2542:, which rectified retroactively the 1898 Treaty of Paris. According to Philippine judge Antonio Carpio, under the 1900 Treaty of Washington, "all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago, lying outside the lines described in Article III" were also ceded to the United States as part of the territory of the Philippines, where Scarborough Shoal, the Spratly Islands, and the rest of Tawi-tawi was included. From 1899 to 1902, the United States war department in the territory of the Philippines republished and reissued four times the 1875 Carita General del Archipelago Filipino with the addition of military telegraph lines, military cable lines, eastern cable company lines, and military department boundaries. The official map of the entire Philippine territory under Spanish rule was effectively adopted as the entire Philippine territory under American rule. During the 1928 Islas Palmas international case, the United States, as representative of the territory of the Philippines, reiterated in a court memorandum that the 1875 Carta General del Archipielago Filipino "is both an American official and a Spanish official map" of Philippine territory, which has been argued by Carpio as binding on the United States in terms of its recognition of the Scarborough Shoal and the Spratly Islands as Philippine territory. (As of 2023, the United States takes no position on sovereignty over the geographic features of the South China Sea.)
3571:
3975:
3353:, the boundaries of former colonies must be respected by all states. It was established after the 1986 Frontier Dispute case between Burkina Faso and Mali. The ICJ ruled that uti possidetis juris is a "general principle, which is logically connected with the phenomenon of the obtaining of independence, wherever it occurs. Its obvious purpose is to prevent the independence and stability of new States being endangered by fratricidal struggles provoked by the challenging of frontiers following the withdrawal of the administering power…Its purpose, at the time of the achievement of independence by the former Spanish colonies of America, was to scotch any designs which non-American colonizing powers might have on regions which had been assigned by the former metropolitan State to one division or another, but which were still uninhabited or unexplored."
177:
2652:
sovereignty over Hoang Sa island and islands further to the South, that was rejected. Tran Van Huu as
Vietnamese representative stated that “in order to annul the seeds of possible disputes, we claim our sovereignty over Hoang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagos”. However, the claims made by France over the islands before the war was claims for the French Republic as itself, and not as part of French Indochina (Vietnam). In 1952, the Japan-Republic of China Treaty was signed, where Japan withdrew its claims over Formosa, the Paracels, and the Spratlys but never awarded any country the sovereignty towards the Paracels and the Spratlys. The treaty positively reiterated the 1951 San Francisco Treaty, whose framers rejected China's claims over the Paracels and the Spratlys.
3955:
the right to freedom of navigation
America, alongside its allies and partners in the will not be deterred from exercising these rights.” On September 18, 2015, the Chinese Foreign Ministry replied by stating that “China, like the US, champions navigation freedom in the South China Sea, but opposes any country’s attempt to challenge China’s territorial sovereignty ... under the pretext of safeguarding navigation freedom.” At the start of October 2015, the US Department of Defense made it clear that a FONOP within 12 nautical miles of one of China's artificial islands was “not a question of if, but when”, and by mid-October 2015, US officials said the FONOP was expected "within days". On 27 October 2015, the US destroyer
3691:
2825:. In 2016, the Philippines won the case, and the international court effectively invalidated the dash line. During the court proceedings, China itself filed an official and binding international "Position Paper", where it recognized the 1900 Treaty of Washington. Under the said treaty, Scarborough Shoal and the Spratlys was recognized as part of the territory of the Philippines. China also reiterated that it recognizes the treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom, where both nations reiterated the recognition of Philippine territory, which included Scarborough Shoal and the Spratlys. The move came as a surprise to the Filipino delegation, where Associate Justice
3055:, with discussions between the two leaders. This stance by Beijing is in line with the July 2019 publishing of a Chinese White Paper, "China's National Defense in the New Era," which details China's armed strength and repeatedly mentions deployment in the South China Sea. On 22 September 2020, in a recorded speech at the opening of the 75th session of the UN General Assembly, the Philippine President, Rodrigo Duterte reaffirmed the Hague ruling rejecting most of China's claims to disputed waters, and said "The award is now part of international law, beyond compromise and beyond the reach of passing governments to dilute, diminish, or abandon."
3856:, the Chinese Foreign Minister called for a joint development of resources in South China Sea. Bangkok was viewed as a South China Sea neutral player because it is not a claimant and did not have disputes in the South China Sea with China. After several meetings, the 6th ASEAN–China SOM on DOC was the first official consultation on the Code of Conduct (COC) was formed with all parties agreement to push forward the drafting of COC. Thai-China relationship was generally seen as positive. Thailand's neutral position enabled it to act as a mediator and influence discussions among parties involved.
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3255:, he instituted a policy in 2015 that, if any foreign fishermen were caught illegally fishing in Indonesian waters, their vessels would be destroyed. The president wanted to make maritime resources, especially fisheries, a key component of his administration's economic policy. Since the policy's initiation, fishing vessels drawing from many neighbouring countries were destroyed by Indonesian authorities. On 21 May 2015, around 41 fishing vessels from China, Vietnam, Thailand and the Philippines were destroyed. On 19 March 2016, the
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1.1 billion barrels. According to the US Energy
Information Administration (EIA)'s profile of the South China Sea region, a US Geological Survey estimate puts the region's discovered and undiscovered oil reserves at 11 billion barrels, as opposed to a PRC figure of 125 billion barrels. The same EIA report also points to the wide variety of natural gas resource estimations, ranging from 190 trillion cubic feet to 500 trillion cubic feet, likely located in the contested
2616:, claimed that the Paracel and Spratly Islands "have always been Chinese territory", despite Chinese historical records from its previous dynasties specifically stating that the southernmost part of China has always been Hainan. During the 1951 San Francisco Peace Conference, the USSR made a motion to grant the Paracels and the Spratlys to China, but the motion was defeated by a vote of 46 against, 3 in favour, and 1 abstention, adding the results into international historical records.
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2897:, with Manila saying its armed forces would resist Beijing's actions in the disputed waters, the latest in an increasingly testy series of confrontations. The U.S. State Department condemned what it called "escalatory and irresponsible" actions by China and reaffirmed that its mutual defense treaty with the Philippines applied to any armed attacks on Philippine armed forces, vessels, or aircraft anywhere in the South China Sea.
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argue that the historical claims of the PRC, ROC, and
Vietnam should be discarded because they do not conform to the stipulations of UNCLOS, this is unrealistic. The notion of historical entitlement sits at the foundation of their claims to the Spratly archipelago and are unlikely to dissipate simply because analysts choose to ignore them. As a result, any proposed framework must address such concerns.
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3615:. Although China has acknowledged Indonesia's sovereignty over the Natuna islands, the PRC has argued that the waters around the Natuna islands are Chinese "traditional fishing grounds". Indonesia quickly dismissed China's claim, asserting that China's nine-dash line claim over parts of the Natuna islands has no legal basis. In November 2015, Indonesia's security chief
3120:/Tablemount. In 1976, gas was discovered following the drilling of a well. However, the PRC's complaints halted the exploration. On 27 March 1984, the first Philippine oil company discovered an oil field off Palawan, which is an island province bordering the South China Sea and the Sulu Sea. These oil fields supply 15% of annual oil consumption in the Philippines.
2608:
Handbook, which
Filipino sources interpret as claiming for the first time that its southernmost territory was the Spratly Islands. Under the new handbook, China also admitted on record that the Philippines and Indochina also claimed the territory, effectively making China's claim as "defective" under international law on Carpio's interpretation. In August 1951,
3327:, the Filipino Secretary of Foreign Affairs, said in 2020 that the Philippines was building a maritime fleet that could swarm areas in the South China Sea. He said the fleet build up was because of China which was also doing the same thing. He also said if one of the vessels got hit, the Filipino defense treaty with the United States would also be activated.
2557:
diplomatic note to the
Philippines pointing out that neither country that signed agreed with the subsequent Philippines interpretation of this treaty as applying to a claim for the waters within the Treaty Limits as part of Philippine territory. Carpio notes that this treaty, effectively binds the United Kingdom's successor countries as well, such as
10198:
3430:. Territorial disputes in the South China Sea were a major topic, but its joint statement, the "Sunnylands Declaration", did not name the South China Sea, instead calling for "respect of each nation's sovereignty and for international law". Analysts believe it indicates divisions within the group on how to respond to China's maritime strategy.
2932:", although the issue of oil and natural gas drilling remains unresolved. "Following the spirit of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC), China and ASEAN countries actively advanced the consultations on the Code of Conduct (COC) in the South China Sea," with the forecast that the COC will be completed by 2021.
2771:, located some 250 miles from the Philippine coast. Occupation was made in the middle of an energy resources race in the Spratlys, where China lacked a presence, while the other countries were starting their oil exploration businesses. Mischief Reef marked the first time the PRC had a military confrontation with the Philippines,
3357:
State of
Eritrea and Ethiopia case, and was affirmed further in the Pedra Blanca arbitration between Malaysia and Singapore in 2008, when the ICJ ruled: "The map still stands as a statement of geographical fact, especially when the State adversely affected has itself produced and disseminated it, even against its own interest."
3925:, stating (among other things) the United States' strong support for the 2002 declaration of conduct of parties in the South China Sea, reaffirms the United States' commitment to assist the nations of Southeast Asia to remain strong and independent, and supports enhanced operations by the United States armed forces in the
271:. Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines also claim some of the features in the island chain. By the 1970s, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam had militarily occupied one or more of the Spratly Islands. By 2015, Vietnam had established 48 outposts, the Philippines eight, China eight, Malaysia five, and Taiwan one.
3886:
In 1974, the PRC received a non-involvement promise from the United States when it occupied the Yagong Island and the
Crescent Group from South Vietnam. The United States officially addressed the South China Sea dispute for the first time in 1995, when its statement focused on the peaceful resolution
3851:
played a coordinating role in facilitating China and ASEAN members involved in the dispute in hope of reaching peaceful resolution. Despite its domestic political turmoil, the Thai government relied on its
Ministry of Foreign Affairs' expertise on international dispute. It took the initiative to hold
3639:
in
Indonesian waters, and arrested the Chinese crew. They were prevented from towing the boat to harbour by a Chinese coast guard vessel which reportedly "rammed" the trawler in Indonesian waters. "To prevent anything else occurring, the Indonesian authorities let go of the Chinese boat and then left
3497:
On 25 July 2020 Australia rejected China's claims to the South China Sea and filed a statement with the United Nations that said: "Australia rejects any claims to internal waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf based on such baselines," and there is "no legal basis" to
3371:
In 2013, the Philippines initiated an arbitration against China on South China Sea issues, with its initial petition disputing the nine-dash line's validity, China's environmental impact, and the legality of China's contact with Filipino vessels in the area. In 2015, the Philippines added contentions
3345:
In the Eastern Greenland Case between Norway and Denmark, the critical date doctrine was established in 1933. It was ruled by the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) that the Norwegian proclamation on July 10, 1931, annexing Eastern Greenland was the "critical date" in that specific case.
2970:
for developing long-term co-operation in the oil sector, and that it had accepted Vietnam's offer of exploration in certain specified blocks in the South China Sea. However, this agreement between India and Vietnam has provoked attacks from the PRC In response, PRC Foreign Ministry spokesperson Jiang
2885:
interpreted as an eastern move of a dash near the coast of Borneo. Protests followed from Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam. Modern PRC maps since 1984 have included a tenth dash to the east of Taiwan, but observers not aware of this continue to be surprised; the tenth dash is technically not
2851:
navy destroyer traveled into what China saw as its territorial waters. A South Korean government official said the navy destroyer was taking refuge from a typhoon and not challenging maritime claims, but he declined to comment on whether Seoul believed the disputed waters belonged to China. A Chinese
2568:
In 1932, France occupied the Paracels and laid claims on the territory. China protested and filed a Note Verbale stating the Paracels were the "southernmost part of Chinese territory". According to Philippine judge Antonio Carpio, this can be interpreted as negating China's claim towards the Spratlys
246:
passes through the South China Sea annually, which accounts for a third of the global maritime trade. 80 percent of China's energy imports and 39.5 percent of China's total trade passes through the South China Sea. Claimant states are interested in retaining or acquiring the rights to fishing stocks,
3648:
summoned the Chinese ambassador, Xie Feng, and discussed this matter. Indonesia insists that they have the right to prosecute the Chinese trawler crew, despite Beijing's demand to release their eight fishermen. Arif Havas Oegroseno, the government official of maritime security, said that the Chinese
3212:
In 2006 the captain of a Taiwanese fishing boat was shot dead and a crewman wounded when their boat was reportedly attacked by pirates wearing military uniforms. Philippine authorities assured the Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs that no Filipino naval or coast guard personnel were involved in the
2907:
On August 31, 2024, the Philippines and China accused each other of intentionally ramming coast guard vessels in the disputed South China Sea, following their fifth maritime clash in a month. The Philippines claimed China deliberately hit its ship, while China asserted that the Philippine vessel was
2722:
In the later half of 1970s, the Philippines and Malaysia began referring to the Spratly Islands as being included in their own territory. On 11 June 1978, the Philippines through Presidential Decree No. 1596, declared the north-western part of the Spratly Islands (referred to therein as the Kalayaan
2686:
In the 1970s, the discovery of the potential for petroleum resources in the South China Sea prompted an increase in occupation activity by claimants. From 1971 to 1973, the Philippines began occupying five features and South Vietnam began occupying six. Concerned that its claims would be weakened by
266:
According to researchers, claims to any of the features were not seriously made until the 19th or the early 20th century. The Paracel Islands, currently occupied by China, are contested by Taiwan and Vietnam. The Spratly Islands are claimed by all three, where Vietnam occupies the greatest number of
3954:
drew attention to China's artificial islands, stating that: “China is out of step with...international rules turning an underwater rock into an airfield simply does not afford the rights of sovereignty or permit restrictions on international air or maritime transit. . . . All countries should have
3916:
approval of the Law of the Sea Convention, which would strengthen U.S. ability to support countries that oppose Chinese claims to certain islands in the area. On 29 May 2012, a spokesman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry expressed concern over this development, stating that "non-claimant Association
3375:
Both China and Taiwan stated that they did not recognize the tribunal and insisted that the matter should be resolved through bilateral negotiations with other claimants. As part of its grounds for nonparticipation and nonacceptance, China cited the fact that China is a signatory to the 2006 UNCLOS
2667:
control of the Vietnamese territories south of the 17th Parallel. The South Vietnamese government claimed the Paracels in the Spratly despite no actual sovereignty on the Spratlys. In 1955, France clarified through international notes that the Spratlys belonged to "the French Union, not Vietnam", a
2627:
government published an "eleven-dashed-line" claiming the South China Sea. New Chinese names for the four archipelagos in the South China Sea, which were regarded as under Chinese administrative jurisdiction, were announced in December 1947 by the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China.
3356:
Maps cannot establish title to territory unless if it is attached to a treaty. Moreover, maps unilaterally produced by a state, even if not attached to a treaty, can bind the producing state if it is "adverse to its interest". This was established in the 2002 Delimitation of the Border between the
2607:
According to Filipino sources, China released its English language "China Handbook (1937-1943)" in 1943, where it reiterated for the second time that its southernmost territory is the Paracels, specifically Triton Island. China again changed its position and had published by 1947 an updated China
2573:
sovereign territory in the past. A few months before, France occupied some parts of the Spratlys, but not including them as part of Indochina (Vietnam). France instead claimed them as part of the Union of France. After World War II, France abandoned its claims, without any successor to its claims.
4033:
While the PRC, ROC and Vietnam claim the entire Spratly archipelago because of what they perceive to be their "historical right" to the area, Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines base their respective claims on the stipulations regarding continental shelves outlined in UNCLOS. While some would
3386:
stated, "None of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council have ever accepted any international court's ruling when (in their view) it infringed their sovereignty or national security interests. Thus, when China rejects the Court's decision in this case, it will be doing just what the
2651:
Japan relinquished control of the islands in the South China Sea with the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco on 9 September 1951. The treaty, however, did not specify the new status of the islands. In the 5 September plenary session, a supplemented opinion for the People's Republic of China's
8189:
Vietnamese fishermen appear to be more desperate to source for seafood and are conducting illegal fishing activities in Malaysian waters through deceit. It is understood the appetite for fish is growing in the Asian region, coupled with shrinking stocks, and this is driving fishermen further and
5852:
Unlike Beijing, however, Taipei uses the original eleven dashes, since the other two dashes in the Gulf of Tonkin were only removed under the approval of Premier Zhou Enlai in 1953, four years after the establishment of the PRC. Li Jinming and Li Dexia, 'The Dotted Line on the Chinese Map of the
4010:
The US, Japan and the Philippines conducted military exercises intended to "(ensure) that all countries are free to fly, sail, and operate wherever international law allows" on April 7, 2024, in advance of a planned trilateral summit. The Southern Theater Command of China's PLA issued statements
3012:
tabloid editorialised on the South China Sea territorial disputes under the banner "Don't take peaceful approach for granted". The article referenced incidents earlier that year involving the Philippines and South Korea detaining PRC fishing boats in the region. "If these countries don't want to
3208:
Prior to the territorial disputes, fishermen from involved countries tended to enter each other's controlled islands and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) leading to conflicts with the authorities that controlled the areas as they were unaware of the exact borders. As well, due to depletion of the
2777:
The occupation and/or control of most parts of the Spratly and Paracel islands did not change significantly from the 90s to the 2000s. To this day, the PRC controls all of the islanda in the Paracels. In the Spratlys, Vietnam controls the most islands with 29 in total, while the Philippines has
3996:
sent a letter to the U.N. secretary general explaining the US position on China's "excessive maritime claims." On 14 July 2020, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo declared China's claims and coercions of in parts of the South China Sea “completely unlawful”. On 26 August 2020, the US sanctioned
3091:
and China agreed to a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Cooperation on Oil and Gas Development in November 2018, where joint-use of, and not ownership over assets underlies the agreement. In the past, Chinese naval patrols deterred Filipino PXP Energy from exploring gas deposits in disputed
8914:
Syed Nor Adli said this marked the 18th seizure of a Vietnamese vessel by the MMEA this year. "Since the beginning of the year, we have seized 23 foreign fishing vessels for encroaching on Malaysian territorial waters, with 18 of them originating from Vietnam. "The remaining vessels were from
2781:
However, in 2011, tensions started to increase again in the territory. In February, the Chinese frigate Donguan fired three shots at Philippine fishing boats near Jackson atoll. In May, the Vietnamese Binh Minh 02 oil and gas survey ship clashed with three Chinese maritime patrol vessels some
2572:
In July 1933, France, as a republic in itself and not as a representative of French Indochina (and its successors such as Vietnam), formally claimed six features in the Spratly Islands. China did not protest the claim of France over the Spratlys, as it never claimed the Spratly as part of its
3259:
prevented the detention of Chinese fishermen by Indonesian authorities after Chinese fishermen were caught fishing near the waters around Natuna, leading to a protest by Indonesian authorities; the Chinese ambassador was subsequently summonsed as China had considered the areas to be "Chinese
2763:
In 1990, 1994, and 1997, the People's Republic of China released its "An Atlas of Ancient Maps of China" in three volumes, wherein in all maps presented in its official documents, the southernmost territory of China was the island of Hainan. No ancient map showed Chinese sovereignty over any
2556:
signed a treaty, where the United Kingdom recognized the territory of Philippines as it related to the boundaries of the Philippines and North Borneo which included Scarborough Shoal and islands in the Spratlys. This treaty is internationally binding, however in 1961 the United States sent a
2916:
On 20 July 2011, the PRC, Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam agreed a set of preliminary guidelines on the implementation of the DOC (Declaration of Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea) which would help resolve disputes. This set of guidelines is based on an earlier
2950:, an Indian amphibious assault vessel on a friendly visit to Vietnam, was reportedly contacted 45 nautical miles from the Vietnamese coast in the disputed South China Sea by a party identifying itself as the PLA Navy and stating that the ship was entering PRC waters. A spokesperson for the
3079:
which has 13 billion barrels. In the years following the announcement by the PRC ministry, the claims regarding the South China Sea islands intensified. However, other sources claim that the proven reserves of oil in the South China Sea may only be 7.5 billion barrels, or about
2998:
In spring 2010, PRC officials reportedly communicated to US officials that the South China Sea was "an area of 'core interest' that is as non-negotiable" and on par with Taiwan and Tibet on the national agenda. However, Beijing appeared to have backed away from that assertion in 2011.
2975:"As for oil and gas exploration activities, our consistent position is that we are opposed to any country engaging in oil and gas exploration and development activities in waters under China's jurisdiction. We hope the foreign countries do not get involved in South China Sea dispute."
9488:
China's domestic rules mostly mirror those of the law of the sea. In crucial areas, however, law of the sea rules internalized into China's system have been transformed in line with a clear political intent to assert the legality of controversial and sometimes indeterminate PRC
2668:
few years when it stated in 1949 through official international documents that the French claim was specifically "not attached to Vietnam" when the "former colony of Conchinchina was ceded to the Associated State", effectively blocking any claim of Vietnam towards the Spratlys.
2518:
China has a different perspective, asserting that maps produced in 1775, 1810 and 1817 include the Spratly and Paracel islands as Chinese territory. Vietnam's first maps extending Vietnamese territory to the Spratly Islands were published in 1830, under Emperor Minh Mang.
3678:
Indonesia challenged the Chinese nine-dash historical claim by arguing that if the historical claims can be used on presenting the territorial naval claims, Indonesia might also use its historical claims on the South China Sea by referring to the ancient influence of the
3945:
In May 2015, the Wall Street Journal reported that the “US Navy regularly conducts freedom of navigation transits in the region ... has yet to receive explicit authorization from the administration to do so within 12 nautical miles of the artificial islands”. At the
3634:
Chinese fishing vessels – often escorted by Chinese coastguard ships – have repeatedly been reported to have breached Indonesian waters near the Natuna islands. On 19 March 2016, for example, Indonesian authorities tried to capture a Chinese trawler accused of
3013:
change their ways with China, they will need to prepare for the sounds of cannons. We need to be ready for that, as it may be the only way for the disputes in the sea to be resolved." Responding to questions about whether this reflected official policy, a
8877:
Its deputy director-general (administration), Khairul Anwar Bachok, said the vessels, 95 per cent of them from Vietnam and the remaining from Thailand, were seized for offences under Section 15(1) and Section 16(3) of the Fisheries Act 1985 for illegal
2538:. The 1898 Treaty of Paris created a treaty line, where Scarborough Shoal, the Spratly Islands, and parts of Tawi-tawi continued to be under Spanish sovereignty. This led to talks between Spain and the United States, which ended upon the signing of the
8271:
made the statement at a press conference on Thursday, regarding the incident on 21 October when an Indonesia's naval ship chased and shot at two Vietnamese fishing boats, injuring three of 13 fishermen on board. One succumbed to serious injuries
3911:
In 2012, a United States State Department press statement identified the PRC as an assertive state in the region and communicated United States concerns about the developments in the area. Also in 2012, Secretary Clinton testified in support of
2648:, but none had actual sovereign effect. The PRC's 1958 declaration described China's claims in the South China Sea islands based on the nine-dotted line map. The Taiwanese (ROC) government has continued to use the eleven-dash line to this day.
3031:
From 2013 to the beginning of 2018, China carried out land reclamation in the South China Sea. The construction of the islands has been completed. The three island airports of Meiji Reef, Zhubi Reef, and Yongshu Reef have been completed.
2569:
and the southernmost territory its maps had previously shown was Hainan. According to the South China Sea Arbitration award, as of 1875 and until 1933, no other state had claimed the Spratlys aside from the territory of the Philippines.
3937:
then pledged American support to the Philippines in its territorial conflicts with the PRC. The Chinese Foreign Ministry asked the United States to maintain a neutral position on the issue. In 2014 and 2015, the United States continued
2983:
spokesman responded, "The Chinese had concerns, but we are going by what the Vietnamese authorities have told us and we have conveyed this to the Chinese." The Indo-Vietnamese deal was also denounced by the Chinese state-run newspaper
3263:
Out of the 556 ships Indonesia had destroyed from October 2014 to 2019 for violating rules, 312 of them were from Vietnam, 91 were from the Philippines, 87 were from Malaysia, 26 were local, and 3 were from China. According to a 2023
3598:
Since early in the South China Sea dispute, Indonesia has repeatedly asserted its position as a non-claimant state in the original South China Sea dispute, and often positioned itself as an "honest broker". However, parts of China's
3522:
has led to anti-Vietnamese feelings against ethnic Vietnamese in Cambodia and against Vietnam, and in turn has led to pro-China sentiment among the Cambodian government and the Cambodian opposition, including in the South China Sea.
11496:
3132:. By 2012 Vietnam had concluded some 60 oil and gas exploration and production contracts with various foreign companies. In 1986, the "White Tiger" oil field in the South China Sea came into operation, producing over 2,000 tons of
3932:
In 2014, the United States responded to China's claims over the fishing grounds of other nations by saying that "China has not offered any explanation or basis under international law for these extensive maritime claims." USN CNO
9405:
2852:
Defense Ministry spokesman said the ship broke Chinese law by entering its 12-nautical-mile-wide territorial sea around the Paracel Islands without seeking prior permission, but said Beijing accepted South Korea's explanation.
7327:
5913:
8706:
Earlier Phan Huy Hoang, chairman of Quang Ngai Association of Fisheries, said the fishermen told him that Philippine bandits might be involved in the case. For sure, they are foreign attackers, but their nationality is not
6618:
3282:
incidents. The continuing war against foreign fishermen by Indonesia led to protests by Vietnam in late 2016, when a Vietnamese fisherman was killed after being shot by Indonesian authorities. Attacks have also come from
2954:
explained that as no ship or aircraft was visible, the INS Airavat proceeded on her onward journey as scheduled. The Indian Navy further clarified that "here was no confrontation involving the INS Airavat. India supports
2738:
to build five observation posts for the conduction of ocean surveys, and one of the permitted observation posts was allowed to be located in the Spratly islands region. The PRC chose to build its observation post on the
3903:
gave a speech on resolving the disputes in the region without coercion and unequivocally stating that the South China Sea was a matter of U.S. national interest. Her comments were countered by China's Foreign Minister
3046:
that China would not recognise or abide by the arbitration decision. China rejects the arbitration proceedings as illegitimate because China excluded itself from compulsory arbitration in its ratification of the 2006
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11133:
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responded in a press conference said that the award by the Arbitral Tribunal was "illegal" and "invalid", and thus not binding at all. She urged Singapore to respect China's position, stay objective and impartial.
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Singapore has reiterated that it is not a claimant state in the South China Sea dispute and has offered to play a neutral role in being a constructive conduit for dialogue among the claimant states. Prime Minister
11765:
10403:
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islands, upgrades and land reclamation projects were also started at this time. Vietnam formally staked its claims to the Paracels and the Spratlys via passage of the June 2012 "Vietnamese Law of the Sea". title
278:
in the area, but from 2014 to 2016 China's construction activity outpaced them. By 2023, China had reclaimed around five square miles with its artificial islands, at least one of which housed military equipment.
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9595:
3136:
per year, followed by "The Bear" and "Dragon" oil fields. The country is a net importer of oil products. In 2009 petroleum accounted for 14 percent of Vietnamese government income, down from 24 percent in 2004.
8446:
10176:
4214:
6962:
11101:
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saying it was organizing "joint naval and air combat patrols in the South China Sea" and "All military activities that mess up the situation in the South China Sea and create hotspots are under control".
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serves as the "Track One" exchange forum on security issues surrounding the Asia-Pacific region. The South China Sea territorial disputes has dominated proceedings at the conference in recent years. The
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waters, like the Reed Bank, such that this type of agreement may allow for the claimant states to jointly develop the natural gas in the offshore area. The mechanism of joint agreements is not new, with
8713:
3894:
felt that even though the United States cannot take sides in the dispute, it still has to make a statement that it is not passively accepting the assertive actions taken in the region. At the July 2010
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and the Crescent group of reefs from South Vietnam. The government of the PRC wanted to prevent the Paracel islands from falling under the control of North Vietnam, which at the time was an ally of the
4052:
3330:
As part of a group of cooperation agreements announced in December 2023, the China and Vietnam announced joint patrols in the Gulf of Tonkin and a hotline to handle South China Sea fishing incidents.
11557:
10891:
9914:
9851:
7231:
4707:
2683:, Pham receded from this position, stating that the 1958 recognition of China's sovereignty over the Paracels was only made under the pressure of the United States of America's war against Vietnam.
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6062:
10110:
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Japan has used "normative power" via strategic foreign aid to certain claimants in the dispute such as the Philippines and Vietnam in order to assert its presence in the region as promoting the "
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countries". Some of the early drafts acknowledged aspects such as "marine environmental protection, scientific research, safety of navigation and communication, search and rescue and combating
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of disputes, peace and stability, freedom of navigation, neutrality over the question of sovereignty, and respect of maritime norms. The 1995 statement did not name any states by their names.
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in international waters, including in the South China Sea, and the right of passage in accordance with accepted principles of international law. These principles should be respected by all."
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5195:
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stated violated their territorial claims. Chinese officials said it was legal, stating the area lies in waters surrounding the Paracel Islands which China occupies and militarily controls.
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8254:
4600:
3306:. A police report said that the boats had collided after the navy had fired warning shots; the Philippine government said that it had promised Vietnam a “fair and thorough” investigation.
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strategic bombers flew near artificial Chinese-built islands in the area of the Spratly Islands and were contacted by Chinese ground controllers but continued their mission undeterred.
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Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu told reporters today in Beijing that China 'adheres to the strategy of peaceful development. Sowing discord and hostility will only complicate '
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5809:
11267:
Security Flashpoints: Oil, Islands, Sea Access and Military Confrontation; [twenty-first Annual Seminar Held at the UN Plaza Hotel in New York City from February 7 – 8, 1997]
9883:
8693:
7496:
3668:(TNI) and state ministers. Security Minister Luhut Pandjaitan said it was meant to send a "clear message" that Indonesia was "very serious in its effort to protect its sovereignty".
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8641:
7997:
6814:
3671:
Following the Permanent Court of Arbitration decision on 12 July 2016, Indonesia called on all parties involved in the territorial dispute to exercise self-restraint and to respect
3498:
draw the nine-dash line around the Four Sha archipelagos, Paracel and Spratly Islands or low-tide maritime zones. They encourage the claimants to resolve their disputes peacefully.
8830:
6210:"Historical Truths and Lies Scarborough Shoal in Ancient Maps: A Cartographic Exhibit Based on the 06 June 2014 Lecture of Supreme Court Senior Associate Justice Antonio T. Carpio"
4873:
11751:
5155:
3014:
10632:
8608:
6608:
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Fiery Cross Reef, Vietnam sent its navy to the area to monitor the situation. The two states clashed near the Johnson Reef, and after the clash, China occupied the Johnson Reef.
11656:
Van Quyet, Luu, and Nguyen Thi Anh Nguyet. "US-Vietnam maritime security cooperation in the South China Sea: From the Obama administration to the current Biden administration."
10575:
9723:
7549:
quoting Mark. J Valencia, "China and South China Sea Disputes: Claims and Potential Solutions in the South China Sea", Adelphi paper 298, (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995)
10140:
9754:
6730:
6528:
4974:
4941:
3839:, has said that the South China Sea disputes should be resolved through bilateral talks between China and the countries concerned rather than being subject to external forces.
3260:
traditional fishing grounds". Further Indonesian campaigns against foreign fishermen resulted in the destruction of 23 fishing boats from Malaysia and Vietnam on 5 April 2016.
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9438:
9349:
10553:
8864:
8219:
8977:
4772:
3852:
several meetings with parties concerned. Thailand's first attempt was hosting the ASEAN–China Senior Officials' Meeting Retreat in Pattaya, Thailand 2012. Via this meeting,
3570:
11123:
7178:
For example, China may explicitly refer to the South China Sea as a core interest; in 2010 Beijing hinted this was the case but subsequently backed away from the assertion.
4739:
10395:
6904:
3869:
2306:
37:
10914:
4337:
2711:. After not resisting during the initial Vietnamese attack, the PRC launched what they regarded as a "counterattack in self-defense". The United States, in the middle of
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6995:
4570:
10826:
9592:
7851:
6837:
5719:
4000:
Publications by US think tanks have made recommendations for courses of actions that the United States could take in response to PRC activities in the South China Sea.
3459:
professor Peter A. Dutton writes that the Chinese government sees itself as fundamentally above the law and beyond accountability to others, especially smaller states.
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9744:
8438:
10166:
8575:
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6283:
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of South East Asian Nations countries and countries outside the region have adopted a position of not getting involved into territorial disputes." In July 2012, the
9948:
6351:
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11093:
10861:
9811:
8093:
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6874:
5381:
4677:
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US Department of State Publication, Record of Proceedings of the Conference for the Conclusion and Signature of the Treaty of Peace with Japan, 119, 292 (1951).
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9229:
8717:
8027:
2131:
10607:
3819:
said during his official visit to the US that he hoped all countries will respect international law and the outcome of arbitration. The spokesperson of China
2743:, which was isolated from the other islands in the region and was not occupied by any state at the time. When it started to build the observation post in the
10072:
3192:, 320 kilometres (200 mi) southeast of Hong Kong, at a depth of 1,500 m and employing 160 people. On 2 May 2014 the platform was moved near to the
2859:
had been "expelled" after it “trespassed” into Chinese territorial waters close to the Spratly Islands. However this claim has been disputed by the US Navy.
2153:
10883:
9906:
9843:
7221:
4703:
3540:
says that the South China Sea was "part of global commons and India has an abiding interest in peace and stability in the region... We firmly stand for the
2962:
In September 2011, shortly after the PRC and Vietnam signed an agreement seeking to contain a dispute over the South China Sea, India's state-run explorer,
13436:
13429:
6930:
5610:
3408:
7199:
6594:
6048:
10252:
10102:
7939:
7907:
6135:
4918:
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4504:
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analyst Isaac B. Kardon, Chinese maritime rules mostly mirror the international law except for certain crucial areas reflecting its political interests.
2426:
9745:
Klaus Heinrich Raditio, Researching China’s recent behavior and strategy in the South China Sea for his PhD at the University of Sydney (18 July 2016).
8656:
8477:
8110:
7572:
10980:
10950:
9502:
4141:
10754:
8499:
3342:
ruling. Under the doctrine, treaty rights are assessed under the laws in force at the time the treaty is made, not at the time a dispute takes place.
3238:
vessel. In September 2019, seven members of the coast guard and a police man involved were convicted and sentenced to imprisonment and civil damages.
2924:
The agreement was described by the PRC's assistant foreign minister, Liu Zhenmin, as "an important milestone document for cooperation among China and
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9244:
9083:
7595:
4623:
4366:
11582:
4471:
3908:
as "in effect an attack on China," and he warned the United States against making the South China Sea an international issue or multilateral issue.
14285:
13588:
13345:
12794:
8733:
8288:
5185:
3087:
Competing claims in the oil and gas-rich South China Sea have stifled the development and exploitation of these resources. To break from this, the
2312:
2197:
2175:
573:
The disputes involve both maritime boundaries and islands. There are several disputes, each of which involves a different collection of countries:
43:
7432:
4003:
The US Navy has conducted freedom of navigation drills in the South China Sea to counter Vietnamese claims in the region, particularly around the
3664:
visited the Natuna islands on a warship to demonstrate Indonesia's authority. He led a high-level delegation, which included the Commander of the
14250:
8891:
8244:
7818:
4592:
4020:
3974:
3650:
3048:
2186:
2164:
2142:
9176:
8631:
8136:
8050:
6759:(Report). Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, U.S. Department of State.
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5953:
4536:
4306:
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That observer concludes, "UNCLOS must be applied to the Spratly question in a way that accounts for the unique characteristics of the dispute."
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11033:
7285:
7040:
5865:
4434:
4107:
3963:
as the first in a series of "Freedom of Navigation Operations". This was the first time since 2012 that the US has directly challenged China's
3836:
3506:
Cambodia has backed China over the dispute in ASEAN meetings, preventing consensus over unified ASEAN action. Anti-Vietnamese sentiment due to
2836:
began patrolling the South China Sea, including the disputed Paracel and Spratly Islands. In China's view, these disputed areas are within its
6788:
6132:"Presidential Decree no. 1596 – Declaring Certain Area Part of the Philippine Territory and Providing for their Government and Administration"
4111:
10429:
9776:
8268:
7792:
7165:
4896:
4391:
2600:
had tried to occupy some of the features in the region during the 1930s, although actual sovereignty was under the American territory of the
11038:
10454:
10015:
9198:
8934:
5801:
2785:
Beginning in 2012, the islands became more increasingly militarized. The ROC started the construction of an antenna tower and runway on the
9873:
8689:
7987:
7506:
7099:
6760:
5351:
2908:
responsible. The U.S. condemned China’s actions and expressed support for the Philippines as tensions in the region continued to escalate.
2904:, Manila's defense secretary, said in a statement. "China's actions are the true obstacles to peace and stability in the South China Sea."
306:, without determining the sovereignty of any of the islands, concluded that China lacks historical titles to the maritime areas within the
9617:
6810:
3245:
over China's Haiyang Shiyou oil rig in Vietnam's EEZ. The incident left seventeen Vietnamese injured and damaged ships of both countries.
3028:
was reported as saying that the Chinese government appeared to be directing its fishing fleet into disputed waters as a matter of policy.
10346:
8820:
7464:"China's New 2019 Defense White Paper: An Open Strategic Challenge to the United States, But One Which Does Not Have to Lead to Conflict"
7130:
4863:
11439:
10310:
8598:
7731:
7631:
5145:
2592:
used the islands in the South China Sea for various military purposes and asserted that the islands were not claimed by anyone when the
14290:
11394:
10640:
6465:
5346:
3733:
hoped would reduce the chance of any conflict. Then in early 2020, a further 600 troops were deployed and eight navy warships from the
3477:, no claimant undertook any physical act of sovereignty on any of the disputed islands before the 19th century. According to historian
3467:
2735:
12497:
10585:
9713:
9313:
9072:
Case Concerning Sovereignty over Pedra Blanca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge, Malaysia v.Singapore, ICJ, May 23, 2008.
7069:
6518:
4146:
14275:
13398:
10132:
9746:
6734:
4964:
4937:
3623:
regarding China's claim in the arbitration. Indonesia's recent approach to one of the issues has been described in Javanese as being
3493:
Ships of the Malaysian, Singapore, British, Australian and New Zealand Navy in the South China Sea during Exercise Bersama Lima, 2018
3379:
The merits hearing proceeded without China's presence and the arbitration result favored the Philippines on most of its contentions.
2687:
the activity of other claimants, China increased its physical presence in the area. It conducted surveys around the Paracels and the
10493:
9428:
9339:
7690:
6315:
5451:
Pan, Zhongqi (2007). "Sino-Japanese Dispute over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands: The Pending Controversy from the Chinese Perspective".
14280:
8856:
8388:
Bui, Nhung T. (4 July 2016). "Managing anti-China nationalism in Vietnam: evidence from the media during the 2014 oil rig crisis".
8209:
8176:
7653:
3444:
176:
9051:
8967:
7756:
7013:
4765:
4732:
3270:
report, Thai vessels also often illegally fished in Indonesian waters. The areas in the South China Sea had also become known for
14185:
13608:
13340:
9277:
7253:
6498:
3641:
2772:
2549:
in the Paracel Islands by mapping them, stationing Chinese navy personnel, and hoisting a flag to reassert Chinese sovereignty.
2281:
7359:
6896:
4329:
85:
14270:
11071:
10486:"S.Res. 524: A resolution reaffirming the strong support of the United States for the 2002 declaration of conduct of parties …"
8792:
7965:
7567:
6987:
3896:
3848:
3427:
3310:
2900:"China's dangerous and reckless behavior in the West Philippine Sea shall be resisted by the Armed Forces of the Philippines,"
2712:
2588:
By May 1939, the Japanese occupied much of Southeast Asia, including the Paracel and Spratly Islands. During World War II, the
9538:
9033:
Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Norway v. Denmark), Permanent Court of International Justice, 1933, PCIJ Series A/B. No. 53
5703:
4559:
12204:
11352:
11275:
11247:
11169:
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10304:
9473:
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by a Taiwanese steel plant operating in Vietnam under a joint venture with the Vietnamese Government seen as a major scandal.
7841:
7396:
5115:
3776:
3577:
3318:
3252:
2833:
10516:
8565:
8335:
6381:
5975:
Nguyen, Hong Thao (2012). "Vietnam's Position on the Sovereignty over the Paracels & the Spratlys: Its Maritime Claim".
12787:
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7463:
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vessel. A recent visit to the area by President Joko Widodo displayed Indonesia's resolve to not overlook such incursions.
3075:
estimated that the South China Sea may contain 17.7 billion barrels of crude oil, compared to the oil rich country of
2980:
9979:
9648:
7884:
6682:
6273:
5223:
3721:
extends 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its shores, which around Natuna means it is slightly intersected by China's
3653:. This incident prompted security minister Luhut Pandjaitan to deploy more troops and patrol boats, and to strengthen the
14097:
13598:
13350:
13029:
11838:
10549:
9940:
8543:
6424:
6337:
6089:
Garver, John (1992). "China´s Push through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests".
5642:
4829:
4798:
4438:
3990:
3879:
3448:
7536:
3640:
toward Natuna, still with eight fishermen and the captain on board," said Arrmanatha Nasir, a spokesman for Indonesia's
2403:
13618:
12845:
12701:
11324:
11296:
11211:
9569:
8081:
6555:
Li, Xiaobing (2024). "Beijing's Military Power and East Asian-Pacific Hot Spots". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.).
1890:
11863:
9144:
8769:
7410:
5377:
4667:
13355:
11595:"From Disputed Waters to Seas of Opportunity: Overcoming Barriers to Maritime Cooperation in East and Southeast Asia"
11449:
9364:
9221:
8191:
6708:
6568:
6028:
5745:
4187:
4179:
3865:
3515:
3274:, with frequent attacks on Malaysian, Singaporean and Vietnamese vessels as well as leading to hijacking such as the
2462:
2444:
2418:
2374:
2356:
2320:
582:
161:
107:
51:
11533:(14). Institut de Recherche sur l'Asie du Sud-Est Contemporaine – Research Institute on Contemporary Southeast Asia.
3313:
to explain on the high number of encroachments by Vietnamese vessels into the country's waters. Three months later,
10617:
9649:"No, Indonesia's South China Sea Approach Has Not Changed – Jokowi's recent comments need to be put in perspective"
5675:
Granados, Ulises (2006). "Chinese Ocean Policies Towards the South China Sea in a Transitional Period, 1946—1952".
3665:
3581:
2716:
2688:
11712:"Maritime territorial disputes in East Asia: a comparative analysis of the South China Sea and the East China Sea"
11668:
11389:
10656:
8190:
further from their shores to source for supply. Vietnamese fishermen are forced to look elsewhere for fish due to
13923:
13507:
13157:
12780:
12722:
11375:
7678:
6213:
5914:"The 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty and Vietnam's sovereignty over Hoang Sa (Paracels) and Truong Sa (Spratlys)"
4303:"FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1969–1976, VOLUME E–12, DOCUMENTS ON EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA, 1973–1976"
3989:
administration increased the frequency of freedom of navigation operations in the South China Sea. In June 2020,
3690:
3644:. Indonesia still has the Chinese crew in custody. On 21 March 2016, minister for fisheries and maritime affairs
2837:
2412:
2127:
1119:
74:
11774:
9682:
6926:
5606:
3790:
aircraft nearby on alert after Chinese fishing vessels increased illegal activity within the EEZ, escorted by a
14082:
13479:
10777:
10727:
10274:
Fravel, M. Taylor (2014). "Policy Report: U.S. Policy Towards the Disputes in the South China Sea Since 1995".
5109:
3620:
3321:, most illegal fishing incidents in Malaysian waters have come from Vietnamese vessels, followed by Thai ones.
2581:
10242:
10133:"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Remarks on Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's Comment"
7943:
6131:
4922:
4494:
14138:
14108:
13757:
13502:
13464:
13391:
13328:
13042:
12817:
11998:
11891:
11593:
Townsend-Gault, Ian; Miller, Meredith; Schofield, Clive; Storey, Ian; Cook, Tim; Djalal, Hasjim (July 2011).
10853:
8469:
7562:
3561:
3242:
3221:
3025:
2699:
585:, later the People's Republic of China (PRC), which covers most of the South China Sea and overlaps with the
11736:
Zhang. Ketian. “Cautious Bully: Reputation, Resolve, and Beijing's Use of Coercion in the South China Sea,”
10972:
10942:
6866:
4766:"1875 "Carta General del Archipielago Filipino." extract of The Historical Facts in The West Philippine Sea"
4733:"1875 "Carta General del Archipielago Filipino." extract of The Historical Facts in The West Philippine Sea"
14265:
13469:
13282:
10720:"Lessons from Lassen: Plotting a Proper Course for Freedom of Navigation Operations in the South China Sea"
7161:
6237:
3519:
3317:
who was Prime Minister at the time also raised the issue with his Vietnamese counterpart. According to the
629:
between the PRC, Taiwan, and Vietnam, and parts of the area also contested by Malaysia and the Philippines.
11743:
11669:"The South China Sea Conflict and Sino-ASEAN Relations: A study in conflict prevention and peace building"
10796:
10750:
8019:
4359:
3997:
individuals and 24 Chinese companies linked to construction and militarization of the artificial islands.
3376:
exclusion clause which removes sovereignty and boundary delimitations issues from arbitration procedures.
3209:
fishing resources in their maritime areas, they were forced to fish in the neighbouring countries' areas.
2966:(ONGC) said that its overseas investment arm, ONGC Videsh Limited, had signed a three-year agreement with
14120:
12828:
12573:
8661:
7258:
6449:
Fravel, M. Taylor (2016). "Threading the Needle: The South China Sea Disputes and U.S.-China Relations".
4461:
3584:
3366:
3265:
3160:
China's first independently designed and constructed oil drilling platform in the South China Sea is the
2856:
2727:
2680:
2539:
303:
10827:"After Months of Waiting, US Finally Begins Freedom of Navigation Patrols Near China's Man-Made Islands"
8284:
680:
14126:
12225:
10458:
6195:
6098:
4057:
3968:
3891:
3694:
3275:
2810:
2672:
2645:
673:
12329:
7814:
11914:
10332:
9122:
8999:
8504:
8058:
7388:
7191:
7018:
6523:
6470:
5943:
5518:
5228:
5039:
Bautista, Lowell B. (2010). "The legal status of the Philippine Treaty Limits in international law".
4526:
4302:
4175:
3532:
3423:
283:
11161:
Security and International Politics in the South China Sea: Towards a co-operative management regime
7048:
14260:
14255:
13384:
8171:
7912:
7726:
6173:
6053:
5643:"China's Claim of Sovereignty over Spratly and Paracel Islands: A Historical and Legal Perspective"
5412:
Chung, Chris (2016). "Drawing the U-Shaped Line: China´s Claim in the South China Sea, 1946–1974".
5101:
5010:"China's Claim of Sovereignty over Spratly and Paracel Islands: A Historical and Legal Perspective"
4830:"China's Claim of Sovereignty over Spratly and Paracel Islands: A Historical and Legal Perspective"
4799:"China's Claim of Sovereignty over Spratly and Paracel Islands: A Historical and Legal Perspective"
4628:
4099:
3768:
3745:
3738:
3463:
3451:, the vast majority of international legal experts have concluded that China's claim to historical
2941:
2844:
does not accept this view, and flies its military planes through the area without informing China.
2789:
in February, allowing the island to accommodate various military aircraft. On the Vietnam occupied
2422:
10418:
7782:
7153:
3619:
said Indonesia could take China before an international court. Indonesia filed a comment with the
219:. The disputes involve the islands, reefs, banks, and other features of the region, including the
14178:
14092:
14051:
13323:
12652:
12601:
12350:
11028:
10296:
10171:
10001:
9206:
8603:
7596:"Resource Sharing and Joint Development in the South China Sea: Exploring Avenues of Cooperation"
6792:
6560:
6020:
5948:
4062:
3964:
3730:
3718:
3710:
3616:
3608:
3003:
2871:
2841:
2613:
2408:
2202:
2191:
602:
586:
11641:
7107:
6749:
5341:
2675:
recognized Chinese sovereignty over the Paracels in 1958. In June 1977 discussions with China's
14190:
14114:
11497:"Philippine Territorial Boundaries: Internal Tensions, Colonial Baggage, Ambivalent Conformity"
11466:
Lorteau, Steve (2018). "China's South China Sea Claims as 'Unprecedented': Sceptical Remarks".
7122:
4026:
3913:
3755:
3752:
3545:
3284:
3235:
2656:
2593:
2535:
78:
10326:
8321:
7073:
2644:. The PRC made various claims to the islands during the 1951 treaty negotiations and the 1958
255:
in the seabed of various parts of the South China Sea, and the strategic control of important
14200:
13856:
13172:
12427:
12274:
10915:"In challenging China's claims in the South China Sea, the US Navy is getting more assertive"
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10290:
10247:
9465:
7718:
7639:
5421:
3939:
3926:
3541:
3511:
3339:
2956:
2107:
1982:
1727:
1214:
299:
9118:
The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy
7384:
The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy
6161:
5802:"Declaration of the Government of the People´s Republic of China on China´s Territorial Sea"
4284:
14102:
14061:
13177:
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10288:
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Coordinating the South China Sea Issue: Thailand's roles in the code of conduct development
10162:
9878:
9534:
9302:
8509:
8399:
7787:
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4133:
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3772:
3702:
3654:
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2818:
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2091:
1290:
1100:
10485:
8734:"Vietnam orders investigation into the shooting death of a fisherman in Vietnamese waters"
7529:"China's multilateralism and the South China Sea Conflict: Quest for hegemonic stability?"
3104:
reached understandings in 1979 and 1990 over the development of gas-rich disputed waters.
89:
8:
14132:
13954:
13901:
13808:
13287:
13162:
13077:
11124:"China says it conducted military drills in South China Sea on same day as US and allies"
8313:
The US Strategic Pivot to Asia and Cross-Strait Relations: Economic and Security Dynamics
6305:
6162:
5373:
5190:
5009:
4868:
3956:
3947:
3481:, no country laid any serious claim to any of the features until the early 20th century.
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3271:
2929:
2660:
2071:
2022:
1537:
1385:
1062:
243:
239:, which some regard as geographically part of the South China Sea, are disputed as well.
10037:
Asplund, Andre (March 2018). "Normative power Japan: settling for 'Chinese democracy'".
8788:"PRESS RELEASE : AMBASSADOR OF VIETNAM SUMMONED TO THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS"
8166:
7657:
4462:"Everything you need to know about the South China Sea conflict – in under five minutes"
2628:
In 1949, the incoming government of China, which overthrew the Republic of China in the
139:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China´s Territorial Disputes
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Maritime Security – A comprehensive Guide for Shipowners, Seafarers and Administrations
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2503:). In 1792, the Spanish colonial government of the Philippines named Scarborough Shoal
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1957:
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1347:
891:
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9266:
7842:"China reportedly threatens Vietnam into ending energy exploration in South China Sea"
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Vietnam and Japan reached an agreement early in 1978 on the development of oil in the
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stated that China likely did not read the full text of the treaties they reiterated.
2487:, territories in the map fell under the sovereignty of Spanish Philippines, including
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Asian Security and the Rise of China: International Relations in an Age of Volatility
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7605:(IN19–01). Singapore: RSIS Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies (NTS Centre).
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Zha, Daojiong; Valencia, Mark (2001). "Mischief reef: Geopolitics and implications".
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260:
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11409:(2013). "A Legal Analysis of China's Historic Rights Claim in the South China Sea".
11206:. Contributor Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (illustrated ed.). NIAS Press.
11061:
9812:"South China Sea: Indonesia summons Chinese ambassador as fishing dispute escalates"
8657:"Termasuk Thailand, Ini 4 Negara asal Nelayan yang Sering Mencuri Ikan di Indonesia"
7973:
3489:
2935:
2632:, announced that it had inherited this claim. The PRC then revised the claim to the
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11574:
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11094:"Navy challenges Vietnamese claims to seas around resort island in South China Sea"
11066:
10580:
10046:
9718:
9606:, 16 Jul 2020. ... in what can be seen as comments tacitly backing the US position.
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7695:
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In March 2021, more than two hundred Chinese fishing boats were seen moored around
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2010:
1937:
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David Martin Jones; Michael Lawrence Rowan Smith; Nicholas Khoo (1 January 2013).
10050:
8407:
6811:"US blasts 'aggressive' China over South China Sea collision with Philippine ship"
6017:
The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes
5095:
592:
Maritime boundary along the Vietnamese coast between the PRC, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
14170:
14005:
13959:
13844:
13767:
13580:
13447:
13407:
13272:
13222:
12865:
12803:
12253:
11342:
11314:
11286:
11265:
11237:
11201:
11159:
10419:"Written Testimony of Hillary Rodham Clinton, Secretary U.S. Department of State"
10213:
Policy Report: U.S. Policy Towards the Disputes in the South China Sea Since 1995
10103:"China asks Singapore to respect its position on South China Sea tribunal ruling"
9599:
9171:
9024:
The Evolutionary Interpretation of Treaties, Eirik Bjorgee, Oxford, p. 142 (2014)
8311:
8115:
6373:
4672:
3979:
3900:
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3759:
3734:
3729:. In 2014–2015, the presence of the TNI on the islands was reinforced, which the
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626:
606:
287:
224:
220:
188:
11291:. Publications on Ocean Development. Vol. 35. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
9874:"South China Sea: Indonesian leader visits Natuna Islands amid growing tensions"
8714:"Fishing association claims Philippine boat crew shot dead Vietnamese fisherman"
7070:"South China Sea: India should avoid rushing in where even US exercises caution"
6403:
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9971:
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8535:
8500:"Indonesia sinks boats from China, PH, others to deter illegal fishing—reports"
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7874:
7290:
6672:
5602:
4729:
3762:
3722:
3706:
3612:
3604:
3588:
3383:
3248:
Although Indonesia is not part of claims in the South China Sea dispute, after
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control of eight islands, Malaysia with 5, the PRC with 5, and the ROC with 1.
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2553:
2484:
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2123:
2059:
2014:
1998:
1949:
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1024:
986:
872:
633:
578:
365:
307:
295:
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256:
236:
232:
11190:
11062:"A U.S. Option Playbook for Contingency Planning to Reclaim Scarborough Shoal"
10884:"US B-52 bombers flew near disputed islands in South China Sea, says Pentagon"
10201:.” INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF THE ASIA-PACIFIC Vol.15 Issue 3 (2015): 403–431.
9483:
9140:
8634:[During her time as minister, how many Chinese ships did Susi sink?].
8566:"China's Coast Guard Rams Fishing Boat to Free It From Indonesian Authorities"
8111:"Sarawak fishermen missing after allegedly encroaching into Indonesian waters"
8051:"China urges against Vietnamese interference in territorial water exploration"
7908:"Vietnam pins hopes on Japan to face down Beijing in South China Sea oil hunt"
7406:
6250:
6106:
5847:
5464:
5295:
5052:
4897:"NEWS IN CONTEXT: Is The 1898 Paris Treaty The Strongest Case For WPS Claims?"
4624:"Vietnamese ships in Indonesian waters show extent of Asean maritime disputes"
4426:
2881:
On 28 August 2023, China's Ministry of Natural Resources published a map with
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14229:
14056:
13851:
13798:
13699:
13682:
13645:
13640:
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13202:
13187:
13072:
13062:
12987:
12957:
12552:
11578:
11221:
9936:
9844:"Indonesia vows to prosecute Chinese trawler crew in South China Sea dispute"
9593:
India has abiding interest in stability of disputed region of South China Sea
9392:
8415:
7992:
7719:"The South China Sea: Oil, Maritime Claims, and U.S.—China Strategic Rivalry"
6774:
5741:
5715:
5565:"International Law and the Dispute over the Spratly Islands: Whither UNCLOS?"
5429:
5303:
5025:
4256:
3600:
3474:
3390:
On 17 September 2020, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom issued a joint
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3162:
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2745:
2703:
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2641:
2636:
by removing two of its dashes in the Gulf of Tonkin amidst warming ties with
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2229:
2067:
2051:
2043:
2002:
1994:
1941:
1916:
1815:
1670:
1632:
1518:
1480:
1404:
1081:
1043:
1005:
948:
610:
8359:"8 Coast Guard personnel convicted over 2013 killing of Taiwanese fisherman"
589:
claims of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
282:
China's actions in the South China Sea have been criticized as part of its "
13985:
13896:
13829:
13803:
13739:
13655:
13563:
13307:
13302:
13292:
13242:
13207:
13167:
13082:
13012:
12855:
12378:
11842:
11773:
11565:
10919:
9816:
9344:
9116:
8939:
8770:"Philippines Promises Vietnam a Full Investigation Into Fishermen's Deaths"
8089:
7501:
7497:"In UN Speech, Duterte Stiffens Philippines' Stance on the South China Sea"
7382:
6645:
6342:
6278:
4531:
3986:
3832:
3820:
3592:
3507:
3415:
3391:
3294:
In 2017, two Vietnamese fishermen died from gunshot wounds from a pursuing
3181:
3149:
3140:
In 2017, after Chinese pressure, the Vietnamese government ordered Spain's
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2986:
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2708:
2225:
2119:
2075:
2006:
1613:
1366:
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1157:
967:
662:
263:
is also an issue, as the ongoing disputes present challenges for shipping.
11687:
11558:"The U.S.-Japan Security Alliance, ASEAN, and the South China Sea Dispute"
11003:"U.S. targets Chinese individuals, companies amid South China Sea dispute"
7123:"China Hedges Over Whether South China Sea Is a 'Core Interest' Worth War"
6838:"China, Philippines accuse each other of ramming ships in South China Sea"
6673:"South China Sea dispute: Huge Chinese 'fishing fleet' alarms Philippines"
5378:"Diplomacy on the Rocks: China and Other Claimants in the South China Sea"
274:
For decades, the Philippines and Vietnam were the most active in building
14022:
13980:
13975:
13861:
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13824:
13724:
13694:
13689:
13672:
13667:
13528:
13212:
13147:
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13052:
13047:
13024:
12992:
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12907:
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12870:
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12735:
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12586:
12537:
12489:
12461:
12399:
12384:
12370:
12356:
12168:
12032:
12025:
10633:"US freedom of navigation operations challenge China's maritime security"
10215:. Singapore: S. Rajanatnam School of International Studies. pp. 3–4.
9907:"Indonesia's statement on South China Sea dissatisfying: China's experts"
8825:
8141:
7940:"chiefgroup.com.hk 02883 CHINA OILFIELD SERVICES LIMITED Company Profile"
6589:
3993:
3905:
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3661:
3649:
claim of "traditional fishing grounds" was not recognised under the 1982
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3088:
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2951:
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2814:
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2480:
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2348:
2266:
2233:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2063:
2018:
1986:
1978:
1961:
1953:
1746:
1708:
1556:
1423:
1233:
1195:
929:
853:
614:
252:
204:
6609:"Chinese military says it 'expelled' US naval ship from South China Sea"
5688:
5588:
5564:
5510:
4421:
4419:
4264:
4240:
4053:
Regional reactions to China's maritime activities in the South China Sea
2809:
of eight mainland Chinese fishing vessels near the shoal, beginning the
2752:
13866:
13677:
13227:
13057:
12997:
11956:
11810:
11782:
11699:
11612:"Rising Tensions in the South China Sea – An interview with Ian Storey"
11479:
11316:
Where in the World is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory
10228:
Obama and China´s Rise: An Insider´s Account of America´s Asia Strategy
9167:"France, Germany, UK recognize PH win vs. China in South China Sea row"
8020:"Vietnam says China's oil rig movement into Sth China Sea is "illegal""
6957:
5311:
5279:
4499:
3951:
3922:
3780:
3419:
3303:
3039:
2855:
On 22 December 2020, the PRC claimed that the guided missile destroyer
2624:
2609:
2237:
2115:
1990:
1689:
1176:
910:
14224:
11632:"Sidebar Brief: The Law of the Seas and the Scarborough Shoal Dispute"
10396:"China's Rise Is A Big Reason to Ratify the Law of the Sea Convention"
8654:
8285:"Fisherman killed, brother shot in Bashi pirate attack – Taipei Times"
7286:"How China's Enormous Fishing Fleet Is Being Used As a Surrogate Navy"
6641:"No, China Did Not 'Expel' a US Warship from its Territory, Navy Says"
6209:
6202:
3291:; a Vietnamese fisherman was killed by Filipino pirates in late 2015.
13933:
13660:
13474:
13192:
12962:
12631:
12531:
12314:
11935:
11778:
11128:
8249:
8054:
5150:
4416:
4025:
One observer, a visiting assistant professor of international law at
3960:
3684:
3680:
3185:
3133:
3117:
3081:
3064:
2813:
between the Philippine Navy and the Chinese Coast Guard. forcing the
2794:
2087:
1945:
1796:
1309:
290:" strategies. Since 2015, the United States and other states such as
248:
196:
10719:
9777:"Indonesia says could also take China to court over South China Sea"
9683:"Natuna Waters: Explaining a Flashpoint between Indonesia and China"
8968:"Vietnam Boosts China Ties as 'Bamboo Diplomacy' Follows US Upgrade"
8966:
Guarascio, Francesco; Vu, Khanh; Nguyen, Phuong (12 December 2023).
8892:"Vietnamese fishermen resort to daring tactics to evade MMEA arrest"
8690:"Killing of Vietnamese Fisherman in Contested Waters Sparks Outrage"
6867:"RPT-China, ASEAN set 'guidelines' on sea row, but no deal expected"
5764:
5580:
4207:"2022/25 "How to Solve the South China Sea Disputes" by Bill Hayton"
3309:
On 8 May 2019, Vietnam's ambassador to Malaysia was summoned to the
2392:
180:
Map of various countries' presence in the Spratly Islands as of 2015
13704:
13603:
13217:
12979:
12974:
12679:
12644:
12476:
12405:
12321:
12161:
12094:
12080:
12052:
12011:
12004:
11904:
11855:
11592:
11540:
Great Powers, Grand Strategies: The New Game in the South China Sea
10751:"Foreign Ministry spokesperson Hong Lei's regular press conference"
10517:"China asserts control over vast sea area, angering neighbors, U.S"
10011:
9603:
8629:
5254:
Award of July 12, 2016, South China Sea Arbitration, p. 253 and 474
4283:
Dolven, Ben; Campbell, Caitlin; O'Rourke, Ronald (21 August 2023).
3748:
3288:
3144:
to stop drilling in the disputed area. A joint-venture of Japanese
3101:
3093:
2790:
2691:
built a harbor and wharf on Wood Island (in the Paracels) in 1971.
2558:
2221:
2047:
1499:
200:
13376:
12772:
11288:
The Law of the Sea and Northeast Asia: A Challenge for Cooperation
10657:"U.S. military challenged maritime claims of 19 countries in 2014"
9340:"Obama Unveils New ASEAN Economic Initiative at Sunnylands Summit"
8935:"Philippines building up fleet in S. China Sea to counter Chinese"
8245:"Vietnam protests deadly shooting of fisherman by Indonesian navy"
7679:
thumb|220px|Map of the Philippines showing the location of Palawan
7318:"China tests two new airports in disputed South China Sea islands"
6466:"Aquino's most lasting act of service to Filipinos: Case vs China"
6451:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Political Science Department
4704:"Panatag is proven PH territory; China claims it by bogus history"
2612:, then the PRC's Foreign Minister, responding to the draft of the
13134:
13129:
12693:
12510:
12335:
12308:
11962:
11897:
10943:"U.S. Says Most of China's Claims in South China Sea Are Illegal"
10576:"Beijing slams US Navy official for 'aiding Philippines' remarks"
10230:. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 104–105.
9781:
9507:
8972:
8852:
8439:"Indonesia's harsh response to illegal fishing: Blowing up ships"
8146:
7226:
7065:
7009:
6773:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6503:
5146:"China's own records debunk 'historic rights' over disputed seas"
4969:
4560:"Freedom of Navigation in the South China Sea: A Practical Guide"
4466:
3741:
3510:, giving the Vietnamese a privileged status and encouragement of
3299:
3197:
3113:
3097:
3052:
2936:
Chinese objection to Indian military presence and oil exploration
2039:
1912:
655:
640:
216:
10073:"Singapore suggests interim solution to South China Sea dispute"
7691:"Oil Becoming Code for Sovereignty in Contested South China Sea"
6953:"China welcomes progress in South China Sea issue amid tensions"
6585:"South Korean warship sails by disputed South China Sea islands"
3071:
deposits; however, the estimates are highly varied. The Chinese
2878:
accused China of "provocative action of militarizing the area".
2805:
began on April 8, 2012, after the attempted apprehension by the
13104:
13099:
12899:
12894:
12707:
12672:
12658:
12623:
12593:
12558:
12517:
12482:
12468:
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12419:
12342:
12294:
12245:
12217:
12210:
12196:
12143:
12122:
12101:
12067:
11969:
11948:
11927:
11920:
11883:
11876:
11830:
11636:
8756:
A local fishery association said the murderers were Philippine.
8636:
8599:"Indonesia Blows Up 23 Foreign Fishing Boats to Send a Message"
6126:
6124:
5186:"China's old maps negate own 'historical' claims over Spratlys"
3672:
3549:
3141:
3076:
2822:
2715:, gave a non-involvement promise to the PRC, which enabled the
2597:
2562:
2545:
In 1909 the Chinese reacted to Japanese interest in exploiting
2262:
1908:
596:
291:
212:
192:
11319:(illustrated ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
8632:"Selama Jadi Menteri, Berapa Kapal China Ditenggelamkan Susi?"
7254:"China May Resort to Force in Sea Disputes, Global Times Says"
6897:"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea"
6519:"China's 'nine-dash line, historic rights' invalid – tribunal"
3100:
having forged a similar mechanism in 1992, while Malaysia and
3017:
spokeswoman stated the country's commitment "to resolving the
12924:
12919:
12728:
12714:
12665:
12637:
12616:
12609:
12579:
12565:
12544:
12503:
12454:
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12363:
12287:
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12115:
12109:
12073:
12059:
12019:
11990:
11983:
11941:
11869:
11848:
11823:
11816:
9245:"What is the Shangri-La Dialogue and why is it so important?"
9084:"China's South China Sea Claims Dashed by Hague Court Ruling"
7433:"Beijing tells Duterte it won't honor South China Sea ruling"
5315:
4330:"Exposing US hypocrisy on South China Sea island reclamation"
3660:
Following the clashes, on 23 June 2016, Indonesian President
3537:
3145:
2925:
2918:
2917:
agreement, also called DOC, from 2002, between China and the
2596:
took control of them. Historical accounts note that at least
2546:
1933:
651:
644:
208:
9503:"Australia labels China's claims to South China Sea illegal"
8716:. Dantri News International. 2 December 2015. Archived from
8536:"Indonesia protests against Chinese 'breach of sovereignty'"
8467:
6709:"China's New 'Ten-Dash Line' Map Infuriates Asian Neighbors"
6121:
3959:
navigated within 12 nautical miles of reclaimed land in the
3870:
East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration
3338:
The doctrine of intertemporal law was established after the
3051:(UNCLOS). Xi made his comments during a visit by Duterte to
11444:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 161–168.
10167:"Sri Lanka backs talks to resolve South China Sea disputes"
10006:
9363:
Salaverria, Leila B.; Calleja, Niña P. (17 February 2016).
9199:"South China Sea set to dominate Singapore security summit"
7846:
7100:"China warns India on South China Sea exploration projects"
5402:
Japan's next move, New Zealand Herald, 19 May 1939, Page 10
3394:
recognizing the PCA ruling and challenging China's claims.
2963:
599:
between the PRC, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines, and Taiwan.
11195:(YouTube video). Institute for Maritime and Ocean Affairs.
10550:"U.S. admiral assures Philippines of help in disputed sea"
5830:
4668:"Amplifying the true narrative of the West Philippine Sea"
4282:
3411:
is the "Track Two" forum for dialogue on security issues.
10681:
7879:
7354:
7222:"China paper warns of "sound of cannons" in sea disputes"
6677:
6310:
6164:
Island Disputes and Maritime Regime Building in East Asia
4392:"Vietnam Quietly Builds Up 10 Islands in South China Sea"
3942:
operations ("FONOPs"), including in the South China Sea.
3018:
2483:. According to retired Philippine Supreme Court justice
313:
11192:
Philippine Island Territories in the West Philippine Sea
10854:"Angry China shadows U.S. warship near man-made islands"
10328:
Return of the Dragon: Rising China and Regional Security
10243:"Speech at ASEAN Regional Forum in Hanoi, July 23, 2010"
8655:
Hisyam Luthfiana; Melinda Kusuma Ningrum (17 May 2023).
8630:
Muhammad Idris; Bambang Priyo Jatmiko (6 January 2020).
8137:"Filipino fishermen detained, beat up by Malaysian navy"
7535:. National University of Singapore. 2006. Archived from
7189:
5840:
Stirring up the South China Sea (Ii): Regional Responses
5342:"China's Claim to the Spratly Islands is Just a Mistake"
5087:
3152:
planned to start drilling in the disputed area in 2021.
2993:
9618:"Minister echoes Indonesia's stance on South China Sea"
9462:
China's Law of the Sea: The New Rules of Maritime Order
8925:
8923:
8821:"Isu nelayan antara yang dibincangkan Malaysia-Vietnam"
6212:. Philippines: Institute for Marine and Ocean Affairs.
5539:
Bonnet, F.X. (2004). "The Spratlys: a past revisited".
603:
Islands, reefs, banks and shoals in the South China Sea
9646:
8857:"MMEA scuttled 446 foreign fishing vessels since 2008"
7905:
7350:"China lands more civilian planes on Fiery Cross reef"
5944:"Declaration by the Government of the French Republic"
5870:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China (Taiwan)
5704:"Tribunal Rejects Beijing's Claims in South China Sea"
4593:"An interactive look at claims on the South China Sea"
4073:
Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China
3921:
passed resolution 524, initially sponsored by Senator
3758:
corvettes were sent to the area with support from the
3544:
and overflight and unimpeded lawful commerce in these
3387:
other great powers have repeatedly done for decades."
650:
Maritime boundary, land territory, and the islands of
187:
involve conflicting island and maritime claims in the
9806:
9804:
6750:
No. 143 China: Maritime Claims in the South China Sea
6731:"ANALYSIS: The most complicated dispute in the world"
4965:"ANALYSIS: The most complicated dispute in the world"
3897:
Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum
3705:(foreground). These ships are often stationed in the
3455:, meaning full sovereign authority, is invalid. U.S.
10748:
10684:"US military proposes challenge to China sea claims"
10608:"Dragon Breathes Fire Over S. China Sea, Worries US"
10161:
9972:"The sleepy island Indonesia is guarding from China"
9533:
9388:"HISTORICAL FICTION: China's South China Sea Claims"
8920:
8082:"China fired at Filipino fishermen in Jackson atoll"
7469:. Center for Strategic & International Studies.
7192:"U.S. sees crisis fears easing over South China Sea"
6274:"China fired at Filipino fishermen in Jackson atoll"
6049:"The 1974 Paracels Sea Battle: A Campaign Appraisal"
5280:"The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline"
5041:
Aegean Review of the Law of the Sea and Maritime Law
4989:
4864:"China has backed Philippine maritime zone – Carpio"
3725:, defining its widely disputed claim to most of the
3409:
Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific
11344:
Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History
11236:Morley, James W.; Nishihara, Masashi, eds. (1997).
9081:
8818:
6982:
6980:
6748:Baumert, Kevin; Melchior, Brian (5 December 2014).
6338:"Taiwan mulls extending runway in Spratlys: report"
5920:. Vietnam: National Defence Journal. Archived from
5511:"Justice Carpio tears down China's historical lies"
5372:
5093:
4565:
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
4241:"The Paracels: The "Other" South China Sea Dispute"
2870:, a reef claimed by the Philippines as part of its
2584:. The island is also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam.
658:, between Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
10973:"US challenges China in South China Sea. Finally!"
10852:Blanchard, Ben; Shalal, Andrea (28 October 2015).
10775:
10002:"Indonesia deploys warships, jets amid China spat"
9801:
8210:"Việt Nam protests Indonesian attack on fishermen"
8204:
8202:
6836:Morales, Neil Jerome; Cash, Joe (31 August 2024).
6499:"Aquino: The president who brought China to court"
5898:Morley, James William; Nishihara, Masashi (1997).
4142:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
4094:
4092:
3116:for oil in 1970. Exploration in the area began in
3112:The Philippines began exploring the areas west of
2700:the PRC used military force in the Paracel Islands
10616:. Mumbai, India. 28 February 2015. Archived from
9539:"Cambodia 'blocking' Asean sea dispute consensus"
9362:
8965:
7035:
7033:
6988:"India-China face-off in South China Sea: Report"
6042:
6040:
5647:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
5547:. University of the Philippines Law Center: 1–13.
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5224:"Justice Carpio debunks China's historical claim"
5014:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
4919:"1901 U.S. War Department Map of the Philippines"
4834:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
4803:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
3514:in Cambodia during French colonial rule, and the
3049:United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Seas
2719:to take control of the South Vietnamese islands.
14242:
13589:List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands
13346:List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands
11264:Nordquist, Myron H.; Moore, John Norton (1998).
9570:"Cambodia Wants China as Its Neighborhood Bully"
7716:
7151:
6977:
6511:
5670:
5668:
5607:"Fact checking the claim of the Chinese Embassy"
5217:
5215:
5213:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5097:Sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands
4938:"Carpio debunks China lie about owning Spratlys"
4495:"Wider connotations of Chinese 'salami slicing'"
3548:, in accordance with international law, notably
3508:Vietnam's conquest of previously Cambodian lands
3203:
2694:In 1974, when a North Vietnamese victory in the
2475:In 1734, the Spanish colonial government in the
2407:, potentially preventing the article from being
11549:Regional Disorder: The South China Sea Disputes
11341:Wortzel, Larry M.; Higham, Robin D. S. (1999).
11235:
10941:Wong, Edward; Crowley, Michael (13 July 2020).
10851:
10713:
10711:
10709:
9747:"Indonesia 'speaks Chinese' in South China Sea"
9676:
9674:
8890:Abdullah, Sharifah Mahsinah (2 November 2023).
8199:
6860:
6858:
6747:
6404:"Law of the Sea of Vietnam (No. 18/2012/Q1113)"
5897:
5842:. International Crisis Group. Note 373, p. 36.
5558:
5556:
5554:
5484:
5482:
4089:
4021:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
3651:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
2971:Yu, without referring to India by name, stated:
2495:in the indigenous language in the map) and the
636:between the PRC, Indonesia, Taiwan and Vietnam.
310:. The ruling was rejected by China and Taiwan.
13617:
11263:
11164:(illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis.
11034:Center for Strategic and International Studies
9904:
9615:
9075:
8929:
8468:Syed Azahedi Syed Abdul Aziz (28 March 2016).
8079:
7190:Phil Stewart; John Ruwitch (12 October 2010).
7041:"China paper warns India off Vietnam oil deal"
7030:
6927:"China rebukes accusation of militarizing SCS"
6804:
6802:
6271:
6185:
6183:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6037:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5257:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
4697:
4695:
4621:
4435:Center for Strategic and International Studies
4108:Center for Strategic and International Studies
4100:"How much trade transits the South China Sea?"
3890:The 1995 policy was changed in 2010, when the
3837:General Secretary of the United National Party
3360:
3188:(5%). It began operation on 9 May 2012 in the
247:the exploration and potential exploitation of
13392:
12788:
11759:
11546:
11340:
11157:
10276:S. Rajanatnam School of International Studies
9935:
8436:
8108:
7014:"INS Airavat Incident: What does it Portend?"
5665:
5210:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5130:
4857:
4855:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
3443:According to Mohan Malik, a professor at the
3372:based on China's land reclamation projects.
3167:
2580:South-east facing aerial view of PRC-settled
2515:republished depictions from the Velarde map.
665:between the PRC, the Philippines, and Taiwan.
647:between the PRC, the Philippines, and Taiwan.
10706:
9671:
9500:
9338:Parameswaran, Prashanth (18 February 2016).
9337:
8687:
7557:
7555:
6855:
6463:
5551:
5479:
4666:Braid, Florangel Rosario (9 February 2024).
2782:600 km south of China's Hainan island.
2526:, Spain lost and ceded the territory of the
13361:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
11381:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
11029:"DEVELOPING A SCARBOROUGH CONTINGENCY PLAN"
10940:
10778:"In South China Sea, a Tougher U.S. Stance"
10776:De Luce, D.; McLeary, P. (2 October 2015).
10455:"China, U.S. square off on South China Sea"
9365:"US seeking stronger trade ties with Asean"
8596:
8239:
8237:
7972:(in Chinese). 5 August 2012. Archived from
7906:Bac Pham; Bennett Murray (4 January 2021).
7120:
7093:
7091:
6835:
6799:
6417:
6234:
6180:
6155:
6153:
6077:
5806:People´s Republic of China Foreign Ministry
5695:
5497:
5322:
5059:
4692:
3629:winning the war without shaming the enemies
3298:patrol boat about 40 miles off the city of
3073:Ministry of Geological Resources and Mining
3024:In July 2014, Professor Alan Dupont of the
2893:traded accusations over a collision in the
2321:Learn how and when to remove these messages
185:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
13399:
13385:
12795:
12781:
11766:
11752:
11547:Raine, Sarah; Le Miere, Christian (2013).
11404:
10749:PRC Foreign Ministry (18 September 2015).
10483:
9222:"5 highlights of Shangri-La Dialogue 2016"
7060:
7058:
6741:
6722:
6702:
6700:
5347:Center for International Maritime Security
5170:
4852:
4648:
3468:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
3217:which is adjacent to the South China Sea.
3058:
2736:Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
2427:reliable, independent, third-party sources
267:features and Taiwan occupies the largest,
88:. Please do not remove this message until
11727:
11666:
11522:Bonnet, Francois-Xavier (November 2012).
11504:JATI – Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
11158:Bateman, Sam; Emmers, Ralf, eds. (2008).
10654:
10393:
10324:
8218:. Vietnam News Agency. 11 November 2016.
7654:"CMOL – Camago-Malampaya Oil Leg Project"
7552:
6134:. Chan Robles Law Library. 11 June 1978.
6046:
6010:
5886:十一段線係出現於民國36年（1947年）12月1日由內政部公布之「南海諸島位置圖」
5746:"China´s Strategy in the South China Sea"
5274:
4888:
4492:
4238:
3241:In the spring of 2014, China and Vietnam
2734:. The PRC had obtained a permit from the
2679:during a time of rising tensions between
2463:Learn how and when to remove this message
2445:Learn how and when to remove this message
2375:Learn how and when to remove this message
632:Maritime boundary in waters north of the
162:Learn how and when to remove this message
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
11605:. The National Bureau of Asian Research.
11494:
11312:
11199:
10514:
9711:
9647:Prashanth Parameswaran (26 March 2015).
8889:
8767:
8234:
7875:"Vietnam halts South China Sea drilling"
7839:
7097:
7088:
6557:China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment
6425:"Scarborough shoal standoff: A timeline"
6150:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5674:
5221:
5143:
5038:
4285:"China Primer: South China Sea Disputes"
3973:
3965:claims of the island's territorial limit
3873:
3709:to protect Indonesian territory and its
3689:
3587:on the disputed waters off the coast of
3569:
3488:
3473:According to Bill Hayton, an analyst at
3445:Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies
2759:being transformed by the PRC in May 2015
2751:
2575:
2421:by replacing them with more appropriate
1893:area contains many other reefs. Legend:
242:An estimated US$ 3.37 trillion worth of
175:
84:Relevant discussion may be found on the
14286:Territorial disputes of the Philippines
13609:List of airports in the Spratly Islands
13341:List of airports in the Spratly Islands
11465:
11437:
10639:. Taiwan. 28 March 2015. Archived from
10428:. University of Virginia. 23 May 2012.
10036:
9969:
9687:Indonesian Journal of International Law
9680:
9429:"China Is Rewriting the Law of the Sea"
9004:Report of International Arbitral Awards
8851:
8309:
7593:
7055:
7008:
6864:
6786:
6729:Carpio, Antonio T. (11 November 2023).
6697:
6306:"Vietnam accuses China in seas dispute"
5562:
5488:
5290:(1). Cambridge University Press: 1–57.
5222:Avendaño, Christine O. (10 June 2014).
4963:Carpio, Antonio T. (11 November 2023).
4459:
3253:became President of the country in 2014
3213:incident. The incident occurred in the
2723:Island Group) as Philippine territory.
2513:Carita General del Archipelago Filipino
2509:Carita General del Archipelago Filipino
2404:too closely associated with the subject
2282:Timeline of the South China Sea dispute
14251:Disputed territories in Southeast Asia
14243:
14133:Designation of the West Philippine Sea
11521:
11468:Canadian Yearbook of International Law
11074:from the original on 28 September 2020
11059:
10912:
10717:
10682:Entous, A.; Lubold, G.; Barnes, J. E.
10547:
10515:Williams, Carol J. (10 January 2014).
10496:from the original on 12 September 2012
10273:
10210:
9549:from the original on 15 September 2016
9459:
9426:
9375:from the original on 17 February 2016.
9352:from the original on 18 February 2016.
9319:from the original on 23 September 2015
9283:from the original on 23 September 2015
9255:from the original on 16 February 2017.
9232:from the original on 16 February 2017.
9082:David Tweed; Ting Shi (12 July 2016).
8819:Azlinariah Abdullah (28 August 2019).
8793:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)
8768:Villamor, Felipe (25 September 2017).
8179:from the original on 24 September 2016
8030:from the original on 24 September 2015
7872:
7568:U.S. Energy Information Administration
7283:
6808:
6766:from the original on 20 February 2020.
6728:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6448:
6189:
6088:
5977:Journal of East Asia International Law
5974:
5740:
5701:
5601:
5538:
5508:
5339:
4995:
4962:
4935:
4757:
4722:
4701:
4014:
3950:on May 30, 2015, Secretary of Defense
3428:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
3234:was killed by machine gun fire from a
2821:international case under the rules of
314:Disputes in the South China Sea region
13380:
12776:
12226:South Tibet/Part of Arunachal Pradesh
12205:Sixty-Four Villages East of the River
11747:
11629:
11616:The National Bureau of Asian Research
11555:
11495:Bautista, Lowell B. (December 2011).
11411:American Journal of International Law
11041:from the original on 11 February 2017
10833:from the original on 17 November 2015
10794:
10730:from the original on 27 February 2024
10694:from the original on 17 December 2023
10556:from the original on 14 February 2014
10225:
9982:from the original on 13 February 2020
9970:Vaswani, Karishma (19 October 2014).
9567:
9385:
9096:from the original on 20 November 2016
9054:from the original on 14 February 2018
8980:from the original on 13 December 2023
8746:from the original on 12 December 2015
8516:from the original on 11 November 2016
8480:from the original on 11 November 2016
8356:
8257:from the original on 14 November 2016
8222:from the original on 11 November 2016
8153:from the original on 11 November 2016
8123:from the original on 11 November 2016
7887:from the original on 23 December 2020
7854:from the original on 11 February 2021
7795:from the original on 10 November 2017
7575:from the original on 24 December 2016
7461:
7234:from the original on 11 December 2022
7168:from the original on 5 September 2012
7098:Krishnan, Ananth (17 November 2011).
6998:from the original on 12 January 2012.
6907:from the original on 12 November 2020
6789:"China's New Map: Just Another Dash?"
6621:from the original on 26 December 2020
6497:II, Paterno Esmaquel (29 June 2016).
6384:from the original on 1 September 2022
6378:Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative
5987:
5902:. New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 124.
5640:
5411:
5384:from the original on 26 February 2023
5183:
5094:Chemillier-Gendreau, Monique (2000).
5007:
4861:
4827:
4796:
4665:
4431:Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative
3982:underway in the South China Sea, 2017
3899:meeting in Hanoi, Secretary of State
3892:administration of the President Obama
3433:
3311:Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3220:In May 2013 a Taiwanese fisherman on
2994:Chinese policy on the South China Sea
2728:the PRC and Vietnam fought each other
661:Maritime boundary and islands in the
11609:
11537:
11203:War Or Peace in the South China Sea?
10894:from the original on 2 February 2017
10864:from the original on 31 October 2015
10757:from the original on 22 October 2021
10529:from the original on 11 January 2014
10255:from the original on 5 November 2018
10143:from the original on 1 December 2021
10113:from the original on 1 December 2021
10018:from the original on 12 January 2020
9408:from the original on 26 January 2021
9242:
9219:
9114:
8947:from the original on 28 October 2020
8644:from the original on 19 August 2022.
8611:from the original on 28 October 2016
7737:from the original on 19 October 2012
7594:Trajano, Julius Cesar (March 2019).
7494:
7380:
7330:from the original on 18 January 2021
7154:"Armed Clash in the South China Sea"
6706:
6653:from the original on 28 January 2021
6464:Torres-Tupas, Tetch (24 June 2021).
6286:from the original on 6 December 2013
6216:from the original on 5 December 2023
6138:from the original on 26 October 2013
6014:
5876:from the original on 1 November 2021
5493:. London: Routledge. pp. 55–65.
5453:Journal of Chinese Political Science
4944:from the original on 26 October 2023
4894:
4527:"China's Expanding Cabbage Strategy"
4507:from the original on 1 November 2020
4404:from the original on 29 October 2020
4278:
4276:
4274:
4234:
4232:
4201:
4199:
3333:
3319:Malaysia Maritime Enforcement Agency
3226:operating 43 nautical miles east of
2386:
2327:
2286:
463:Sea area north of the Natuna Islands
119:
58:
17:
14098:Philippines and the Spratly Islands
13599:Royal Malaysian Navy Offshore Bases
13406:
13351:Philippines and the Spratly Islands
12802:
12763:1: Divided among multiple claimants
11709:
11284:
10548:Mogato, Manuel (13 February 2014).
10406:from the original on 24 August 2014
10240:
10179:from the original on 19 August 2022
9175:. 18 September 2020. Archived from
9006:. United Nations. 2006. p. 845
8449:from the original on 1 October 2016
8387:
8291:from the original on 21 August 2022
8048:
7920:from the original on 4 January 2021
7202:from the original on 28 August 2013
7064:
6780:
6593:. 28 September 2018. Archived from
6543:
6354:from the original on 19 August 2022
6159:
5831:international Crisis Group (2012).
5450:
5008:Chang, Teh-Kuang (1 January 1991).
4134:"Review of Maritime Transport 2018"
3991:US Ambassador to the United Nations
3449:United States Department of Defense
3397:
2552:In 1930, the United States and the
2479:published the first edition of the
639:Maritime boundary off the coast of
13:
11716:Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
11524:"Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal"
11369:
11347:(illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO.
11104:from the original on 14 March 2021
10797:"What Lies in the South China Sea"
10663:from the original on 25 March 2015
10655:Alexander, David (25 March 2015).
10584:. 16 February 2014. Archived from
10369:"Press Statement: South China Sea"
10313:from the original on 29 April 2016
9951:from the original on 22 March 2017
9941:"China's nine-dash line revisited"
9582:from the original on 7 April 2017.
9460:Kardon, Isaac B. (28 March 2023).
8904:from the original on 31 March 2024
8867:from the original on 31 March 2024
8833:from the original on 31 March 2024
8800:from the original on 31 March 2024
8696:from the original on 30 April 2017
8669:from the original on 31 March 2024
8470:"Heat rises over maritime dispute"
8167:"Sabah is being robbed of seafood"
8096:from the original on 12 March 2016
6707:Mori, Hiroshi (5 September 2023).
6554:
6496:
6318:from the original on 6 August 2022
5184:Diola, Camille (24 October 2014).
5158:from the original on 11 April 2024
4936:Bondoc, Jarius (18 October 2023).
4763:
4728:
4636:from the original on 9 August 2022
4622:Randy Mulyanto (2 November 2020).
4603:from the original on 10 March 2016
4557:
4474:from the original on 27 March 2021
4340:from the original on 14 March 2024
4327:
3580:flying over what appeared to be a
2834:People's Liberation Army Air Force
485:Sea area west of Palawan and Luzon
14:
14302:
14291:Territorial disputes of Indonesia
13356:Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads
11136:from the original on 7 April 2024
10983:from the original on 14 July 2020
10953:from the original on 17 June 2021
10913:Larter, David (5 February 2020).
10829:. The Diplomat. 27 October 2015.
10807:from the original on 4 March 2016
10435:from the original on 4 March 2016
10045:(1). Stockholm, Sweden: 117–134.
9917:from the original on 17 July 2016
9886:from the original on 16 July 2016
9854:from the original on 18 July 2016
9824:from the original on 18 July 2016
9789:from the original on 17 June 2017
9757:from the original on 19 July 2016
9726:from the original on 27 July 2016
9659:from the original on 15 July 2016
9628:from the original on 24 July 2016
9515:from the original on 26 July 2020
9441:from the original on 11 June 2023
9427:Dutton, Peter A. (10 June 2023).
9147:from the original on 6 March 2023
9048:LII / Legal Information Institute
8578:from the original on 18 June 2016
8369:from the original on 15 July 2024
8338:from the original on 15 July 2024
7840:Chandran, Nyshka (24 July 2017).
7821:from the original on 2 March 2014
7638:. 12 January 2012. Archived from
7612:from the original on 9 March 2021
7476:from the original on 31 July 2019
7451:– via The Associated Press.
7443:from the original on 15 July 2024
7413:from the original on 6 March 2023
7362:from the original on 15 July 2024
7298:from the original on 29 July 2014
7133:from the original on 29 June 2012
7047:. 16 October 2011. Archived from
6965:from the original on 15 July 2024
6933:from the original on 3 March 2020
6877:from the original on 20 July 2011
6865:Martina, Michael (20 July 2011).
6817:from the original on 18 June 2024
6685:from the original on 15 July 2024
6531:from the original on 13 July 2016
6478:from the original on 17 June 2024
6065:from the original on 15 July 2024
5812:from the original on 2 March 2020
5722:from the original on 13 July 2016
5613:from the original on 18 June 2024
5354:from the original on 18 June 2024
5236:from the original on 15 July 2024
5198:from the original on 18 June 2024
5118:from the original on 15 July 2024
4977:from the original on 15 June 2024
4778:from the original on 15 July 2024
4710:from the original on 18 June 2024
4680:from the original on 18 June 2024
4493:Chatterji, SK (22 October 2020).
4372:from the original on 15 July 2024
4309:from the original on 21 June 2024
4271:
4229:
4217:from the original on 19 June 2024
4196:
4180:International Chamber of Shipping
4152:from the original on 12 June 2019
3847:Thailand as one of the member of
3418:initiated the US-ASEAN Summit at
3414:In February 2016, U.S. President
3021:dispute through peaceful means."
2911:
2302:This section has multiple issues.
1885:Location of the major islands in
235:. The waters near the Indonesian
33:This article has multiple issues.
14276:Territorial disputes of Malaysia
14223:
13128:
13098:
13023:
12973:
12918:
12893:
12741:
12734:
12727:
12713:
12706:
12692:
12685:
12678:
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12657:
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12608:
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12585:
12578:
12564:
12557:
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12509:
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12488:
12481:
12467:
12460:
12453:
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12411:
12404:
12390:
12383:
12369:
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12334:
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12293:
12286:
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12209:
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12079:
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12058:
12051:
12031:
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12010:
12003:
11989:
11982:
11968:
11961:
11947:
11940:
11926:
11919:
11903:
11896:
11882:
11875:
11868:
11854:
11847:
11829:
11822:
11815:
11116:
11086:
11060:Morris, Lyle J. (27 June 2019).
11053:
11021:
10995:
10965:
10934:
10906:
10876:
10845:
10819:
10788:
10769:
10742:
10675:
10600:
10568:
10541:
10508:
10477:
10465:from the original on 30 May 2012
10447:
10426:Center for Oceans Law and Policy
10402:. Center for American Progress.
10394:Hachigian, Nina (12 June 2012).
10387:
10361:
10349:from the original on 20 May 2016
10282:
10267:
10234:
10219:
10204:
10191:
10155:
10125:
10095:
10065:
10030:
9994:
9963:
9929:
9898:
9866:
9836:
9769:
9738:
9705:
9640:
9609:
9586:
9568:Greer, Tanner (5 January 2017).
9561:
9527:
9494:
9453:
9420:
9379:
9356:
9331:
9303:"Regional Security Outlook 2015"
9295:
9267:"Regional Security Outlook 2014"
9259:
9236:
9213:
9191:
9159:
9108:
9066:
9036:
9027:
9018:
8992:
8959:
8883:
8845:
8812:
8780:
8761:
8688:Trung Nguyen (1 December 2015).
8681:
8648:
8623:
8590:
8558:
8528:
8492:
8461:
8430:
8381:
8350:
8303:
8277:
8073:
8042:
8012:
8000:from the original on 14 May 2014
7980:
7958:
7932:
7899:
7866:
7833:
7807:
7775:
7749:
7717:Leszek Buszynski (Spring 2012).
7710:
7683:
7672:
7646:
7624:
7587:
7521:
7488:
7455:
7425:
7374:
7342:
7310:
7277:
7246:
7214:
7183:
7145:
6809:Magramo, Kathleen; Gan, Nectar.
6768:
5956:from the original on 31 May 2019
5782:from the original on 31 May 2019
4876:from the original on 7 June 2024
4745:from the original on 29 May 2019
4702:Bondoc, Jarius (27 March 2024).
4573:from the original on 4 June 2019
4539:from the original on 19 May 2022
4460:Johnson, William (11 May 2016).
4441:from the original on 4 June 2019
4114:from the original on 8 June 2019
3859:
3666:Indonesian National Armed Forces
2874:. Philippines Defense Secretary
2402:may rely excessively on sources
2391:
2332:
2291:
2255:
2214:
2032:
1971:
1926:
1901:
1871:
1859:
1852:
1840:
1833:
1821:
1814:
1802:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1764:
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1745:
1733:
1726:
1714:
1707:
1695:
1688:
1676:
1669:
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1593:
1581:
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1498:
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1479:
1467:
1460:
1448:
1441:
1429:
1422:
1410:
1403:
1391:
1384:
1372:
1365:
1353:
1346:
1334:
1327:
1315:
1308:
1296:
1289:
1277:
1270:
1258:
1251:
1239:
1232:
1220:
1213:
1201:
1194:
1182:
1175:
1163:
1156:
1144:
1137:
1125:
1118:
1106:
1099:
1087:
1080:
1068:
1061:
1049:
1042:
1030:
1023:
1011:
1004:
992:
985:
973:
966:
954:
947:
935:
928:
916:
909:
897:
890:
878:
871:
859:
852:
840:
686:
679:
672:
300:freedom of navigation operations
231:, and various boundaries in the
124:
63:
22:
14281:Territorial disputes of Vietnam
11441:Lawfare: Law as a Weapon of War
11423:10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.1.0124
11270:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
9905:Liza Yosephine (13 July 2016).
9616:Liza Yosephine (21 June 2016).
8546:from the original on 5 May 2016
8437:Lindsey Bever (15 March 2016).
8109:Jeremy Lanson (15 March 2016).
7152:Bonnie S. Glaser (April 2012).
7114:
7002:
6945:
6919:
6889:
6829:
6665:
6633:
6601:
6577:
6490:
6457:
6442:
6396:
6366:
6330:
6298:
6265:
6228:
5968:
5936:
5906:
5891:
5858:
5824:
5794:
5734:
5634:
5625:
5595:
5532:
5509:Collas, Solita (23 June 2014).
5491:Contest For the South China Sea
5444:
5405:
5396:
5366:
5248:
5032:
5001:
4956:
4929:
4911:
4821:
4790:
4615:
4585:
4551:
4519:
4486:
4453:
4384:
3967:. On 8–9 November 2015, two US
3878:SOUTH CHINA SEA: UP FOR GRABS (
3426:for closer engagement with the
3063:The area is said to be rich in
2964:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
2889:On 17 June 2024, China and the
2838:Air Defense Identification Zone
2357:check for citation inaccuracies
2310:or discuss these issues on the
2280:For a chronological guide, see
41:or discuss these issues on the
14083:History of the Spratly Islands
11630:Tupaz, Edsel (27 April 2012).
9681:Agusman, Damos Dumoli (2023).
9220:Hwai, Lee Seok (6 June 2016).
8080:Tessa Jamandre (3 June 2011).
7757:"Joint Venture "Vietsovpetro""
6272:Tessa Jamandre (3 June 2011).
5380:. Middle East Policy Council.
5144:Regencia, Ted (16 July 2020).
4895:Paez, Patrick (12 June 2024).
4352:
4321:
4295:
4289:Congressional Research Service
4164:
4126:
3621:Permanent Court of Arbitration
3172:). The major shareholders are
3168:
3107:
302:(FONOP) in the region. A 2016
1:
14271:Territorial disputes of China
14139:Hai Yang Shi You 981 standoff
14109:Battle of the Paracel Islands
13329:Free Territory of Freedomland
12818:Southwest Cay incident (1975)
12177:Parigas region/Demchok sector
10795:Feith, D. (13 October 2015).
10051:10.1080/18692729.2018.1422913
9712:Miles Yu (19 November 2015).
9501:Eryk Bagshaw (25 July 2020).
9205:. 1 June 2016. Archived from
8408:10.1080/09512748.2016.1201132
8310:P. Chow (11 September 2014).
8192:heavy pollution of its waters
7873:Hayton, Bill (24 July 2017).
7284:Pasick, Adam (29 July 2014).
7121:Edward Wong (30 March 2011).
6929:. NP news 24. 2 August 2019.
6733:. rappler.com. Archived from
6015:Wang, Frances Yaping (2024).
5702:Perlez, Jane (12 July 2016).
4862:Mateo, Janvic (7 June 2024).
4078:
3866:China–United States relations
3673:applicable international laws
3204:Incidents involving fishermen
3026:University of New South Wales
2773:an ally of the United States.
2717:People's Liberation Army Navy
2689:People's Liberation Army Navy
583:Republic of China (1912–1949)
215:(Republic of China/ROC), and
13283:Northeast Investigator Shoal
11740:44:1 (Summer 2019): 117–159.
11658:Cogent Arts & Humanities
11395:Resources in other libraries
11200:Kivimäki, Timo, ed. (2002).
11185:
10325:Denny Roy (20 August 2013).
10197:Kaewkamol Pitakdumrongkit. “
8597:Trefor Moss (5 April 2016).
8357:Patag, Kristine Joy (2019).
7563:"South China Sea – Analysis"
7162:Council on Foreign Relations
6238:Journal of Contemporary Asia
5872:(in Chinese). 8 April 2016.
5340:Hayton, Bill (16 May 2018).
5082:
4083:
3827:
3809:
3555:
3484:
2886:inside the South China Sea.
7:
14121:Johnson South Reef skirmish
12829:Johnson South Reef Skirmish
11542:. US Naval Institute Press.
10718:Wagner, Benjamin K (2016).
10484:John Kerry (23 July 2012).
9468:(published 2023). Preface.
8662:Tempo (Indonesian magazine)
8049:Zhu, Ningzhu (7 May 2014).
7259:Uyghur American Association
5866:"外交部「南海議題及南海和平倡議」講習會媒體提問紀要"
5753:Contemporary Southeast Asia
5569:Contemporary Southeast Asia
4041:
3842:
3781:Boeing 737-2x9 Surveillance
3585:Type 903 replenishment ship
3501:
3438:
3382:In response to the ruling,
3367:South China Sea Arbitration
3361:South China Sea Arbitration
3230:on the eastern side of the
2832:Beginning in 2015, China's
2764:territory south of Hainan.
595:Maritime boundary north of
90:conditions to do so are met
10:
14307:
14127:Scarborough Shoal standoff
11957:Jiangxinpo/Northern Kachin
11729:10.1177/186810261104000207
11667:Weissmann, Mikael (2010).
11610:Cook, Tim (17 June 2011).
11313:Severino, Rodolfo (2011).
11151:
10659:. United States: Reuters.
10211:Fravel, M. Taylor (2014).
7996:. Singapore. 10 May 2014.
6196:Princeton University Press
6190:Fravel, M. Taylor (2008).
6099:Cambridge University Press
4360:"Statement of david shear"
4328:Xu, Qinduo (20 May 2015).
4058:Scarborough Shoal standoff
4018:
3863:
3559:
3530:
3364:
3123:
3042:told Philippine President
2939:
2811:Scarborough Shoal standoff
2767:In 1994, the PRC occupied
2646:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
2507:during a survey. The 1808
2279:
2275:
1934:People's Republic of China
209:People's Republic of China
14218:
14175:Paracel Islands Airports
14148:
14070:
14037:
14014:
13998:
13968:
13947:
13889:
13817:
13781:
13750:
13628:
13579:
13546:
13521:
13493:
13455:
13446:
13414:
13316:
13260:
13126:
13096:
13021:
12971:
12916:
12891:
12884:
12838:
12810:
12759:
12532:Parangcho / Dingyan Islet
11915:Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island
11801:
11798:
11793:
11556:Rowan, Joshua P. (2005).
11531:Irasec's Discussion Paper
11390:Resources in your library
10726:. JE Asia & Int'l L.
10333:Columbia University Press
9243:Zhen, Liu (3 June 2016).
9123:Stanford University Press
8505:Philippine Daily Inquirer
8267:The ministry's spokesman
7389:Stanford University Press
7019:South Asia Analysis Group
6524:Philippine Daily Inquirer
6471:Philippine Daily Inquirer
6429:Philippine Daily Inquirer
6413:(481–482). 6 August 2012.
6374:"Vietnam Island Building"
6251:10.1080/00472330180000061
6107:10.1017/S0305741000045513
6047:Yoshihara, Toshi (2016).
5853:South China Sea: A Note'.
5641:Chang, Teh-Kuang (1991).
5519:Philippine Daily Inquirer
5465:10.1007/s11366-007-9002-6
5296:10.1017/S0026749X06001727
5229:Philippine Daily Inquirer
5053:10.1007/s12180-009-0003-5
4828:Chang, Teh-Kuang (1991).
4797:Chang, Teh-Kuang (1991).
4239:Tønnesson, Stein (2002).
4176:Witherby Publishing Group
4029:, Philippines, remarked:
3562:China–Indonesia relations
3518:after the ousting of the
3424:Rancho Mirage, California
3285:Filipino and Moro pirates
2659:of 1954, which ended the
2540:1900 Treaty of Washington
133:This article needs to be
14186:Spratly Islands Airports
12602:Senkaku/Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai
11579:10.1525/as.2005.45.3.414
10977:The Independent of India
9249:South China Morning Post
9121:. Stanford, California:
7913:South China Morning Post
7727:The Washington Quarterly
7387:. Stanford, California:
6054:Naval War College Review
5563:Furtado, Xavier (1999).
5489:Samuels, Marwyn (2013).
5430:10.1177/0097700415598538
5102:Kluwer Law International
4629:South China Morning Post
4567:, Harvard Kennedy School
3797:
3695:KRI Sutedi Senoputra 378
3657:naval base in the area.
3526:
3464:Johns Hopkins University
3155:
3035:In August 2019, China's
3015:Chinese Foreign Ministry
2942:Look East policy (India)
2698:began to seem probable,
2499:(referred in the map as
415:Sea area north of Borneo
14093:Spratly Islands dispute
13324:Spratly Islands dispute
11510:: 35–53. Archived from
11239:Vietnam Joins the World
10801:The Wall Street Journal
10297:Edward Elgar Publishing
10226:Bader, Jeffrey (2012).
10172:Business Standard India
9115:Zhao, Suisheng (2023).
9000:"Island of Palmas Case"
8604:The Wall Street Journal
7381:Zhao, Suisheng (2023).
6561:Leiden University Press
6021:Oxford University Press
5949:Office of the Historian
5900:Vietnam joins the World
4940:. The Philippine Star.
4706:. The Philippine Star.
4063:Spratly Islands dispute
3753:Kapitan Pattimura-class
3609:exclusive economic zone
3546:international waterways
3349:Under the principle of
3059:Oil and gas development
3004:Chinese Communist Party
2981:Indian foreign ministry
2872:exclusive economic zone
2842:United States Air Force
2614:Treaty of San Francisco
617:and the Vereker Banks,
587:exclusive economic zone
439:South China Sea islands
14115:Southwest Cay incident
11738:International Security
11660:10.1 (2023): 2231697.
11438:Kittrie, Orde (2016).
11285:Pak, Hŭi-gwŏn (2000).
10492:. Civic Impulse, LLC.
9044:"uti possidetis juris"
7966:"南海钻井平台上工人直升机上下班_网易新闻"
7462:Cordesman, Anthony H.
6791:. RUSI. Archived from
4427:"China Island Tracker"
4036:
4027:De La Salle University
3983:
3883:
3714:
3625:menang tanpa ngasorake
3595:
3516:occupation of Cambodia
3494:
3236:Philippine Coast Guard
2977:
2760:
2594:Imperial Japanese Navy
2585:
181:
13857:Cornwallis South Reef
13173:Cornwallis South Reef
12275:Trans-Karakoram Tract
11688:10.1353/apr.2010.0013
11551:. Routledge for IISS.
11538:Corr, Anders (2017).
10373:U.S. State Department
10248:U.S. State Department
9598:4 August 2020 at the
9466:Yale University Press
9386:Malik, Mohan (2013).
7988:"Not the usual drill"
7495:Strangio, Sebastian.
7110:on 24 September 2011.
6795:on 29 September 2013.
6160:Koo, Min Gyo (2009).
5422:University of Toronto
4899:. The Philippine Star
4031:
3977:
3940:freedom of navigation
3877:
3731:Indonesian government
3693:
3573:
3542:freedom of navigation
3533:China–India relations
3492:
3340:Island of Palmas Case
3002:In October 2011, the
2973:
2957:freedom of navigation
2946:On 22 July 2011, the
2940:Further information:
2847:In September 2018, a
2755:
2579:
2108:Cornwallis South Reef
179:
14103:Battle of Leyte Gulf
14078:Territorial disputes
14062:Tambelan Archipelago
13178:Discovery Great Reef
11775:Territorial disputes
10890:. 12 November 2015.
10163:Press Trust of India
9785:. 11 November 2015.
9535:Agence France Presse
9464:. New Haven London:
9125:. pp. 109–110.
8915:Thailand," he added.
8692:. Voice of America.
8510:Agence France-Presse
8400:Princeton University
8253:. 11 November 2016.
7817:. RevenueWatch.org.
7788:World Energy Council
7642:on 9 September 2011.
7509:on 24 September 2020
7439:. 1 September 2019.
7076:on 24 September 2011
7012:(2 September 2011).
6994:. 2 September 2011.
6737:on 11 November 2023.
6649:. 23 December 2020.
6617:. 22 December 2020.
6347:Agence France Presse
5808:. 4 September 1958.
5284:Modern Asian Studies
4925:on 16 February 2023.
4182:. 2021. p. 13.
4068:Chinese expansionism
4048:North Borneo dispute
3919:United States Senate
3773:Indonesian Air Force
3607:overlap Indonesia's
3578:F-16 Fighting Falcon
3575:Indonesian Air Force
3351:Uti possidetis juris
3280:MT Zafirah hijacking
3223:Guang Da Xing No. 28
2819:Philippines vs China
2713:détente with the PRC
2536:1898 Treaty of Paris
2524:Spanish-American War
2501:Los Bajos de Paragua
2132:Prince of Wales Bank
2092:Discovery Great Reef
581:area claimed by the
319:Summary of disputes
304:arbitration tribunal
14266:Chinese irredentism
13955:Royal Captain Shoal
13902:Central London Reef
13809:Second Thomas Shoal
13604:Vietnamese DK1 rigs
13288:Royal Captain Shoal
13261:Unoccupied features
13163:Central London Reef
13078:Second Thomas Shoal
12379:Ieodo / Suyan Islet
12330:Bạch Long Vĩ Island
11407:Dupuy, Pierre-Marie
10688:Wall Street Journal
10588:on 21 February 2014
10083:on 24 February 2017
9209:on 20 October 2017.
8933:(28 October 2020).
8742:. 2 December 2015.
8720:on 14 November 2016
8443:The Washington Post
8363:The Philippine Star
8287:. 17 January 2006.
7571:. 7 February 2013.
7230:. 25 October 2011.
7026:on 15 October 2011.
6903:. 4 November 2002.
6198:. pp. 183–185.
6091:The China Quarterly
5374:Chas W. Freeman Jr.
5191:The Philippine Star
4869:The Philippine Star
4764:Carpio, Antonio T.
4599:. 21 October 2015.
4535:. 29 October 2014.
4015:Disputes vs. UNCLOS
3948:Shangri-La Dialogue
3792:Chinese Coast Guard
3512:Vietnamese settlers
3404:Shangri-La Dialogue
2930:transnational crime
2661:First Indochina War
2154:Prince Consort Bank
2072:Central London Reef
2023:Second Thomas Shoal
320:
77:of this article is
14039:Tudjuh Archipelago
13872:Investigator Shoal
13840:Johnson South Reef
13794:First Thomas Shoal
13773:Third Thomas Shoal
13594:Great Wall of Sand
13437:South Vereker Bank
13430:North Vereker Bank
13335:Great Wall of Sand
13298:Third Thomas Shoal
13268:First Thomas Shoal
13153:Barque Canada Reef
13003:Investigator Shoal
12953:Johnson South Reef
11864:Bhutanese exclaves
11802:Islands and waters
11710:Yea, Andy (2011).
11676:Asian Perspectives
11599:NBR Special Report
11588:on 16 August 2010.
11480:10.1017/cyl.2018.6
10947:The New York Times
10613:Free Press Journal
10241:Clinton, Hillary.
10039:Contemporary Japan
10014:. 9 January 2020.
8774:The New York Times
8571:The New York Times
8391:The Pacific Review
8318:Palgrave Macmillan
8175:. 21 August 2016.
7539:on 28 January 2022
7358:. 7 January 2016.
7323:The Economic Times
6757:Limits in the Seas
6614:The Economic Times
5708:The New York Times
5605:(16 August 2023).
5603:Carpio, Antonio T.
4730:Carpio, Antonio T.
3984:
3884:
3715:
3703:KRI Teuku Umar 385
3596:
3495:
3434:Non-claimant views
3325:Teodoro Locsin Jr.
3287:arriving from the
3272:Indonesian pirates
2761:
2586:
2242:Investigator Shoal
2080:Barque Canada Reef
318:
276:artificial islands
182:
14238:
14237:
14230:Oceans portal
13994:
13993:
13885:
13884:
13636:North Danger Reef
13571:Scarborough Shoal
13559:Macclesfield Bank
13542:
13541:
13374:
13373:
13256:
13255:
12885:Occupied features
12861:North Danger Reef
12823:East Sea Campaign
12770:
12769:
12754:
12753:
12574:Scarborough Shoal
12449:Macclesfield Bank
12351:Dokdo / Takeshima
11912:Part of Heixiazi/
11839:Jammu and Kashmir
11376:Library resources
11354:978-0-313-29337-5
11277:978-90-411-1056-5
11249:978-0-7656-3306-4
11171:978-0-203-88524-6
11098:Stars and Stripes
11037:. 30 March 2016.
10522:Los Angeles Times
10342:978-0-231-52815-3
10306:978-1-78100-462-3
10077:Channel News Asia
9850:. 24 March 2016.
9820:. 21 March 2016.
9714:"Et tu, Jakarta?"
9475:978-0-300-25647-5
9402:SAGE Publications
9226:The Straits Times
9132:978-1-5036-3088-8
8897:New Straits Times
8861:New Straits Times
8665:(in Indonesian).
8640:(in Indonesian).
8574:. 22 March 2016.
8542:. 21 March 2016.
8474:New Straits Times
8331:978-1-137-36077-9
7946:on 6 October 2014
7632:"South China Sea"
7533:Thesis for M.S.Sc
7398:978-1-5036-3088-8
7262:. 25 October 2011
6681:. 21 March 2021.
6170:Springer New York
5742:Fravel, M. Taylor
5609:. verafiles.org.
5376:(13 April 2015).
4597:The Straits Times
4558:Freund, Eleanor.
4245:Asian Perspective
4110:. 2 August 2017.
3987:President Trump's
3935:Jonathan Greenert
3457:Naval War College
3334:International Law
3257:China Coast Guard
3232:Balintang Channel
3178:Commonwealth Bank
2803:Scarborough Shoal
2681:China and Vietnam
2630:Chinese Civil War
2621:Republic of China
2489:Scarborough Shoal
2473:
2472:
2465:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2325:
1909:Republic of China
623:Scarborough Shoal
619:Macclesfield Bank
571:
570:
551:Taiwan and China
261:Maritime security
229:Scarborough Shoal
172:
171:
164:
154:
153:
118:
117:
110:
56:
14298:
14228:
14227:
14160:Coconut Princess
13999:Southeastern SCS
13929:Fiery Cross Reef
13917:West London Reef
13912:East London Reef
13730:West York Island
13626:
13625:
13615:
13614:
13554:Zhongsha Islands
13547:Northeastern SCS
13457:Amphitrite Group
13453:
13452:
13401:
13394:
13387:
13378:
13377:
13317:Related articles
13248:West London Reef
13183:East London Reef
13133:
13132:
13103:
13102:
13088:West York Island
13028:
13027:
12978:
12977:
12938:Fiery Cross Reef
12923:
12922:
12898:
12897:
12889:
12888:
12846:Dangerous Ground
12797:
12790:
12783:
12774:
12773:
12746:
12745:
12739:
12738:
12732:
12731:
12723:Tsushima/Daemado
12718:
12717:
12711:
12710:
12697:
12696:
12690:
12689:
12683:
12682:
12676:
12675:
12669:
12668:
12662:
12661:
12648:
12647:
12641:
12640:
12627:
12626:
12620:
12619:
12613:
12612:
12597:
12596:
12590:
12589:
12583:
12582:
12569:
12568:
12562:
12561:
12548:
12547:
12541:
12540:
12521:
12520:
12514:
12513:
12507:
12506:
12493:
12492:
12486:
12485:
12472:
12471:
12465:
12464:
12458:
12457:
12444:
12443:
12437:
12436:
12423:
12422:
12416:
12415:
12409:
12408:
12395:
12394:
12388:
12387:
12374:
12373:
12367:
12366:
12360:
12359:
12346:
12345:
12339:
12338:
12325:
12324:
12318:
12317:
12298:
12297:
12291:
12290:
12284:
12283:
12270:
12269:
12263:
12262:
12249:
12248:
12242:
12241:
12235:
12234:
12221:
12220:
12214:
12213:
12200:
12199:
12193:
12192:
12186:
12185:
12172:
12171:
12165:
12164:
12147:
12146:
12140:
12139:
12126:
12125:
12119:
12118:
12105:
12104:
12098:
12097:
12089:Limbang District
12084:
12083:
12077:
12076:
12063:
12062:
12056:
12055:
12047:Gilgit-Baltistan
12036:
12035:
12029:
12028:
12015:
12014:
12008:
12007:
11994:
11993:
11987:
11986:
11973:
11972:
11966:
11965:
11952:
11951:
11945:
11944:
11931:
11930:
11924:
11923:
11908:
11907:
11901:
11900:
11887:
11886:
11880:
11879:
11873:
11872:
11859:
11858:
11852:
11851:
11834:
11833:
11827:
11826:
11820:
11819:
11796:
11795:
11768:
11761:
11754:
11745:
11744:
11733:
11731:
11706:
11705:on 28 July 2014.
11704:
11698:. Archived from
11673:
11653:
11651:
11649:
11640:. Archived from
11626:
11624:
11622:
11606:
11589:
11587:
11581:. Archived from
11562:
11552:
11543:
11534:
11528:
11518:
11517:on 30 July 2013.
11516:
11501:
11491:
11462:
11460:
11458:
11434:
11405:Dupuy, Florian;
11365:
11363:
11361:
11337:
11335:
11333:
11309:
11307:
11305:
11281:
11260:
11258:
11256:
11232:
11230:
11228:
11196:
11182:
11180:
11178:
11146:
11145:
11143:
11141:
11120:
11114:
11113:
11111:
11109:
11090:
11084:
11083:
11081:
11079:
11067:RAND Corporation
11057:
11051:
11050:
11048:
11046:
11025:
11019:
11018:
11016:
11014:
11009:. 27 August 2020
10999:
10993:
10992:
10990:
10988:
10979:. 14 July 2020.
10969:
10963:
10962:
10960:
10958:
10938:
10932:
10931:
10929:
10927:
10910:
10904:
10903:
10901:
10899:
10880:
10874:
10873:
10871:
10869:
10849:
10843:
10842:
10840:
10838:
10823:
10817:
10816:
10814:
10812:
10792:
10786:
10785:
10773:
10767:
10766:
10764:
10762:
10746:
10740:
10739:
10737:
10735:
10715:
10704:
10703:
10701:
10699:
10679:
10673:
10672:
10670:
10668:
10652:
10650:
10648:
10637:Want China Times
10629:
10627:
10625:
10604:
10598:
10597:
10595:
10593:
10581:Want China Times
10572:
10566:
10565:
10563:
10561:
10545:
10539:
10538:
10536:
10534:
10512:
10506:
10505:
10503:
10501:
10481:
10475:
10474:
10472:
10470:
10451:
10445:
10444:
10442:
10440:
10434:
10423:
10415:
10413:
10411:
10391:
10385:
10384:
10382:
10380:
10365:
10359:
10358:
10356:
10354:
10322:
10320:
10318:
10286:
10280:
10279:
10271:
10265:
10264:
10262:
10260:
10238:
10232:
10231:
10223:
10217:
10216:
10208:
10202:
10195:
10189:
10188:
10186:
10184:
10159:
10153:
10152:
10150:
10148:
10137:www.fmprc.gov.cn
10129:
10123:
10122:
10120:
10118:
10099:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10088:
10079:. Archived from
10069:
10063:
10062:
10034:
10028:
10027:
10025:
10023:
9998:
9992:
9991:
9989:
9987:
9967:
9961:
9960:
9958:
9956:
9945:The Jakarta Post
9939:(12 July 2016).
9933:
9927:
9926:
9924:
9922:
9911:The Jakarta Post
9902:
9896:
9895:
9893:
9891:
9882:. 23 June 2016.
9870:
9864:
9863:
9861:
9859:
9840:
9834:
9833:
9831:
9829:
9808:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9794:
9773:
9767:
9766:
9764:
9762:
9751:The Jakarta Post
9742:
9736:
9735:
9733:
9731:
9719:Washington Times
9709:
9703:
9702:
9700:
9698:
9678:
9669:
9668:
9666:
9664:
9644:
9638:
9637:
9635:
9633:
9622:The Jakarta Post
9613:
9607:
9590:
9584:
9583:
9565:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9537:(23 July 2016).
9531:
9525:
9524:
9522:
9520:
9498:
9492:
9491:
9457:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9446:
9424:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9383:
9377:
9376:
9360:
9354:
9353:
9335:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9324:
9318:
9307:
9299:
9293:
9292:
9290:
9288:
9282:
9271:
9263:
9257:
9256:
9240:
9234:
9233:
9217:
9211:
9210:
9195:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9163:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9112:
9106:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9079:
9073:
9070:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9059:
9040:
9034:
9031:
9025:
9022:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9011:
8996:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8985:
8963:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8952:
8927:
8918:
8917:
8911:
8909:
8887:
8881:
8880:
8874:
8872:
8855:(22 June 2023).
8849:
8843:
8842:
8840:
8838:
8816:
8810:
8809:
8807:
8805:
8784:
8778:
8777:
8765:
8759:
8758:
8753:
8751:
8729:
8727:
8725:
8709:
8703:
8701:
8685:
8679:
8678:
8676:
8674:
8652:
8646:
8645:
8627:
8621:
8620:
8618:
8616:
8594:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8583:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8532:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8496:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8485:
8465:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8454:
8434:
8428:
8427:
8385:
8379:
8378:
8376:
8374:
8354:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8343:
8307:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8264:
8262:
8241:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8227:
8206:
8197:
8196:
8186:
8184:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8132:
8130:
8128:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8057:. Archived from
8046:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8035:
8016:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8005:
7984:
7978:
7977:
7962:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7951:
7942:. Archived from
7936:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7925:
7903:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7859:
7837:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7811:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7800:
7779:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7759:. Archived from
7753:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7736:
7723:
7714:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7696:Voice of America
7687:
7681:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7660:on 19 March 2008
7656:. Archived from
7650:
7644:
7643:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7611:
7600:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7559:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7544:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7505:. Archived from
7492:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7481:
7475:
7468:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7418:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7267:
7250:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7218:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7187:
7181:
7180:
7175:
7173:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7106:. Archived from
7095:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7072:. Archived from
7062:
7053:
7052:
7051:on 25 July 2012.
7037:
7028:
7027:
7022:. Archived from
7006:
7000:
6999:
6984:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6970:
6961:. 31 July 2019.
6949:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6893:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6862:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6806:
6797:
6796:
6784:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6765:
6754:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6704:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6552:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6527:. 12 July 2016.
6515:
6509:
6508:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6408:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6350:. 16 July 2012.
6334:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6221:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6187:
6178:
6177:
6167:
6157:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6128:
6119:
6118:
6086:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6044:
6035:
6034:
6012:
5985:
5984:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5881:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5837:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5781:
5750:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5672:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5560:
5549:
5548:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5506:
5495:
5494:
5486:
5477:
5476:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5409:
5403:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5337:
5320:
5319:
5276:Tønnesson, Stein
5272:
5255:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5219:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5181:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5141:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5091:
5085:
5080:
5057:
5056:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4921:. Archived from
4915:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4859:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4770:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4744:
4737:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4699:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4663:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4397:Voice of America
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4371:
4364:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4334:The Conversation
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4280:
4269:
4268:
4236:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4211:www.iseas.edu.sg
4203:
4194:
4193:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4138:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4096:
3739:Ahmad Yani-class
3699:KRI Tjiptadi 381
3646:Susi Pudjiastuti
3642:Foreign Ministry
3617:Luhut Pandjaitan
3566:North Natuna Sea
3398:Security summits
3315:Mahathir Mohamad
3276:MT Orkim Harmony
3228:Balintang Island
3171:
3170:
3037:paramount leader
2902:Gilberto Teodoro
2876:Delfin Lorenzana
2757:Fiery Cross Reef
2741:Fiery Cross Reef
2671:North Vietnam's
2468:
2461:
2450:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2395:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2317:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2195:
2184:
2173:
2162:
2151:
2140:
2100:East London Reef
2084:West London Reef
2038:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2011:West York Island
1977:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1891:Dangerous Ground
1881:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1811:
1806:
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1799:
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1787:
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1780:
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1749:
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1704:
1699:
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1673:
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1654:
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1635:
1628:
1623:
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1609:
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1603:
1597:
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1578:
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1471:
1470:
1464:
1457:
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1407:
1400:
1395:
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1362:
1357:
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1331:
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1305:
1300:
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1281:
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1255:
1248:
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1229:
1224:
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1198:
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1148:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1110:
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1103:
1096:
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1084:
1077:
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1065:
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1039:
1034:
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1027:
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1015:
1014:
1008:
1001:
996:
995:
989:
982:
977:
976:
970:
963:
958:
957:
951:
944:
939:
938:
932:
925:
920:
919:
913:
906:
901:
900:
894:
887:
882:
881:
875:
868:
863:
862:
856:
849:
844:
843:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
690:
689:
683:
676:
605:, including the
393:Vietnamese coast
324:Area of dispute
321:
317:
288:cabbage wrapping
167:
160:
149:
146:
140:
128:
127:
120:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
67:
66:
59:
48:
26:
25:
18:
14306:
14305:
14301:
14300:
14299:
14297:
14296:
14295:
14261:Spratly Islands
14256:South China Sea
14241:
14240:
14239:
14234:
14222:
14214:
14144:
14066:
14052:Anambas Islands
14033:
14010:
14006:Palawan Passage
13990:
13964:
13960:Half Moon Shoal
13943:
13881:
13845:Sin Cowe Island
13813:
13777:
13768:Reed Tablemount
13746:
13620:
13613:
13581:Spratly Islands
13575:
13538:
13517:
13489:
13448:Paracel Islands
13442:
13410:
13408:South China Sea
13405:
13375:
13370:
13312:
13273:Half Moon Shoal
13252:
13223:Sin Cowe Island
13127:
13122:
13097:
13092:
13022:
13017:
12972:
12967:
12917:
12912:
12892:
12880:
12866:Reed Tablemount
12834:
12806:
12804:Spratly Islands
12801:
12771:
12766:
12755:
12750:
12740:
12733:
12726:
12712:
12705:
12691:
12684:
12677:
12670:
12663:
12656:
12653:Spratly Islands
12642:
12635:
12621:
12614:
12607:
12603:
12591:
12584:
12577:
12563:
12556:
12542:
12535:
12525:
12515:
12508:
12501:
12498:Paracel Islands
12487:
12480:
12466:
12459:
12452:
12438:
12431:
12417:
12410:
12403:
12389:
12382:
12368:
12361:
12354:
12340:
12333:
12319:
12312:
12302:
12292:
12285:
12278:
12264:
12257:
12243:
12236:
12229:
12215:
12208:
12194:
12187:
12180:
12166:
12159:
12141:
12134:
12120:
12113:
12099:
12092:
12078:
12071:
12057:
12050:
12040:
12030:
12023:
12009:
12002:
11999:Khao Phra Wihan
11988:
11981:
11967:
11960:
11946:
11939:
11925:
11918:
11913:
11902:
11895:
11892:Doi Pha Hom Pok
11881:
11874:
11867:
11853:
11846:
11828:
11821:
11814:
11789:
11772:
11702:
11671:
11647:
11645:
11644:on 15 June 2018
11620:
11618:
11585:
11560:
11526:
11514:
11499:
11456:
11454:
11452:
11401:
11400:
11399:
11384:
11383:
11379:
11372:
11370:Further reading
11359:
11357:
11355:
11331:
11329:
11327:
11303:
11301:
11299:
11278:
11254:
11252:
11250:
11242:. M.E. Sharpe.
11226:
11224:
11214:
11189:(24 May 2024).
11176:
11174:
11172:
11154:
11149:
11139:
11137:
11122:
11121:
11117:
11107:
11105:
11092:
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11075:
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11027:
11026:
11022:
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11000:
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10986:
10984:
10971:
10970:
10966:
10956:
10954:
10939:
10935:
10925:
10923:
10911:
10907:
10897:
10895:
10882:
10881:
10877:
10867:
10865:
10850:
10846:
10836:
10834:
10825:
10824:
10820:
10810:
10808:
10793:
10789:
10774:
10770:
10760:
10758:
10747:
10743:
10733:
10731:
10716:
10707:
10697:
10695:
10680:
10676:
10666:
10664:
10653:
10646:
10644:
10643:on 1 April 2015
10631:
10630:
10623:
10621:
10620:on 2 April 2015
10606:
10605:
10601:
10591:
10589:
10574:
10573:
10569:
10559:
10557:
10546:
10542:
10532:
10530:
10513:
10509:
10499:
10497:
10482:
10478:
10468:
10466:
10461:. 29 May 2012.
10453:
10452:
10448:
10438:
10436:
10432:
10421:
10417:
10416:
10409:
10407:
10392:
10388:
10378:
10376:
10375:. 2 August 2012
10367:
10366:
10362:
10352:
10350:
10343:
10335:. p. 219.
10323:
10316:
10314:
10307:
10287:
10283:
10272:
10268:
10258:
10256:
10239:
10235:
10224:
10220:
10209:
10205:
10196:
10192:
10182:
10180:
10165:(31 May 2016).
10160:
10156:
10146:
10144:
10131:
10130:
10126:
10116:
10114:
10101:
10100:
10096:
10086:
10084:
10071:
10070:
10066:
10035:
10031:
10021:
10019:
10000:
9999:
9995:
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9964:
9954:
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9920:
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9889:
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9837:
9827:
9825:
9810:
9809:
9802:
9792:
9790:
9775:
9774:
9770:
9760:
9758:
9743:
9739:
9729:
9727:
9710:
9706:
9696:
9694:
9679:
9672:
9662:
9660:
9645:
9641:
9631:
9629:
9614:
9610:
9600:Wayback Machine
9591:
9587:
9566:
9562:
9552:
9550:
9532:
9528:
9518:
9516:
9499:
9495:
9476:
9458:
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9444:
9442:
9425:
9421:
9411:
9409:
9384:
9380:
9361:
9357:
9336:
9332:
9322:
9320:
9316:
9305:
9301:
9300:
9296:
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9284:
9280:
9269:
9265:
9264:
9260:
9241:
9237:
9218:
9214:
9197:
9196:
9192:
9182:
9180:
9179:on 6 April 2022
9172:CNN Philippines
9165:
9164:
9160:
9150:
9148:
9133:
9113:
9109:
9099:
9097:
9080:
9076:
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9037:
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9028:
9023:
9019:
9009:
9007:
8998:
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8993:
8983:
8981:
8964:
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8948:
8928:
8921:
8907:
8905:
8888:
8884:
8870:
8868:
8850:
8846:
8836:
8834:
8817:
8813:
8803:
8801:
8786:
8785:
8781:
8766:
8762:
8749:
8747:
8732:
8730:
8723:
8721:
8712:
8710:
8699:
8697:
8686:
8682:
8672:
8670:
8653:
8649:
8628:
8624:
8614:
8612:
8595:
8591:
8581:
8579:
8564:
8563:
8559:
8549:
8547:
8534:
8533:
8529:
8519:
8517:
8512:. 21 May 2015.
8498:
8497:
8493:
8483:
8481:
8466:
8462:
8452:
8450:
8435:
8431:
8386:
8382:
8372:
8370:
8355:
8351:
8341:
8339:
8332:
8308:
8304:
8294:
8292:
8283:
8282:
8278:
8260:
8258:
8243:
8242:
8235:
8225:
8223:
8208:
8207:
8200:
8182:
8180:
8165:
8163:
8156:
8154:
8149:. 23 May 2016.
8135:
8133:
8126:
8124:
8116:The Borneo Post
8106:
8099:
8097:
8078:
8074:
8064:
8062:
8047:
8043:
8033:
8031:
8018:
8017:
8013:
8003:
8001:
7986:
7985:
7981:
7976:on 13 May 2012.
7964:
7963:
7959:
7949:
7947:
7938:
7937:
7933:
7923:
7921:
7904:
7900:
7890:
7888:
7871:
7867:
7857:
7855:
7838:
7834:
7824:
7822:
7813:
7812:
7808:
7798:
7796:
7781:
7780:
7776:
7766:
7764:
7763:on 2 March 2014
7755:
7754:
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7734:
7721:
7715:
7711:
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7699:
7689:
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7630:
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7527:
7526:
7522:
7512:
7510:
7493:
7489:
7479:
7477:
7473:
7466:
7460:
7456:
7446:
7444:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7416:
7414:
7399:
7391:. p. 109.
7379:
7375:
7365:
7363:
7348:
7347:
7343:
7333:
7331:
7316:
7315:
7311:
7301:
7299:
7282:
7278:
7265:
7263:
7252:
7251:
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7237:
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7215:
7205:
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7188:
7184:
7171:
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7150:
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7119:
7115:
7096:
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7079:
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7063:
7056:
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6807:
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6705:
6698:
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6671:
6670:
6666:
6656:
6654:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6624:
6622:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6597:on 14 May 2021.
6583:
6582:
6578:
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6495:
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6387:
6385:
6372:
6371:
6367:
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6355:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6321:
6319:
6314:. 30 May 2011.
6304:
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5785:
5783:
5779:
5765:10.1355/cs33-3b
5748:
5739:
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5725:
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5700:
5696:
5673:
5666:
5656:
5654:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5616:
5614:
5600:
5596:
5581:10.1355/CS21-3D
5561:
5552:
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5533:
5523:
5521:
5507:
5498:
5487:
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5449:
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4779:
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4746:
4742:
4735:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4700:
4693:
4683:
4681:
4673:Manila Bulletin
4664:
4649:
4639:
4637:
4620:
4616:
4606:
4604:
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4590:
4586:
4576:
4574:
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4131:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4044:
4023:
4017:
3980:USS Carl Vinson
3927:Western Pacific
3901:Hillary Clinton
3872:
3862:
3845:
3830:
3817:Lee Hsien Loong
3812:
3800:
3760:Indonesian Navy
3746:Bung Tomo-class
3735:Indonesian Navy
3727:South China Sea
3637:illegal fishing
3568:
3558:
3535:
3529:
3504:
3487:
3479:Stein Tønnesson
3441:
3436:
3400:
3369:
3363:
3336:
3296:Philippine Navy
3206:
3194:Paracel Islands
3190:South China Sea
3158:
3130:South China Sea
3126:
3110:
3061:
3044:Rodrigo Duterte
2996:
2944:
2938:
2921:Member States.
2914:
2895:South China Sea
2868:Spratly Islands
2807:Philippine Navy
2590:Empire of Japan
2497:Spratly Islands
2469:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2416:
2396:
2381:
2370:
2364:
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2285:
2278:
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2271:
2270:
2269:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2200:
2189:
2178:
2167:
2156:
2145:
2134:
2056:Sin Cowe Island
2033:
2031:
2027:
2025:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1887:Spratly Islands
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1845:
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1743:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1002:
999:
997:
993:
990:
983:
980:
978:
974:
971:
964:
961:
959:
955:
952:
945:
942:
940:
936:
933:
926:
923:
921:
917:
914:
907:
904:
902:
898:
895:
888:
885:
883:
879:
876:
869:
866:
864:
860:
857:
850:
847:
845:
841:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
691:
687:
684:
677:
627:Spratly Islands
607:Paracel Islands
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
316:
298:have conducted
225:Paracel Islands
221:Spratly Islands
189:South China Sea
168:
157:
156:
155:
150:
144:
141:
138:
129:
125:
114:
103:
97:
94:
83:
68:
64:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
14304:
14294:
14293:
14288:
14283:
14278:
14273:
14268:
14263:
14258:
14253:
14236:
14235:
14233:
14232:
14219:
14216:
14215:
14213:
14212:
14211:
14210:
14209:
14208:
14203:
14198:
14193:
14183:
14182:
14181:
14173:
14165:
14164:
14163:
14152:
14150:
14146:
14145:
14143:
14142:
14136:
14130:
14124:
14118:
14112:
14106:
14100:
14095:
14090:
14088:Nine-dash line
14085:
14080:
14074:
14072:
14068:
14067:
14065:
14064:
14059:
14054:
14049:
14047:Natuna Islands
14043:
14041:
14035:
14034:
14032:
14031:
14029:Luconia Shoals
14026:
14018:
14016:
14012:
14011:
14009:
14008:
14002:
14000:
13996:
13995:
13992:
13991:
13989:
13988:
13983:
13978:
13972:
13970:
13966:
13965:
13963:
13962:
13957:
13951:
13949:
13945:
13944:
13942:
13941:
13939:Spratly Island
13936:
13931:
13926:
13921:
13920:
13919:
13914:
13909:
13907:Cuarteron Reef
13904:
13893:
13891:
13887:
13886:
13883:
13882:
13880:
13879:
13877:Mariveles Reef
13874:
13869:
13864:
13859:
13854:
13849:
13848:
13847:
13842:
13837:
13832:
13821:
13819:
13815:
13814:
13812:
13811:
13806:
13801:
13796:
13791:
13789:Commodore Reef
13785:
13783:
13779:
13778:
13776:
13775:
13770:
13765:
13763:Nanshan Island
13760:
13754:
13752:
13748:
13747:
13745:
13744:
13743:
13742:
13734:
13733:
13732:
13727:
13719:
13718:
13717:
13715:Zhongzhou Reef
13712:
13710:Taiping Island
13707:
13702:
13697:
13687:
13686:
13685:
13680:
13675:
13665:
13664:
13663:
13658:
13650:
13649:
13648:
13643:
13632:
13630:
13623:
13612:
13611:
13606:
13601:
13596:
13591:
13585:
13583:
13577:
13576:
13574:
13573:
13568:
13567:
13566:
13556:
13550:
13548:
13544:
13543:
13540:
13539:
13537:
13536:
13531:
13525:
13523:
13522:Other features
13519:
13518:
13516:
13515:
13510:
13505:
13499:
13497:
13495:Crescent Group
13491:
13490:
13488:
13487:
13482:
13477:
13472:
13467:
13461:
13459:
13450:
13444:
13443:
13441:
13440:
13433:
13426:
13420:
13418:
13412:
13411:
13404:
13403:
13396:
13389:
13381:
13372:
13371:
13369:
13368:
13366:Nine-dash line
13363:
13358:
13353:
13348:
13343:
13338:
13331:
13326:
13320:
13318:
13314:
13313:
13311:
13310:
13305:
13300:
13295:
13290:
13285:
13280:
13278:Luconia Shoals
13275:
13270:
13264:
13262:
13258:
13257:
13254:
13253:
13251:
13250:
13245:
13240:
13238:Spratly Island
13235:
13230:
13225:
13220:
13215:
13210:
13205:
13200:
13198:Lansdowne Reef
13195:
13190:
13185:
13180:
13175:
13170:
13165:
13160:
13155:
13150:
13145:
13139:
13137:
13124:
13123:
13121:
13120:
13118:Zhongzhou Reef
13115:
13113:Taiping Island
13109:
13107:
13094:
13093:
13091:
13090:
13085:
13080:
13075:
13070:
13068:Nanshan Island
13065:
13060:
13055:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13038:Commodore Reef
13034:
13032:
13019:
13018:
13016:
13015:
13010:
13008:Mariveles Reef
13005:
13000:
12995:
12990:
12984:
12982:
12969:
12968:
12966:
12965:
12960:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12933:Cuarteron Reef
12929:
12927:
12914:
12913:
12911:
12910:
12904:
12902:
12886:
12882:
12881:
12879:
12878:
12873:
12868:
12863:
12858:
12853:
12848:
12842:
12840:
12836:
12835:
12833:
12832:
12826:
12820:
12814:
12812:
12811:Confrontations
12808:
12807:
12800:
12799:
12792:
12785:
12777:
12768:
12767:
12765:
12764:
12760:
12757:
12756:
12752:
12751:
12749:
12748:
12720:
12699:
12650:
12629:
12599:
12571:
12550:
12528:
12526:
12524:
12523:
12495:
12474:
12446:
12425:
12397:
12376:
12348:
12327:
12305:
12303:
12301:
12300:
12272:
12251:
12223:
12202:
12174:
12149:
12131:Mainland China
12128:
12107:
12086:
12065:
12043:
12041:
12039:
12038:
12017:
11996:
11975:
11954:
11933:
11910:
11889:
11861:
11836:
11807:
11804:
11803:
11800:
11794:
11791:
11790:
11787:Southeast Asia
11771:
11770:
11763:
11756:
11748:
11742:
11741:
11734:
11722:(2): 165–193.
11707:
11664:
11654:
11627:
11607:
11590:
11573:(3): 414–436.
11553:
11544:
11535:
11519:
11492:
11463:
11450:
11435:
11417:(1): 121–141.
11398:
11397:
11392:
11386:
11385:
11374:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11367:
11366:
11353:
11338:
11326:978-9814311717
11325:
11310:
11298:978-9041114075
11297:
11282:
11276:
11261:
11248:
11233:
11213:978-8791114014
11212:
11197:
11187:Antonio Carpio
11183:
11170:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11147:
11115:
11085:
11052:
11020:
10994:
10964:
10933:
10905:
10875:
10844:
10818:
10787:
10782:Foreign Policy
10768:
10741:
10705:
10674:
10599:
10567:
10540:
10507:
10476:
10446:
10386:
10360:
10341:
10305:
10299:. p. 57.
10281:
10266:
10233:
10218:
10203:
10190:
10154:
10124:
10094:
10064:
10029:
9993:
9962:
9928:
9897:
9865:
9835:
9800:
9768:
9737:
9704:
9670:
9639:
9608:
9585:
9575:Foreign Policy
9560:
9526:
9493:
9474:
9452:
9434:Foreign Policy
9419:
9378:
9355:
9330:
9294:
9258:
9235:
9212:
9190:
9158:
9131:
9107:
9074:
9065:
9035:
9026:
9017:
8991:
8958:
8931:Bloomberg News
8919:
8882:
8844:
8811:
8796:. 8 May 2019.
8779:
8760:
8680:
8647:
8622:
8589:
8557:
8527:
8491:
8460:
8429:
8380:
8349:
8330:
8302:
8276:
8233:
8215:Vietnamnews.vn
8198:
8072:
8061:on 11 May 2014
8041:
8026:. 5 May 2014.
8011:
7979:
7957:
7931:
7898:
7865:
7832:
7806:
7774:
7748:
7709:
7682:
7671:
7645:
7623:
7586:
7551:
7520:
7487:
7454:
7424:
7397:
7373:
7341:
7309:
7291:Defenseone.com
7276:
7245:
7213:
7182:
7144:
7127:New York Times
7113:
7087:
7054:
7029:
7001:
6976:
6944:
6918:
6888:
6854:
6828:
6798:
6779:
6740:
6721:
6696:
6664:
6632:
6600:
6576:
6569:
6542:
6510:
6489:
6456:
6441:
6416:
6395:
6380:. 7 May 2015.
6365:
6329:
6297:
6264:
6227:
6201:
6179:
6149:
6120:
6076:
6036:
6029:
5986:
5967:
5935:
5905:
5890:
5857:
5848:resrep32231.11
5823:
5793:
5733:
5694:
5683:(1): 153–181.
5664:
5633:
5624:
5594:
5575:(3): 386–404.
5550:
5541:World Bulletin
5531:
5496:
5478:
5443:
5404:
5395:
5365:
5321:
5256:
5247:
5209:
5169:
5129:
5110:
5086:
5058:
5031:
5000:
4988:
4955:
4928:
4910:
4887:
4851:
4820:
4789:
4771:. p. 54.
4756:
4738:. p. 45.
4721:
4691:
4647:
4614:
4584:
4550:
4518:
4485:
4452:
4415:
4400:. April 2019.
4383:
4351:
4320:
4294:
4270:
4251:(4): 145–169.
4228:
4195:
4188:
4174:. Livingston:
4163:
4125:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4043:
4040:
4019:Main article:
4016:
4013:
3861:
3858:
3844:
3841:
3829:
3826:
3811:
3808:
3799:
3796:
3763:Naval Aviation
3723:nine-dash line
3707:Natuna Regency
3701:(centre), and
3697:(background),
3613:Natuna islands
3605:nine-dash line
3589:Natuna Islands
3557:
3554:
3528:
3525:
3503:
3500:
3486:
3483:
3466:professor and
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3399:
3396:
3384:Graham Allison
3365:Main article:
3362:
3359:
3335:
3332:
3205:
3202:
3174:JPMorgan Chase
3157:
3154:
3125:
3122:
3109:
3106:
3060:
3057:
2995:
2992:
2937:
2934:
2913:
2912:2011 agreement
2910:
2827:Antonio Carpio
2787:Taiping island
2657:Geneva Accords
2634:nine-dash line
2554:United Kingdom
2485:Antonio Carpio
2471:
2470:
2453:
2452:
2399:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2382:
2340:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2290:
2277:
2274:
2249:
2246:Mariveles Reef
2208:
2198:Kingston Shoal
2176:Alexandra Bank
2124:Lansdowne Reef
2060:Spratly Island
2026:
2015:Commodore Reef
1999:Nanshan Island
1965:
1920:
1895:
1889:. The eastern
1884:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1003:
998:
991:
984:
979:
972:
965:
960:
953:
946:
941:
934:
927:
922:
915:
908:
903:
896:
889:
884:
877:
870:
865:
858:
851:
846:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
670:
669:
668:
667:
666:
659:
648:
637:
634:Natuna Islands
630:
600:
593:
590:
579:nine-dash line
569:
568:
566:
563:
561:
559:
557:
554:
552:
548:
547:
545:
542:
539:
537:
535:
532:
530:
526:
525:
523:
521:
518:
515:
512:
510:
508:
504:
503:
501:
498:
495:
493:
491:
488:
486:
482:
481:
479:
476:
474:
472:
469:
466:
464:
460:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
436:
435:
433:
430:
427:
424:
422:
419:
416:
412:
411:
408:
405:
403:
401:
399:
396:
394:
390:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
366:nine-dash line
361:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
315:
312:
308:nine-dash line
296:United Kingdom
284:salami slicing
269:Taiping Island
257:shipping lanes
237:Natuna Islands
233:Gulf of Tonkin
170:
169:
152:
151:
132:
130:
123:
116:
115:
71:
69:
62:
57:
31:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14303:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14284:
14282:
14279:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14269:
14267:
14264:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14248:
14246:
14231:
14226:
14221:
14220:
14217:
14207:
14204:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14188:
14187:
14184:
14180:
14177:
14176:
14174:
14172:
14169:
14168:
14166:
14162:
14161:
14157:
14156:
14154:
14153:
14151:
14147:
14140:
14137:
14134:
14131:
14128:
14125:
14122:
14119:
14116:
14113:
14110:
14107:
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14099:
14096:
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14091:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14075:
14073:
14069:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14057:Badas Islands
14055:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14044:
14042:
14040:
14036:
14030:
14027:
14025:
14024:
14020:
14019:
14017:
14013:
14007:
14004:
14003:
14001:
13997:
13987:
13984:
13982:
13979:
13977:
13974:
13973:
13971:
13967:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13952:
13950:
13946:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13924:Bombay Castle
13922:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13910:
13908:
13905:
13903:
13900:
13899:
13898:
13895:
13894:
13892:
13888:
13878:
13875:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13863:
13860:
13858:
13855:
13853:
13852:Ardasier Reef
13850:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13838:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13828:
13827:
13826:
13823:
13822:
13820:
13816:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13799:Mischief Reef
13797:
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13792:
13790:
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13786:
13784:
13780:
13774:
13771:
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13726:
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13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13706:
13703:
13701:
13700:Namyit Island
13698:
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13693:
13692:
13691:
13688:
13684:
13683:Loaita Island
13681:
13679:
13676:
13674:
13671:
13670:
13669:
13666:
13662:
13659:
13657:
13654:
13653:
13651:
13647:
13646:Southwest Cay
13644:
13642:
13641:Northeast Cay
13639:
13638:
13637:
13634:
13633:
13631:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13616:
13610:
13607:
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13565:
13562:
13561:
13560:
13557:
13555:
13552:
13551:
13549:
13545:
13535:
13534:Triton Island
13532:
13530:
13527:
13526:
13524:
13520:
13514:
13513:Yagong Island
13511:
13509:
13508:Robert Island
13506:
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13501:
13500:
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13481:
13478:
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13468:
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13458:
13454:
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13449:
13445:
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13438:
13434:
13432:
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13427:
13425:
13424:Pratas Island
13422:
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13419:
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13416:Pratas Island
13413:
13409:
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13388:
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13379:
13367:
13364:
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13266:
13265:
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13259:
13249:
13246:
13244:
13241:
13239:
13236:
13234:
13233:Southwest Cay
13231:
13229:
13226:
13224:
13221:
13219:
13216:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13204:
13203:Namyit Island
13201:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13188:Grierson Reef
13186:
13184:
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13179:
13176:
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13158:Bombay Castle
13156:
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13108:
13106:
13101:
13095:
13089:
13086:
13084:
13081:
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13076:
13074:
13073:Northeast Cay
13071:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13063:Loaita Island
13061:
13059:
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12988:Ardasier Reef
12986:
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12959:
12958:Mischief Reef
12956:
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12553:Pratas Island
12551:
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12428:Kuril Islands
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9937:Siswo Pramono
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9393:World Affairs
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8172:Daily Express
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7993:The Economist
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6787:Euan Graham.
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6775:public domain
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6245:(1): 86–103.
6244:
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3462:According to
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3405:
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3328:
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3307:
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3277:
3273:
3269:
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3258:
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3246:
3244:
3243:clashed again
3239:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3218:
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3215:Bashi Channel
3210:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
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3163:Ocean Oil 981
3153:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3105:
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3099:
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3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
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3054:
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3027:
3022:
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3016:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2972:
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2927:
2922:
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2896:
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2879:
2877:
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2860:
2858:
2857:John S McCain
2853:
2850:
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2843:
2839:
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2824:
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2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2788:
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2779:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2769:Mischief Reef
2765:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2746:terra nullius
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2718:
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2710:
2705:
2704:Yagong Island
2701:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2673:Phạm Văn Đồng
2669:
2666:
2665:South Vietnam
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:North Vietnam
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2619:In 1947, the
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2564:
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2555:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:United States
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2511:and the 1875
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2467:
2464:
2449:
2446:
2438:
2428:
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2414:
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2406:
2405:
2400:This article
2398:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2379:
2376:
2368:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2341:This article
2339:
2330:
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2324:
2322:
2315:
2314:
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2308:
2303:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2268:
2264:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:Ardasier Reef
2227:
2223:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2188:
2187:Orleana Shoal
2182:
2177:
2171:
2166:
2165:Grainger Bank
2160:
2155:
2149:
2144:
2143:Vanguard Bank
2138:
2133:
2129:
2128:Bombay Castle
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:Grierson Reef
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2052:Namyit Island
2049:
2045:
2044:Southwest Cay
2041:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:Northeast Cay
2000:
1996:
1995:Loaita Island
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1918:
1914:
1911:(Taiwan): 1:
1910:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1874:
1855:
1836:
1817:
1798:
1767:
1748:
1729:
1710:
1691:
1672:
1653:
1634:
1615:
1596:
1577:
1558:
1539:
1520:
1501:
1482:
1463:
1444:
1425:
1406:
1387:
1368:
1349:
1330:
1311:
1292:
1273:
1254:
1235:
1216:
1197:
1178:
1159:
1140:
1121:
1102:
1083:
1064:
1045:
1026:
1007:
988:
969:
950:
931:
912:
893:
874:
855:
682:
675:
664:
660:
657:
653:
649:
646:
642:
638:
635:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:Pratas Island
608:
604:
601:
598:
594:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:
574:
567:
564:
562:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
524:
522:
519:
516:
513:
511:
509:
506:
505:
502:
499:
496:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
480:
477:
475:
473:
470:
467:
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462:
461:
457:
454:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
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434:
431:
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423:
420:
417:
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413:
409:
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384:
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375:
372:
369:
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356:
351:
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331:
326:
323:
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311:
309:
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293:
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280:
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272:
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264:
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254:
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245:
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230:
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214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
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166:
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148:
136:
131:
122:
121:
112:
109:
101:
91:
87:
81:
80:
76:
70:
61:
60:
55:
53:
46:
45:
40:
39:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
14201:Swallow Reef
14158:
14077:
14021:
14015:Southern SCS
13986:Swallow Reef
13897:London Reefs
13830:Collins Reef
13804:Sabina Shoal
13740:Western Reef
13656:Thitu Island
13652:Thitu Reefs
13564:Walker Shoal
13503:Money Island
13480:Woody Island
13465:Rocky Island
13435:
13428:
13360:
13308:Whitsun Reef
13303:Western Reef
13293:Sabina Shoal
13243:Tennent Reef
13208:Pearson Reef
13168:Collins Reef
13083:Thitu Island
13013:Swallow Reef
12856:London Reefs
12152:North Borneo
11843:Azad Kashmir
11737:
11719:
11715:
11700:the original
11682:(3): 35–69.
11679:
11675:
11657:
11646:. Retrieved
11642:the original
11635:
11619:. Retrieved
11615:
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11598:
11583:the original
11570:
11566:Asian Survey
11564:
11548:
11539:
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11512:the original
11507:
11503:
11471:
11467:
11455:. Retrieved
11440:
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11358:. Retrieved
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10924:. Retrieved
10920:Defense News
10918:
10908:
10896:. Retrieved
10888:The Guardian
10887:
10878:
10866:. Retrieved
10857:
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10835:. Retrieved
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10257:. Retrieved
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10181:. Retrieved
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10145:. Retrieved
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10127:
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10106:
10097:
10085:. Retrieved
10081:the original
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10038:
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10020:. Retrieved
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9984:. Retrieved
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9965:
9953:. Retrieved
9944:
9931:
9919:. Retrieved
9910:
9900:
9888:. Retrieved
9877:
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9856:. Retrieved
9848:The Guardian
9847:
9838:
9826:. Retrieved
9817:The Guardian
9815:
9791:. Retrieved
9780:
9771:
9759:. Retrieved
9750:
9740:
9728:. Retrieved
9717:
9707:
9695:. Retrieved
9693:(4): 551–562
9690:
9686:
9661:. Retrieved
9653:The Diplomat
9652:
9642:
9630:. Retrieved
9621:
9611:
9588:
9573:
9563:
9551:. Retrieved
9543:Bangkok Post
9542:
9529:
9517:. Retrieved
9506:
9496:
9487:
9461:
9455:
9443:. Retrieved
9432:
9422:
9410:. Retrieved
9397:
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9369:INQUIRER.net
9368:
9358:
9345:The Diplomat
9343:
9333:
9321:. Retrieved
9309:
9297:
9285:. Retrieved
9273:
9261:
9248:
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9225:
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9207:the original
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9183:21 September
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9008:. Retrieved
9003:
8994:
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8949:. Retrieved
8940:Bangkok Post
8938:
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8906:. Retrieved
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8876:
8869:. Retrieved
8860:
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8718:the original
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8671:. Retrieved
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8613:. Retrieved
8602:
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8125:. Retrieved
8114:
8098:. Retrieved
8090:ABS-CBN News
8085:
8075:
8063:. Retrieved
8059:the original
8044:
8032:. Retrieved
8023:
8014:
8002:. Retrieved
7991:
7982:
7974:the original
7970:news.163.com
7969:
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7948:. Retrieved
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7889:. Retrieved
7878:
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7856:. Retrieved
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7809:
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7694:
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7658:the original
7648:
7640:the original
7635:
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7616:18 September
7614:. Retrieved
7602:
7589:
7577:. Retrieved
7566:
7541:. Retrieved
7537:the original
7532:
7523:
7513:27 September
7511:. Retrieved
7507:the original
7502:The Diplomat
7500:
7490:
7480:18 September
7478:. Retrieved
7457:
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7104:thehindu.com
7103:
7078:. Retrieved
7074:the original
7049:the original
7044:
7024:the original
7017:
7004:
6991:
6967:. Retrieved
6956:
6947:
6935:. Retrieved
6921:
6909:. Retrieved
6900:
6891:
6879:. Retrieved
6870:
6845:. Retrieved
6841:
6831:
6819:. Retrieved
6793:the original
6782:
6756:
6743:
6735:the original
6724:
6712:. Retrieved
6687:. Retrieved
6676:
6667:
6655:. Retrieved
6646:Military.com
6644:
6635:
6623:. Retrieved
6612:
6603:
6595:the original
6588:
6579:
6556:
6533:. Retrieved
6522:
6513:
6502:
6492:
6480:. Retrieved
6469:
6459:
6450:
6444:
6432:. Retrieved
6428:
6419:
6410:
6398:
6386:. Retrieved
6377:
6368:
6356:. Retrieved
6343:ABS-CBN News
6341:
6332:
6320:. Retrieved
6309:
6300:
6288:. Retrieved
6279:ABS-CBN News
6277:
6267:
6242:
6236:
6230:
6218:. Retrieved
6204:
6191:
6163:
6140:. Retrieved
6094:
6090:
6067:. Retrieved
6061:(2): 41–65.
6058:
6052:
6016:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5958:. Retrieved
5947:
5938:
5926:. Retrieved
5922:the original
5917:
5908:
5899:
5893:
5885:
5878:. Retrieved
5869:
5860:
5851:
5839:
5833:"Appendix B"
5826:
5814:. Retrieved
5805:
5796:
5784:. Retrieved
5756:
5752:
5736:
5724:. Retrieved
5707:
5697:
5680:
5677:China Review
5676:
5655:. Retrieved
5653:(3): 399–420
5650:
5646:
5636:
5627:
5615:. Retrieved
5597:
5572:
5568:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5522:. Retrieved
5514:
5490:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5417:
5414:Modern China
5413:
5407:
5398:
5386:. Retrieved
5368:
5356:. Retrieved
5345:
5314:– via
5287:
5283:
5250:
5238:. Retrieved
5227:
5200:. Retrieved
5189:
5160:. Retrieved
5149:
5120:. Retrieved
5096:
5089:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5017:
5013:
5003:
4991:
4979:. Retrieved
4968:
4958:
4946:. Retrieved
4931:
4923:the original
4913:
4901:. Retrieved
4890:
4878:. Retrieved
4867:
4842:. Retrieved
4840:(3): 399–420
4837:
4833:
4823:
4811:. Retrieved
4809:(3): 399–420
4806:
4802:
4792:
4780:. Retrieved
4759:
4747:. Retrieved
4724:
4712:. Retrieved
4682:. Retrieved
4671:
4638:. Retrieved
4627:
4617:
4605:. Retrieved
4596:
4587:
4575:. Retrieved
4563:
4553:
4541:. Retrieved
4532:The Diplomat
4530:
4521:
4509:. Retrieved
4498:
4488:
4476:. Retrieved
4465:
4455:
4443:. Retrieved
4430:
4406:. Retrieved
4395:
4386:
4374:. Retrieved
4354:
4342:. Retrieved
4333:
4323:
4311:. Retrieved
4297:
4288:
4248:
4244:
4219:. Retrieved
4210:
4171:
4166:
4154:. Retrieved
4145:. New York.
4140:
4128:
4116:. Retrieved
4103:
4037:
4032:
4024:
4009:
4002:
3999:
3985:
3944:
3931:
3910:
3889:
3885:
3846:
3833:Kabir Hashim
3831:
3821:Hua Chunying
3813:
3801:
3775:also sent 4
3717:Indonesia's
3716:
3677:
3670:
3659:
3633:
3628:
3627:which means
3624:
3601:unilaterally
3597:
3593:Riau Islands
3536:
3505:
3496:
3472:
3461:
3442:
3416:Barack Obama
3413:
3401:
3392:note verbale
3389:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3355:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3323:
3308:
3293:
3266:
3262:
3247:
3240:
3222:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3182:T Rowe Price
3161:
3159:
3150:Petrovietnam
3139:
3127:
3111:
3086:
3062:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3009:Global Times
3007:
3001:
2997:
2987:Global Times
2985:
2978:
2974:
2968:PetroVietnam
2961:
2945:
2923:
2915:
2906:
2899:
2888:
2880:
2864:Whitsun Reef
2861:
2854:
2849:South Korean
2846:
2840:(ADIZ). The
2831:
2817:to file the
2801:Tensions at
2800:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2762:
2744:
2732:Johnson Reef
2725:
2721:
2709:Soviet Union
2693:
2685:
2670:
2654:
2650:
2618:
2606:
2587:
2582:Woody Island
2571:
2567:
2551:
2544:
2534:through the
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2474:
2459:
2441:
2432:
2417:Please help
2401:
2371:
2362:
2347:that do not
2343:may contain
2342:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2304:Please help
2301:
2226:Swallow Reef
2120:Collins Reef
2076:Pearson Reef
2007:Thitu Island
663:Luzon Strait
654:, including
572:
529:Luzon Strait
281:
273:
265:
244:global trade
241:
184:
183:
173:
158:
142:
134:
104:
95:
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
14023:James Shoal
13981:Louisa Reef
13976:Amboyna Cay
13862:Dallas Reef
13835:Hughes Reef
13825:Union Banks
13758:Flat Island
13725:Irving Reef
13695:Gaven Reefs
13690:Tizard Bank
13673:Lankiam Cay
13668:Loaita Bank
13529:Bombay Reef
13470:Tree Island
13213:Petley Reef
13148:Amboyna Cay
13143:Alison Reef
13053:Lankiam Cay
13048:Irving Reef
13043:Flat Island
13030:Philippines
12993:Dallas Reef
12948:Hughes Reef
12943:Gaven Reefs
12908:Louisa Reef
12876:Union Banks
12871:Tizard Bank
12851:Loaita Bank
12702:Taiwan Area
12400:James Shoal
11108:24 February
10898:17 December
10868:26 November
10837:13 November
10811:25 February
10761:29 November
10734:29 November
10592:15 February
10560:13 February
10552:. Reuters.
10500:3 September
10490:govtrack.us
10353:16 December
10317:16 December
10107:TODAYonline
9947:. Jakarta.
9913:. Jakarta.
9624:. Jakarta.
9553:11 December
9323:26 November
9287:26 November
9100:11 December
8984:15 December
8826:Astro Awani
8750:11 November
8724:11 November
8700:11 November
8615:11 November
8520:11 November
8484:11 November
8453:11 November
8402:: 169–187.
8269:Le Hai Binh
8261:14 November
8226:11 November
8183:11 November
8157:11 November
8142:GMA Network
8127:11 November
8100:11 November
7741:24 December
7636:eoearth.org
7603:NTS Insight
7579:11 December
7447:3 September
7266:4 September
7206:1 September
7172:1 September
7137:1 September
6969:12 November
6911:12 November
6847:1 September
6657:18 February
6625:18 February
6590:Nikkei Asia
6172:. pp.
5388:27 February
5083:Carpio 2024
5047:: 111–139.
4996:Bonnet 2012
4607:29 February
4478:22 November
4408:22 November
4104:China Power
3994:Kelly Craft
3906:Yang Jiechi
3804:rule of law
3662:Joko Widodo
3520:Khmer Rouge
3250:Joko Widodo
3108:Philippines
3089:Philippines
3069:natural gas
2952:Indian Navy
2948:INS Airavat
2891:Philippines
2815:Philippines
2696:Vietnam War
2638:Ho Chi Minh
2602:Philippines
2528:Philippines
2481:Velarde map
2477:Philippines
2435:August 2024
2267:Louisa Reef
2234:Dallas Reef
2201: [
2190: [
2179: [
2168: [
2157: [
2146: [
2135: [
2112:Petley Reef
2104:Alison Reef
2096:Pigeon Reef
2064:Amboyna Cay
2019:Irving Reef
1987:Lankiam Cay
1983:Flat Island
1979:Philippines
615:James Shoal
348:Philippines
253:natural gas
205:Philippines
14245:Categories
14196:Spratly Is
13867:Erica Reef
13678:Loaita Cay
13228:South Reef
13058:Loaita Cay
12998:Erica Reef
11811:Aksai Chin
11621:5 February
10926:16 October
10724:HeinOnline
10533:12 January
10147:1 December
10117:1 December
10022:21 January
9986:21 January
9484:1369646711
9412:2 December
9141:1331741429
8951:29 October
8320:. p.
8086:VERA Files
7799:9 November
7702:14 January
7437:Navy Times
7407:1331741429
7366:14 January
7334:14 January
7294:. Quartz.
7238:16 October
6958:Kyodo News
6142:5 February
6069:8 November
5880:31 October
5759:(3): 298.
5111:9041113819
5020:(3): 399.
4511:25 January
4500:Asia Times
4079:References
3957:USS Lassen
3952:Ash Carter
3923:John Kerry
3864:See also:
3783:, and put
3737:including
3560:See also:
3531:See also:
3420:Sunnylands
3304:Pangasinan
3184:(6%), and
3040:Xi Jinping
2883:ten dashes
2677:Li Xiannan
2625:Kuomintang
2610:Zhou Enlai
2522:After the
2419:improve it
2409:verifiable
2307:improve it
2238:Erica Reef
2116:South Reef
1991:Loaita Cay
507:Sabah area
75:neutrality
38:improve it
14171:Pratas Is
14167:Airports
14149:Transport
13934:Ladd Reef
13661:Subi Reef
13619:Dangerous
13485:Qilian Yu
13475:West Sand
13193:Ladd Reef
12963:Subi Reef
12632:Sir Creek
11936:Hong Kong
11488:158337369
11474:: 79–99.
11222:0904-597X
11129:France 24
11013:27 August
10183:19 August
10059:158918216
9697:27 August
9404:: 83–90.
9151:7 January
9089:Bloomberg
9010:11 August
8424:156373670
8416:0951-2748
8295:21 August
8250:VnExpress
8055:Xinhuanet
7950:4 October
7924:4 January
7891:4 January
7858:4 January
7815:"Vietnam"
7783:"Vietnam"
7543:10 August
7417:7 January
7198:. Hanoi.
7158:East Asia
7080:3 January
6992:DNA India
6714:17 August
6358:19 August
6290:10 August
6259:154141550
6115:154266861
5773:155011636
5716:0362-4331
5657:11 August
5473:153668477
5459:(1): 72.
5438:147173788
5424:: 38–72.
5304:0026-749X
5151:Aljazeera
5026:0008-7254
4844:11 August
4813:11 August
4640:19 August
4257:0258-9184
4084:Citations
4007:islands.
3961:Subi Reef
3828:Sri Lanka
3810:Singapore
3806:at sea."
3749:corvettes
3687:empires.
3685:Majapahit
3681:Srivijaya
3611:near the
3556:Indonesia
3485:Australia
3196:, a move
3186:BlackRock
3134:crude oil
3118:Reed Bank
3082:Reed Bank
2795:West Reef
2730:near the
2726:In 1988,
2702:and took
2423:citations
2365:July 2024
2345:citations
2313:talk page
2088:Ladd Reef
1917:Zhongzhou
338:Indonesia
249:crude oil
197:Indonesia
145:June 2024
98:June 2024
86:talk page
44:talk page
14206:Thitu Is
14179:Woody Is
13705:Sand Cay
13218:Sand Cay
12980:Malaysia
12477:Noktundo
11978:Kalapani
11696:54492222
11431:55162381
11360:10 March
11332:10 March
11304:10 March
11255:10 March
11227:10 March
11177:10 March
11134:Archived
11102:Archived
11072:Archived
11045:30 March
11039:Archived
10981:Archived
10951:Archived
10892:Archived
10862:Archived
10831:Archived
10805:Archived
10755:Archived
10728:Archived
10692:Archived
10667:27 March
10661:Archived
10647:27 March
10624:27 March
10554:Archived
10527:Archived
10494:Archived
10463:Archived
10439:13 March
10430:Archived
10410:13 March
10404:Archived
10347:Archived
10311:Archived
10253:Archived
10177:Archived
10141:Archived
10111:Archived
10016:Archived
10012:AFP News
9980:Archived
9976:BBC News
9955:21 March
9949:Archived
9915:Archived
9884:Archived
9879:ABC News
9852:Archived
9822:Archived
9787:Archived
9755:Archived
9724:Archived
9657:Archived
9626:Archived
9604:Livemint
9596:Archived
9580:Archived
9547:Archived
9513:Archived
9439:Archived
9406:Archived
9373:Archived
9350:Archived
9314:Archived
9278:Archived
9253:Archived
9230:Archived
9145:Archived
9094:Archived
9052:Archived
8978:Archived
8945:Archived
8908:31 March
8902:Archived
8878:fishing.
8871:31 March
8865:Archived
8837:31 March
8831:Archived
8804:31 March
8798:Archived
8744:Archived
8739:Tuổi Trẻ
8694:Archived
8673:31 March
8667:Archived
8642:Archived
8609:Archived
8576:Archived
8544:Archived
8540:BBC News
8514:Archived
8478:Archived
8447:Archived
8367:Archived
8336:Archived
8289:Archived
8255:Archived
8220:Archived
8177:Archived
8151:Archived
8121:Archived
8094:Archived
8028:Archived
7998:Archived
7918:Archived
7885:Archived
7852:Archived
7819:Archived
7793:Archived
7732:Archived
7664:15 March
7607:Archived
7573:Archived
7471:Archived
7441:Archived
7411:Archived
7360:Archived
7328:Archived
7296:Archived
7232:Archived
7200:Archived
7166:Archived
7131:Archived
6996:Archived
6963:Archived
6937:4 August
6931:Archived
6905:Archived
6875:Archived
6815:Archived
6761:Archived
6683:Archived
6651:Archived
6619:Archived
6529:Archived
6476:Archived
6411:Công Báo
6388:6 August
6382:Archived
6352:Archived
6322:6 August
6316:Archived
6284:Archived
6214:Archived
6136:Archived
6101:: 1001.
6063:Archived
5954:Archived
5874:Archived
5810:Archived
5777:Archived
5744:(2011).
5720:Archived
5689:23462012
5611:Archived
5589:25798466
5382:Archived
5352:Archived
5278:(2006).
5234:Archived
5196:Archived
5156:Archived
5116:Archived
4975:Archived
4942:Archived
4874:Archived
4773:Archived
4740:Archived
4708:Archived
4678:Archived
4634:Archived
4601:Archived
4571:Archived
4537:Archived
4505:Archived
4472:Archived
4439:Archived
4402:Archived
4376:14 March
4367:Archived
4344:14 March
4338:Archived
4307:Archived
4265:42704389
4215:Archived
4178:and the
4147:Archived
4112:Archived
4042:See also
3843:Thailand
3742:frigates
3603:claimed
3502:Cambodia
3439:Analysis
3289:Sulu Sea
3102:Thailand
3094:Malaysia
3019:maritime
2791:Sand Cay
2559:Malaysia
2505:Basinloc
2491:(called
2351:the text
2222:Malaysia
2048:Sand Cay
696:124miles
625:and the
343:Malaysia
294:and the
201:Malaysia
191:made by
79:disputed
14191:Itu Aba
14071:History
13135:Vietnam
12839:Regions
12604:Islands
12309:Ambalat
11648:31 July
11152:Sources
11140:7 April
11078:30 July
11007:Reuters
10987:14 July
10957:25 June
10858:Reuters
10087:1 March
9921:18 July
9890:18 July
9858:18 July
9828:18 July
9782:Reuters
9761:18 July
9730:25 July
9663:18 July
9632:18 July
9519:26 July
9508:The Age
9489:claims.
9445:11 June
9203:Reuters
9058:15 July
8973:Reuters
8853:Bernama
8373:21 June
8316:. USA:
8147:Reuters
8024:Reuters
7825:2 March
7767:2 March
7302:29 July
7227:Reuters
7196:Reuters
7066:B Raman
7045:Reuters
7010:B Raman
6881:20 July
6871:Reuters
6842:Reuters
6821:18 June
6813:. CNN.
6535:17 June
6504:Rappler
6482:17 June
6220:19 June
5726:12 July
5617:19 June
5524:19 June
5358:15 July
5312:3876599
5240:19 June
5202:19 June
5162:19 June
5122:15 July
4981:19 June
4970:Rappler
4948:19 June
4903:19 June
4880:19 June
4782:19 June
4749:19 June
4714:19 June
4684:19 June
4467:Reuters
4313:15 July
4221:19 June
4005:Côn Đảo
3882:, 1971)
3854:Wang Yi
3447:of the
3300:Bolinao
3198:Vietnam
3180:(14%),
3176:(19%),
3169:海洋石油981
3124:Vietnam
3114:Palawan
3098:Vietnam
3053:Beijing
3006:-owned
2866:in the
2663:, gave
2530:to the
2493:Panacot
2413:neutral
2355:Please
2276:History
2040:Vietnam
1962:Dongmen
1950:Huayang
1938:Yongshu
1913:Taiping
656:Ambalat
641:Palawan
358:Vietnam
217:Vietnam
211:(PRC),
135:updated
14155:Ships
14141:(2014)
14135:(2012)
14129:(2012)
14123:(1988)
14117:(1975)
14111:(1974)
14105:(1944)
13621:Ground
13105:Taiwan
12900:Brunei
12831:(1988)
12825:(1975)
12068:Ladakh
11785:, and
11694:
11662:online
11637:JURIST
11486:
11457:31 May
11448:
11429:
11378:about
11351:
11323:
11295:
11274:
11246:
11220:
11210:
11168:
10469:30 May
10400:Issues
10379:30 May
10339:
10303:
10259:30 May
10057:
9793:2 July
9482:
9472:
9139:
9129:
8707:known.
8637:Kompas
8582:15 May
8550:15 May
8422:
8414:
8342:29 May
8328:
8272:later.
8065:16 May
8034:2 July
8004:14 May
7405:
7395:
6689:9 June
6567:
6434:15 May
6257:
6113:
6027:
5960:30 May
5846:
5816:30 May
5786:12 May
5771:
5714:
5687:
5587:
5515:Per SE
5471:
5436:
5310:
5302:
5108:
5024:
4577:30 May
4543:1 July
4445:30 May
4263:
4255:
4186:
4156:30 May
4118:30 May
3779:and a
3771:, the
3766:CN-235
3751:, and
3550:UNCLOS
3142:Repsol
3077:Kuwait
2823:UNCLOS
2598:France
2563:Brunei
2349:verify
2265:: 56:
2263:Brunei
2260:
2253:
2251:
2224:: 50:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2042:: 21:
2037:
2030:
2028:
1981:: 10:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1958:Chiguo
1954:Nanxun
1931:
1924:
1922:
1906:
1899:
1897:
597:Borneo
353:Taiwan
328:Brunei
292:France
213:Taiwan
207:, the
203:, the
193:Brunei
13969:South
12925:China
12254:Susta
12156:Sabah
12110:Macau
12020:Korea
11783:South
11703:(PDF)
11692:S2CID
11672:(PDF)
11586:(PDF)
11561:(PDF)
11527:(PDF)
11515:(PDF)
11500:(PDF)
11484:S2CID
11427:S2CID
10698:5 May
10433:(PDF)
10422:(PDF)
10055:S2CID
9400:(1).
9317:(PDF)
9310:CSCAP
9306:(PDF)
9281:(PDF)
9274:CSCAP
9270:(PDF)
8420:S2CID
8398:(2).
7735:(PDF)
7722:(PDF)
7610:(PDF)
7599:(PDF)
7474:(PDF)
7467:(PDF)
6901:ASEAN
6764:(PDF)
6753:(PDF)
6407:(PDF)
6255:S2CID
6111:S2CID
5928:7 May
5844:JSTOR
5836:(PDF)
5780:(PDF)
5769:S2CID
5749:(PDF)
5685:JSTOR
5585:JSTOR
5469:S2CID
5434:S2CID
5420:(1).
5316:Jstor
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