
171:Anthropological
161:
153:
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103:
95:
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32:Public speaking
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4197:
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4158:
4157:
4152:
4150:Charles Darwin
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3879:
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3858:
3853:
3848:
3846:Affect display
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3732:Social context
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3671:
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3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3640:Pupil dilation
3637:
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3588:
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3225:Organizational
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3175:Cross-cultural
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3023:Intrapersonal
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2896:External links
2894:
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2734:
2683:
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2626:(5): 1351–70.
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2386:(3): 345–348.
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1958:10.1.1.22.3754
1951:(7): 258–267.
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1913:(2): 222–225.
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1466:Society portal
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1372:Main article:
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1361:lateral sulcus
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1255:Main article:
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4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Freudian slip
4081:
4079:
4078:Lie detection
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4057:Mirror neuron
4055:
4053:
4049:
4048:Limbic system
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4013:Rett syndrome
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:Social skills
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:People skills
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Communication
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3885:
3881:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:Multi-faceted
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:Display rules
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3720:Voice quality
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:Body language
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3510:
3508:
3503:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3480:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Media studies
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:International
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:Environmental
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Developmental
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:Communicology
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Media ecology
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:Interpersonal
3016:
3014:
3013:Intercultural
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Communication
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2871:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2473:
2471:9780132719957
2467:
2463:
2456:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2360:9781617050572
2356:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2283:(1): 96–116.
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2260:(3): 286–306.
2259:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:(2): 117–34.
2198:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2114:(1): 170–97.
2113:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2077:(4): 463–90.
2076:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:(6): 223–32.
2003:
1999:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1731:9780674002265
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1687:9780674074132
1683:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1618:on 2014-01-06
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Talking birds
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1404:sign language
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1365:
1362:
1351:
1349:
1348:jargon speech
1345:
1341:
1340:Carl Wernicke
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1277:
1263:
1258:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:and acquired
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1091:
1087:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045: –
1044:
1040:
1039:Find sources:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:This section
1008:
999:
998:
994:
984:
982:
976:
966:
961:
951:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
920:
910:
907:
903:
896:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
807:
803:
793:
791:
786:
783:
779:
775:
771:
760:
756:
754:
750:
745:
741:
735:
725:
723:
722:sign language
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:speech errors
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:psychologists
597:
593:
592:communication
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
518:
513:
511:
506:
504:
499:
498:
496:
495:
492:
488:
484:
483:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
410:Descriptivism
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
386:
385:
378:
377:Structuralism
375:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
360:Prague circle
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
331:
328:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
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306:
304:
301:
300:
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296:
295:
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267:
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242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
206:Documentation
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
181:Computational
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
157:
156:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
99:
98:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
76:
75:
72:
69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
54:
53:real-time MRI
37:
33:
19:
4073:Cold reading
4066:Applications
4040:Neuroanatomy
3685:Paralanguage
3666:
3092:
2998:Conversation
2983:Broadcasting
2889:Project MUSE
2886:Available at
2877:
2840:
2837:The Sciences
2836:
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2809:
2799:
2773:
2767:
2755:. Retrieved
2751:the original
2746:
2737:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2667:
2658:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2572:
2556:
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2534:
2525:
2516:
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2489:
2480:
2461:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2431:
2418:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2350:
2344:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2040:
2034:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1948:
1944:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1889:. Retrieved
1856:(1): 85–96.
1853:
1847:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1713:
1704:
1677:
1671:
1642:
1631:
1620:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1587:(3): 88–96.
1584:
1578:
1562:
1551:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1509:Speechwriter
1400:displacement
1377:
1357:
1325:
1321:motor cortex
1289:Broca's area
1282:
1260:
1246:
1207:articulation
1195:cleft palate
1135:, including
1116:, including
1103:
1081:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1038:
1018:verification
1011:
978:
963:
941:
922:
898:
895:Speech error
856:
854:consonants.
848:nasalization
813:
809:
787:
781:
777:
772:, non-human
768:
737:
703:
655:Broca's area
628:
604:Lev Vygotsky
589:
527:
526:
323:Glossematics
303:Constituency
275:interpreting
113:Lexicography
4052:Limbic lobe
3817:Unconscious
3800:Missed call
3770:Social norm
3745:Conventions
3635:Eye contact
3145:Closed-loop
3008:Information
2970:terminology
2874:(in French)
2843:(9): 8–10.
1233:Psychiatric
1114:vocal cords
1084:August 2022
1012:needs more
954:Development
944:categorical
816:linguistics
806:Linguistics
790:vocal tract
663:linguistics
616:to memorize
572:enunciation
560:speech acts
532:human voice
475:Terminology
450:Orthography
370:Usage-based
271:Translating
166:Acquisition
71:Linguistics
4301:Categories
4185:Aggressive
4155:Paul Ekman
4138:Key people
4102:Technology
4088:Poker tell
3933:Social cue
3740:Chronemics
3690:Intonation
3534:Modalities
3461:Wertheimer
3341:Horkheimer
3078:Propaganda
3033:Mass media
3028:Journalism
2968:Topics and
2703:(56): 56.
1891:2022-08-12
1849:J Hum Evol
1622:2014-01-06
1553:2018-09-13
1525:References
1327:Paul Broca
1219:congenital
1187:stuttering
1145:dysarthria
1054:newspapers
991:See also:
969:Repetition
913:Perception
852:homorganic
836:consonants
796:Production
765:Sub-apical
675:psychology
651:vocabulary
624:meditation
576:intonation
568:persuading
542:combines
445:Orismology
330:Functional
318:Generative
308:Dependency
128:Pragmatics
118:Morphology
108:Diachronic
4190:Assertive
3998:Fragile X
3983:Aprosodia
3976:Disorders
3923:Semiotics
3851:Deception
3657:Proxemics
3647:Olfaction
3630:Oculesics
3615:Imitation
3245:Technical
3230:Political
3138:Subfields
3063:New media
2857:0036-861X
2757:12 August
2079:CiteSeerX
1953:CiteSeerX
1813:145180611
1774:ignored (
1764:cite book
1663:469431753
1396:recursion
1359:the left
1251:Treatment
1172:dysphasia
1118:paralysis
929:phonology
925:phonetics
863:phonation
744:evolution
728:Evolution
699:diglossia
691:acoustics
612:cognition
548:consonant
420:Iconicity
415:Etymology
335:Cognitive
298:Formalist
251:Phonetics
241:Philology
133:Semantics
123:Phonology
4317:Language
4020:Dyssemia
3866:Intimacy
3786:Emoticon
3695:Loudness
3625:Laughter
3561:Kinesics
3552:Blushing
3545:Physical
3479:Category
3431:Richards
3356:Jakobson
3336:Habermas
3291:Castells
3281:Benjamin
3259:Scholars
2884:, 2013.
2814:Archived
2729:30429778
2650:28334963
2535:ASHA.org
2494:Archived
2436:Archived
2410:26649545
2309:32128436
2213:16411426
2163:14991615
2155:15781306
2018:10354575
1983:14706592
1975:10859570
1882:Archived
1878:15656937
1756:38780927
1748:11253303
1740:43207451
1712:(2000).
1696:10071298
1639:(2002).
1609:14402211
1570:(1960).
1547:Archived
1539:"Speech"
1519:Vocology
1410:See also
1149:dystonia
1141:aphasias
1043:"Speech"
987:Problems
832:pulmonic
647:children
580:loudness
536:language
221:Forensic
201:Distance
148:Typology
63:a series
61:Part of
18:Speaking
4274:Subtext
4195:Passive
4164:Related
3755:Habitus
3700:Prosody
3652:Posture
3593:Gesture
3451:Tankard
3446:Shannon
3441:Schramm
3426:Quebral
3421:Postman
3411:Packard
3391:McLuhan
3386:Marcuse
3381:Luhmann
3376:Lippman
3371:Kincaid
3366:Johnson
3331:Goffman
3326:Gerbner
3316:Flusser
3296:Chomsky
3276:Bateson
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