Spratly Islands dispute

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only claim portions of them. China has proposed co-operation with Taiwan against all the other countries claiming the islands. Taiwanese lawmakers have demanded that Taiwan fortify Itu Aba (Taiping) island with weapons to defend against the Vietnamese, and both China and Taiwanese NGOs have pressured Taiwan to expand Taiwan's military capabilities on the island, which played a role in Taiwan expanding the island's runway in 2012. China has urged Taiwan to co-operate and offered Taiwan a share in oil and gas resources while shutting out all the other rival claimants. Taiwanese lawmakers have complained about repeated Vietnamese aggression and trespassing on Taiwan's Itu Aba (Taiping), and Taiwan has started viewing Vietnam as an enemy over the Spratly Islands, not China. Taiwan's state run oil company CPC Corp's board director Chiu Yi has called Vietnam as the "greatest threat" to Taiwan. Taiwan's airstrip on Taiping has irritated Vietnam. China views Taiwan's expansion of its military and airstrip on Taiping as benefiting China's position against the other rival claimants from southeast Asian countries.

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intermittence and discontinuity compatible with the maintenance of the right necessarily differ according as inhabited or inhabited regions are involved, or region enclosed within territories in which sovereignty is incontestably displayed or again regions accessible from, for instance, the high seas." For uninhabited territories, the 1931 Clipperton Island case ruled that "if a territory, by virtue of the fact it was completely uninhabited, is, from the first moment when the occupying state makes its appearance there, at the absolute and undisputed disposition of that state, from the moment the taking of possession must be considered as accomplished, and the occupation is thereby completed. Xxx the fact that has not exercised her authority there in a positive manner does not imply the forfeiture of an acquisition already definitely perfected." The ruling was affirmed in the 1933 Eastern Greenland case.

3076:, the boundaries of former colonies must be respected by all states. It was established after the Frontier Dispute case between Burkina Faso and Mali. The ICJ ruled that uti possidetis juris is a "general principle, which is logically connected with the phenomenon of the obtaining of independence, wherever it occurs. Its obvious purpose is to prevent the independence and stability of new States being endangered by fratricidal struggles provoked by the challenging of frontiers following the withdrawal of the administering power…Its purpose, at the time of the achievement of independence by the former Spanish colonies of America, was to scotch any designs which non-American colonizing powers might have on regions which had been assigned by the former metropolitan State to one division or another, but which were still uninhabited or unexplored." 644: 2710: 2646: 3030: 2844: 13017: 10448: 10399: 10350: 10313: 10299: 10278: 10237: 10188: 10146: 10125: 10014: 9972: 9916: 9870: 9849: 9675: 9603: 9550: 169: 1910: 2271: 13197: 10441: 10406: 10357: 10327: 10292: 10251: 10202: 10153: 10076: 10028: 9979: 9951: 9930: 9877: 9856: 9703: 9682: 9661: 9617: 9564: 346: 1885: 3420:, Taiwan stated that "legally, historically, geographically, or in reality", all of the South China Sea and Spratly islands were Taiwan's territory and under Taiwanese sovereignty, and denounced actions undertaken there by Malaysia and the Philippines, in a statement on 13 July 1999 released by the foreign ministry of Taiwan. Taiwan and China's claims "mirror" each other; during international talks involving the Spratly islands, China and Taiwan have cooperated with each other since both have the same claims. 2263: 13122: 10420: 10320: 10195: 9902: 272: 1955: 10476: 10104: 9759: 2198: 10469: 10271: 10223: 10118: 10090: 9766: 1185: 1261: 1071: 1356: 1033: 656: 1318: 1197: 663: 1299: 1273: 1223: 1083: 1520: 1432: 1368: 1045: 10048: 1748: 1413: 1330: 1109: 995: 957: 874: 1489: 1451: 1375: 1090: 1052: 1014: 976: 1817: 1577: 1337: 1311: 1242: 1235: 1128: 12854: 1444: 1394: 1204: 1166: 1855: 1836: 1634: 1558: 1425: 1147: 1121: 1007: 969: 855: 1798: 1653: 1615: 1501: 1463: 1387: 1280: 1102: 1064: 1026: 988: 931: 13072: 10413: 10139: 10055: 9895: 9828: 9745: 1596: 1470: 1349: 1254: 1140: 950: 223: 10378: 9814: 9786: 9738: 9638: 9589: 1729: 1710: 1691: 1539: 1406: 1216: 1178: 912: 836: 1672: 1159: 893: 1779: 1292: 1482: 1843: 1824: 10586: 9696: 9631: 13227: 10427: 10244: 10069: 375: 2608: 2323: 3479: 12992: 10552: 10392: 9835: 145: 9610: 2016: 3568: 2239: 9993: 9724: 10216: 10167: 9944: 9654: 670: 10462: 10371: 10343: 10174: 10097: 10021: 10000: 9965: 9923: 9807: 9793: 9717: 9582: 9557: 862: 824: 843: 1508: 919: 2755:, drafted by the Allies and China towards the end of World War II, listed the territories that the Allies intended to strip from Japan and return to China. Despite China being among the authors of the declaration, this list did not include the Spratlys. Vietnam's response to China's claim that the Cairo Declaration somehow recognised the latter's sovereignty over the Spratlys is that it has no basis in fact. 938: 900: 1565: 881: 1622: 1546: 1641: 1603: 1736: 1584: 1698: 1679: 1527: 1805: 1660: 1755: 1786: 1717: 1767: 3345:. The French were unaware of Britain's earlier claim. After a series of internal debates, British officials decided not to push their claims due to disagreements over how important the Spratlys were, a perceived weakness of their claim from not following up on it since 1877, and their wish for France to act as a buffer in the South China Sea against growing threats to the British from Japan. 3847:, the Soviet Union proposed that the Spratlys belonged to China. The delegates overwhelmingly rejected this suggestion. The delegates from Vietnam, which at that time was a French protectorate, declared sovereignty over the Paracel and the Spratly Islands, which was not opposed by any delegate at the conference. China did not attend the conference and was not a signatory of the treaty. 3872:("Freedomland"). The People's Republic of China, the Republic of China, France, South Vietnam, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands all issued protests. The Republic of China and South Vietnam sent naval units to the islands, though South Vietnam left no permanent garrison. Later in the year, South Vietnam declared its annexation of the Spratly Islands as a part of its 3304:) and is the earliest map showing sovereignty over the said territories. Philippine officials and writers also assert that the 1808 and 1875 editions of Carita General del Archipelago Filipino, published by the Spanish colonial government, included the Spratly islands as sovereign territory of the Philippines and was recognized by the international community. 3308:

Philippines. In 1877, the British laid a claim to two Spratly islands and dispatched an expedition group there after learning of the presence of guano from locals in British-colonized Borneo. However, the group forgot to plant the British flag after the white businesspersons and their Chinese employees attacked one another due to a dispute.

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Malaysian authorities displayed no concern over China conducting a military exercise at James Shoal in March 2013, However, until present Malaysia still maintained a balance relations with the countries involved in this dispute. But since China has start encroaching its territorial waters, Malaysia has become active in condemning China.

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State of Eritrea and Ethiopia case, and was affirmed further in the Pedra Blanca arbitration between Malaysia and Singapore in 2008, when the ICJ ruled: "The map still stands as a statement of geographical fact, especially when the State adversely affected has itself produced and disseminated it, even against its own interest."

2825:'s Vietnamese territories under the 17th Parallel. As the Paracel and the Spratly archipelagos (which lay below the 17th parallel) were part of the French Indochina since 1933, they were part of "South Vietnam" territory. The French bestowed its titles, rights, and claims over the two island chains to the Republic of Vietnam. 2590:, unilaterally declared a state on 53 features in the South China Sea, calling it "Freedomland". In December 1974, Cloma was arrested and forced to sign a document to convey to the Philippines whatever rights he might have had in the territory for one peso. Cloma sold his claim to the Philippine government, which annexed ( 2744:(大南ー統全圖), an atlas of Vietnam completed in 1838, Trường Sa was shown as Vietnamese territory. Vietnam had conducted many geographical and resource surveys of the islands. The results of these surveys have been recorded in Vietnamese literature and history published since the 17th century. After the treaty signed with the 3106:), and another jointly by Vietnam and Malaysia for a joint claim over a "defined area" in the middle of the SCS between the two countries, which included part of the Spratly Islands. Brunei made a preliminary submission notifying of its intention to claim a continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from its shores. 3371:, claimed that the Spratly islands were contested among China, the Philippines, and Indochina. The Paracels and Spratlys were handed over to Republic of China control from Japan after the 1945 surrender of Japan, since the Allied powers assigned the Republic of China to receive Japanese surrenders in that area. 3337:

During the 1928 Islas Palmas case, the United States, as representative of the territory of the Philippines, reiterated in a memorandum that the 1875 Carta General del Archipielago Filipino "is both an American official and a Spanish official map" of Philippine territory, binding the United States on

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In July 2012, China (PRC) announced that it is open to launching discussions on the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea, but called for all parties to exercise self-restraint in keeping with the spirit of previous declarations and United Nation conventions. This announcement has been criticised by

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On 4 September 1958, with the seventh fleet of the US Navy patrolling the Taiwan Strait, China announced its decision to extend the breadth of its territorial waters to 12 nautical miles. The United Nations (to which China was not yet a member) had just held its first Conference on the Law of the Sea

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claims China has intentionally misrepresented the letter, which contains no direct reference to either island chain. In addition, they claim that China is ignoring the spirit and time in which the letter was written. During that time, the two communist neighbors shared extremely close ties and the US

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Vietnam claims that it has occupied the Spratly and the Paracel islands at least since the 17th century, when they were not under the sovereignty of any state, and that they exercised sovereignty over the two archipelagos continuously and peacefully until they were invaded by Chinese armed forces. In

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reiterates Viet Nam's sovereignty over the Hoang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagoes and its position to settle those disputes relating to territorial claims as well as other disputes in the Eastern Sea through peaceful negotiations in the spirit of equality, mutual respect and understanding, and with due

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Most of the "maritime features" in this area have at least six names: The "international name", usually in English; the "Chinese name", sometimes different for PRC and ROC (and also in different character-sets); the Philippine, Vietnamese and Malaysian names, and also, there are alternate names (e.g.

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Taiwan performed live fire military exercises on Taiping island in September 2012; reports said that Vietnam was explicitly named by the Taiwanese military as the "imaginary enemy" in the drill. Vietnam protested against the exercises as violation of its territory and "voiced anger", demanding that

3423:

Taiwan and China are largely strategically aligned on the Spratly islands issue, since they both claim exactly the same area, so Taiwan's control of Itu Aba (Taiping) island is viewed as an extension of China's claim. Taiwan and China both claim the entire island chain, while all the other claimants

3409:

North Vietnam recognised China's claims on the Paracels and Spratlys during the Vietnam War as it was being supported by China. Only after winning the war and conquering South Vietnam did North Vietnam retract its recognition and admitted it recognised them as part of China to receive aid from China

3401:

Taiwan's garrison from 1946 to 1950 and 1956-now on Itu Aba represents an "effective occupation" of the Spratlys. China established a coastal defence system against Japanese pirates or smugglers. During the San Francisco Peace Conference of 1951, the San Francisco Peace Treaty was signed. During the

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to be extended beyond 200 nautical miles of their shores. By 13 May 2009, a total of 48 nations made full claims, and dozens more made preliminary submissions. Two of the submissions made to the CLCS addressed claims in the South China Sea (SCS) – one by Vietnam for a claim over the northern portion

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After World War II ended, the Republic of China was the "most active claimant". The Republic of China then garrisoned Itu Aba (Taiping) Island in 1946 and posted Chinese flags and markers on it along with Woody island in the Paracels, France tried, but failed to make them leave Woody island. The aim

3084:

Maps cannot establish title to territory unless if it is attached to a treaty. Moreover, maps unilaterally produced by a state, even if not attached to a treaty, can bind the producing state if it is "adverse to its interest". This was established in the 2002 Delimitation of the Border between the

3892:, stating that the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam respected the decision on the 12 nautical mile limit of territorial waters. Both the South Vietnamese government and the communist revolutionary movement in South Vietnam continued to assert that the Spratlys belonged to Vietnam. 3474:

believed Malaysia could profit from China's economic growth through co-operation with China, and said that China "was not a threat to anyone and was not worried about aggression from China", as well accusing the United States of provoking China and trying to turn China's neighbours against China.

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and natural gas have been found in the area. It is a commercial fishing ground and close to global shipping routes. Its strategic position allows countries to monitor maritime activities in the area and project military power. UNCLOS does not decide on the sovereignty of disputed territories, as

4135:

announced that its mobile-phone coverage had expanded to include the Spratly Islands, under the rationale that it can allow soldiers stationed on the islands, fishermen and merchant vessels within the area to use mobile services, and can also provide assistance during storms and sea rescues. The

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In May, two submissions were made to the UN's Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS): a joint submission by Malaysia and Vietnam claims jurisdiction over their respective continental shelves out to 200 nautical miles; a submission by Vietnam claims jurisdiction over an extended

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of the Chinese Embassy in Vietnam, and told him that, "according to Vietnamese data, the Xisha and Nansha Islands are historically part of Chinese territory". Le Loc, acting director of the Asian Department of the Vietnamese Foreign Ministry was present and specifically cited Vietnamese data and

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In 1990, China published the first volume of its "An Atlas of Ancient Maps of China" through the Cultural Relics Publishing House, Beijing, a publishing arm of the State Bureau of Cultural Relics of China. The second volume was published in 1994, while the third and final volume was published in

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countries and China (PRC). The parties explicitly undertook in this declaration, "to resolve their territorial and jurisdictional disputes by peaceful means, without resorting to the threat or use of force, through friendly consultations and negotiations by sovereign states directly concerned".

2690:

Vietnam's response to China's claim is that Chinese records on Qianli Changsha and Wanli Shitang are records about non-Chinese territories. For example, Qianli Changsha and Wanli Shitang were referred to in the ancient Chinese texts Ling Wai Dai Da and Zhu Fan Zhi as being in the Sea of Jiaozhi,

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When the Philippines gained independence in 1946, the Philippine nationalists wanted to claim the Spratly Islands. The American advisors, however, discouraged them due to the fact that the Spanish-American Treaty of 1898 clearly stipulated that the western limit of the Philippine islands did not

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On 12 July 2016, the arbitral tribunal ruled in favor of the Philippines on most of its submissions. It clarified that while it would not "rule on any question of sovereignty ... and would not delimit any maritime boundary", China's historic rights claims over maritime areas (as opposed to land

616:

In 2010, the Western Central Pacific (excluding the northernmost reaches of the South China Sea closest to the PRC coast) accounted for 14% of the total world catch at 11.7 million tonnes. This was up from less than 4 million tonnes in 1970. In 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone

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In the 19th century, Europeans found that Chinese fishermen from Hainan annually sojourned on the Spratly islands for part of the year specifically for trade, which was also common for other ethnic groups in the area such as the Cham of Vietnam and the people of Palawan, Sulu, and Luzon in the

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Taiwan garrison forces actively fended off Philippine efforts to build on the Spratly before 1971. After the UN vote to recognize the PRC, the ROC government in Taiwan no longer was in position to defend its rights. The Philippines and Vietnam took this opportunity to establish outposts in the

3405:

In 1953, the French Foreign Ministry declared that the Spratlys were "not attached to Vietnam in 1949, when the former colony of Conchinchina was ceded to this Associated State. They (Spratlys) therefore depend on (administered by) the Ministry of Overseas France." In 1955, the French Foreign

3063:

In the Eastern Greenland Case between Norway and Denmark, the critical date doctrine was established. It was ruled by the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) that the Norwegian proclamation on July 10, 1931, annexing Eastern Greenland was the "critical date" in that specific case.

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Between April 7, 1933, and April 13, 1933, France took possession of the Spratly Islands and notification of the occupation appeared in the Official Journal of July 26, 1933. France claimed the Spratlys for the French Union, rather than as part of Indochina (and its successor Vietnam). China

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The Philippine claim to Kalayaan on a geographical basis can be summarised using the assertion that Kalayaan is distinct from other island groups in the South China Sea, because of the size of the biggest island in the Kalayaan group. A second argument used by the Philippines regarding their

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International law on claims differ if the territory is inhabited or uninhabited. In the 1928 Island of Palmas case, for inhabited territories, the court stated that "although continuous in principle, sovereignty cannot be exercised in fact at every moment on every point of a territory. The

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disputed French sovereignty over the islands, claiming that Japan was the first country to discover the islands. Japan declared its intention to place the island group under its jurisdiction. France and the United Kingdom protested and reasserted French sovereignty claims.

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The Spratlys and the Paracels were conquered from France by Japan in 1939. Japan administered the Spratlys via Taiwan's jurisdiction and the Paracels via Hainan's jurisdiction. The Paracels and Spratlys were handed over to Republic of China control from Japan after the 1945

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In 2014 Janes reported that during 2013–2014 China had begun dredging and land reclamation at three sites in the Spratlys. In contrast to the construction projections of other countries, Beijing's efforts involved reefs that for the most part were under water at high tide.

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The Republic of China garrisoned Itu Aba (Taiping) island in 1946 and posted Chinese flags and markers on it along with Woody island in the Paracels, France tried, but failed to make them leave Woody island. The aim of the Republic of China was to block the French claims.

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At the San Francisco Conference on the peace treaty with Japan, the Soviet Union proposed that the Paracels and Spratlys be recognised as belonging to China. This proposal was rejected by an overwhelming majority of the delegates. On 7 July 1951, Tran Van Huu, head of the

585:, near the Spratly Islands territory. In 2010, these oil fields supplied 15% of all petroleum consumed in the Philippines. In 1992, the PRC and Vietnam granted oil exploration contracts to US oil companies that covered overlapping areas in the Spratlys. In May 1992, the 3130:

in the region if tensions worsened over disputes in the South China Sea. In March, the Philippines complained that Chinese patrol boats had harassed a Philippine oil exploration vessel in disputed waters near the Spratlys, and subsequently filed a formal protest at the

2789:

The provisional military demarcation line between the two final regrouping zones is extended into the territorial waters by a line perpendicular to the general line of the coast. All coastal islands north of this boundary shall be evacuated by the armed forces of the

556:. The dispute is characterized by diplomatic stalemate and the employment of military pressure techniques (such as military occupation of disputed territory) in the advancement of national territorial claims. All except Brunei occupy some of the maritime features. 6584:

China | The Government of the People's Republic of China does not accept any of the procedures provided for in Section 2 of Part XV of the Convention with respect to all the categories of disputes referred to in paragraph 1 (a) (b) and (c) of Article 298 of the

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We solemnly inform you that the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam acknowledges and supports the declaration dated September 4th, 1958 by the Government of the People's Republic of China regarding the decision on the breadth of China's territorial

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its recognition of the Scarborough Shoal and the Spratly Islands as Philippine territory. According to the South China Sea Arbitration award, as of 1875 and until 1933, no other state had claimed the Spratlys aside from the territory of the Philippines.

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After pulling out its garrison in 1950 when the Republic of China evacuated to Taiwan, when the Filipino Tomas Cloma uprooted an ROC flag on Itu Aba laid claim to the Spratlys and, the Republic of China (now Taiwan) again regarrisoned Itu Aba in 1956.

3330:. The treaty lines drawn were inaccurate, leading to the Spanish to retain sovereign control over the Spratly Islands, Scarborough Shoal, and parts of Tawi-Tawi. According to the Philippine government, this was later rectified retroactively in the 2918:

The Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam respects that decision and will direct its state agencies to absolutely respect the 12-nautical mile breadth of China's territorial sea in all the relations with People's Republic of China at

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global oceanic surveys project when the conflict occurred. Chinese and Vietnamese sources differ on as to who fired the first shot. PLAN forces won and China established control over six significant landmarks, including Johnson South Reef.

3013:. The Vietnamese government fears that using the evidence of Champa's historical connection to the disputed islands in the South China Sea would expose the human rights violations and killings of ethnic minorities in Vietnam such as in the 2413:

and placed flags and markers on the islands. In 1909 it established a naval presence for a time in the Paracels as a reaction to Japanese moves. The Qing dynasty's successor state, the Republic of China, was to later claim the Spratly and

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In 1947, the Republic of China drew up the map showing the U-shaped claim on the entire South China Sea, showing the Spratly and Paracels in Chinese territory. In 1947, the ROC government renamed 159 islands in the area and published the

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On 16 February 2016, the imagery from Image Sat International (ISI) showed that the Chinese military had deployed an advanced surface-to-air missile system on one of the contested islands in the South China Sea. It appeared to show the

2898:

Chính phủ nước Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa tôn trọng quyết định ấy và sẽ chỉ thị cho các cơ quan Nhà nước có trách nhiệm triệt để tôn trọng hải phận 12 hải lý của Trung Quốc trong mọi quan hệ với nước Cộng hoà Nhân dân Trung Hoa trên mặt

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Point 3: PM Pham Van Dong's letter is a unilateral declaration written solely as a response to China's declaration on a 12 nautical mile territorial waters. The letter makes no mention, whatsoever, of territorial sovereignty over any

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Note that the oil and gas discovered in the region so far has been in shallow / coastal-shelf waters, whereas (with notable exceptions), the majority of waters in the area are very deep, and unexplored. (One of the exceptions is the

3109:

China (PRC) immediately issued protests over the two submissions and called on the United Nations not to consider them. It also issued a stern warning to countries not to claim the islands which it said were its sovereign territory.

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After Japan's surrender at the end of World War II, the Republic of China claimed the Paracel and Spratly Islands. The Republic of China sent troops to Itu Aba Island; forces erected sovereignty markers and named it Taiping Island.

2401:

In the 19th century, Europeans found that Chinese fishermen from Hainan annually sojourned on the Spratly Islands for part of the year, while in 1877 it was the British who launched the first modern legal claims to the Spratlys.

2936:, were signed in 1958. Though the UN conference was considered a success, it left the exact breadth of each nation's territorial waters somewhat unresolved; the US, for instance, said it should extend just three nautical miles. 2947:

in response to China's declaration. The Vietnamese newspaper Thanh Nien News claims that the letter has no legal relevance in China's sovereignty claims to the Paracel and Spratly archipelagos for the three following reasons:

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The Spratlys and the Paracels were conquered by Japan in 1939. Japan annexed the Spratly Islands via Taiwanese jurisdiction as part of Kaohsiung on 30 March 1939. France and UK protested and reasserted French sovereignty.

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concluded that it had jurisdiction to consider seven of the Philippines' submissions, subject to certain conditions, and postponed the consideration of its jurisdiction on the other eight submissions to the merits phase.

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News, claims that although, nothing was said explicitly about offshore archipelagos, which was of small interest by that times, it was clearly understood by all the parties that the Republic of Vietnam inherit of all the

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that requires separate legal and diplomatic efforts beyond the scope of UNCLOS. Additionally, China (PRC), Taiwan (ROC), and Vietnam are the only ones to have made claims based on historical sovereignty of the islands.

2983:(2007–2011) Election held early in Trường Sa, the people and soldiers also voted for their local district government for the first time. For the first time, Trường Sa is organised like a normal inland district, with a 2740: 2430:

of the Republic of China was to block the French claims. The Republic of China drew up the map showing the U-shaped claim on the entire South China Sea, showing the Spratly and Paracels in Chinese territory, in 1947.

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Three French ships took control of nine of the largest islands and declared French sovereignty over the archipelago to the great powers including the UK, US, China and Japan, according to the principles found in the

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on 2005-01-07). Additionally, pages 48 and 51 of "The Brunei-Malaysia Dispute over Territorial and Maritime Claims in International Law" by R. Haller-Trost, Clive Schofield, and Martin Pratt, published by the

2782:, which China was a signatory, settled the First Indochina War end. French Indochina was split into three countries: Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. Vietnam was to be temporarily divided along the 17th Parallel. 9083: 4645: 4375: 8072: 3462:

Since 1992, Malaysia and Vietnam have agreed to jointly develop areas around these disputed islands. Malaysia has said that it is monitoring all of the actions made by countries involved in the dispute.

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The Republic of Vietnam (RVN) exercised sovereignty over the islands, by placing border markers on the Spratlys to indicate South Vietnamese sovereignty over the archipelago. Up to the end of the

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air defense system, which closely resembles Russia's S-300 missile system. The HQ-9 has a range of 125 miles, which would pose a threat to any airplanes, civilians or military, flying close by.

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as there was no effective sovereignty over the islands until the 1930s when France and then Japan acquired the islands. When Japan renounced their sovereignty over the islands according to the

38: 5920: 2767:) delegation to the conference declared that the Paracels and Spratlys were part of Vietnamese territory. This declaration met with no challenge from the 51 representatives at the conference. 2698:

Vietnam's view is that the Chinese records do not constitute the declaration and exercise of sovereignty and that China did not declare sovereignty over the Spratlys until after World War II.

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where the mentioned remaining territories were formally ceded to the United States and their interpreation is that this was as part of the territory of the Philippines at their independence.

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Chính phủ nước Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa ghi nhận và tán thành bản tuyên bố, ngày 4 tháng 9 năm 1958, của Chính phủ nước Cộng hoà Nhân dân Trung Hoa, quyết định về hải phận của Trung Quốc.

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stipulated that territorial transfers must be decided by an act of parliament, the most powerful body in the country. As such, the Prime Minister had no right to relinquish the islands.

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and the Spratly Islands. Most of the proved or probable 11 billion barrels of oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in the South China Sea exist near undisputed shorelines.

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In May, PRC patrol boats attacked and cut the cables of Vietnamese oil-exploration ships near the Spratly Islands. The incidents sparked several anti-China protests in Vietnam.

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Position Paper of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Matter of Jurisdiction in the South China Sea Arbitration Initiated by the Republic of the Philippines

1861: 7001: 5557: 7106: 3211:. As of November 2023, 26 governments support the ruling, 17 issued generally positive statements noting the ruling but not called for compliance, and eight rejected it. The 2872:, threatening them both. The letter, according to the newspaper, represented a diplomatic gesture of goodwill that has no legal relevance to the current territorial dispute. 2314:(UNCLOS). Brunei states that the southern part of the Spratly Islands chain is actually a part of its continental shelf, and therefore a part of its territory and resources. 2836:

held military control over the majority of the Spratly Islands until 1975, when North Vietnamese troops attacked South Vietnamese troops and occupied the islands. After the

4741:, University of Durham, UK, points out that this is a "territorial dispute" between Brunei and other claimants over the ownership of one above-water feature – Louisa Reef. 3341:

In 1930 a French vessel formally laid claims to an area of the Spratlys without naming any specific island in order to avoid any overlap with the Philippine territory as

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Ministère de L'Europe et des Affaires étrangères, France Commission de publication des documents relatifs aux origines de la guerre (1981). "15, 16 mars-30 avril 1939".

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and attacked Navy personnel with knives and pickaxes. They also punctured an RHIB and destroyed equipment. Filipino servicemen were injured, with one losing his thumb.

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Ministère de L'Europe et des Affaires étrangères, France Commission de publication des documents relatifs aux origines de la guerre (1974). "9, 21 mars-9 juin 1938".

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Arbitral Award on the Subject of the Difference Relative to the Sovereignty over Clipperton Island, American Journal of International Law 26, No. 2 (April 1931); 390.

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Tomas Cloma, director of the Maritime Institute of the Philippines, claimed sovereignty over the northwestern two-thirds of the Spratly Islands, naming his territory

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passed a resolution condemning China's move and calling all parties to refrain from occupying features in the South China Sea until a code of conduct is reached.

3199:. In accordance with Article 3 of Annex VII of UNCLOS, the Philippines appointed 1 of the 5 arbitrators, while China did not appoint any. On 29 October 2015, the 2604:

of the Philippines issued Presidential decree No. 1596, declaring the Spratly Islands (referred to therein as the Kalayaan Island Group) as Philippine territory.

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Point 1: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) was not in control of the Paracel and the Spratly archipelagos at the time PM Dong wrote his letter.

8096: 7709:

US Department of State Publication, Record of Proceedings of the Conference for the Conclusion and Signature of the Treaty of Peace with Japan, 119, 292 (1951).

4122:

shelf area. The People's Republic of China and the Philippines both protested the moves, stating that they violated agreements made with regard to the islands.

13519: 11057: 8832:

The United States has supported the Philippines and Vietnam by expanding military ties and expressed that it has a "national interest" in the South China Sea.

8750: 8712: 2113: 8440: 3823:

China produced a map with 9 undefined dotted lines, and claimed all of the islands within those lines. France demanded the Chinese withdraw from the islands.

3750:, which raised the French flag on an island called Île de la Tempête. Chinese fishermen were present on the island; the French made no attempt to expel them. 3402:

conference, the USSR motioned for the Paracels and the Spratly to be awarded to China, but the motion was rejected by a vote of 46 to 3, with one abstention.

10939: 10540: 6722: 4491: 2135: 8789: 8372: 7304: 3229:

On 22 July 1992, ASEAN issued a declaration on the South China Sea, emphasising that the dispute should be solved peacefully without resorting to violence.

3097:, the United Nations provided for countries with coastlines to submit claims to the UN's Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) for their 12065: 12058: 8899: 8492: 3884:

The People's Republic of China issued a declaration defining its territorial waters which encompassed the Spratly Islands. North Vietnam's prime minister,

9166: 6089: 4107:

Taiwan's president became the first head of state from a claimant country to visit the Spratly islands. His visit sparked criticism from other claimants.

8215: 8121: 7983: 7028: 5792: 5584: 3760: 3172:(UNCLOS, ratified by the Philippines in 1984, by the PRC in 1996, opted out from Section 2 of Part XV by China in 2006) concerning certain issues in the 4606:"Contested areas of South China Sea likely have few conventional oil and gas resources – Today in Energy – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 3207:

masses and territorial waters) within the "nine-dash line" have no lawful effect unless entitled to under UNCLOS. China has rejected the ruling, as has

8330: 6059: 3413:

The Philippines claimed the Spratlys in 1971 under President Marcos, after Taiwanese troops attacked and shot at a Philippine fishing boat on Itu Aba.

4115:

The Office of the Philippine President enacted the "Philippine Baselines Law of 2009" (RA 9522). The law classifies the Kalayaan Island Group and the

3046:

ruling. Under the doctrine, treaty rights are assessed under the laws in force at the time the treaty is made, not at the time a dispute takes place.

2337:. However, the PRC still claims all of the Spratly Islands as part of China. The PRC is a party to the UNCLOS, signing the agreement on 29 July 1994. 8657: 2956: 13514: 13442: 12891: 12217: 7557:. Paris: Ministère des affaires étrangères, Commission de publication des documents relatifs aux origines de la guerre 1939–1945. pp. 1–1002. 7209:

Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.

2179: 2157: 638: 79: 8838: 7959: 5814: 4119:

as a "regime of islands under the Republic of the Philippines". This means that the Philippines continues to lay claim over the disputed islands.

13494: 11327: 11307: 4057: 3169: 3094: 2683: 2670: 2624: 2468: 2334: 2311: 2168: 2146: 2124: 10518: 8273: 7179: 6029: 4076:

ordered increased patrols of the Philippine-controlled areas; the incident lead to numerous arrests of Chinese fishermen and naval clashes with

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was published, showing the Spratly islands and the Scarborough shoal as part of the Philippines territory, according to justice Antonio Carpio.

11457: 11274: 10934: 10914: 3726:

Colonial French Indochina asserted that the state Bac Hai Company had exercised Vietnamese sovereignty in the Spratlys since the 18th century.

629:

The area is close to some of the busiest shipping lanes in the world, accounting for $ 3.4 trillion of the $ 16 trillion global trade in 2016.

9135: 8028: 6857: 5841: 5789:"Presidential Decree No. 1596 – Declaring certain area part of the Philippine Territory and providing for their government and Administration" 5331: 4760: 4417: 2840:, the unified Vietnam SRV (Socialist Republic of Vietnam) continued to claim the Spratly islands as an indisputably integral part of Vietnam. 2611:

Territorial map claimed by the Philippines, showing internal waters, territorial sea, international treaty limits and exclusive economic zone.

11887: 11312: 11254: 8688: 5946: 4575: 3237:

On 4 November 2002 in Phnom Penh, the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea was signed by the 10 foreign ministers of

3132: 8178: 3018: 3014: 10955: 10929: 10851: 8298: 5435: 4517: 2686:, and of the sovereign rights and jurisdiction of the coastal States over their respective continental shelves and exclusive economic zones 8951: 8048: 6139: 4304:

On October 22, 2023, Chinese vessels hit a Philippine Coast Guard ship and military-run supply boat during a replenishment mission to the

3791:

Japan forcibly occupied the island group and remained in control until the end of World War II, administering the area as part of Taiwan.

597:

block, a 25,155 square kilometres (9,710 sq mi) section of the southwestern South China Sea that includes Spratly Island areas.

13457: 12706: 11937: 11772: 10924: 10909: 10777: 9371: 7610: 6186: 5658: 5466:"Declaration of the Government of the Peoples Republic of China on the Baseline of the Territorial Sea of the People's Republic of China" 5297: 4926: 3999:(Layang Layang), in the south of the Spratly Islands. A naval base and diving resort was later built at this location on reclaimed land. 3514: 59: 8819: 8556: 7933: 7664: 6776: 6310: 6279: 6248: 6217: 5766: 5377: 5225: 4456: 4161:, sparking embarrassment for the Chinese government and causing an awkward diplomatic situation. The ship was later towed back to base. 4099:. Despite initial PRC demands for its removal, and subsequent PRC offers for its free removal, the vessel remains aground on the reef. 2394:

from the 13th to 19th century; the islands may have appeared on a 1755 map, among others. French divers found remains of a 15th century

10884: 9461: 8239: 6494:"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Ma Zhaoxu's remarks on Vietnam's Submission on Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf in South China Sea" 5697: 4396: 4044: 2661:). Used from 22 August 1956 until 1975, when replaced by another one from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (successor state after the 560:

Spratly Island is also known as Storm Island), and sometimes names with European origins (French, Portuguese, Spanish, British, etc.).

10230: 9105: 6411:

Case Concerning Sovereignty over Pedra Blanca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge, Malaysia v.Singapore, ICJ, May 23, 2008.

6125: 6114: 5107: 5052: 3632: 2278:

China, the Philippines, Taiwan (ROC) and Vietnam claim the whole Spratly Islands while Brunei and Malaysia claim part of the Islands.

13529: 13509: 12027: 10533: 7436: 7410: 6493: 6367:

Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Norway v. Denmark), Permanent Court of International Justice, 1933, pp. 51-52, PCIJ Series A/B. 53

2637:

that the People's Republic of China can not extend its baseline claims to the Spratlys because the PRC is not an archipelagic state.

503: 6993: 5549: 4722: 4705: 3604: 13524: 11880: 7113: 4273:

vessels used water cannons and blocked two Philippine supply boats, preventing the boats from delivering essential supplies to the

3585: 643: 7586:. Paris: Ministère des affaires étrangères, Commission de publication des documents relatifs aux origines de la guerre 1939–1945. 7371: 6390: 4615: 2553:

The Republic of the Philippines claims the Spratly islands and are based on sovereignty over the Spratly Islands on the issues of

13499: 13437: 12814: 12237: 6451: 4316:

On June 17, 2024, Chinese Coast Guard boarded Philippine Marine rigid hull inflatable boats (RHIBs) on a resupply mission to the

3557: 3010: 2709: 586: 83: 7763: 7650:

Cooperative monitoring in the South China Sea: satellite imagery, confidence-building measures, and the Spratly Islands disputes

7054: 6476: 6423: 3855:

On 15 June 1956, Vice-Foreign Minister Un Van Khiem of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam received Li Zhimin, Chargé d'Affaires

3467:

Taiwan stop the drill. Among the inspectors of the live fire drill were Taiwanese national legislators, adding to the tensions.

2507:

Malaysia's claims are based upon the continental shelf principle, and have clearly defined coordinates within the limits of its

581:

In 1968, oil was discovered in the region. On 11 March 1976, the first major Philippine oil discovery occurred off the coast of

13504: 11903: 7084: 6008: 4676: 4342: 3611: 9429: 8004: 7859: 6954: 6376:

Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Norway v. Denmark), Permanent Court of International Justice, 1933, PCIJ Series A/B. No. 53

5405: 3251:

many neighbouring states because of the contradictions seen in the Scarborough Shoal at that time where China has established

2645: 10804: 10800: 9937: 9404: 9360: 8524: 8155: 7658: 7517: 6273: 6242: 6211: 6180: 5984: 5897: 5760: 5691: 5652: 5291: 5219: 5145: 4558: 4043:

between China and Vietnam occurs. The People's Liberation Army Navy was conducting a survey expedition as part of the UNESCO

4019:

The first Philippine-Vietnam Joint Marine Scientific Research Expedition in the South China Sea was conducted aboard the RPS

2433:

Taiwan's garrison from 1946 to 1950 and 1956–present on Itu Aba represents an "effective occupation" of the Spratly Islands.

7587: 7558: 6614: 5614: 5151: 12884: 10809: 10526: 8530: 8770: 6670: 6519: 3428:

1997. The ancient maps in all three volumes showed Hainan as the southernmost territory of any of the dynasties of China.

2436:

On May 15, 1996, the PROC submitted to the United Nations its geographic baseline, which included the Paracel Islands and

13447: 13126: 12726: 12227: 11967: 10726: 9571: 6931: 6749: 6696: 5526: 5472: 5366:. Vol. 35 of Publications on Ocean Development (illustrated ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 91–92. 3618: 3270: 3191:

On 19 February 2013, China declared that it would not participate in the arbitration. On 7 December 2014, it published a

2536: 2517:

and this requirement is said to be satisfied as when Japan renounced their sovereignty over the islands according to the

63: 9043: 9012: 8728: 8571: 8464: 7828: 7797: 6636: 4801: 2579:, there was a relinquishment of the right to the islands without any special beneficiary. Therefore, the islands became 2521:, there was a relinquishment of the right to the islands without any special beneficiary. Therefore, the islands became 12942: 12247: 11450: 10575: 10434: 6879: 6608: 3289: 2463:

Malaysia claims a small number of islands in the Spratly Islands and its claims cover only the islands included in its

2376:

in the 12th century, several islands that may be the Spratlys have been labelled as Chinese territory according to the

1872: 123: 67: 9596: 8921: 8403: 7339: 7240: 6809: 4837: 4830: 4031:

The People's Republic of China (PRC) conducted naval patrols in the Spratly Islands and established a permanent base.

13452: 9338: 8815: 8747: 8632: 8088: 7927: 5371: 5093: 4920: 4610: 3695: 3651: 3360: 3181: 601: 95: 8709: 5184:(14). Institut de Recherche sur l'Asie du Sud-Est Contemporaine – Research Institute on Contemporary Southeast Asia. 4854:

Beckman, Robert (2013). "The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Maritime Disputes in the South China Sea".

3600: 10844: 10747: 10685: 10665: 9261:"The Implications of Recent Decisions on the Territorial and Maritime Boundary Disputes in East and Southeast Asia" 9217: 8425: 4784: 4077: 3860:

pointed out that "judging from history, these islands were already part of China at the time of the Song dynasty".

3686:

Europeans found that Chinese fishermen from Hainan annually sojourned on the Spratly islands for part of the year.

6718: 6637:"Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements" 5921:"The Vietnamese state's long standing and uninterrupted sovereignty over the Hoang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagoes" 4484: 3406:

Ministry prepared another "Note" that "beyond doubt that the Spratlys belonged to the French Union, not Vietnam."

3098: 2352:

Chinese fishermen have fished around the islands since 200 BC. China claims to have discovered the islands in the

13254: 12877: 12552: 12136: 11765: 10615: 10600: 10548: 10455: 9415: 9198: 8786: 7732: 2409:

in 1883, China issued protests against them. China sent naval forces on inspection tours in 1902 and 1907 of the

2109: 1101: 392: 9507: 8891: 8484: 6643:. Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of Legal Affairs, United Nations. 3 September 2020. 5722:

Furtado, Xavier (December 1999). "International Law and the Dispute over the Spratly Islands: Whither UNCLOS?".

4292:

On 6 August 2023, Chinese Coast Guard ships fired water cannon at a Philippine Coast Guard ship resupplying the

3769:

Japanese companies applied to the French authority in Cochichina for phosphate-mining licenses in the Spratlys.

2991:(Sinh Tồn and Song Tử Tây). Forty nine people were elected to the communes' people's councils. In July 2012 the 2726: 2274:

A large black and white British chart of the sea in northern Borneo, first issued in 1881 and corrected to 1935.

12711: 12108: 11861: 11652: 10742: 10680: 10660: 10625: 7149: 6093: 3984:

Vietnam published another white paper, occupied several of the islands and constructed military installations.

3969:

Malaysia published a map of its continental-shelf claim, which included twelve islands from the Spratly group.

3961:

A presidential decree from the Philippines outlined territorial claims to the Kalayaan portion of the islands.

3589: 3185: 3157: 3002: 2960: 2814:) and inherit of its rights. The Vietnamese government's Vietnam United Youth League, which runs the newspaper 2695:

being the old name for a Chinese province in modern-day northern Vietnam, or as writings on foreign countries.

75: 8211: 8113: 7987: 5788: 13425: 13139: 12914: 12767: 12737: 12386: 12131: 12093: 12020: 11594: 11443: 11364: 11239: 10690: 10655: 10640: 10605: 9731: 9624: 8757:. United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. 28 May 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2009. 8738:. United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. 28 May 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2009. 6549: 3544: 3520: 2568:

include the Spratlys. The Americans did not want to bring conflict with the Chiang Kai-shek regime in China.

496: 289: 115: 99: 3815:

France dispatched warships to the islands several times, but no attempts were made to evict Chinese forces.

13379: 12098: 10721: 10700: 10645: 8869: 3718:

of 1884–1885, which, according to China, recognised China as the owner of the Spratly and Paracel islands.

3311:

When the Spratlys and Paracels were being surveyed by Germany in 1883, China issued protests against them.

2984: 2616:

geographical claim over the Spratlys is that all the islands claimed by the Philippines lie within its 200-

456: 9476: 9307:"The Historical Background, Geographical Extent and Legal Bases of the Philippine Territorial Water Claim" 8649: 7611:"China Handbook 1937-1943 戰時中華志 A Comprehensive Survey of Major Developments in China in Six Years of War" 2863:

in 1958 as proof that it holds sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly islands. The Vietnamese newspaper

91: 12925: 12749: 11947: 11482: 11163: 10983: 10837: 10757: 10716: 10695: 10675: 10570: 10556: 10306: 9044:"China quietly installed missile systems on strategic Spratly Islands in hotly contested South China Sea" 5497: 4040: 3532: 3331: 3153: 3145: 2980: 2795: 2678: 2448: 7200:

Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.

4734: 662: 12755: 11758: 10670: 10630: 10620: 10610: 9958: 8834: 7955: 6746:

The Tribunal's Award in the "South China Sea Arbitration" Initiated by the Philippines Is Null and Void

6600:

Solving Disputes for Regional Cooperation and Development in the South China Sea: A Chinese Perspective

4368:"Before and after satellite images: What has been built on disputed islands in the West Philippine sea" 3885: 3538: 2995:

of Vietnam passed a law demarcating Vietnamese sea borders to include the Spratly and Paracel Islands.

2940: 2860: 2848: 655: 10062: 9136:"Philippines says a coast guard ship and supply boat were rammed by Chinese vessels at disputed shoal" 3029: 2471:. Malaysia has militarily occupied five islands that it considers to be within its continental shelf. 2426:, since the Allied powers assigned the Republic of China to receive Japanese surrenders in that area. 2398:

galleon near the coast of Brunei, cited by Beijing as proof that ancient Chinese sailed these waters.

11781: 11523: 11116: 10991: 10650: 10635: 9647: 7171: 6025: 4209:

amid "growing momentum within the Pentagon and White House for taking concrete steps" in the region.

4185:

On 6 May 2014 Philippines police arrested 11 Chinese turtle poachers on board the Qiongqionghai near

3625: 3431:

Malaysia has militarily occupied three islands that it considers to be within its continental shelf.

2843: 552:, a group of islands and associated "maritime features" (reefs, banks, and cays etc.) located in the 8572:"China 's Claim of Sovereignty over Spratly and Paracel Islands: A Historical and Legal Perspective" 5137:

Security and International Politics in the South China Sea: Towards a co-operative management regime

5088:. Contributor: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (illustrated ed.). NIAS Press. pp. 9–11. 3873: 2976: 2658: 13489: 12013: 11800: 10973: 8680: 5848: 5323: 4752: 4152: 3368: 3357:

China Handbook 1937–1943: A comprehensive survey of major developments in China in six years of war

2833: 2713: 489: 6303:"The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines" 5942: 4201:, on a surveillance flight over the Fiery Cross Reef, to leave the "Chinese military alert zone". 3284:

In 1734, the Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Islas Filipinas (commonly referred as the

2748:, France represented Vietnam in international affairs and exercised sovereignty over the islands. 2549:

Isles which shows the placement of the Spratly Islands. Most of the names have changed since then.

12807: 12680: 10334: 10083: 8624: 6546:"The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of Philippines v. The People's Republic of China)" 4337: 4274: 3844: 3840: 3578: 3274: 3001:

historically had a large presence in the South China Sea. The Vietnamese broke Champa's power in

2988: 2972: 2772: 2620: 2508: 2464: 2451:

that found no support for their historical titles to the maritime areas and resources within the

2295: 2184: 2173: 8188: 5250:(1939). "La question de Hai-nan et des Paracels" [The question of Hai-nan and Paracel]. 4525: 2706:

Vietnam claims the Spratlys based on international law on declaring and exercising sovereignty.

2344:

before 1949 and has been confined to Taiwan since 1949, also claims all of the Spratly Islands.

12819: 12743: 11541: 9230:"Philippine territorial boundaries: internal tensions, colonial baggage, ambivalent conformity" 7372:

https://www.imoa.ph/imoawebexhibit/Splices/The%20Historical%20Facts%20in%20the%20WPS-page54.pdf

5642: 4875: 3342: 3327: 2752: 2270: 647:

Presence by China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam in the Spratly Islands as of 2015

10505: 9382: 9212: 7917: 6170: 5750: 5281: 4910: 4448: 4234:

for exploration and to extract gas by 2023 from an area close to the disputed Paracel Islands

3706:

When the Spratlys and Paracels were being surveyed by Germany in 1883, China issued protests.

13269: 12829: 12485: 11992: 11531: 11387: 11124: 10763: 10160: 10007: 9420: 8811: 7648: 6772: 6770: 6263: 6232: 6201: 5681: 5361: 5209: 4548: 3043: 2089: 1964: 1709: 1196: 402: 6349:

Island of Palmas Case, p.840, Report of International Arbitral Awards, United Nations (2006)

6331:

Island of Palmas Case, p.845, Report of International Arbitral Awards, United Nations (2006)

5972: 5887: 5083: 4638:"All those oil and gas deposits everyone wants in the South China Sea may not even be there" 2317: 13274: 12731: 12690: 11930: 11152: 9884: 9265:

Maritime Energy Resources in Asia: Legal Regimes and Cooperation: NBR Special Report No. 37

9244: 5049: 4174: 3315: 3073: 2731: 2576: 2518: 2073: 1272: 1082: 6603:. Chandos Asian Studies Series. Elsevier Reed. p. 79 "History of the U-shaped line". 6497: 3714:

The 1887 Chinese-Vietnamese Boundary convention signed between France and China after the

8: 13384: 13259: 13174: 12761: 12583: 12530: 12437: 11942: 11872: 11846: 9170: 8303: 8150: 7541:

China's Claim to the Spratly Islands is Just a Mistake, Bill Hayton, CIMSEC, May 16, 2018

7441: 7309: 5436:"Baselines of the Territorial Sea of the People's Republic of China that claimed in 1996" 4719: 4713: 4198: 4096: 3491: 3264: 2053: 2004: 1519: 1367: 1044: 521: 461: 324: 132: 8982:"Exclusive: China sends surface-to-air missiles to contested island in provocative move" 7482:

Tonnesson, Stein (February 2006). "The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline".

7383:

Tonnesson, Stein (February 2006). "The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline".

6028:. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. 4068:

The Philippine government revealed that a PRC military structure was being built at the

2738:), and Trường Sa (Spratly Islands) were defined as belonging to Quảng Ngãi District. In 2298:(EEZ). In 1984, Brunei declared an EEZ encompassing the above-water islets it claims in 13431: 13394: 13364: 13249: 13099: 13049: 12667: 12500: 12468: 12422: 12401: 12222: 11556: 11259: 11077: 11072: 11047: 11017: 9710: 9326: 9293: 6386: 4981: 4879: 4871: 4833:, 30 April 1996, Trade Environment Database (TED), American University. (Archived from 4605: 4332: 4136:

deployment of China Mobile's support over the islands took roughly one year to fulfil.

4089: 3831:

France ceased maritime patrols near the islands and China withdrew most of its troops.

3495: 3363:

in 1943 and stated its southernmost territory as "Triton Island of the Paracel Group".

3273:

traversed the South China Sea. They were used to exchange pottery and jewelry (such as

3119: 2745: 2423: 2223: 2162: 2151: 2140: 2129: 2118: 2061: 1939: 1747: 1329: 873: 250: 201: 71: 6496:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China. 10 May 2009. Archived from 6473: 6443: 6420: 2760: 12957: 12919: 12824: 12264: 12199: 12187: 11952: 10181: 9403:(Sino-Viet relations in Paracels and Spratlys). Chiang Mai. Cognoscenti Books, 2012. 9356: 9330: 9297: 8628: 8520: 8399: 8183: 7923: 7654: 7050: 6962: 6604: 6269: 6238: 6207: 6176: 5980: 5893: 5756: 5687: 5648: 5367: 5287: 5247: 5215: 5141: 5099: 5089: 4916: 4883: 4554: 4270: 4116: 3914: 3526: 3232: 3200: 2992: 2779: 2597: 2361: 2360:

BC. The islands were claimed to have been marked on maps compiled during the time of

2291: 119: 7906:

An Atlas of Ancient Maps in China (1997). Cultural Relics Publishing House, Beijing.

7897:

An Atlas of Ancient Maps in China (1994). Cultural Relics Publishing House, Beijing.

7888:

An Atlas of Ancient Maps in China (1990). Cultural Relics Publishing House, Beijing.

7579: 7550: 7076: 6005: 4867: 4667: 13344: 13279: 13184: 13034: 12834: 12788: 12557: 12545: 12540: 12358: 12182: 12113: 12085: 11820: 11420: 11354: 11201: 10965: 10585: 9821: 9779: 9437: 9318: 9285: 9074:"Chinese vessels use water cannon to block Philippines vessels from disputed shoal" 7867: 7836: 7805: 7771: 7491: 7392: 5731: 5413: 5259: 4863: 4278: 4251: 4148: 3502: 3494:, Pacific fleet commander of the U.S. Navy, unofficially described the project as " 3471: 3440: 2822: 2807: 2764: 2601: 2480: 2081: 2065: 1992: 1919: 1816: 1576: 1310: 1234: 334: 186: 9322: 8621:

The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes

7509: 7077:"Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General" 5498:"Submission with the Compliance of the Deposit Obligations Pursuant to the UNCLOS" 5174: 4397:

China goes all out with major island-building project in Spratlys – IHS Jane's 360

3501:

In April 2015, satellite images showed that China was constructing an airfield at

13369: 13319: 12962: 12900: 12799: 12634: 12588: 12473: 12396: 12209: 12076: 12036: 11957: 11730: 11720: 11680: 11642: 11536: 11410: 11405: 11382: 11181: 11129: 11067: 11062: 9986: 9350: 9078: 8793: 8774: 8754: 8735: 8716: 8514: 8471: 8335: 7581: 7552: 7344: 7025:"Taiwan rejects ruling on South China Sea with Taiping Island defined as 'rocks'" 6598: 6480: 6427: 6340:

The Evolutionary Interpretation of Treaties, Eirik Bjorgee, Oxford, p. 142 (2014)

6121: 6012: 5606: 5581:"Taiwan rejects ruling on South China Sea with Taiping Island defined as 'rocks'" 5135: 5056: 4953: 4841: 4788: 4738: 4726: 4403: 4308:. The incident was the first time Chinese ships hit their Filipino counterparts. 4186: 3779: 3715: 3297: 3173: 3103: 2735: 2437: 2415: 2410: 2377: 2287: 2037: 1868: 1443: 553: 549: 446: 422: 29: 11435: 3975:

outlining its claims to the islands and disputing those of the other claimants.

2730:(撫邊雜錄, Miscellaneous Records of Pacification in the Border Area) by the scholar 13462: 13374: 13334: 13294: 13214: 13209: 13164: 13134: 13104: 13029: 12716: 12675: 12657: 12567: 12535: 12505: 12417: 12391: 12343: 12338: 12123: 11851: 11841: 11810: 11795: 11715: 11617: 11579: 11574: 11551: 11495: 11372: 11322: 11229: 11216: 11206: 11186: 11095: 11052: 11012: 10950: 9909: 9863: 9519: 8767: 8245: 7219: 5214:(illustrated ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 74, 76. 3794: 3452: 3391: 3384: 3293: 3212: 3177: 3123: 2717: 2662: 2492: 2452: 2383: 2369: 2341: 2227: 2105: 2041: 1996: 1980: 1931: 1854: 1835: 1633: 1557: 1424: 1120: 1006: 968: 854: 451: 432: 363: 358: 314: 284: 255: 181: 10829: 9289: 7495: 7396: 7223: 6745: 2587: 37: 13483: 13329: 13299: 13284: 13169: 13159: 13084: 13054: 12858: 12685: 12480: 12427: 12328: 12311: 12274: 12269: 12162: 12141: 12052: 12044: 11815: 11805: 11735: 11690: 11670: 11607: 11264: 11224: 11191: 11027: 10285: 8363:"Malaysia lodges diplomatic protest against intrusion at Beting Patinggi Ali" 8331:"Presence of China Coast Guard ship at Luconia Shoals spooks local fishermen" 6966: 6806:"Award: PCA case N° 2013-19 in the matter of the South China Sea arbitration" 5883: 5103: 4906: 4259: 4230:

In January 2017, Vietnam signed a multibillion-dollar gas deal with the US's

4158: 4069: 3902: 3444: 3323: 2869: 2859:

China has produced a letter written by North Vietnam's former Prime Minister

2855:

in 1958 regarding the 12-nautical mile breadth of China's territorial waters.

2803: 2768: 2654: 2650: 2634: 2617: 2484: 2262: 2211: 2049: 2033: 2025: 1984: 1976: 1923: 1898: 1797: 1652: 1614: 1500: 1462: 1386: 1063: 1025: 987: 930: 427: 412: 319: 309: 235: 206: 9372:"The De-escalation of the Spratly Dispute in Sino-Southeast Asian Relations" 7740: 6140:"China Criticizes Vietnam in Dispute Over Islands – Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" 5263: 2816: 593:, Colorado) signed a co-operation contract for the joint exploration of the 13404: 13399: 13389: 13339: 13304: 13264: 13179: 13109: 12952: 12614: 12525: 12458: 12432: 12368: 12284: 12192: 11925: 11825: 11725: 11695: 11660: 11637: 11490: 11415: 11332: 11317: 11289: 11007: 10111: 9575: 9506: 6927: 6805: 6666: 5842:"The Sino-Vietnamese difference on the Hoang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagos" 5522: 5030: 5005: 4957: 4576:"South China Sea Oil Rush Risks Clashes as U.S. Emboldens Vietnam on Claim" 4490:. US Energy Information Administration (eia). 7 February 2013. p. 13. 4202: 4132: 3996: 3986:

The Philippines occupied several more islands and constructed an airstrip.

3432: 3417: 3196: 2811: 2791: 2472: 2391: 2387: 2373: 2207: 2101: 2057: 1988: 1595: 1348: 1253: 1139: 949: 476: 471: 466: 397: 329: 260: 6692: 5317: 5315: 4834: 3913:

The Philippines sent troops to three islands on the premise of protecting

16:

Territorial dispute involving multiple countries over the Spratly Islands.

13309: 13244: 13239: 13149: 13144: 13121: 13089: 13044: 13039: 13004: 12972: 12967: 12947: 12651: 12609: 12604: 12490: 12463: 12453: 12353: 12323: 12318: 12301: 12296: 12157: 11907: 11856: 11705: 11700: 11675: 11665: 11627: 11612: 11501: 11377: 11284: 11279: 11269: 11196: 11176: 11002: 10904: 10475: 10468: 10419: 10319: 10270: 10222: 10194: 10132: 10117: 10103: 10089: 9901: 9765: 9758: 9167:"Philippines faces 'barbaric' knife, axe wielding Chinese sailors in WPS" 7986:. Taipei Mission in the Republic of Latvia. 23 April 2013. Archived from 5864:

Ling Wai Dai Da (Information on Things Beyond the Passes) by Zhou Choufei

4781: 4073: 4008: 3972: 3764: 3694:

British naval captain James George Meads established the micronation The

3673: 3443:

which now also hosts a dive resort. The Malaysian military also occupies

3439:) was under control in 1983 and has been turned into an island through a 3285: 3192: 3161: 2837: 2829: 2629: 2555: 2546: 2523: 2513: 2483:

which now also hosts a dive resort. The Malaysian military also occupies

2479:) was under control in 1983 and has been turned into an island through a 2395: 2353: 2333:

The People's Republic of China (PRC) claims are based on history and not

2318:

The People's Republic of China (China) and the Republic of China (Taiwan)

2299: 2248: 2215: 2093: 2085: 2077: 2045: 2000: 1968: 1960: 1943: 1935: 1728: 1690: 1538: 1405: 1215: 1177: 911: 835: 618: 604:

estimates very little oil and natural gas in contested areas such as the

537: 387: 299: 294: 277: 271: 240: 196: 191: 157: 6991: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6629: 5644:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

5547: 2657:, Spratly Islands, defining the cay as part of Vietnamese territory (to 13324: 13154: 13094: 12495: 12306: 11685: 11632: 11622: 11584: 11171: 11134: 11022: 10919: 10899: 10889: 9689: 9543: 9515: 9408: 9274:"The Legal Status of the Philippine Treaty Limits in International Law" 6060:"Late Vietnam PM's letter gives no legal basis to China's island claim" 5312: 5211:

Where in the World is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory

4516:

TED (Trade and Environment Database), Mandala Project (December 1997).

4231: 4056:

The People's Republic of China, Malaysia, and the Philippines sign the

3889: 3195:

to elaborate its position that, among other points, the tribunal lacks

2944: 2852: 2455:

without determining the sovereignty of any terrestrial islands there.

2365: 2219: 2097: 1972: 1671: 1158: 892: 304: 245: 12853: 9013:"China Cancels Military Meeting With Vietnam Over Territorial Dispute" 8073:"Vietnam angry at Taiwan as it stages live-fire drill in the Spratlys" 7275:"Murillo Velarde Map refutes 'false history', China's claims – Carpio" 2794:, and all islands south of it shall be evacuated by the forces of the 13289: 13059: 12562: 12289: 12103: 11710: 11602: 11546: 11397: 11299: 11039: 10945: 10894: 10364: 10264: 10047: 9668: 9511: 7051:"Arbitration Support Tracker | Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative" 6791: 4479: 4418:"Professor Robert Beckman on the Role of UNCLOS in Maritime Disputes" 4255: 3917:

citizens, and announced the annexation of the Kalayaan island group.

3482: 3478: 3127: 3021:, and lead to the issue of Cham autonomy being brought to attention. 2607: 2322: 2069: 1927: 1778: 1291: 564: 407: 211: 11750: 8005:"Drills held on Taiwan-controlled Taiping island in South China Sea" 7141: 7043: 6985: 6842: 6764: 6234:

Asia's Cauldron: The South China Sea and the End of a Stable Pacific

5735: 4515: 3567: 13314: 13076: 13071: 12333: 12232: 10412: 10377: 10209: 10138: 10054: 9894: 9827: 9813: 9785: 9744: 9737: 9637: 9588: 9306: 9260: 9106:"Philippines tells China it will not abandon post in disputed reef" 8862:"Tensions surge in S. China Sea as Philippines seizes Chinese boat" 8729:

Joint submission by Malaysia and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam

7608: 7467:

Award of July 12, 2016, South China Sea Arbitration, p. 253 and 474

7278: 6538: 6090:"The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing census: Completed results" 4806:

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982

2203: 2029: 1481: 605: 533: 417: 228: 222: 87: 12869: 12005: 9273: 8214:. The Strategist: The Australian Strategic Policy Institute Blog. 7305:"Panatag is proven PH territory; China claims it by bogus history" 6545: 5363:

The Law of the Sea and Northeast Asia: A Challenge for Cooperation

3470:

In 2010, it was reported that the former Malaysian Prime Minister

3233:

Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, 2002

2932:

in Switzerland in 1956, and the resulting treaties, including the

13231: 13226: 11987: 11467: 10426: 10243: 10068: 10041: 9695: 9630: 8952:"US May Use Military to Confront China in Spratly Island Dispute" 8367: 5034: 5009: 4675:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation. 2012. pp. 55–59. 3953:

The re-unified Vietnam declared claims over the Spratly Islands.

3934: 3905:

established sovereignty markers on several islands in the chain.

3215:

does not hold any position on the case or on the disputed claims.

2902:

Chúng tôi xin kính gửi Đồng chí Tổng lý lời chào rất trân trọng.

2692: 2592: 2406: 2021: 1894: 582: 545: 380: 374: 8787:

Chinese frigate runs aground in disputed part of South China Sea

6920: 6872: 6743: 6737: 3224: 3184:

since as early as 1947. A tribunal of arbitrators appointed the

13201: 13196: 12996: 12991: 11346: 11087: 10551: 10510: 10440: 10405: 10391: 10356: 10326: 10291: 10250: 10215: 10201: 10166: 10152: 10075: 10027: 9978: 9950: 9943: 9929: 9876: 9855: 9834: 9800: 9702: 9681: 9660: 9653: 9616: 9609: 9563: 9158: 7956:"Resolve South China Sea Disputes Diplomatically – Ahmad Zahid" 7631: 7583:

Documents diplomatiques français 1932–1939. 2e série, 1936–1939

7554:

Documents diplomatiques français 1932–1939. 2e série, 1936–1939

6771:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.

6685: 6659: 4978: 4197:

On 20 May 2015 the Chinese navy sternly warned a United States

4170: 3278: 3208: 2998: 2971:

The islands occupied by Vietnam are organised as a district of

2244: 1890: 590: 541: 525: 351: 345: 150: 144: 8049:"Vietnam protests Taiwan's fire drill exercise plan on island" 8029:"Vietnam Demands Taiwan Cancel Spratly Island Live Fire Drill" 7510:"Journal officiel de la République française. Lois et décrets" 7142:"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" 6946: 5275: 5273: 4007:

Brunei established an exclusive fishing-zone encompassing the

3049: 2771:, however, supported China's authority. The final text of the 2511:

defined in 1979. This argument requires that the islands were

13021: 13016: 11921: 10861: 10461: 10447: 10398: 10370: 10349: 10342: 10312: 10298: 10277: 10236: 10187: 10173: 10145: 10124: 10096: 10020: 10013: 9999: 9992: 9971: 9964: 9922: 9915: 9888: 9869: 9848: 9842: 9806: 9792: 9752: 9723: 9716: 9674: 9602: 9581: 9556: 9549: 7145: 6992:

Phillips, Tom; Holmes, Oliver; Bowcott, Owen (12 July 2016).

6522:. Inquirer Global Nation. Agence France-Presse. 24 May 2011. 5548:

Phillips, Tom; Holmes, Oliver; Bowcott, Owen (12 July 2016).

4731: 4247: 4243: 4242:

In May 2018 it was reported that China had quietly installed

3387:, the largest island in the Spratlys, constantly since 1956. 3319: 3238: 3165: 3006: 1915: 529: 174: 168: 7340:"'Amplifying the true narrative of the West Philippine Sea'" 7241:"'Amplifying the true narrative of the West Philippine Sea'" 6850:"Philippines asks tribunal to invalidate China's sea claims" 4011:

and neighbouring areas in the southeastern Spratly Islands.

3269:

From approximately 500 BC to 100 AD, shipping routes of the

3160:

case number 2013–19) was an arbitration case brought by the

3042:

The doctrine of intertemporal law was established after the

11566: 11144: 9379:

S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies Working Paper

8393: 6994:"Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case" 5550:"Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case" 5270: 4219: 3933:

The Philippines incorporated the Kalayaan islands into its

2405:

When it was discovered that the area was being surveyed by

2347: 11902: 10820: 8299:"Why Malaysia, unlike Philippines, keeps quiet on sea row" 8089:"Taiwan to conduct live-fire Taiping Island drill in Sept" 7634:

China Handbook 1937–1945, New Edition with 1946 Supplement

7228:(YouTube video). Institute for Maritime and Ocean Affairs. 5882: 5140:(illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 43. 3088: 10876: 9454:"Timing of flareups in South China Sea is no coincidence" 8396:"Malaysia slams China's 'provocation' in South China Sea" 7477: 7475: 7473: 6447: 4206: 3245: 2934:

Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone

2302:. Brunei does not practice military control in the area. 9342: 7958:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. 8 August 2011. 7225:

Philippine Island Territories in the West Philippine Sea

6483:

for more information on Brunei's preliminary submission.

5440:

IILSS-International institute for Law of the Sea Studies

5129: 5127: 5125: 4060:(UNCLOS). History as a legal basis is now not accepted. 2892:

Chúng tôi xin trân trọng báo tin để Đồng chí Tổng lý rõ:

8679:

Himmelman, Jeff; Gilbertson, Ashley (24 October 2013).

6572:"Declarations made by States Parties under article 298" 3925:

Malaysia issued claims to some of the Spratly Islands.

8079:. Agence France-Presse. 12 August 2012. Archived from 7470: 6955:"Tribunal Rejects Beijing's Claims in South China Sea" 6092:. General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Archived from 6026:"Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam" 5873:

Zhu Fan Zhi (Notes on Foreign Countries) by Zhao Juguo

5686:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 78–. 5321: 4348:

Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China

3738:

conducted a scientific survey of the Spratly Islands.

3505:. By September, it had completed a 3125-metre runway. 3005:, and then finally conquered the last remnants of the 2633:. The Republic of the Philippines also contend, under 2583:

and available for annexation, according to the claim.

7411:"ANALYSIS: The most complicated dispute in the world" 6124:, Sydney Morning Herald, 23 June 2012 (archived from 5122: 4862:(1). American Society of International Law: 142–163. 3394:

before 1949, has been confined to Taiwan since 1949.

3113: 2266:

The overlapping territorial claims in Spratly Islands

9278:

Aegean Review of the Law of the Sea and Maritime Law

8768:

China Mobile expands coverage to the Spratly Islands

7984:"Taiwan holds live-fire drill in Spratlys: official" 7370:

chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/

5923:. Authority of Foreign Information Service (Vietnam) 4169:

In August 2012, after China established the city of

3437:

Layang Layang / Terumbu Layang / Pulau Layang Layang

2682:

respect of international law, particularly the 1982

2477:

Layang Layang / Terumbu Layang / Pulau Layang Layang

8678: 7791: 7789: 6930:. Permanent Court of Arbitration. 7 December 2016. 6669:. Permanent Court of Arbitration. 29 October 2015. 6520:"Philippines warns of arms race in South China Sea" 6203:

The South China Sea: The Struggle for Power in Asia

6115:

China gets tough as Vietnam claims disputed islands

5525:. Permanent Court of Arbitration. 7 December 2016. 4912:

Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History

3592:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3079: 589:(CNOOC) and Crestone Energy (a US company based in 7172:"China open to discussion on South China Sea code" 7053:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. 6908:PCA Award, Section V(F)(d)(264, 266, 267), p. 113. 6695:. Permanent Court of Arbitration. 27 August 2013. 5815:"UNCLOS. Declarations upon ratification: Viet Nam" 4995: 4993: 4406:. Janes.com (20 June 2014). Retrieved 12 May 2015. 3945:Vietnamese troops were stationed on five islands. 3168:(PRC) under Annex VII (subject to Part XV) of the 3138: 11465: 8922:"Why China's island-building is raising eyebrows" 8394:Ben Blanchard; Richard Pullin (18 October 2015). 8371:. The Rakyat Post. 15 August 2015. Archived from 8272:. Business Mirror. 29 August 2013. Archived from 8209: 7646: 7609:The Chinese Ministry of Information, ed. (1943). 7376: 7136: 7134: 6421:Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf 6265:Charting the Shape of Early Modern Southeast Asia 6237:. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 12–16. 5683:Southeast Asia Transformed: A Geography of Change 5246: 3258: 2562: 13481: 13443:List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands 12218:List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands 8892:"Exclusive: China warns U.S. surveillance plane" 8809: 8748:Submission by the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam 8553:"International Claims in Spratly and Oil Claims" 8516:Sovereignty Over the Paracel and Spratly Islands 8266:"Malaysia splits with ASEAN on China Sea threat" 8176: 7786: 7437:"Carpio debunks China lie about owning Spratlys" 6808:. Permanent Court of Arbitration. 12 July 2016. 6230: 5945:. Japan National Diet Library. 1 December 1943. 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 3296:, the map shows Philippine sovereignty over the 3037: 2390:in 1369. This labeling has also occurred in the 639:List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands 80:List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands 10859: 9349:Dzurek, Daniel J.; Schofield, Clive H. (1996). 9348: 8859: 7718: 7685: 7107:"1992 Asean Declaration on the South China Sea" 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 5748: 5458: 5279: 5018: 4990: 4966: 4941: 4915:(illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 180. 4703: 4205:released a video recording of the challenge to 4058:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 3170:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 2684:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 2625:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 2469:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 2312:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 602:United States Energy Information Administration 12246: 8519:. Kluwer Law International. 2000. p. 72. 8212:"Why Malaysia isn't afraid of China (for now)" 7922:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 344–. 7537: 7535: 7218: 7131: 5043: 4753:"How Much Trade Transits the South China Sea?" 4173:and garrisoned an island in the Paracels, the 3485:being built up into an artificial island, 2015 3322:ceded the territory of the Philippines to the 2627:. This argument assumes that the islands were 13520:Territorial disputes of the Republic of China 12885: 12021: 11888: 11766: 11451: 10845: 10534: 9492: 9041: 8860:Mogato, Manuel; Blanchard, Ben (7 May 2014). 8835:"US voices concern over South China Sea rows" 8296: 8237: 8179:"Malaysia's Mahathir says China is no threat" 7632:Chinese Ministry of Information, ed. (1947). 7334: 7332: 7239:Braid, Florangel Rosario (10 February 2024). 6880:"World tribunal to hear South China Sea case" 6015:. Taiwandocuments.org. Retrieved 12 May 2015. 5679: 5640: 5280:Morley, James W.; Nishihara, Masashi (1997). 5240: 5188: 5133: 5062: 4905: 4706:"When All Else Has Failed, Diplomacy Sets In" 3746:France launched a second expedition with the 3225:1992 ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea 3133:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 3122:warned the visiting Chinese Defense Minister 2310:Brunei's claims to the reef are based on the 497: 9352:The Spratly Islands dispute: who's on first? 9311:The Journal of Comparative Asian Development 8599:Territorial Disputes and Resource Management 8485:"China completes runway on Fiery Cross Reef" 7733:"Taiwan sticks to its guns, to U.S. chagrin" 7691: 7273:Layug, Margaret Claire (11 September 2017). 7232: 6261: 6044: 5889:The Spratly Islands dispute: who's on first? 4847: 4553:. Westport: Praeger Publishers. p. 63. 4449:"China Is Getting Help in a Grab at the Sea" 3118:On 23 May 2011, Former Philippine President 2979:has a population of 195 people. At the 12th 2775:did not name any recipient of the Spratlys. 2502: 13458:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea 10511:Articles related to Spratly Islands dispute 7532: 7212: 6928:"Eleventh Press Release 12072016 (English)" 6438: 6436: 6199: 5839: 5755:. Cambridge University Press. p. 218. 5636: 5634: 5632: 5523:"Eleventh Press Release 12072016 (English)" 5399: 5397: 5395: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4699: 4697: 4422:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 3551: 3515:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea 3188:(PCA) as the registry for the proceedings. 3050:Law on inhabited vs uninhabited territories 2701: 2440:, but did not include the Spratly Islands. 60:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea 12892: 12878: 12028: 12014: 11895: 11881: 11773: 11759: 11458: 11444: 10852: 10838: 10541: 10527: 9499: 9485: 7653:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 19. 7329: 6172:Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History 6168: 4088:A Philippine World-War-II-vintage vessel ( 4045:Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 3763:. France administered the area as part of 2382:, an official history commissioned by the 2305: 504: 490: 9237:JATI – Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 9010: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8112:Carpenter, Ted Galen (28 February 2013). 8111: 7919:Asian Yearbook of International Law: 1992 7915: 7798:"Taiwan pours cement on maritime dispute" 7636:. New York: Macmillan Co. pp. 1–844. 7481: 7382: 7268: 7266: 6206:. Yale University Press. pp. 14–16. 5977:The Spratly Islands and International Law 5791:. Chan Robles Law Library. 11 June 1978. 5717: 5715: 5541: 5490: 5173:Bonnet, Francois-Xavier (November 2012). 5134:Bateman, Sam; Emmers, Ralf, eds. (2008). 5050:Undersea Treasure Chest Stirs up Tensions 4856:The American Journal of International Law 4669:World review of fisheries and aquaculture 4390: 4365: 3652:Learn how and when to remove this message 3508: 3390:The Republic of China (ROC), which ruled 3058: 2939:On 14 September 1958, North Vietnam's PM 2340:The Republic of China (ROC), which ruled 2329:, by Ministry of the Interior, ROC, 1947. 2257: 571: 9424:, Sept–Oct 2012 Issue, 11 September 2012 9304: 9271: 9258: 9227: 8722: 8650:"Second Thomas Shoal Tensions Intensify" 8458: 8241:Malaysia Breaks Ranks on South China Sea 7764:"US toe-dipping muddies South China Sea" 7730: 6917:PCA Award, Section V(F)(d)(278), p. 117. 6856:. Associated Press. 2015. Archived from 6433: 5629: 5392: 5346: 5207: 5081: 4890: 4694: 3477: 3367:, a revised edition covering the entire 3028: 2842: 2708: 2644: 2606: 2571:The Philippines contend their claim was 2540: 2348:Basis for the PRC's and the ROC's claims 2321: 2269: 2261: 1875:area contains many other reefs. Legend: 642: 42:Spratly Islands military occupations map 13515:Territorial disputes of the Philippines 13438:List of airports in the Spratly Islands 12238:List of airports in the Spratly Islands 9427: 8958:. Manila Livewire Digital Media Group. 8710:Philippine Baselines Law of 2009 signed 8146:"Mahathir: China no threat to Malaysia" 7826: 7795: 7625: 7602: 6057: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5721: 5428: 5406:"Buffer benefits in Spratly initiative" 4853: 4550:Chian and the South China Sea dialogues 4446: 3558:Timeline of the South China Sea dispute 3089:Extended continental shelf claims, 2009 3067: 587:China National Offshore Oil Corporation 192:Gaven Reefs, Nanxun Reef and Xinan Reef 84:List of airports in the Spratly Islands 13495:Disputed territories in Southeast Asia 13482: 12762:Designation of the West Philippine Sea 11481: 10997: 9428:Bezlova, Antoaneta (29 January 2008). 9369: 9272:Bautista, Lowell B. (1 January 2010). 8605: 8495:from the original on 27 September 2015 8465:Island building in the South China Sea 8343:from the original on 29 September 2015 7829:"Taiwan circling South China Sea bait" 7263: 7146:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 7022: 6952: 6744:Chinese Society of International Law. 6725:from the original on 19 September 2016 6137: 5712: 5578: 5172: 4750: 4732:International Boundaries Research Unit 4546: 4343:Territories claimed by the Philippines 3793:Japan established a submarine base on 3277:) across Taiwan, the Philippines, and 3246:Code of Conduct in the South China Sea 3033:South China Sea claims and agreements. 2669:On 25 July 1994, Vietnam ratified the 632: 12873: 12009: 11876: 11780: 11754: 11439: 10833: 10522: 10509: 9959:South Tibet/Part of Arunachal Pradesh 9938:Sixty-Four Villages East of the River 9480: 9259:Bautista, Lowell B. (February 2012). 9228:Bautista, Lowell B. (December 2011). 9164: 8992:from the original on 19 February 2016 8569: 8474:. Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 12 May 2015. 8428:Australian Strategic Policy Institute 7761: 7737:STRATFOR's Global Intelligence Update 7590:from the original on 23 February 2022 7561:from the original on 23 February 2022 7520:from the original on 23 February 2022 7272: 7238: 7087:from the original on 12 November 2020 6552:from the original on 23 December 2020 6414: 6393:from the original on 14 February 2018 6309:. National Geographic. Archived from 5966: 5964: 5611:Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative 5515: 4984:Comprehensive Public Memorial Records 4831:Spratly Island Dispute (SPRATLY Case) 4524:. American University. Archived from 4459:from the original on 14 November 2013 2586:In 1956, a private Filipino citizen, 621:in the southeastern Spratly Islands. 611: 158:Louisa Reef-Semarang Barat Kecil Reef 10821:Bruneian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 9146:from the original on 23 October 2023 9054:from the original on 7 December 2017 9023:from the original on 7 December 2017 8647: 8618: 8555:. paracelspratly.com. Archived from 8177:Kazuto Tsukamoto (9 November 2011). 7449:from the original on 26 October 2023 7027:. The Online Citizen. Archived from 6934:from the original on 20 January 2022 6812:from the original on 30 January 2022 6300: 5943:"Cairo Communiquè, December 1, 1943" 5906: 5847:. The Gioi publisher. Archived from 5821:from the original on 6 February 2013 5795:from the original on 26 October 2013 5617:from the original on 1 December 2021 5583:. The Online Citizen. Archived from 5529:from the original on 20 January 2022 5085:War Or Peace in the South China Sea? 4573: 4428:from the original on 10 October 2021 3590:adding citations to reliable sources 3561: 3024: 2975:. According to the 2009 census, the 2851:of North Vietnam to Chinese Premier 2596:) the islands in 1978, calling them 13448:Philippines and the Spratly Islands 12899: 12727:Philippines and the Spratly Islands 12228:Royal Malaysian Navy Offshore Bases 12035: 10496:1: Divided among multiple claimants 9401:Vietnam Past and Present: The North 9399:Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: 9116:from the original on 11 August 2023 8691:from the original on 27 August 2017 8210:Shahriman Lockman (24 April 2013). 8002: 7857: 7697: 7285:from the original on 4 January 2019 6839:PCA Award, Section IV(B)(6), p. 63. 6752:from the original on 22 August 2016 5403: 5380:from the original on 1 January 2016 5359: 5322:Das, Darshana & Lotha, Gloria. 5300:from the original on 1 January 2016 5228:from the original on 1 January 2016 4929:from the original on 1 January 2016 4682:from the original on 28 August 2015 4586:from the original on 7 January 2014 2537:Philippines and the Spratly Islands 92:Royal Malaysian Navy Offshore Bases 64:Philippines and the Spratly Islands 13: 9192: 8841:from the original on 9 August 2012 8810:Patrick Ventrell (3 August 2012). 8660:from the original on 17 March 2014 8031:. Bloomberg News. 23 August 2012. 6699:from the original on 10 March 2022 6673:from the original on 10 March 2022 6647:from the original on 14 April 2009 6596: 6282:from the original on 27 April 2016 6268:. Silkworm Books. pp. 34–38. 6070:from the original on 15 March 2016 5970: 5961: 5404:Lin, Cheng-yi (22 February 2008). 5175:"Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal" 5154:from the original on 24 April 2016 4808:. United Nations. 22 August 2013. 4415: 4250:surface-to-air missile systems on 3381:Map of the South China Sea Islands 3114:Philippine protests to ITLOS, 2011 2530: 2418:under the jurisdiction of Hainan. 2327:Map of the South China Sea Islands 624: 403:Cornwallis South Reef, Nui Le Reef 325:Second Thomas Shoal, Ayungin Shoal 305:Loaita Cay, Melchora Aquino Island 261:Swallow Reef, Layang-Layang Island 251:Investigator Shoal, Peninjau Shoal 124:Johnson South Reef skirmish (1988) 68:Dangerous Ground (South China Sea) 14: 13541: 13453:Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads 9430:"China moves to expand its reach" 9305:Bautista, Lowell B. (Fall 2009). 9177:from the original on 21 June 2024 8816:United States Department of State 8578:from the original on 23 June 2016 8311:from the original on 27 June 2014 8114:"Taiwan Challenges Its Neighbors" 7762:Sisci, Francesco (29 June 2010). 7613:. New York: The Macmillan Company 7417:from the original on 19 June 2024 7352:from the original on 18 June 2024 7317:from the original on 18 June 2024 7182:from the original on 19 July 2012 7152:from the original on 30 June 2012 7057:from the original on 15 July 2024 7004:from the original on 12 July 2016 6973:from the original on 13 July 2016 6890:from the original on 7 April 2023 6617:from the original on 7 April 2023 6444:"China asserts sea border claims" 6251:from the original on 10 June 2016 6189:from the original on 17 June 2016 6175:. Psychology Press. p. 209. 6150:from the original on 23 June 2012 5949:from the original on 26 July 2017 5560:from the original on 12 July 2016 5110:from the original on 3 April 2014 4611:Energy Information Administration 4497:from the original on 12 July 2014 4378:from the original on 3 March 2016 3696:Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads 3180:introduced by the mainland-based 2673:. Upon ratification it declared: 1867:Location of the major islands in 428:Southwest Cay, Song Tu Tay Island 96:Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads 13530:Incidents in the South China Sea 13510:Territorial disputes of Malaysia 13225: 13195: 13120: 13070: 13015: 12990: 12852: 10584: 10550: 10474: 10467: 10460: 10446: 10439: 10425: 10418: 10411: 10404: 10397: 10390: 10376: 10369: 10355: 10348: 10341: 10325: 10318: 10311: 10297: 10290: 10276: 10269: 10249: 10242: 10235: 10221: 10214: 10200: 10193: 10186: 10172: 10165: 10151: 10144: 10137: 10123: 10116: 10102: 10095: 10088: 10074: 10067: 10053: 10046: 10026: 10019: 10012: 9998: 9991: 9977: 9970: 9963: 9949: 9942: 9928: 9921: 9914: 9900: 9893: 9875: 9868: 9854: 9847: 9833: 9826: 9812: 9805: 9791: 9784: 9764: 9757: 9743: 9736: 9722: 9715: 9701: 9694: 9680: 9673: 9659: 9652: 9636: 9629: 9615: 9608: 9601: 9587: 9580: 9562: 9555: 9548: 9339:Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal 9128: 9098: 9086:from the original on 4 July 2024 9066: 9035: 9004: 8974: 8962:from the original on 25 May 2015 8944: 8932:from the original on 23 May 2015 8914: 8902:from the original on 23 May 2015 8884: 8853: 8822:from the original on 4 July 2024 8803: 8780: 8760: 8741: 8703: 8672: 8641: 8590: 8563: 8545: 8533:from the original on 7 July 2014 8507: 8477: 8446:from the original on 29 May 2016 8418: 8387: 8355: 8323: 8290: 8252:from the original on 17 May 2014 8238:Haslinda Amin (29 August 2013). 8230: 8218:from the original on 17 May 2014 8203: 8170: 8138: 8124:from the original on 17 May 2014 8099:from the original on 17 May 2014 8059:from the original on 17 May 2014 8035:from the original on 17 May 2014 8015:from the original on 17 May 2014 7974: 7962:from the original on 17 May 2014 7948: 7936:from the original on 7 July 2014 7909: 7900: 7891: 7882: 7851: 7820: 7796:Kastner, Jens (10 August 2012). 7755: 7724: 7712: 7703: 7679: 7667:from the original on 20 May 2019 7640: 7573: 7544: 7502: 7461: 7429: 7403: 7364: 7297: 7251:from the original on 4 July 2024 7203: 6830:PCA Award, Section II(B), p. 12. 6779:from the original on 7 June 2016 6667:"Seventh Press Release 29102015" 6526:from the original on 25 May 2011 6454:from the original on 19 May 2009 6220:from the original on 19 May 2016 6032:from the original on 31 May 2019 5979:, Brill Nijhoff, pp. 1–12, 5971:Ma, Xuechan (20 November 2021), 5817:. United Nations. 25 July 1994. 5769:from the original on 8 July 2014 5700:from the original on 7 July 2014 5661:from the original on 7 July 2014 5334:from the original on 20 May 2015 4812:from the original on 2 July 2017 4763:from the original on 8 June 2019 4751:Schrag, Jacque (2 August 2017). 4704:Lily B. Libo-on (13 June 2003). 4648:from the original on 23 May 2015 4618:from the original on 23 May 2015 4157:, ran aground on PRC-controlled 3566: 3292:. According to Philippine judge 3271:Sa Huynh-Kalanay trading network 3144:This section is an excerpt from 3080:Maps in international law claims 2237: 2196: 2014: 1953: 1908: 1883: 1853: 1841: 1834: 1822: 1815: 1803: 1796: 1784: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1746: 1734: 1727: 1715: 1708: 1696: 1689: 1677: 1670: 1658: 1651: 1639: 1632: 1620: 1613: 1601: 1594: 1582: 1575: 1563: 1556: 1544: 1537: 1525: 1518: 1506: 1499: 1487: 1480: 1468: 1461: 1449: 1442: 1430: 1423: 1411: 1404: 1392: 1385: 1373: 1366: 1354: 1347: 1335: 1328: 1316: 1309: 1297: 1290: 1278: 1271: 1259: 1252: 1240: 1233: 1221: 1214: 1202: 1195: 1183: 1176: 1164: 1157: 1145: 1138: 1126: 1119: 1107: 1100: 1088: 1081: 1069: 1062: 1050: 1043: 1031: 1024: 1012: 1005: 993: 986: 974: 967: 955: 948: 936: 929: 917: 910: 898: 891: 879: 872: 860: 853: 841: 834: 822: 668: 661: 654: 563:Although not large, reserves of 433:Spratly Island, Truong Sa Island 423:Sin Cowe Island, Sinh Ton Island 373: 344: 270: 221: 167: 143: 36: 13525:Territorial disputes of Vietnam 11943:West Philippine Sea designation 8648:Keck, Zachary (13 March 2014). 8596: 8154:. 27 April 2010. Archived from 7194: 7164: 7099: 7069: 7016: 6911: 6902: 6833: 6824: 6711: 6590: 6564: 6512: 6486: 6466: 6405: 6379: 6370: 6361: 6352: 6343: 6334: 6325: 6294: 6162: 6131: 6108: 6082: 6018: 5999: 5935: 5876: 5867: 5858: 5833: 5807: 5781: 5742: 5673: 5599: 5572: 5446:from the original on 5 May 2023 5166: 4876:10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.1.0142 4868:10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.1.0142 4824: 4794: 4775: 4744: 4660: 4630: 3577:needs additional citations for 3139:Arbitration tribunal, 2013–2016 3102:of the SCS (which included the 2467:of 200 miles as defined by the 576: 202:Johnson South Reef, Chigua Reef 13500:Territorial disputes of Brunei 12712:History of the Spratly Islands 11496:Beting Raja Jarum/Patinggi Ali 9416:"Worry about Asia, Not Europe" 8297:Camille Diola (25 June 2014). 7827:Kastner, Jens (13 June 2012). 7112:. 22 July 1992. Archived from 7023:Zannia, Neyla (14 July 2016). 5886:; Schofield, Clive H. (1996). 5579:Zannia, Neyla (14 July 2016). 4909:; Higham, Robin D. S. (1999). 4598: 4567: 4540: 4509: 4471: 4447:Bowring, Philip (6 May 1994). 4440: 4409: 4366:rpazos@st (29 February 2016). 4359: 4246:anti-ship cruise missiles and 3265:Spratly Islands § History 3259:History of the Spratly Islands 3186:Permanent Court of Arbitration 2961:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 2957:Constitutions of 1946 and 1957 2563:Basis for the Philippine claim 2527:and available for annexation. 2286:Brunei claims the part of the 548:concerning "ownership" of the 364:Itu Aba Island, Taiping Island 335:West York Island, Likas Island 256:Mariveles Reef, Mantanani Reef 187:Fiery Cross Reef, Yongshu Reef 76:History of the Spratly Islands 1: 13505:Territorial disputes of China 13426:Free Territory of Freedomland 12915:Southwest Cay incident (1975) 12768:Hai Yang Shi You 981 standoff 12738:Battle of the Paracel Islands 9910:Parigas region/Demchok sector 9460:. 13 May 2014. Archived from 9323:10.1080/15339114.2009.9678488 8837:. Al Jazeera. 4 August 2012. 8619:Wang, Frances Yaping (2024). 8003:Yeh, Joseph (23 April 2013). 7860:"US goes fishing for trouble" 6953:Perlez, Jane (12 July 2016). 6138:Perlez, Jane (21 June 2012). 4353: 3545:Hai Yang Shi You 981 standoff 3038:Doctrine of intertemporal law 3003:an invasion of Champa in 1471 2806:"South Vietnam" replaced the 2785:Chapter I, Article 4 states: 2600:. On 11 June 1978, President 2290:nearest to it as part of its 413:Namyit Island, Nam Yet Island 116:Southwest Cay incident (1975) 100:Free Territory of Freedomland 13380:Northeast Investigator Shoal 9218:Resources in other libraries 9042:Amanda Macias (2 May 2018). 8766:Ian Mansfield (18 May 2011) 8681:"A game of shark and minnow" 8439:. U.S. Navy. 31 March 2015. 7739:. Asia Times. Archived from 6719:"PHL PRC China Note Verbale" 5647:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1241–. 5286:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 124. 5082:Kivimäki, Timo, ed. (2002). 4574:Kate, Daniel (27 May 2011). 3219: 2911:Dear Comrade Prime Minister, 2649:Territorial monument of the 2447:China and Taiwan rejected a 457:Northeast Investigator Shoal 320:Northeast Cay, Parola Island 315:Nanshan Island, Lawak Island 182:Cuarteron Reef, Huayang Reef 7: 12926:Johnson South Reef Skirmish 12750:Johnson South Reef skirmish 11516:Interior and water features 11109:Interior and water features 10810:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 10557:Foreign relations of Brunei 9165:Laqui, Ian (20 June 2024). 8437:Commander, US Pacific Fleet 7866:. p. 2. Archived from 7858:Lee, Peter (29 July 2010). 7719:Morley & Nishihara 1997 7686:Morley & Nishihara 1997 6301:Bray, Adam (16 June 2014). 5724:Contemporary Southeast Asia 4782:Oceans & Law of the Sea 4326: 4312: 4300: 4288: 4265: 4238: 4226: 4213: 4193: 4181: 4165: 4143: 4127: 4111: 4103: 4084: 4064: 4052: 4041:Johnson South Reef Skirmish 4035: 4027: 4015: 4003: 3991: 3980: 3965: 3957: 3949: 3941: 3929: 3921: 3909: 3896: 3880: 3864: 3851: 3835: 3827: 3819: 3811: 3802: 3787: 3774: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3722: 3710: 3702: 3690: 3680: 3666: 3541:(commenced on 8 April 2012) 3533:Johnson South Reef Skirmish 3410:in fighting the Americans. 3290:Spanish colonial government 3162:Republic of the Philippines 3154:South China Sea Arbitration 3146:South China Sea Arbitration 2716:Naval Infantry marching on 2458: 388:Amboyna Cay, An Bang Island 330:Thitu Island, Pagasa Island 10: 13546: 12756:Scarborough Shoal standoff 11988:Miangas / Island of Palmas 9690:Jiangxinpo/Northern Kachin 9370:Emmers, Ralf (June 2007), 9343:Irasec's Discussion Papers 9011:Mike Ives (21 June 2017). 8719:, GMA News, 11 March 2009. 7647:Wiencek, David G. (2002). 6006:San Francisco Peace Treaty 5208:Severino, Rodolfo (2011). 4311: 4299: 4287: 4264: 4237: 4225: 4212: 4192: 4180: 4164: 4147:On 11 July 2012 a Chinese 4142: 4126: 4110: 4102: 4083: 4063: 4051: 4034: 4026: 4014: 4002: 3990: 3979: 3964: 3956: 3948: 3940: 3928: 3920: 3908: 3895: 3879: 3863: 3850: 3834: 3826: 3818: 3810: 3801: 3786: 3773: 3753: 3741: 3729: 3721: 3709: 3701: 3689: 3679: 3555: 3539:Scarborough Shoal standoff 3512: 3262: 3166:People's Republic of China 3143: 2741:Đại Nam nhất thống toàn đồ 2640: 2534: 1916:People's Republic of China 636: 359:Centre Cay, Zhongzhou Reef 310:Loaita Island, Kota Island 300:Lankiam Cay, Panata Island 295:Irving Reef, Balagtas Reef 285:Commodore Reef, Rizal Reef 13413: 13357: 13223: 13193: 13118: 13068: 13013: 12988: 12981: 12935: 12907: 12847: 12804:Paracel Islands Airports 12777: 12699: 12666: 12643: 12627: 12597: 12576: 12518: 12446: 12410: 12379: 12257: 12208: 12175: 12150: 12122: 12084: 12075: 12043: 11980: 11914: 11834: 11788: 11651: 11593: 11565: 11522: 11515: 11474: 11396: 11363: 11345: 11298: 11247: 11238: 11215: 11162: 11143: 11115: 11108: 11086: 11038: 10982: 10964: 10875: 10868: 10818: 10793: 10770: 10756: 10735: 10709: 10593: 10582: 10563: 10516: 10492: 10265:Parangcho / Dingyan Islet 9648:Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island 9534: 9531: 9526: 9290:10.1007/s12180-009-0003-5 9284:. Academia.edu: 111–139. 9213:Resources in your library 8570:Chang, Teh-Kuang (1991). 8470:24 September 2015 at the 8426:"Speech delivered to the 8402:. Reuters. Archived from 7731:STRATFOR (14 July 1999). 7496:10.1017/S0026749X06001727 7397:10.1017/S0026749X06001727 6231:Robert D. Kaplan (2014). 5182:Irasec's Discussion Paper 4518:"Spratly Islands Dispute" 4416:Ho, Andrea (6 May 2021). 3601:"Spratly Islands dispute" 3332:1900 Treaty of Washington 2796:People's Army of Viet-Nam 2503:Basis of Malaysia's claim 2281: 398:Collins Reef, Co Lin Reef 290:Flat Island, Patag Island 207:Mischief Reef, Meiji Reef 197:Hughes Reef, Dongmen Reef 12815:Spratly Islands Airports 10335:Senkaku/Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai 9345:, No. 14, November 2012. 9337:François-Xavier Bonnet, 8898:. CNN.com. 20 May 2015. 8800:. Retrieved 12 May 2015. 6307:National Geographic News 6011:21 February 2001 at the 5749:Womack, Brantly (2006). 4725:28 February 2008 at the 4277:forces stationed on the 3888:, sent a formal note to 3841:San Francisco Conference 3552:Timeline of other events 3369:Second Sino-Japanese War 3365:China Handbook 1937–1945 2868:navy was patrolling the 2834:Republic of Vietnam Navy 2802:On 26 October 1955, the 2702:Basis of Vietnam's claim 120:East Sea Campaign (1975) 13421:Spratly Islands dispute 12722:Spratly Islands dispute 9247:: 35–53. Archived from 9204:Spratly Islands dispute 8753:8 December 2017 at the 8625:Oxford University Press 6144:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 6058:Thao Vi (2 June 2014). 5328:Encyclopædia Britannica 5283:Vietnam Joins the World 5264:10.3406/polit.1939.5631 4960:Annotated Territory Map 4737:18 October 2009 at the 4402:3 November 2014 at the 4338:Senkaku Islands dispute 4072:. Philippine President 3845:Peace Treaty with Japan 3383:. The ROC has occupied 3288:) was published by the 3156:(Philippines v. China, 3072:Under the principle of 2943:wrote his letter to PM 2773:Treaty of San Francisco 2621:exclusive economic zone 2465:exclusive economic zone 2449:2016 UNCLOS arbitration 2306:Basis of Brunei's claim 2296:exclusive economic zone 518:Spratly Islands dispute 418:Sand Cay, Son Ca Island 236:Ardasier Reef, Ubi Reef 56:Spratly Islands dispute 24:Part of a series on the 12744:Southwest Cay incident 11466:Physical geography of 10860:Physical geography of 10801:Diplomatic missions of 6430:(CLCS), United Nations 6387:"uti possidetis juris" 5680:Chia Lin Sien (2003). 5641:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). 5360:Pak, Hŭi-gwŏn (2000). 4840:14 August 2010 at the 3521:Southwest Cay Invasion 3509:Notable confrontations 3486: 3059:Critical date doctrine 3034: 2925: 2905: 2889:Thưa Đồng chí Tổng lý, 2856: 2847:The letter sent by PM 2800: 2720: 2688: 2666: 2623:according to the 1982 2612: 2550: 2438:Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands 2330: 2275: 2267: 2258:Claims and their basis 648: 572:Background information 246:Erica Reef, Siput Reef 241:Dallas Reef, Laya Reef 13270:Cornwallis South Reef 12486:Cornwallis South Reef 11968:Philippine activities 10764:British Forces Brunei 10008:Trans-Karakoram Tract 9421:The National Interest 9381:(129), archived from 8792:30 March 2017 at the 8773:16 March 2012 at the 8715:18 March 2009 at the 8339:. 27 September 2015. 8118:The National Interest 6693:"First Press Release" 6262:Anthony Reid (2000). 5059:, BBC, 29 April 1999. 4095:) ran aground on the 3513:Further information: 3481: 3359:was published by the 3263:Further information: 3044:Island of Palmas Case 3032: 2908: 2886: 2846: 2787: 2714:Vietnam People's Navy 2712: 2675: 2648: 2610: 2544: 2325: 2273: 2265: 2090:Cornwallis South Reef 646: 212:Subi Reef, Zhubi Reef 13275:Discovery Great Reef 12732:Battle of Leyte Gulf 12707:Territorial disputes 12691:Tambelan Archipelago 11948:PCA arbitration case 10771:territorial disputes 9508:Territorial disputes 9245:University of Malaya 9082:. 18 November 2021. 8375:on 29 September 2015 7484:Modern Asian Studies 7413:. 11 November 2023. 7385:Modern Asian Studies 6479:20 June 2017 at the 6426:20 June 2017 at the 6313:on 24 September 2014 6200:Bill Hayton (2014). 6120:26 June 2012 at the 5840:Luu Van Loi (1996). 5478:on 21 September 2020 5055:20 June 2006 at the 4956:Geographic Records; 4787:25 June 2017 at the 4547:Lai To, Lei (1999). 4175:United States Senate 3971:Vietnam published a 3586:improve this article 3328:1898 Treaty of Paris 3316:Spanish-American War 3302:Los Bajos de Paragua 3074:Uti possidetis juris 3068:Uti possidetis juris 2987:(Trường Sa) and two 2922:Respectfully yours, 2577:San Francisco Treaty 2519:San Francisco Treaty 2114:Prince of Wales Bank 2074:Discovery Great Reef 393:Bombay Castle, Ba Ke 133:Military occupations 13385:Royal Captain Shoal 13358:Unoccupied features 13260:Central London Reef 13175:Second Thomas Shoal 12584:Royal Captain Shoal 12531:Central London Reef 12438:Second Thomas Shoal 12233:Vietnamese DK1 rigs 11904:Territories claimed 10112:Ieodo / Suyan Islet 10063:Bạch Long Vĩ Island 9171:The Philippine Star 9142:. 22 October 2023. 8734:8 July 2017 at the 8304:The Philippine Star 8244:(video). First Up. 7442:The Philippine STAR 7310:The Philippine STAR 7245:The Manila Bulletin 7148:. 4 November 2002. 6886:. 30 October 2015. 6854:The Philippine Star 6597:Wu, Shicun (2013). 6169:Ian Glover (2004). 6096:on 13 November 2012 5892:. IBRU. p. 8. 5607:"Malaysia Archives" 5252:Politique étrangère 4097:Second Thomas Shoal 3734:The French ship SS 2804:Republic of Vietnam 2653:(South Vietnam) on 2651:Republic of Vietnam 2545:An 1801 map of the 2362:Eastern Han dynasty 2136:Prince Consort Bank 2054:Central London Reef 2005:Second Thomas Shoal 633:Presence by country 522:territorial dispute 462:Royal Captain Shoal 408:Ladd Reef, Lat Reef 88:Vietnamese DK1 rigs 13432:Great Wall of Sand 13395:Third Thomas Shoal 13365:First Thomas Shoal 13250:Barque Canada Reef 13100:Investigator Shoal 13050:Johnson South Reef 12668:Tudjuh Archipelago 12501:Investigator Shoal 12469:Johnson South Reef 12423:First Thomas Shoal 12402:Third Thomas Shoal 12223:Great Wall of Sand 12066:South Vereker Bank 12059:North Vereker Bank 9597:Bhutanese exclaves 9535:Islands and waters 9017:The New York Times 8956:ManilaLivewire.com 8685:The New York Times 8406:on 19 October 2015 8120:. Cato Institute. 8095:. 21 August 2012. 8055:. 23 August 2012. 7916:Sik, Swan (1994). 7721:, pp. 126–127 7688:, pp. 125–126 6959:The New York Times 6860:on 12 October 2016 5416:on 19 October 2013 4757:ChinaPower Project 4716:on 7 January 2005. 4453:The New York Times 4333:Great Wall of Sand 4269:In November 2021, 3995:Malaysia occupied 3874:Phước Tuy province 3496:Great Wall of Sand 3487: 3120:Benigno Aquino III 3035: 2977:Trường Sa District 2973:Khánh Hòa Province 2857: 2721: 2667: 2659:Phước Tuy province 2613: 2551: 2424:surrender of Japan 2331: 2276: 2268: 2224:Investigator Shoal 2062:Barque Canada Reef 649: 612:Commercial fishing 600:In 2012–2013, the 72:Great Wall of Sand 13477: 13476: 13471: 13470: 13353: 13352: 12982:Occupied features 12958:North Danger Reef 12920:East Sea Campaign 12867: 12866: 12859:Oceans portal 12623: 12622: 12514: 12513: 12265:North Danger Reef 12200:Scarborough Shoal 12188:Macclesfield Bank 12171: 12170: 12003: 12002: 11953:Scarborough Shoal 11870: 11869: 11782:Islands of Hainan 11748: 11747: 11744: 11743: 11511: 11510: 11433: 11432: 11429: 11428: 11341: 11340: 11155:(Bukit Tengkorak) 11104: 11103: 10827: 10826: 10503: 10502: 10487: 10486: 10307:Scarborough Shoal 10182:Macclesfield Bank 10084:Dokdo / Takeshima 9645:Part of Heixiazi/ 9572:Jammu and Kashmir 9434:Asia Times Online 9362:978-1-897643-23-5 9199:Library resources 8812:"South China Sea" 8526:978-90-411-1381-8 8400:Channel News Asia 8184:The Asahi Shimbun 8083:on 25 March 2014. 7990:on 14 August 2014 7864:Asia Times Online 7833:Asia Times Online 7802:Asia Times Online 7768:Asia Times Online 7660:978-0-275-97182-3 6275:978-1-63041-481-8 6244:978-0-8129-9433-9 6213:978-0-300-18954-4 6182:978-0-415-29777-6 6128:on 22 June 2012). 5986:978-90-04-50433-2 5899:978-1-897643-23-5 5884:Dzurek, Daniel J. 5854:on 27 March 2009. 5762:978-1-139-44844-4 5752:China and Vietnam 5693:978-981-230-119-2 5654:978-1-57607-770-2 5442:. 26 April 2021. 5410:Asia Times Online 5324:"Spratly Islands" 5293:978-0-7656-3306-4 5248:Claudius Madrolle 5221:978-981-4311-71-7 5147:978-0-203-88524-6 5008:Provincial maps: 4907:Wortzel, Larry M. 4560:978-0-275-96635-5 4528:on 7 January 2014 4485:"South China Sea" 4372:The Straits Times 4324: 4323: 4275:Philippine marine 4271:China Coast Guard 4117:Scarborough Shoal 3761:Berlin convention 3662: 3661: 3654: 3636: 3527:East Sea Campaign 3498:" in March 2015. 3457:Terumbu Mantanani 3361:Republic of China 3182:Republic of China 3099:continental shelf 3025:International law 2993:National Assembly 2981:National Assembly 2929: 2928: 2753:Cairo Declaration 2679:National Assembly 2497:Terumbu Mantanani 2292:continental shelf 1891:Republic of China 514: 513: 13537: 13414:Related articles 13345:West London Reef 13280:East London Reef 13230: 13229: 13200: 13199: 13185:West York Island 13125: 13124: 13075: 13074: 13035:Fiery Cross Reef 13020: 13019: 12995: 12994: 12986: 12985: 12943:Dangerous Ground 12894: 12887: 12880: 12871: 12870: 12857: 12856: 12789:Coconut Princess 12628:Southeastern SCS 12558:Fiery Cross Reef 12546:West London Reef 12541:East London Reef 12359:West York Island 12255: 12254: 12244: 12243: 12183:Zhongsha Islands 12176:Northeastern SCS 12086:Amphitrite Group 12082: 12081: 12030: 12023: 12016: 12007: 12006: 11897: 11890: 11883: 11874: 11873: 11775: 11768: 11761: 11752: 11751: 11520: 11519: 11479: 11478: 11475:Coastal features 11460: 11453: 11446: 11437: 11436: 11245: 11244: 11113: 11112: 10873: 10872: 10869:Coastal features 10854: 10847: 10840: 10831: 10830: 10588: 10555: 10554: 10543: 10536: 10529: 10520: 10519: 10507: 10506: 10479: 10478: 10472: 10471: 10465: 10464: 10456:Tsushima/Daemado 10451: 10450: 10444: 10443: 10430: 10429: 10423: 10422: 10416: 10415: 10409: 10408: 10402: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10381: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10360: 10359: 10353: 10352: 10346: 10345: 10330: 10329: 10323: 10322: 10316: 10315: 10302: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10281: 10280: 10274: 10273: 10254: 10253: 10247: 10246: 10240: 10239: 10226: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10205: 10204: 10198: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10177: 10176: 10170: 10169: 10156: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10128: 10127: 10121: 10120: 10107: 10106: 10100: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10079: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10058: 10057: 10051: 10050: 10031: 10030: 10024: 10023: 10017: 10016: 10003: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9982: 9981: 9975: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9954: 9953: 9947: 9946: 9933: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9919: 9918: 9905: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9880: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9859: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9838: 9837: 9831: 9830: 9822:Limbang District 9817: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9796: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9780:Gilgit-Baltistan 9769: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9748: 9747: 9741: 9740: 9727: 9726: 9720: 9719: 9706: 9705: 9699: 9698: 9685: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9664: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9641: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9620: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9606: 9605: 9592: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9567: 9566: 9560: 9559: 9553: 9552: 9529: 9528: 9501: 9494: 9487: 9478: 9477: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9458:Want China Times 9449: 9447: 9445: 9436:. Archived from 9396: 9395: 9393: 9387: 9376: 9366: 9334: 9301: 9268: 9255: 9254:on 30 July 2013. 9253: 9234: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9162: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9132: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9102: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9028: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8888: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8868:. Archived from 8857: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8807: 8801: 8784: 8778: 8764: 8758: 8745: 8739: 8726: 8720: 8707: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8676: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8645: 8639: 8638: 8616: 8603: 8602: 8594: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8567: 8561: 8560: 8559:on 9 April 2008. 8549: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8511: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8481: 8475: 8462: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8445: 8434: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8294: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8234: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8187:. Archived from 8174: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8158:on 30 April 2010 8142: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8084: 8077:Philippines News 8068: 8066: 8064: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8024: 8022: 8020: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7978: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7952: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7913: 7907: 7904: 7898: 7895: 7889: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7839:on 25 March 2014 7835:. Archived from 7824: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7808:on 25 March 2014 7804:. Archived from 7793: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7770:. Archived from 7759: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7743:on 25 March 2014 7728: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7548: 7542: 7539: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7516:. 24 July 1933. 7506: 7500: 7499: 7479: 7468: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7336: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7270: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7216: 7210: 7207: 7201: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7178:. 13 July 2012. 7168: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7138: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7119:on 11 March 2016 7118: 7111: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7083:. 12 July 2016. 7073: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7009: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6924: 6918: 6915: 6909: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6846: 6840: 6837: 6831: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6802: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6581: 6579: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6490: 6484: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6440: 6431: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6383: 6377: 6374: 6368: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6350: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6135: 6129: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6055: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6022: 6016: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5968: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5917: 5904: 5903: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5846: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5638: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5477: 5471:. Archived from 5470: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5412:. Archived from 5401: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5357: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5319: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5277: 5268: 5267: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5205: 5186: 5185: 5179: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5131: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5079: 5060: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5022: 5016: 5015: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4949:《元史》地理志;《元代疆域图叙》 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4903: 4888: 4887: 4851: 4845: 4844:on 22 July 2012) 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4798: 4792: 4791:, United Nations 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4748: 4742: 4717: 4712:. Archived from 4701: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4681: 4674: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4644:. 5 April 2013. 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4522:ICE Case Studies 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4496: 4489: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4413: 4407: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4363: 4252:Fiery Cross Reef 3899: 3683: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3657: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3635: 3594: 3570: 3562: 3503:Fiery Cross Reef 3472:Mahathir Mohamad 3441:land reclamation 3416:Under President 3176:, including the 2875: 2874: 2823:French Indochina 2808:State of Vietnam 2765:State of Vietnam 2727:Phủ biên tạp lục 2602:Ferdinand Marcos 2481:land reclamation 2359: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2234: 2202: 2200: 2199: 2193: 2188: 2177: 2166: 2155: 2144: 2133: 2122: 2082:East London Reef 2066:West London Reef 2020: 2018: 2017: 2011: 1993:West York Island 1959: 1957: 1956: 1950: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1905: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1873:Dangerous Ground 1863: 1857: 1850: 1845: 1844: 1838: 1831: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1731: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1712: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1655: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1636: 1629: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1522: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1484: 1477: 1472: 1471: 1465: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1446: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1427: 1420: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1401: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1382: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1351: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1313: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1294: 1287: 1282: 1281: 1275: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1256: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1218: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1199: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1180: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1161: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1135: 1130: 1129: 1123: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1104: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1066: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1047: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1028: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1009: 1002: 997: 996: 990: 983: 978: 977: 971: 964: 959: 958: 952: 945: 940: 939: 933: 926: 921: 920: 914: 907: 902: 901: 895: 888: 883: 882: 876: 869: 864: 863: 857: 850: 845: 844: 838: 831: 826: 825: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 672: 671: 665: 658: 506: 499: 492: 378: 377: 349: 348: 276:Occupied by the 275: 274: 226: 225: 172: 171: 148: 147: 48:Related articles 40: 21: 20: 13545: 13544: 13540: 13539: 13538: 13536: 13535: 13534: 13490:Spratly Islands 13480: 13479: 13478: 13473: 13472: 13467: 13409: 13370:Half Moon Shoal 13349: 13320:Sin Cowe Island 13224: 13219: 13194: 13189: 13119: 13114: 13069: 13064: 13014: 13009: 12989: 12977: 12963:Reed Tablemount 12931: 12903: 12901:Spratly Islands 12898: 12868: 12863: 12851: 12843: 12773: 12695: 12681:Anambas Islands 12662: 12639: 12635:Palawan Passage 12619: 12593: 12589:Half Moon Shoal 12572: 12510: 12474:Sin Cowe Island 12442: 12406: 12397:Reed Tablemount 12375: 12249: 12242: 12210:Spratly Islands 12204: 12167: 12146: 12118: 12077:Paracel Islands 12071: 12039: 12037:South China Sea 12034: 12004: 11999: 11976: 11958:Spratly Islands 11938:South China Sea 11910: 11901: 11871: 11866: 11830: 11784: 11779: 11749: 11740: 11647: 11589: 11561: 11507: 11470: 11464: 11434: 11425: 11392: 11365:Volcanic fields 11359: 11337: 11294: 11234: 11217:Mountain ranges 11211: 11158: 11139: 11125:Agop Batu Tulug 11100: 11082: 11034: 10998:Spratly Islands 10992:List of islands 10978: 10960: 10864: 10858: 10828: 10823: 10814: 10789: 10783:Spratly Islands 10778:South China Sea 10766: 10752: 10731: 10705: 10589: 10580: 10559: 10549: 10547: 10512: 10504: 10499: 10488: 10483: 10473: 10466: 10459: 10445: 10438: 10424: 10417: 10410: 10403: 10396: 10389: 10386:Spratly Islands 10375: 10368: 10354: 10347: 10340: 10336: 10324: 10317: 10310: 10296: 10289: 10275: 10268: 10258: 10248: 10241: 10234: 10231:Paracel Islands 10220: 10213: 10199: 10192: 10185: 10171: 10164: 10150: 10143: 10136: 10122: 10115: 10101: 10094: 10087: 10073: 10066: 10052: 10045: 10035: 10025: 10018: 10011: 9997: 9990: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9948: 9941: 9927: 9920: 9913: 9899: 9892: 9874: 9867: 9853: 9846: 9832: 9825: 9811: 9804: 9790: 9783: 9773: 9763: 9756: 9742: 9735: 9732:Khao Phra Wihan 9721: 9714: 9700: 9693: 9679: 9672: 9658: 9651: 9646: 9635: 9628: 9625:Doi Pha Hom Pok 9614: 9607: 9600: 9586: 9579: 9561: 9554: 9547: 9522: 9505: 9467: 9465: 9452: 9443: 9441: 9391: 9389: 9385: 9374: 9363: 9267:. Academia.edu. 9251: 9232: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9207: 9206: 9202: 9195: 9193:Further reading 9190: 9180: 9178: 9163: 9159: 9149: 9147: 9134: 9133: 9129: 9119: 9117: 9104: 9103: 9099: 9089: 9087: 9079:TheGuardian.com 9072: 9071: 9067: 9057: 9055: 9040: 9036: 9026: 9024: 9009: 9005: 8995: 8993: 8980: 8979: 8975: 8965: 8963: 8950: 8949: 8945: 8935: 8933: 8928:. 21 May 2015. 8920: 8919: 8915: 8905: 8903: 8890: 8889: 8885: 8875: 8873: 8858: 8854: 8844: 8842: 8833: 8825: 8823: 8808: 8804: 8794:Wayback Machine 8785: 8781: 8777:, Cellular News 8775:Wayback Machine 8765: 8761: 8755:Wayback Machine 8746: 8742: 8736:Wayback Machine 8727: 8723: 8717:Wayback Machine 8708: 8704: 8694: 8692: 8677: 8673: 8663: 8661: 8646: 8642: 8635: 8617: 8606: 8597:Guo, Rongxing. 8595: 8591: 8581: 8579: 8568: 8564: 8551: 8550: 8546: 8536: 8534: 8527: 8513: 8512: 8508: 8498: 8496: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8472:Wayback Machine 8463: 8459: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8432: 8424: 8423: 8419: 8409: 8407: 8392: 8388: 8378: 8376: 8361: 8360: 8356: 8346: 8344: 8336:The Borneo Post 8329: 8328: 8324: 8314: 8312: 8295: 8291: 8279: 8277: 8264: 8255: 8253: 8235: 8231: 8221: 8219: 8208: 8204: 8194: 8192: 8175: 8171: 8161: 8159: 8144: 8143: 8139: 8127: 8125: 8102: 8100: 8087: 8071: 8062: 8060: 8053:Thanh Nien News 8047: 8038: 8036: 8027: 8018: 8016: 7993: 7991: 7982: 7979: 7975: 7965: 7963: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7939: 7937: 7930: 7914: 7910: 7905: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7887: 7883: 7873: 7871: 7856: 7852: 7842: 7840: 7825: 7821: 7811: 7809: 7794: 7787: 7777: 7775: 7774:on 10 July 2013 7760: 7756: 7746: 7744: 7729: 7725: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7684: 7680: 7670: 7668: 7661: 7645: 7641: 7630: 7626: 7616: 7614: 7607: 7603: 7593: 7591: 7578: 7574: 7564: 7562: 7549: 7545: 7540: 7533: 7523: 7521: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7480: 7471: 7466: 7462: 7452: 7450: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7420: 7418: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7381: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7355: 7353: 7345:Manila Bulletin 7338: 7337: 7330: 7320: 7318: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7271: 7264: 7254: 7252: 7237: 7233: 7222:(24 May 2024). 7217: 7213: 7208: 7204: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7183: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7155: 7153: 7140: 7139: 7132: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7100: 7090: 7088: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7060: 7058: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7031:on 15 July 2016 7021: 7017: 7007: 7005: 6990: 6986: 6976: 6974: 6951: 6947: 6937: 6935: 6926: 6925: 6921: 6916: 6912: 6907: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6804: 6803: 6792: 6782: 6780: 6769: 6765: 6755: 6753: 6742: 6738: 6728: 6726: 6717: 6716: 6712: 6702: 6700: 6691: 6690: 6686: 6676: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6620: 6618: 6611: 6595: 6591: 6577: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6553: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6503: 6501: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6481:Wayback Machine 6471: 6467: 6457: 6455: 6450:. 13 May 2009. 6442: 6441: 6434: 6428:Wayback Machine 6419: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6396: 6394: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6362: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6314: 6299: 6295: 6285: 6283: 6276: 6254: 6252: 6245: 6223: 6221: 6214: 6192: 6190: 6183: 6167: 6163: 6153: 6151: 6136: 6132: 6122:Wayback Machine 6113: 6109: 6099: 6097: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6064:Thanh Nien News 6056: 6045: 6035: 6033: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6013:Wayback Machine 6004: 6000: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5969: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5919: 5918: 5907: 5900: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5824: 5822: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5763: 5747: 5743: 5736:10.1355/CS21-3D 5720: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5655: 5639: 5630: 5620: 5618: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5587:on 15 July 2016 5577: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5402: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5374: 5358: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5320: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5294: 5278: 5271: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5229: 5222: 5206: 5189: 5177: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5148: 5132: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5096: 5080: 5063: 5057:Wayback Machine 5048: 5044: 5024: 5023: 5019: 4999: 4998: 4991: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4954:History of Yuan 4947: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4923: 4904: 4891: 4852: 4848: 4842:Wayback Machine 4829: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4789:Wayback Machine 4780: 4776: 4766: 4764: 4749: 4745: 4739:Wayback Machine 4727:Wayback Machine 4718:(Archived from 4710:Borneo Bulletin 4702: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4483: 4482:area.) Source: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4414: 4410: 4404:Wayback Machine 4395: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4329: 4187:Half Moon Shoal 4131:On 18 May 2011 3897: 3780:Empire of Japan 3716:Sino-French War 3681: 3667: 3658: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3595: 3593: 3583: 3571: 3560: 3554: 3535:(14 March 1988) 3517: 3511: 3343:defined in 1898 3298:Spratly Islands 3267: 3261: 3248: 3235: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3174:South China Sea 3149: 3141: 3116: 3104:Paracel Islands 3091: 3082: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3040: 3027: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2865:Thanh Niên News 2736:Paracel Islands 2704: 2643: 2565: 2559:and geography. 2539: 2533: 2531:The Philippines 2505: 2461: 2416:Paracel Islands 2411:Paracel Islands 2357: 2350: 2320: 2308: 2288:South China Sea 2284: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2230: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2182: 2171: 2160: 2149: 2138: 2127: 2116: 2038:Sin Cowe Island 2015: 2013: 2009: 2007: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1869:Spratly Islands 1865: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1307: 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680: 677: 675: 673: 669: 666: 659: 641: 635: 627: 625:Global shipping 614: 579: 574: 554:South China Sea 550:Spratly Islands 510: 481: 447:Half Moon Shoal 443: 442: 437: 384: 383: 372: 368: 355: 354: 343: 339: 281: 280: 269: 265: 232: 231: 220: 216: 178: 177: 166: 162: 154: 153: 142: 127: 122: 118: 103: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 43: 30:Spratly Islands 17: 12: 11: 5: 13543: 13533: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13475: 13474: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13465: 13463:Nine-dash line 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13428: 13423: 13417: 13415: 13411: 13410: 13408: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13375:Luconia Shoals 13372: 13367: 13361: 13359: 13355: 13354: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13335:Spratly Island 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13295:Lansdowne Reef 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13236: 13234: 13221: 13220: 13218: 13217: 13215:Zhongzhou Reef 13212: 13210:Taiping Island 13206: 13204: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13165:Nanshan Island 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13135:Commodore Reef 13131: 13129: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13112: 13107: 13105:Mariveles Reef 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13081: 13079: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13030:Cuarteron Reef 13026: 13024: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13007: 13001: 12999: 12983: 12979: 12978: 12976: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12939: 12937: 12933: 12932: 12930: 12929: 12923: 12917: 12911: 12909: 12908:Confrontations 12905: 12904: 12897: 12896: 12889: 12882: 12874: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12861: 12848: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12841: 12840: 12839: 12838: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12812: 12811: 12810: 12802: 12794: 12793: 12792: 12781: 12779: 12775: 12774: 12772: 12771: 12765: 12759: 12753: 12747: 12741: 12735: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12717:Nine-dash line 12714: 12709: 12703: 12701: 12697: 12696: 12694: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12676:Natuna Islands 12672: 12670: 12664: 12663: 12661: 12660: 12658:Luconia Shoals 12655: 12647: 12645: 12641: 12640: 12638: 12637: 12631: 12629: 12625: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12601: 12599: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12580: 12578: 12574: 12573: 12571: 12570: 12568:Spratly Island 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12549: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12536:Cuarteron Reef 12533: 12522: 12520: 12516: 12515: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12508: 12506:Mariveles Reef 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12477: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12450: 12448: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12418:Commodore Reef 12414: 12412: 12408: 12407: 12405: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12392:Nanshan Island 12389: 12383: 12381: 12377: 12376: 12374: 12373: 12372: 12371: 12363: 12362: 12361: 12356: 12348: 12347: 12346: 12344:Zhongzhou Reef 12341: 12339:Taiping Island 12336: 12331: 12326: 12316: 12315: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12294: 12293: 12292: 12287: 12279: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12261: 12259: 12252: 12241: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12214: 12212: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12202: 12197: 12196: 12195: 12185: 12179: 12177: 12173: 12172: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12165: 12160: 12154: 12152: 12151:Other features 12148: 12147: 12145: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12128: 12126: 12124:Crescent Group 12120: 12119: 12117: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12090: 12088: 12079: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12069: 12062: 12055: 12049: 12047: 12041: 12040: 12033: 12032: 12025: 12018: 12010: 12001: 12000: 11998: 11997: 11996: 11995: 11984: 11982: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11974: 11973: 11972: 11971: 11970: 11965: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11935: 11934: 11933: 11918: 11916: 11912: 11911: 11900: 11899: 11892: 11885: 11877: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11838: 11836: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11792: 11790: 11786: 11785: 11778: 11777: 11770: 11763: 11755: 11746: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11657: 11655: 11649: 11648: 11646: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11599: 11597: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11571: 11569: 11563: 11562: 11560: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11528: 11526: 11517: 11513: 11512: 11509: 11508: 11506: 11505: 11502:Beting Serupai 11499: 11493: 11487: 11485: 11476: 11472: 11471: 11463: 11462: 11455: 11448: 11440: 11431: 11430: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11402: 11400: 11394: 11393: 11391: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11369: 11367: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11357: 11351: 11349: 11343: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11304: 11302: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11251: 11249: 11242: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11232: 11227: 11221: 11219: 11213: 11212: 11210: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11168: 11166: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11156: 11149: 11147: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11121: 11119: 11110: 11106: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11098: 11092: 11090: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11044: 11042: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11032: 11031: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 10994: 10988: 10986: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10976: 10970: 10968: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10881: 10879: 10870: 10866: 10865: 10857: 10856: 10849: 10842: 10834: 10825: 10824: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10812: 10807: 10797: 10795: 10794:related topics 10791: 10790: 10788: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10774: 10772: 10768: 10767: 10762: 10760: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10750: 10745: 10739: 10737: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10729: 10727:United Kingdom 10724: 10719: 10713: 10711: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10597: 10595: 10591: 10590: 10583: 10581: 10579: 10578: 10573: 10567: 10565: 10561: 10560: 10546: 10545: 10538: 10531: 10523: 10517: 10514: 10513: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10497: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10485: 10484: 10482: 10481: 10453: 10432: 10383: 10362: 10332: 10304: 10283: 10261: 10259: 10257: 10256: 10228: 10207: 10179: 10158: 10130: 10109: 10081: 10060: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10033: 10005: 9984: 9956: 9935: 9907: 9882: 9864:Mainland China 9861: 9840: 9819: 9798: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9771: 9750: 9729: 9708: 9687: 9666: 9643: 9622: 9594: 9569: 9540: 9537: 9536: 9533: 9527: 9524: 9523: 9520:Southeast Asia 9504: 9503: 9496: 9489: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9464:on 17 May 2014 9450: 9440:on 12 May 2008 9425: 9414:Menon, Rajan, 9412: 9397: 9388:on 21 May 2009 9367: 9361: 9346: 9335: 9317:(2): 365–395. 9302: 9269: 9256: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9209: 9208: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9157: 9127: 9097: 9065: 9034: 9003: 8973: 8943: 8913: 8883: 8852: 8802: 8796:, World news, 8779: 8759: 8740: 8721: 8702: 8671: 8640: 8633: 8604: 8601:. p. 229. 8589: 8562: 8544: 8525: 8506: 8476: 8457: 8417: 8386: 8354: 8322: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8276:on 17 May 2014 8229: 8202: 8191:on 17 May 2014 8169: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8109: 8085: 8069: 8045: 8025: 8000: 7973: 7947: 7928: 7908: 7899: 7890: 7881: 7870:on 17 May 2014 7850: 7819: 7785: 7754: 7723: 7711: 7702: 7690: 7678: 7659: 7639: 7624: 7601: 7572: 7543: 7531: 7501: 7469: 7460: 7428: 7402: 7375: 7363: 7328: 7296: 7262: 7231: 7220:Antonio Carpio 7211: 7202: 7193: 7163: 7130: 7098: 7081:United Nations 7068: 7042: 7015: 6984: 6945: 6919: 6910: 6901: 6871: 6841: 6832: 6823: 6790: 6763: 6736: 6710: 6684: 6658: 6641:United Nations 6628: 6610:978-1780633558 6609: 6589: 6563: 6537: 6511: 6500:on 28 May 2009 6485: 6465: 6432: 6413: 6404: 6378: 6369: 6360: 6351: 6342: 6333: 6324: 6293: 6274: 6243: 6212: 6181: 6161: 6130: 6107: 6081: 6043: 6017: 5998: 5985: 5973:"Introduction" 5960: 5934: 5905: 5898: 5875: 5866: 5857: 5832: 5806: 5780: 5761: 5741: 5730:(3): 386–404. 5711: 5692: 5672: 5653: 5628: 5598: 5571: 5540: 5514: 5489: 5457: 5427: 5391: 5372: 5345: 5311: 5292: 5269: 5258:(3): 302–312. 5239: 5220: 5187: 5165: 5146: 5121: 5094: 5061: 5042: 5017: 4989: 4974:《海南卫指挥佥事柴公墓志铬》 4965: 4940: 4921: 4889: 4846: 4823: 4793: 4774: 4743: 4693: 4659: 4642:Foreign Policy 4629: 4597: 4580:Bloomberg News 4566: 4559: 4539: 4508: 4470: 4439: 4408: 4389: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3795:Itu Aba Island 3789: 3785: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3670: 3660: 3659: 3574: 3572: 3565: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3510: 3507: 3453:Mariveles Reef 3392:Mainland China 3385:Taiping Island 3294:Antonio Carpio 3260: 3257: 3247: 3244: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3213:United Nations 3178:nine-dash line 3150: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3126:of a possible 3124:Liang Guanglie 3115: 3112: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3039: 3036: 3026: 3023: 3019:2004 uprisings 2969: 2968: 2964: 2953: 2927: 2926: 2909: 2906: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2780:Geneva Accords 2763:Government's ( 2746:Nguyễn dynasty 2718:Spratly Island 2703: 2700: 2663:Fall of Saigon 2642: 2639: 2564: 2561: 2535:Main article: 2532: 2529: 2504: 2501: 2493:Mariveles Reef 2460: 2457: 2453:nine-dash line 2384:Hongwu Emperor 2370:Three Kingdoms 2349: 2346: 2342:Mainland China 2319: 2316: 2307: 2304: 2283: 2280: 2259: 2256: 2231: 2228:Mariveles Reef 2190: 2180:Kingston Shoal 2158:Alexandra Bank 2106:Lansdowne Reef 2042:Spratly Island 2008: 1997:Commodore Reef 1981:Nanshan Island 1947: 1902: 1877: 1871:. The eastern 1866: 1859: 1852: 1847: 1840: 1833: 1828: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1802: 1795: 1790: 1783: 1776: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1733: 1726: 1721: 1714: 1707: 1702: 1695: 1688: 1683: 1676: 1669: 1664: 1657: 1650: 1645: 1638: 1631: 1626: 1619: 1612: 1607: 1600: 1593: 1588: 1581: 1574: 1569: 1562: 1555: 1550: 1543: 1536: 1531: 1524: 1517: 1512: 1505: 1498: 1493: 1486: 1479: 1474: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1448: 1441: 1436: 1429: 1422: 1417: 1410: 1403: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1379: 1372: 1365: 1360: 1353: 1346: 1341: 1334: 1327: 1322: 1315: 1308: 1303: 1296: 1289: 1284: 1277: 1270: 1265: 1258: 1251: 1246: 1239: 1232: 1227: 1220: 1213: 1208: 1201: 1194: 1189: 1182: 1175: 1170: 1163: 1156: 1151: 1144: 1137: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1113: 1106: 1099: 1094: 1087: 1080: 1075: 1068: 1061: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1037: 1030: 1023: 1018: 1011: 1004: 999: 992: 985: 980: 973: 966: 961: 954: 947: 942: 935: 928: 923: 916: 909: 904: 897: 890: 885: 878: 871: 866: 859: 852: 847: 840: 833: 828: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 652: 651: 650: 634: 631: 626: 623: 613: 610: 578: 575: 573: 570: 520:is an ongoing 512: 511: 509: 508: 501: 494: 486: 483: 482: 480: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 452:Luconia Shoals 449: 440: 439: 438: 436: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 371: 370: 369: 367: 366: 361: 342: 341: 340: 338: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 268: 267: 266: 264: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 219: 218: 217: 215: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 165: 164: 163: 161: 160: 141: 140: 139: 136: 135: 129: 128: 113: 110: 109: 108:Confrontations 105: 104: 53: 50: 49: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13542: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13487: 13485: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13433: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13412: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13356: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13330:Southwest Cay 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13300:Namyit Island 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13285:Grierson Reef 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13255:Bombay Castle 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13237: 13235: 13233: 13228: 13222: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13205: 13203: 13198: 13192: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13170:Northeast Cay 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13160:Loaita Island 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13132: 13130: 13128: 13123: 13117: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13085:Ardasier Reef 13083: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13073: 13067: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13055:Mischief Reef 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13027: 13025: 13023: 13018: 13012: 13006: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12998: 12993: 12987: 12984: 12980: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12934: 12927: 12924: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12912: 12910: 12906: 12902: 12895: 12890: 12888: 12883: 12881: 12876: 12875: 12872: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12849: 12846: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12817: 12816: 12813: 12809: 12806: 12805: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12797: 12795: 12791: 12790: 12786: 12785: 12783: 12782: 12780: 12776: 12769: 12766: 12763: 12760: 12757: 12754: 12751: 12748: 12745: 12742: 12739: 12736: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12698: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12686:Badas Islands 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12673: 12671: 12669: 12665: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12653: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12642: 12636: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12626: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12596: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12581: 12579: 12575: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12553:Bombay Castle 12551: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12517: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12481:Ardasier Reef 12479: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12456: 12455: 12452: 12451: 12449: 12445: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12428:Mischief Reef 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12409: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12384: 12382: 12378: 12370: 12367: 12366: 12364: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12351: 12349: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12329:Namyit Island 12327: 12325: 12322: 12321: 12320: 12317: 12313: 12312:Loaita Island 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12299: 12298: 12295: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12282: 12280: 12276: 12275:Southwest Cay 12273: 12271: 12270:Northeast Cay 12268: 12267: 12266: 12263: 12262: 12260: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12245: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12207: 12201: 12198: 12194: 12191: 12190: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12174: 12164: 12163:Triton Island 12161: 12159: 12156: 12155: 12153: 12149: 12143: 12142:Yagong Island 12140: 12138: 12137:Robert Island 12135: 12133: 12130: 12129: 12127: 12125: 12121: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12074: 12068: 12067: 12063: 12061: 12060: 12056: 12054: 12053:Pratas Island 12051: 12050: 12048: 12046: 12045:Pratas Island 12042: 12038: 12031: 12026: 12024: 12019: 12017: 12012: 12011: 12008: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11989: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11979: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11960: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11940: 11939: 11936: 11932: 11929: 11928: 11927: 11923: 11920: 11919: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11898: 11893: 11891: 11886: 11884: 11879: 11878: 11875: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11839: 11837: 11833: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11787: 11783: 11776: 11771: 11769: 11764: 11762: 11757: 11756: 11753: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11650: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11598: 11596: 11592: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11568: 11564: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11521: 11518: 11514: 11503: 11500: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11480: 11477: 11473: 11469: 11461: 11456: 11454: 11449: 11447: 11442: 11441: 11438: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11395: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11366: 11362: 11356: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11348: 11344: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11297: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11237: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11214: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11167: 11165: 11161: 11154: 11151: 11150: 11148: 11146: 11142: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11122: 11120: 11118: 11114: 11111: 11107: 11097: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11089: 11085: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11037: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11008:Layang Layang 11006: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10999: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10985: 10981: 10975: 10974:Tip of Borneo 10972: 10971: 10969: 10967: 10963: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942:(Pasir Putih) 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10878: 10874: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10855: 10850: 10848: 10843: 10841: 10836: 10835: 10832: 10822: 10817: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10792: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10759: 10755: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10740: 10738: 10734: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10708: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10592: 10587: 10577: 10576:United States 10574: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10553: 10544: 10539: 10537: 10532: 10530: 10525: 10524: 10521: 10515: 10508: 10495: 10494: 10491: 10477: 10470: 10463: 10457: 10454: 10449: 10442: 10436: 10433: 10428: 10421: 10414: 10407: 10400: 10393: 10387: 10384: 10379: 10372: 10366: 10363: 10358: 10351: 10344: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10321: 10314: 10308: 10305: 10300: 10293: 10287: 10286:Pratas Island 10284: 10279: 10272: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10252: 10245: 10238: 10232: 10229: 10224: 10217: 10211: 10208: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10183: 10180: 10175: 10168: 10162: 10161:Kuril Islands 10159: 10154: 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4184: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4159:Mischief Reef 4156: 4155: 4151:frigate, the 4150: 4146: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4070:Mischief Reef 4067: 4059: 4055: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3968: 3960: 3952: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3903:South Vietnam 3901: 3891: 3887: 3886:Phạm Văn Đồng 3883: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3822: 3814: 3805: 3798: 3796: 3790: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3749: 3748:La Malicieuse 3745: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3656: 3653: 3645: 3642:November 2013 3634: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3603: – 3602: 3598: 3597:Find sources: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3575:This article 3573: 3569: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3445:Ardasier Reef 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3324:United States 3321: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3303: 3300:(referred as 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3243: 3240: 3230: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3136: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3107: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3077: 3075: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3045: 3031: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2955:Point 2: The 2954: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2941:Phạm Văn Đồng 2937: 2935: 2923: 2907: 2903: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2870:Taiwan Strait 2866: 2862: 2861:Phạm Văn Đồng 2854: 2850: 2849:Phạm Văn Đồng 2845: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2810:(part of the 2809: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2769:North Vietnam 2766: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2687: 2685: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:Southwest Cay 2652: 2647: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2560: 2558: 2557: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485:Ardasier Reef 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2372:). Since the 2371: 2367: 2363: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2315: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2279: 2272: 2264: 2250: 2246: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212:Ardasier Reef 2209: 2205: 2186: 2181: 2175: 2170: 2169:Orleana Shoal 2164: 2159: 2153: 2148: 2147:Grainger Bank 2142: 2137: 2131: 2126: 2125:Vanguard Bank 2120: 2115: 2111: 2110:Bombay Castle 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050:Grierson Reef 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034:Namyit Island 2031: 2027: 2026:Southwest Cay 2023: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985:Northeast Cay 1982: 1978: 1977:Loaita Island 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1900: 1896: 1893:(Taiwan): 1: 1892: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1856: 1837: 1818: 1799: 1780: 1749: 1730: 1711: 1692: 1673: 1654: 1635: 1616: 1597: 1578: 1559: 1540: 1521: 1502: 1483: 1464: 1445: 1426: 1407: 1388: 1369: 1350: 1331: 1312: 1293: 1274: 1255: 1236: 1217: 1198: 1179: 1160: 1141: 1122: 1103: 1084: 1065: 1046: 1027: 1008: 989: 970: 951: 932: 913: 894: 875: 856: 837: 664: 657: 645: 640: 630: 622: 620: 617:encompassing 609: 607: 603: 598: 596: 595:Wan'an Bei-21 592: 588: 584: 569: 566: 561: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 507: 502: 500: 495: 493: 488: 487: 485: 484: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 382: 376: 365: 362: 360: 357: 356: 353: 347: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 279: 273: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 230: 224: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 176: 170: 159: 156: 155: 152: 146: 138: 137: 134: 131: 130: 126: 125: 121: 117: 112: 111: 107: 106: 102: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 52: 51: 47: 46: 39: 35: 34: 31: 28: 27: 23: 22: 19: 13420: 13405:Whitsun Reef 13400:Western Reef 13390:Sabina Shoal 13340:Tennent Reef 13305:Pearson Reef 13265:Collins Reef 13180:Thitu Island 13110:Swallow Reef 12953:London Reefs 12830:Swallow Reef 12787: 12721: 12650: 12644:Southern SCS 12615:Swallow Reef 12526:London Reefs 12459:Collins Reef 12433:Sabina Shoal 12369:Western Reef 12285:Thitu Island 12281:Thitu Reefs 12193:Walker Shoal 12132:Money Island 12109:Woody Island 12094:Rocky Island 12064: 12057: 11962: 11926:North Borneo 11862:Nanhai Pearl 11847:Ocean Flower 11260:Kinabatangan 10782: 10385: 9885:North Borneo 9576:Azad Kashmir 9466:. 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