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725:, announced the development of 12 model square dancing routines it had hired and trained instructors to introduce around the country. "Dancing in public squares represents the collective aspect of Chinese culture, but now it seems that the overenthusiasm of participants has dealt it a harmful blow with disputes over noise and venues," explained Liu Guoyong, director of General Administration of Sports' public fitness department. "So we have to guide it with national standards and regulations."
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address the noise issues; others said the dancers should be free to choose their own routines. The real problem, yet others said, was not only the lack of better places for the dancing but the lack of other social opportunities for the women. The government soon clarified that the routines it created and promoted were only meant to be healthy alternatives to existing ones and were not required.
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290:. "Over a longer period of time, these activities became arranged in rhythms and movements which were harmonious and graceful—now they had dancing." While these may have eventually evolved into modern breathing exercises, other commentators suggest a public aspect to such dancing analogous to modern square dancing may have been refined in later eras, such as the religious dances of the
286:, people began to dance slowly in order to reinvigorate their muscles after lengthy rains had kept them indoors, sometimes leading to joint diseases. Eventually they began dressing up in costumes and using props. "As time passed, they discovered that some activities could promote appetite, strengthen muscles and bones, and get rid of fatigue," writes one historian of
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these twelve routines," said Liu. "Of course that's impossible. It's a misunderstanding." Many
Chinese took this to be a tacit admission that the hostile reaction to the routines and the sheer number of square dancers, meant that government realized it would be impossible to displace existing square-dance routines with its own.
227:", or older hits from the 1950s, often with propagandist lyrics. Some dances are complicated and demanding, but the majority are low-impact routines that primarily consist of holding the dancer's arms in front of the body in varied positions. For this reason they are often referred to derisively as "zombie dances."
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school whose slowed-down moves are often practiced as exercise, known as tai chi in the West. They begin as early as 5:30 a.m., and tend to use spaces nearer supermarkets so they are better positioned to bargain for and purchase fresh vegetables when the markets open. In the evening they tend to
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Groups sometimes split if one experienced dancer feels she can lead a group of her own, especially if there are dancers dissatisfied with the current leaders' interpretation of the songs. Groups that form by such splits often consider themselves in competition. These can take the nature of friendly,
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However, square dancers also came into conflict with residents of the areas that surrounded their preferred spaces. Many were younger workers who complained that this noise pollution kept them or their families from getting needed rest, especially if different groups of dancers began turning their
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Dancers organize themselves into rank and file. The front rank comprises the most proficient dancers, the best being in the center. Each rank back from the one in front contains dancer who are less proficient. All the dancers face forward. This allows dancers to learn from those in the rows ahead.
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Shortly afterwards, officials stated that the new routines were not meant to be the only ones permitted, contrary to what the original announcement had stated. "We saw that some people on the
Internet were worried that the new regulations meant all over China people would only be allowed to dance
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As square dancing continues to flourish in the urban environment, the dancing activity happening on found and loosened space (urban public space temporarily appropriated by residents to meet their needs) reveals the tension between how the modern city is imagined and constructed, and how the real
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in 2014. "I feel the same kind of spirit and emotions." Another woman, whose troupe used the "red songs" written during that era, was more political. "The can always remind us what the
Chinese leaders did for us to have a good life today and how they fought hard for the ordinary people in China."
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In cities during the Great Leap, there was an emphasis on collective use of public space even for activities that had usually taken place in the home. For example, entire neighborhoods were required to eat their dinner in public dining halls. Ultimately, the Great Leap
Forward proved disastrous,
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In 2015 the
Chinese government reacted to these complaints and incidents by prescribing a set of standardized routines for all dancers to follow, claiming they would be culturally unifying and healthier. The move was met with widespread criticism. Some Chinese complained that it did nothing to
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in the evening or morning hours. Dancers in China's increasingly populous cities congregate in public areas because there are few dedicated facilities where they could go. Residents of nearby apartment complexes who have been disturbed by the high volume of multiple dance groups' musical
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Wang had earlier clarified that he designed the routines to provide fuller exercise than the ones he saw on the streets. His routines were designed to involve the entire body, and incorporate dance moves from styles the
Chinese public was not yet widely familiar with such as
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of the nation's cities. It is popular with middle-aged and retired women who have been referred to as "dancing grannies" in the
English-language media. Due to its low cost and ease of participation, it has been estimated to have over 100 million practitioners, according to
688:, says this apparent insensitivity to loud noise is another effect of the Cultural Revolution, when propaganda read over loudspeakers was a constant feature of daily Chinese life. "The intimate memories of the loudspeakers are lodged deep in the subconscious of the old
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s ranks continued to grow along with China's cities. By 2008 half of the country's population was living in an urban environment. That year they received unintentional official encouragement when the government promoted fitness all over the country in anticipation of
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could implement, he suggested closing off lanes of less busy streets in the neighborhoods favored by square dancers to create temporary pedestrian space. He estimated that this could provide up to 8.8 square metres (95 sq ft) per dancer in the city.
348:. At the time most Chinese still lived in rural areas, as they had for centuries. Some had already moved to cities to take industrial jobs, but to better realize the aspirations of the Great Leap Forward, many of them moved or were forcibly relocated.
729:, the government's press agency, explained that the new routines would help make square dancing "a nationally unified, scientifically crafted new activity that brings positive energy to the people." The announcement was accompanied by a video set to "
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A recent survey found that
Shanghai residents have more tolerance for square dancing. According to the report, 75% of residents supported the group dancing, and 73% of young residents supported it. Beyond that, most residents said they thought
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Despite the tension between square dancers and residents of the areas they danced in, most
Chinese opposed the move and supported the square dancers' right to choose their own music and dances. "This isn't a business," one dancer told the
444:, which had been suppressed during the Cultural Revolution, returned. Women who had experienced the brunt of the Cultural Revolution and its dislocations in their teens and young adulthood, including the exposure to and participation in
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start dancing after dinner; for this reason spaces used by square dancers in the evening tend not to be too far from their homes as they also may have to tend to grandchildren they may be watching while their own children work late.
513:. Tai chi's philosophy strongly encourages its practice in parks, closer to nature, and space there was scarce. Falun Gong was outlawed by the government in 1999, eliminating that option for exercise. So, the women, referred to as
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Other commentators expressed more practical concerns, such as whether the higher-impact routines were ideal for older women. "Who pays the medical bills if the grannies hurt themselves doing these?", asked one person on a
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Some dancers themselves make this historical connection. "When I do the dances, it reminds me of my younger years when I was doing similar dances during the
Cultural Revolution," a retired driver in her mid-60s told the
437:". The pace of urbanization picked up again afterwards. As younger Chinese moved from farms to cities, found jobs and started families, their parents often moved in with them to better supervise their grandchildren.
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The groups congregate in the early morning and evening, any time of year, at parks or public squares, or anywhere they can find enough space, regardless of what other use that space may nominally have, such as a
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TV network sponsored a contest, drawing participants from seven cities. Its successful broadcast drew more participants into the squares and plazas. In 2014 the Chopstick Brothers featured square dancers in the
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Some groups have gotten large, as many as 80 members in some cases. Leaders of these large groups charge a small fee to regular attendees to support the use of the electronics. It is reported as being either
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music up to compete with each other. "One man bouncing his infant daughter says he fears the first words she will speak are the saccharine lyrics that waft in daily through the walls and windows," the
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is good for health, both mental and physical – 62% saw regular dancing as exercise and recreation, and 61% believed it helps elderly people expand their social circles and dispel loneliness.
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who developed the routines, said that concern was misplaced. None of the groups of dancers he tested them on had any complaints, he said. "Some even asked that the moves be more complicated."
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tool. Performances often helped relieve tensions between the party and the peasantry during times when food was scarce, although during the more repressive period of the Cultural Revolution,
30:
482:. Streets were widened to accommodate automobile traffic, driving many activities that had once taken place there elsewhere. Although there were parks, there were severe shortages of
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The music is usually broadcast from a portable CD player and amplifier on wheels, powered by a large vehicle battery. Accompaniment varies. Some groups dance to Western pop or even
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began doing it to keep themselves occupied. Its popularity notwithstanding, square dancing has been the subject of considerable controversy in the 2010s China due to complaints of
628:, two groups of rival dancers allegedly came to blows when they tried to share a small space at a local park. A court ordered one group to pay the other's medical costs.
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voluntarily agreed to limit its routines to certain times and noise levels, others have been more defiant. "The louder the music, the more fun it is," one dancer told
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fitness routine. He hoped that the more intense routines would widen the demographic of square dancers. "I want to see more young people dancing in public squares."
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residents threw human excrement on dancers from the tops of their neighboring towers. In a 2013 incident that gained national attention, a man in Beijing's outlying
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with younger women, left home for long periods of time to work elsewhere, or both. They returned to dance as a way to stay fit, relieve boredom and socialize.
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had, as of 2013, a mere 1.2 square metres (13 sq ft) of open space per resident, far below the 9-square-metre (97 sq ft) suggested by the
341:
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541:'great mothers'), often rendered in the English press as "grannies", began finding their own spaces to dance in the way they had in their youth.
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Zhao, "据曹露向时代周报记者描述，一位湖南师范大学的退休女教师，先是参加了学校附近的“广场舞”团体，熟练后感到“舞蹈节奏太慢，更新的速度也不太频繁”，随后带着队伍里的一些成员重新成立了自己的团队，从网上看视频学习舞蹈，甚至到外地“取经”，自此以每周教学一支新舞的速度，迅速将原先的队伍比了下去。"
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decided to do their dance in the hotel lobby, attracting attention from guests there and causing friction with hotel management. A group dancing in
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pointed out that "The biggest tragedy is not the square dance by grannies, but the fact that grannies have nothing else to do than square-dance."
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about the effect square dancing had had on her. "When I dance, I forget all my cares. And I can also hike up mountains with little effort."
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593:, one group pooled the equivalent of US$ 40,000 to purchase a sound system of their own, loudly reminding dancers to comply with Chinese
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accompaniment, especially late in the evening and early in the morning when they are trying to sleep, have sometimes reacted violently.
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The practice has roots in both ancient and modern Chinese history. Dancing for exercise has been recorded as developed millennia ago in
498:, as compared with 11.2 square metres (121 sq ft) per resident in Beijing and 20 square metres (220 sq ft) in
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provided no incident, but other square dancers have not been so lucky in other countries (similarly, Russians visiting cities in
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is one of their reasons for taking part, although the benefits of the exercise and socialization opportunities also play a role.
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popular songs, both contemporary and historic. The hobby began in the mid-1990s, as middle-aged women who had been forced into
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the public spaces of cities were noted for their use in performance. Most of the women who square dance came of age during the
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performances, began to reach mandatory retirement age in the mid-1990s, or were laid off from state-run enterprises following
406:, very popular in rural areas, particularly in northern China. Originally performed to mark important agricultural occasions,
249:. "I used to be quick to lose my temper, but now nothing bothers me," a similarly aged retired paper mill worker explained to
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had prioritized commerce and industry, often demolishing older neighborhoods with small houses and replacing them with large
383:, work and be properly re-educated through review of Mao's writings. This too caused great hardship and economic disruption.
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era. A Beijing group attracted international attention in summer of 2014 for performing Cultural Revolution-era songs like "
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Apparel varies greatly. Many groups' members show up in street clothes or exercise clothing similar to that worn for
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The back rank is often populated with beginners just learning the moves, while the front rows are well-coordinated.
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Square dancers' response to clashes with residents over noise has been mixed. While one group of dancers in
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1451:[12 National Square-Dancing Aerobics Routines Introduced] (Press release) (in Chinese). Beijing.
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reported in 2013. The dancers also drew complaints that they blocked building entrances, sidewalks or
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due to labor shortages on farms. In 1962, the government began allowing people to move back to farms.
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organized events, or more serious competition for the best spaces available and the loudest sound.
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375:. Since urban intellectuals' thought was believed to have been tainted by awareness or memory of
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Zhao, "江苏卫视在去年推出了大型公益健身类节目《最炫民族风》，镜头对准的是全国1.8亿老人。 该节目在全国七大城市进行了招募，在众多“广场舞”群体中引起巨大反响，奖金更是高达上百万。"
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The cities they were living in, however, lacked sufficient space for such activities. Chinese
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The Cultural Revolution ended with Mao's death in 1976. Following the arrest and trial of the
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But other analysts wrote that the problem went deeper than this insensitivity. Tong writes:
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The annoyed residents have sometimes taken it upon themselves to quiet the dancers' din. In
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156:. Morning dancers try to avoid parks since they are preferred locations for tai chi, the
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At first, they joined older Chinese in practicing tai chi and the newer practices of
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city is remade and lived in by common people, especially our elderly square dancers.
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Zhao, 费用有每人每年20元的，也有每人每月5元的，视各领舞老师的意愿而定，但总体来说，“费用是很少的”。... 在长沙，一般需要缴纳的费用在每人每年40元左右。
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659:, made headlines in August 2014 when its leader was arrested for violating a city
574:"; the dancers returned the favor by making it a popular tune for their routines.
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243:"It's good for my health to be able to come out and exercise," a retiree told the
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In the rural areas they were relocated to, the urbanites first encountered the
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In the 2010s square dancing began to draw notice both in China and abroad. A
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89:'public square dance'), is an exercise routine performed to music in
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that swept China during the 1960s and early '70s, in the broader context of
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were widely performed, often as propaganda. Some have confirmed that this
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692:," he wrote. "They have no concept that this can actually annoy others."
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was itself banned along with many other traditional forms of expression.
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in the West. More advanced groups sometimes wear costumes and use props.
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have joined in the square dances). Two mainland Chinese women visiting
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452:. Some also began experiencing marital stress as husbands began having
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reported seeing one group in green fatigues, dancing to songs from the
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1061:"Wrath of Dancing Grandmothers Forces Chinese Government to Backtrack"
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1274:"The dancing damas: China's 'square dancers' take society by storm"
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Dancers have also taken their dances overseas. A dance on Moscow's
625:
278:, an encyclopedia compiled in the third century B.C.E., during the
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969:"China's senior dancers and their 'red songs' would do Mao proud"
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Altercations have even arisen among the dancers themselves. In
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Dance as a form of exercise, has a long history in China. The
1827:
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1518:
1302:"Public Dance: A Sociality Invented in Individualizing China"
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The origins of modern square dancing have been traced to the
220:
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1155:"这是《武林旧事》里记录的节日街头的场景，南宋临安市民就喜欢在街头看跳舞，不过那些舞者个个都是专业范儿，跳的是美感。
486:, especially in rapidly growing cities. The small city of
1441:
579:
239:
A mixed-age group of square dancers in Beijing, June 2017
1487:
1406:"'Chinese damas' vow to say no to noise of square dance"
1138:[Maybe only a typhoon can stop square dancers].
214:
Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China
1214:
History and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine
1160:
1022:"China Puts a Hitch in the Step of 'Dancing Grannies'"
367:
revolted against both Chinese traditions and official
282:, describes how, two millennia earlier in the time of
1267:
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1263:
1261:
1259:
1211:
Zhen'guo Wang, Peiping Xie (1997). Ping Chen (ed.).
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904:"Eight stories you want to know about square dance"
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126:Square dancers dance to a variety of music, mostly
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1052:
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410:had been adapted by the CCP for its own uses as a
16:Exercise activity popular with older Chinese women
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684:in 2015. Song Jiahong, a humanities professor at
352:failing to industrialize effectively and causing
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960:
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363:began. Organized youth styling themselves the
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1234:
1187:"Shanghai residents 'support' square dancers"
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1099:Square Dancing in the Streets, Xuanhua, China
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1089:
1087:
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1083:
947:
873:"China Blog: Dancing Grannies raise a ruckus"
502:or 90 square metres (970 sq ft) in
425:, including Mao's widow for perpetrating it,
98:, the country's official television network.
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1013:
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717:In March 2015, two government agencies, the
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302:sees it as similar to public dancing in the
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429:took over as CCP chairman and instituted a
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185:5 per month or ¥20 annually. One group in
733:" demonstrating one of the new routines.
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719:State General Administration of Sports
435:socialism with Chinese characteristics
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13:
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967:Makinen, Julie (August 26, 2014).
704:As a remedy that his home city of
306:of the late first millennium C.E.
14:
2391:
1469:
1380:"Dancing Grannies raise a ruckus"
1355:"Square dancers facing a dilemma"
1300:Wang, Qianni (February 9, 2014).
1272:He, Huifeng (December 18, 2014).
1020:Jacobs, Andrew (March 24, 2015).
1475:
1184:
1059:Sheehan, Matt (March 26, 2015).
806:
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667:; the charge was later dropped.
478:apartment complexes, increasing
38:2013 video of square dancing in
2304:Dance in mythology and religion
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329:. A decade later, CCP chairman
1134:Shu, Fang (October 10, 2013).
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647:, home of one of the earliest
620:Large dance in a public square
613:on a nearby group of dancers.
605:was arrested after he fired a
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440:Foreign dance trends, such as
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1:
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609:in the air and set his three
21:Square dance (disambiguation)
288:Chinese traditional medicine
7:
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762:site. Wang Guangcheng, the
381:sent to rural areas to live
371:, preferring the purity of
113:, when folk dances such as
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663:forbidding sounds over 45
431:program of economic reform
327:People's Republic of China
315:the country's urbanization
294:that preceded the rise of
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47:People's Republic of China
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1946:
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557:Conflicts and controversy
496:World Health Organization
340:initiative to accelerate
105:'s China, and during the
1279:South China Morning Post
1217:. IOS Press. p. 8.
822:History of Chinese dance
713:2015 government response
280:Spring and Autumn period
168:Older square dancers at
91:squares, plazas or parks
319:Chinese Communist Party
146:
1104:Landscape Architecture
702:
621:
394:
240:
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42:
1449:"全国广场健身操舞活动 推出12套广场舞"
1108:Ohio State University
930:"Dancing with danger"
697:
619:
389:
292:Warring States period
238:
172:Park in Beijing, 2014
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37:
2269:Dance and disability
1484:at Wikimedia Commons
570:for their hit song "
551:that year's Olympics
454:extramarital affairs
433:which continues as "
359:Soon afterward, the
338:economic development
325:and established the
19:For other uses, see
2314:Dance on television
1096:Tong, Chen (2013).
881:. December 12, 2013
800:Architecture portal
748:Xinmin Evening News
723:Ministry of Culture
529:traditional Chinese
361:Cultural Revolution
311:Cultural Revolution
111:Cultural Revolution
67:traditional Chinese
1386:. 12 December 2013
1027:The New York Times
837:Radio calisthenics
681:The New York Times
622:
603:Changping District
521:simplified Chinese
480:population density
395:
335:Great Leap Forward
241:
231:Perceived benefits
206:The New York Times
174:
59:simplified Chinese
43:
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2356:
2309:Dance occupations
2246:Wallis and Futuna
1480:Media related to
1410:English.people.cn
1136:"能阻挡广场舞的也许只剩下台风了"
974:Los Angeles Times
934:English.people.cn
908:chinadaily.com.cn
832:Pre-work assembly
686:Yunnan University
539:
463:Los Angeles Times
369:Chinese communism
323:Chinese Civil War
246:Los Angeles Times
87:
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2380:Society of China
2344:History of dance
2329:Dance technology
2274:Dance and health
2224:African-American
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1891:Lead and follow
1852:
1788:Country–western
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1708:Novelty and fad
1666:Hoochie coochie
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1576:closed position
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1545:List of dancers
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317:. In 1949, the
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1470:External links
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1359:Women of China
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1224:978-9051993240
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1191:Chinadaily.com
1185:Wang, Hongyi.
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928:Hu, Qingyuan.
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827:List of dances
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472:urban planners
321:(CCP) won the
298:. A writer in
296:Imperial China
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51:square dancing
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450:privatization
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427:Deng Xiaoping
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275:Lüshi Chunqiu
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80:guǎngchǎng wǔ
76:
68:
60:
56:
55:plaza dancing
52:
48:
41:
22:
2334:Dance troupe
2279:Dance awards
2174:Pontic Greek
1881:Dance theory
1871:Choreography
1783:Contemporary
1482:Guangchangwu
1456:. Retrieved
1443:
1438:Tong, 36–43.
1434:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1383:
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1358:
1348:
1339:
1334:Tong, 27–28.
1330:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1306:Academia.edu
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1277:
1253:Tong, 15–16.
1249:
1244:Tong, 19–20.
1213:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1190:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1154:
1147:. Retrieved
1139:
1112:. Retrieved
1098:
1070:. Retrieved
1064:
1031:. Retrieved
1025:
978:. Retrieved
972:
937:. Retrieved
933:
923:
911:. Retrieved
907:
883:. Retrieved
876:
847:Street dance
842:Social dance
814:China portal
772:
768:
760:social media
753:
746:
738:
735:
731:Little Apple
716:
703:
698:
694:
679:
669:
630:
623:
588:
584:parking lots
576:
572:Little Apple
560:
553:in Beijing.
545:
543:
514:
508:
469:
461:
458:
445:
439:
423:Gang of Four
420:
415:
407:
398:
396:
390:
379:, many were
358:
350:
308:
304:Song dynasty
299:
273:
271:
262:guangchangwu
261:
258:
250:
244:
242:
225:Little Apple
218:
205:
195:
191:
179:
175:
158:martial arts
150:
141:
125:
114:
107:Song dynasty
100:
78:
54:
50:
44:
2164:Philippines
2149:Netherlands
2139:Middle East
1691:Table dance
1656:Go go dance
1636:Competitive
1140:Youth Times
1102:(Master of
655:borough of
645:Sunset Park
300:Youth Times
284:Emperor Yao
154:parking lot
103:Emperor Yao
2364:Categories
2231:Uzbekistan
1999:Azerbaijan
1908:Musicality
1876:Connection
1833:Postmodern
1803:Historical
1686:Striptease
1681:Pole dance
1631:Ceremonial
1586:slow dance
1415:16 October
1390:16 October
1364:18 October
1353:Yin, Leo.
1196:16 October
1066:World Post
939:16 October
913:25 October
853:References
690:Red Guards
649:Chinatowns
633:Red Square
511:Falun Gong
412:propaganda
404:folk dance
377:capitalism
365:Red Guards
333:began the
331:Mao Zedong
210:Korean War
132:retirement
2236:Venezuela
2199:Sri Lanka
2194:Singapore
2154:Nicaragua
2084:Indonesia
1989:Australia
1858:Technique
1756:formation
1671:Lap dance
1458:March 31,
1429:Tong, 34.
1325:Tong, 21.
1311:March 29,
1285:March 29,
1149:March 27,
1114:March 26,
1106:thesis).
1072:March 30,
1033:March 25,
980:March 30,
885:March 29,
661:ordinance
637:Manchuria
476:high-rise
121:nostalgia
2251:Zimbabwe
2204:Thailand
2129:Malaysia
2114:Kiribati
2024:Cameroon
2019:Cambodia
2009:Bulgaria
1984:Assyrian
1953:national
1948:Regional
1928:Spotting
1923:Sequence
1901:glossary
1848:Two-step
1793:Flamenco
1778:Breaking
1773:Boogaloo
1751:Ballroom
1696:Twerking
1661:Grinding
1646:Ecstatic
1384:BBC News
878:BBC News
786:See also
778:and the
743:Shanghai
721:and the
665:decibels
657:Brooklyn
626:Qingyuan
500:New York
442:ballroom
198:aerobics
187:Changsha
40:Shenzhen
2261:Related
2241:Vietnam
2214:Ukraine
2124:Kurdish
2094:Ireland
2074:Hungary
2064:Georgia
2049:Denmark
2039:Croatia
2004:Belarus
1994:Austria
1979:Armenia
1969:Albania
1933:Turnout
1818:Lyrical
1798:Hip-hop
1641:Concert
1566:Partner
1535:Outline
706:Xuanhua
651:in the
607:shotgun
591:Wenzhou
563:Jiangsu
492:Beijing
488:Xuanhua
393:dancers
268:History
221:waltzes
128:Chinese
45:In the
2209:Turkey
2189:Serbia
2184:Russia
2179:Romani
2169:Poland
2134:Mexico
2099:Israel
2069:Greece
2054:Europe
2029:Canada
1964:Africa
1955:dances
1913:Pointe
1886:Graham
1866:Ballet
1823:Modern
1746:Ballet
1733:Styles
1718:Street
1713:Sacred
1651:Erotic
1623:Social
1611:square
1596:contra
1591:circle
1221:
1144:Yan'an
745:, the
727:Xinhua
641:Taipei
597:laws.
531::
523::
504:Warsaw
446:yangge
416:yangge
408:yangge
400:yangge
391:Yangge
373:Maoism
354:famine
116:yangge
77::
75:pinyin
69::
61::
2144:Nepal
2119:Korea
2109:Japan
2104:Italy
2079:India
2034:China
1938:Turns
1896:Moves
1838:Swing
1828:Polka
1813:Latin
1768:Belly
1761:waltz
1606:round
1530:Index
1519:Dance
780:Zumba
776:salsa
739:Times
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