Qin (state) - Knowledge

1474: 1285: 1370:(460–390 BC) did not list Qin among the powerful states. However, other scattered information of its military exploits indicates that Qin remained a powerful polity ever since Lord Mu. Its armies acted, even if infrequently, in the eastern and southeastern parts of the Chinese world, occasionally against great power Wu. Although not weak, the overall impact of Qin on the affairs of the Zhou world in the 5th and the early 4th century BC considerably diminished. Another research also finds that Qin was strong and explains the weak influence on the Central Plain by the Qin isolationist policy. Initially, Qin avoided involvement using its protective geography and, responding to growing external threats, gradually turned to intervention in the manner of "defensive imperialism." 1575:, dated to 246 BC, described: Through military victories, Qin has, "in the time of the last six kings," that is from Xiao in 361 BC to the First Emperor, brought the other states "into submission." Already by the 240s BC, other states "yielded obeiscence to Qin as if they were its commanderies and prefectures." Sima Qian (6:282) confirmed and dated the beginning of the Qin hegemonic policy already from the reign of Xiao's predecessor, Xian (384-361 BC): Since his reign, Qin "gradually swallowed up the six states until, after 100 years or so," the First Emperor conquered them. "For more than one hundred years , Qin commanded Eight lands and brought the lords of equal rank to its court." 1248: 2146: 1923:. The conflict at Changping was seen as a power struggle, as both sides pitted their forces against each other not only on the battlefield, but also domestically. Although Qin had an abundance of resources and vast manpower, it had to enlist every man above the age of 15 for war-related duties, ranging from front-line service to logistics and agriculture. King Zhaoxiang even personally directed his army's supply lines. Qin's eventual victory in 260 BC was attributed to its use of schemes to stir up internal conflict in Zhao, which led to the replacement of Zhao's military leaders. 2234:

Confucian scholars", Confucian Xun Kuang wrote of the later Qin that "its topographical features are inherently advantageous", and that its "manifold natural resources gave it remarkable inherent strength. Its people were unspoiled and exceedingly deferential; its officers unfailingly respectful, earnest, reverential, loyal, and trustworthy; and its high officials public-spirited, intelligent, and assiduous in the execution of the duties of their position. Its courts and bureaus functioned without delays and with such smoothness that it was as if there were no government at all."

2158: 1233:, one of the contenders, emerged victorious. However, Jin was struck by a famine in 647 BC, and Duke Hui requested aid from Qin. Duke Mu of Qin, married to Duke Hui's half-sister, sent relief food supplies and agricultural equipment to Jin out of goodwill. However, when Qin experienced a famine the following year, Duke Hui did not reciprocate, leading to diplomatic deterioration and a war in 645 BC. The war ended with Duke Hui's defeat and capture, but Duke Mu later released him after Jin agreed to cede land and form an alliance. 1532: 900: 570: 1470:

practiced throughout, especially in the military, with soldiers and officers receiving due rewards according to their contributions, regardless of their backgrounds. However, stringent and strict laws were also imposed, with severe punishments being meted out for the slightest of offences, and even the nobility and royalty were not exempt. After decades, the reforms strengthened Qin economically and militarily, and transformed it into a highly centralised state with an efficient administrative system.

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forced to cede territories to Qin. King Huai I of Chu was furious and ordered a military campaign against Qin, but he was tricked by Zhang Yi into breaking diplomatic ties with his allies, and his angered allies joined Qin in inflicting a crushing defeat on Chu. In 299 BC, King Huai I was tricked into attending a diplomatic conference in Qin, where he was captured and held hostage until his death. In the meantime, Qin launched several attacks on Chu and eventually sacked the Chu capital city of Chen (

1274:, Henan) and suffered heavy casualties, and all three of its generals were captured. Three years later, Qin attacked Jin for revenge and achieved a major victory. Duke Mu refused to advance further east after holding a memorial service for those killed in action at the Battle of Xiao and returned to focus on the traditional policy of expanding Qin's dominance in the west. Duke Mu's achievements in Qin's western campaigns and his handling of foreign relations with Jin earned him a position among the 1927: 1438: 1195: 88: 294: 47: 1106:. To commemorate Qin Zhong's loyalty, King Xuan summoned Duke Zhuang and his four younger brothers and gave them 7,000 soldiers. The Qin brothers successfully defeated the Rong and recovered their lost patrimony, formerly held by the deceased branch of the Ying clan. King Xuan formally awarded them the territory of Quanqiu. Duke Zhuang then moved his seat from Qinyi to Quanqiu and had three sons. 190: 1958:. Wei was hesitant to help Zhao initially but launched an attack on Qin after seeing that Qin was already exhausted after years of war. The Qin forces crumbled and retreated, and Zheng Anping surrendered. The combined forces of Wei and Chu continued to pursue the retreating Qin army, and Wei managed to retake part of its original lands that were lost to Qin earlier. 1178:, the former heartland of Zhou, if Qin could expel the Rong tribes that were occupying it. Encouraged by this promise, the following generations of Qin rulers launched several military campaigns against the Rong, eventually expanding their territories far beyond the original lands lost by the Western Zhou dynasty. The Qin state therefore viewed the Zhou rulers 1262:, but Duke Mu was lobbied by the Zheng emissary to abandon the alliance. In 627 BC, Duke Mu planned a covert attack on Zheng, but the Qin army retreated after being deceived into believing that Zheng was already prepared for Qin's invasion. By that point, Duke Wen had died and his personal alliance with Duke Mu no longer stood, and his successor 1942:, ordered the 400,000 prisoners of war from Zhao to be executed by burying them alive. Subsequently, the Qin forces marched on the Zhao capital city of Handan in an attempt to conquer Zhao completely. However, the Qin troops were unable to capture Handan as they were already exhausted and also because the Zhao forces put up fierce resistance. 1590:

citizens had the same opportunities as the nobles to be promoted to high ranks. Additionally, military discipline was strictly enforced, and the troops were trained to adapt more effectively to various battle situations. Qin's military strength increased significantly with the full support of the state. In 318 BC, the states of

1618:) also provided Qin with significant strategic advantages. The lands in the new territories were highly fertile and served as a "backyard" for supplies and additional manpower. It was difficult for Qin's rivals to attack Ba and Shu, as the territories were located deep in the mountains upstream of the 2233:

Following a visit to Qin in 264, the Confucian philosopher Xun Kuang observed that Qin society was "simple and unsophisticated", and its people held their officials in awe but were entirely devoid of Confucian literati. Despite being disliked by many Confucians of its time for "dangerously lacking in

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The people of Qin are ferocious by nature and their terrain is treacherous. The government's decrees are strict and impartial. The rewards and punishments are clear. Qin soldiers are brave and high in morale so that they are able to scatter and engage in individual combat. To strike at Qin's army, we

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thought that 200,000 men would suffice. Ying Zheng put Li Xin in command of the Qin army to attack Chu. The Chu defenders, led by Xiang Yan, took Li Xin's army by surprise and defeated the Qin invaders. The defeat was deemed the greatest setback for Qin in its wars to unify China. Ying Zheng put Wang

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suggested to King Huiwen to exercise Qin's interest at the expense of Chu. Over the following years, Zhang engineered and executed a number of diplomatic plots against Chu, supported by the constant military raids on Chu's north-western border. Chu suffered many defeats in battles against Qin and was

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In addition to the effects on Qin's military, Shang Yang's reforms also increased labour for numerous public works projects aimed at enhancing agriculture, and enabled Qin to maintain and supply an active military force of more than a million troops. This achievement could not be matched by any other

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must entice various groups with small benefits; the greedy will abandon their general to give chase. We can then capitalize on this opportunity by hunting each group down individually and then capturing the generals that have been isolated. Finally, we must array our army to ambush their commander.

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King Zhaoxiang's foreign adviser, Fan Sui, counselled the king to abandon these fruitless campaigns against distant states. King Zhaoxiang heeded this advice and altered Qin's foreign policy to foster good diplomatic relations with the distant states of Yan and Qi), while focusing on attacking the

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By 221, Qi was the only rival state left. Qin advanced into the heartland of Qi via a southern detour, avoiding direct confrontation with the Qi forces on Qi's western border and arrived swiftly at Qi's capital city of Linzi. The Qi forces were taken by surprise and surrendered without putting up

1848:, the state of Chu to the southeast became a target for Qin's aggression. Although Chu had the largest operation-ready army of all the Seven Warring States at over a million troops, its administrative and military strength was plagued by corruption and divided among the nobles. The Qin strategist 1469:

reforms in Qin with the support of Duke Xiao, despite facing strong opposition from conservative Qin politicians. Direct primogeniture was abolished, with all commoners granted citizenship rights. Many were resettled in new clusters with a focus on increasing agricultural output. Meritocracy was

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offered six cities to Qin as a peace offer, and King Zhaoxiang of Qin accepted the offer after being persuaded by Fan Sui. Within Zhao, many officials strongly opposed King Xiaocheng's decision to give up the cities, and subsequent delays caused the siege on Handan to be prolonged until 258 BC.

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One of the most evident outcomes of the reforms was the transformation in Qin's military. Previously, the army was under the control of Qin's nobles and comprised feudal levies. Following Shang Yang's reforms, the aristocracy system was abolished and replaced by a meritocracy, in which ordinary

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ascended as the new ruler of Qin. He executed Shang Yang by tearing him apart with chariots, citing charges of treason. However, some speculated that the king harboured a personal grudge against Shang, as he had been severely punished for a minor infraction during his adolescence under Shang's

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and craved vengeance for the brutal execution of his father and brother, exhumed King Ping's corpse and posthumously lashed it. This was a great humiliation for the Chu state. Consequently, Shen Baoxu, a Chu official and a former friend of Wu Zixu, travelled to the Qin court and pleaded for

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in the far eastern part of China. However, the marquis had personal motives, intending to use Qin's formidable military to secure his own fief in Qi territories, as these lands were not directly linked to Qin and would not be under the Qin government's direct administration.

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Jian in command of the 600,000-strong army as he had requested and ordered Wang to lead another attack on Chu. Wang scored a major victory against the Chu forces in 224, and Xiang Yan was killed in action. The following year, Qin pushed on and captured Chu's capital city of

2053:, it still managed to defeat the Zhao army by using a ploy to sow discord between King Qian of Zhao and Li Mu, leading King Qian to order Li Mu's execution and replace Li with the less competent Zhao Cong. Zhao eventually fell to Qin in 228 after the capital city of 3574: 1457:

ascended the throne of Qin. He issued an announcement inviting men of talent (including scholars, administrators, theorists, and militarists) from other states to enter Qin and assist him with his reforms, promising rewards of high offices and lands in return.

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defines the status of hegemon as intermediate between king and emperor. A text from the late Warring States period describes hegemon as controlling military forces and commerce of the states under the hegemony and using court visits as a means of supervision.

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After Xiao, the status of hegemon was not officially granted to the kings of Qin, but de facto Qin remained hegemonic until its universal conquest in 221 BC. It seldom suffered defeats and repeatedly crashed other states in at least 15 major campaigns.

1087:). They overthrew him the following year, leading the country into political turmoil. The Xirong tribes seized this opportunity to rebel against the Zhou dynasty, attacking and exterminating the senior branch of the Ying clan at Quanqiu. This left the 1904:

nearby Zhao, Han, and Wei. As a result, Qin began to launch constant attacks on Han and Wei over the subsequent decades, conquering several territories in its campaigns. By then, Qin's territories had expanded beyond the eastern shore of the

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in Gansu) northeast of Quanqiu, and his seat was named Qinyi (modern Qintingzhen). Both branches of the western Ying clan lived in the midst of the Rong tribes, sometimes fighting their armies and sometimes intermarrying with their kings.

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Scholars such as Annette Juliano and Arthur Cotterel have suggested that having a horse-breeder as their ancestor may imply that the Ying family had a partial connection to nomadic tribes. As late as 266 BC, it was remarked by a noble of

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to recover the capital. After Duke Ai initially refused to help, Shen spent seven days crying in the palace courtyard. Duke Ai was eventually moved by his devotion and agreed to send troops to assist Chu. The famous poem, "No Clothes"

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in low regard, due to the marginal location of their states. Qin was the second state after Zhao to adopt cavalry tactics from the nomads. Following the collapse of the Zhou dynasty, the Qin state absorbed cultures from two of the

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to assassinate Ying Zheng, but the assassination attempt failed, and Qin used that as a pretext to attack Yan. Yan lost to Qin at a battle on the eastern bank of the Yi River in 226, and King Xi of Yan fled with remnant forces to

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from the west and north, which made the other warring states see their culture in low esteem. However, the Qin state was sensitive to the cultural discrimination by the Central Plains states and attempted to assert their

1982:. Qin benefited from the project as it became one of the most fertile states in China due to the efficient irrigation system, and also because it could now muster more troops as a result of increased agricultural yield. 1585:

The success of Qin is attributed to the industriousness of its people. The Qin kings authorised numerous state development projects, including significant public works such as irrigation canals and defensive structures.

880:, which, despite its short duration, had a significant influence on later Chinese history. Accordingly, the Qin state before the Qin dynasty was established is also referred to as the "predynastic Qin" or "proto-Qin". 1244:, he expressed gratitude to Duke Mu, and relations between the two states improved. With stability on his eastern front, Duke Mu seized the opportunity to launch military campaigns against the Rong tribes in the west. 1970:, a hydraulic engineer from the state of Han, was dispatched to Qin to advise King Zhaoxiang on the construction of irrigation canals. Qin had a predilection for constructing large-scale canals, as evidenced by its 1284: 1210:(722–481 BC), the Qin state's interaction with other central Chinese states remained minimal due to their primary concern with the Rong to the west. The exception was their immediate eastern neighbor, 1281:

In a speech pronounced on the eve of a major interstate conference of 546 BC, a Jin leader recognized Qin, along with Jin, Chu and Qi, as one of the four pivotal great powers of the current world.

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According to Wu, the character of the populace is a consequence of the government, which in turn is a result of the ruggedness of the terrain. Wu expounds upon each of the states in this manner.

1473: 1240:. After consulting his subjects, Duke Mu sent an emissary to Chu to invite Chong'er and supported him in his challenge against his brother, Duke Hui. After Chong'er defeated Duke Hui to become 1174:, a minor state with limited self-rule under the authority of another liege-lord) to a major vassal state with full autonomy. He further promised to permanently grant Qin the lands west of 4943: 4928: 1025:, whom the Zhou monarch relied upon heavily to manage the Rong people and was thus allowed to retain their lands and continued serving as an attached vassal under the Zhou dynasty. 1109:

When Duke Zhuang died in 778 BC, his eldest son Shifu chose to continue fighting the Xirong and avenge their grandfather, turning down the succession. As a result, his second son,

1915:; modern Shanxi). However, Han offered Shangdang to Zhao instead, leading to a conflict between Qin and Zhao for control of Shangdang. Qin and Zhao engaged in the three-year-long 4332: 1125:). However, Quanqiu soon fell to the Rong again after he left. His older brother Shifu, who led the defense of Quanqiu, was captured by the Rong but was released a year later. 1350:, was a battle hymn personally composed by Duke Ai to boost the morale of the Qin troops. In 505 BC, the Qin and Chu armies jointly defeated Wu in several battles, allowing 2061: 1524:, forming the core philosophies of Legalism. Following these reforms, Qin rose to prominence in the late fourth century BC and emerged as the dominant superpower among the 2018:

became King of Qin following the sudden death of King Zhuangxiang. However, Ying Zheng did not fully wield state power until 238, after eliminating his political rivals,

1997: 1102:, Feizi's great-grandson, as the commander of his forces in the campaign against the Xirong. In 822 BC, Qin Zhong was killed in battle and succeeded by his eldest son, 532: 518: 493: 1076:

identity. In Qin law, mixed-ethnicity offspring were categorised as Huaxia, as well as in their preference for importing recruits from the neighbouring state of Jin.

3436: 3453: 1622:. Simultaneously, Qin's strategic position in Ba and Shu provided it with a platform for launching attacks on the Chu state, which lies downstream of the Yangtze. 1215: 4953: 1164:

was established. In gratitude for Duke Xiang's service, King Ping formally enfeoffed Duke Xiang as a feudal lord and elevated Qin from an 'attached state' (

1602:, and were defeated by counter-attacking Qin forces. The alliance crumbled due to mistrust, suspicion, and a lack of coordination among the five states. 2181:, there were nine distinct cultural regions of China, which are described in detail in this book. The work focuses on the travels of the titular sage, 889: 1887:

shifted his focus to the central plains after victories in the south against Chu. In the early years of King Zhaoxiang's reign, the Marquis of Rang (

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in Shaanxi, 4th-3rd century BC. This is the earliest known representation of a cavalryman in China. The outfit is of Central Asian style, probably

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In 257 BC, Qin was still unable to penetrate Handan after besieging it for three years, and Zhao requested aid from the neighbouring states of

2198:, the author of the work, declared that the government and nature of the people were reflective of the terrain they live in. Of Qin, he said: 4571: 4363: 1582:(Sima Qian 5:208; 6:279). Qin repeatedly clashed with these alliances. This pattern continued during the last century of the Warring States. 1129: 857:. Its location at the western edge of Chinese civilisation allowed for expansion and development that was not available to its rivals in the 1508:

reformed system. Despite this, King Huiwen and his successors maintained the reformed systems, which laid the foundation for Qin's eventual

1229:, was a formidable power. However, after Duke Xian's death, Jin descended into internal conflict as Duke Xian's sons fought for succession. 4923: 4328: 2057:

was taken. However, a Zhao noble managed to escape with remnant forces and proclaim himself King in Dai. Dai fell to Qin six years later.

853:. It is traditionally dated to 897 BC. The Qin state originated from a reconquest of western lands that had previously been lost to the 4948: 3995: 2264: 1578:

By the late 4th century BC, other states in China became alarmed by the Qin power and began forming anti-hegemonic alliances, called

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with Jin through intermarriages between the royal clans, but relations occasionally deteriorated to the point of armed conflict.

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This article is about the state of Qin under the Zhou dynasty. For the empire that it controlled after the fall of the Zhou, see

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Pines, Yuri (2014). "Reassessing textual sources for the pre-imperial Qin history," (Jerusalem: Hebrew University), p 245, 252,

4312: 3924: 3905: 3879: 3836: 3815: 3557: 3419: 2104:, its most powerful rival among the six states. During a discussion between Ying Zheng and his subjects, the veteran general 1113:, ascended as the clan leader. In 777 BC, Duke Xiang married his younger sister, Mu Ying, to a Rong leader named King Feng ( 4284: 4280: 3468:

Pines, Yuri (2014). "Reassessing textual sources for the pre-imperial Qin history," (Jerusalem: Hebrew University), p 245,

1978:. King Zhaoxiang approved Zheng Guo's proposal to construct an even larger canal. The project was completed in 264 and the 1934:. The Tiger Tally was a kind of special token granted to the commander to confer military authority and legitimize orders. 4272: 2194:, written in response to a query by Marquis Wu of Wei on how to cope with the military threat posed by competing states. 1038: 3297:

Juliano, Annette L. (1991). "The Warring States Period—The State Of Qin, Yan, Chu, And Pazyryk: A Historical Footnote".

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Meanwhile, Bai Qi was consecutively replaced by Wang Xi, Wang Ling, and Zheng Anping as the Qin commander at the siege.

152: 1861:, Hubei). The crown prince of Chu fled east and was crowned King Qingxiang of Chu in the new capital city of Shouchun ( 943: 3725: 3709: 3506: 2125:

resistance. Following the fall of Qi in 221 BC, China was unified under the rule of Qin. Ying Zheng declared himself "

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During the battles with Jin, Duke Mu learned that Chong'er, one of Duke Xian's exiled sons, was taking refuge in the

244: 226: 171: 74: 1117:) in an apparent attempt to make peace. The following year, he moved the Qin capital eastward from Quanqiu to Qian ( 4276: 4268: 3653: 1849: 4913: 2185:, throughout each of the regions. Other texts, predominantly military, also discussed these cultural variations. 131: 3534: 1911:

Starting from 265 BC, Qin launched a massive invasion on Han and forced Han to cede its territory of Shangdang (

35: 4501: 3938: 3861: 3256: 3146: 2271: 1327: 930: 719: 109: 4566: 4308: 3988: 2089:, invaded Wei and besieged Wei's capital city of Daliang for three months. Wang directed the waters from the 1466: 1453:. Following these victories, the Qin rulers actively pursued legal, economic, and social reforms. In 361 BC, 1389:, became the most powerful state on Qin's eastern border. Qin largely relied on natural defences such as the 771: 4711: 4561: 4349: 3089: 1991: 1509: 869: 208: 138: 105: 60: 17: 3490: 3469: 800: 4823: 4380: 1292:

with deer and roe deer, ca. 770-475 BC, from Doufu, Baoji — Provincial Institute of Archeology of Shaanxi

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so much with his horse breeding skills, that he was awarded a separate fief in the valley of Qin (modern

200: 1908:, and Han and Wei were reduced to the status of "buffers" for Qin against the other states in the east. 4958: 2041:, and succeeded in conquering Han within a year. Since 236, Qin had been launching several assaults on 1017:

that established the Zhou dynasty. The Ying clan was, however, allied with the politically influential

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Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections

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Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections

2145: 2026:. Ying formulated a plan for conquering the other six states and unifying China, with assistance from 864:

After extensive reform during the 4th century BC, Qin emerged as one of the dominant powers among the

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three decades earlier. Although Qin faced strong resistance from the Zhao forces, led by General

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and southeastern Gansu, with characteristic surface decorations in the Qin style. 4th century BC.

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The nature of Qin's troops is to disperse so that each unit fights their own respective battles.

4372: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4256: 3107: 1943: 846: 2117:, bringing an end to Chu's existence. In 222, the Qin army advanced southward and annexed the 2108:

claimed that the invasion force needed to be at least 600,000 strong, but the younger general

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Belt plaque in the shape of a standing wolf, characteristic of nomadic artifacts of southern

380: 4908: 4853: 4828: 4772: 4759: 2038: 2034: 1776: 1754: 1724: 1595: 1525: 1450: 1422: 1161: 1122: 865: 8: 4661: 4541: 4536: 4415: 4203: 3162: 2996: 2085:. Qin attacked Yan again in 222 and annexed Yan completely. In 225, the Qin army, led by 2046: 1975: 1916: 1878: 1743: 1653: 1579: 1211: 1556:, who ascended the throne in 361 BC, was also appointed Hegemon (Sima Qian 7:203). The 4606: 4188: 4168: 4143: 4038: 3636: 3597: 3322: 3314: 2914: 2809: 2714: 2383: 2255:

and percussion instruments made of pottery and tiles were characteristic of Qin music.

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Before Qin unified China, each state had its own customs and culture. According to the

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in ancient times. One of his descendants, Boyi, was granted the family name of Ying by

755: 747: 293: 145: 1495:(246–221 BC) is known to have employed steppe cavalry men in his army, as seen in his 4878: 4726: 4133: 4098: 4063: 3948: 3920: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3875: 3640: 3616: 3601: 3553: 3415: 3384:

YAU Shun-chiu (2012–13). "The Political implications of minority policy in Qin Law".

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https://archive.org/details/yarctgxhyperbola0000ostr/page/240/mode/2up?view=theater

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https://archive.org/details/yarctgxhyperbola0000ostr/page/256/mode/2up?view=theater

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https://archive.org/details/yarctgxhyperbola0000ostr/page/240/mode/2up?view=theater

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under the Qin dynasty in 221 BC. Shang Yang's theories were later expanded upon by

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ordered an ambush for the retreating Qin army. The Qin forces were defeated at the

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as their predecessors and themselves as the legitimate inheritors of their legacy.

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AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 24 日

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AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 4 日

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state, except Chu, during that time. Qin's conquests of the southern states of

1402: 1322: 1301: 1271: 1267: 1259: 1222: 913: 646: 579: 3678:

Rosen, Sydney (1978), "Changing conceptions of the Hegemon in pre-Qin China,"

3310: 1926: 4902: 4873: 4838: 4586: 4551: 4465: 4435: 4236: 4226: 3052: 2126: 2015: 1764: 1693: 1611: 1558: 1275: 1175: 983: 959: 955: 917: 873: 349: 4691: 4596: 1516:, another Legalist scholar. Han Fei amalgamated Shang's ideas with those of 1297: 1001:

and served as a buffer state for the Shang dynasty against invasions by the

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Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art

1483:, a Qin state terracotta figurine from a tomb in the Taerpo cemetery near 1437: 958:, the Ying clan split into two: a western branch that migrated across the 4883: 4868: 4858: 4818: 4792: 4787: 4767: 4736: 4656: 4651: 4636: 4631: 4601: 4581: 4556: 4546: 4521: 4516: 4496: 4486: 4460: 4455: 4445: 4410: 4400: 4395: 4341: 4218: 3070: 2118: 2114: 2101: 2094: 1955: 1951: 1938:

Following the Qin victory at the Battle of Changping, the Qin commander,

1896: 1866: 1824: 1820: 1809: 1798: 1720: 1705: 1591: 1446: 1382: 1063: 1059: 1047: 951: 877: 785: 575: 511: 367: 31: 3593: 3552:(1. Aufl ed.). Zürich: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. p. cat. no. 314. 3318: 2019: 1919:, followed by another three-year siege by Qin on Zhao's capital city of 1029:, a younger son of Elai's fourth-generation descendant Daluo, impressed 4833: 4813: 4777: 4686: 4671: 4621: 4616: 4576: 4481: 4450: 4425: 4420: 4231: 3693:

The First Emperor of China: The Greatest Archeological Find of Our Time

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http://yuri-pines-sinology.com/files/qin-sources-for-kuczera-volume.pdf

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http://yuri-pines-sinology.com/files/qin-sources-for-kuczera-volume.pdf

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the Hegemon (ba) of China (Sima Qian 4:160). His successor,

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states seemed to hold Qin culture and other peripheral states like

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In 364 BC, Qin defeated the combined armies of Wei and Han, and

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period (475–221 BC), State of Qin, from an excavation in

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States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century BC

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and actively advocated for military campaigns against the

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After the fall of Zhao, Qin turned its attention towards

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States and territories established in the 9th century BC

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of Qin"), founded the Qin dynasty, and became the first

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Shang Yang implemented his second set of reforms in Qin

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heartland. Between 413 and 409 BC, during the reign of

3682:. (ed. Roy, David). Hong Kong University Press, p 113. 3219:. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. p. 235. 2097:; King Jia of Wei surrendered, and Wei was conquered. 1152:. Duke Xiang led his troops to escort King You's son, 1091:

at Qinyi as the only surviving Ying clan in the west.

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Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000-250 BC)

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to be restored and return to the recaptured capital.

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The western Ying clan at Quanqiu were lords over the

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Qin: the eternal emperor and his terracotta warriors

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Qin before the conquest of Sichuan, fifth century BC

3441:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 123, item 95. 3161: 1883:In the five decades following King Huiwen's death, 112:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3893: 1872: 974:), and an eastern branch that settled east of the 890:Timeline of the Warring States and the Qin dynasty 1258:In 630 BC, Qin and Jin agreed to wage war on the 4900: 3943:. Translated by Burton Watson. Revised Edition. 3708:, (Lanham: University Press of America), p 256, 3667:The Kuan Tzu Economic Dialogues in Ancient China 3617:"China and the steppe: reception and resistance" 3383: 3192:Age of Empires: Art of the Qin and Han Dynasties 3915:Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael, eds. (2008). 3535:"From wooden attendants to terracotta warriors" 1079:In 842 BC, nobles revolted against the corrupt 203:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 27:Chinese state from the 9th century BC to 207 BC 3914: 3779: 3342:"Biases and Their Sources: Qin History in the 3094:asterism. Qin is also represented by the star 2984:son of King Huiwen, younger brother of King Wu 4357: 3989: 3542:Bernisches Historisches Museum the Newsletter 3458:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 24–25. 3136:. University of California Press. p. 66. 2569:son of Duke De, younger brother of Duke Cheng 2314:son of Daluo, fifth generation descendant of 1214:, a large vassal of the Zhou. Qin maintained 1140:nomads, attacked and sacked the Zhou capital 593: 267: 4954:1st-millennium BC disestablishments in China 3791:John Knoblock Xunzi p.29 ("Qiangguo," 16.6). 3750:Ancient Sichuan and the Unification of China 2548:son of Duke De, younger brother of Duke Xuan 2512:son of Duke Xian, younger brother of Duke Wu 1677:implemented his first set of reforms in Qin 1098:ascended the throne in 827 BC, he appointed 1083:in a coup known as the 'countrymen's riot' ( 3669:. (tr. Tan, Po-fu, New Heaven, 1954), p 60. 3169:. Cambridge University Press. p. 314. 2761:son of Duke Li, younger brother of Duke Zao 1189: 1050:that they shared customs with the Rong and 75:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4371: 4364: 4350: 3996: 3982: 3339: 3194:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 33. 3189: 568: 292: 3547: 3532: 3401: 1569:Memorial on the Abolition of Feudal Lords 1535:Animated map of the Warring States period 1225:, the Jin state, under the leadership of 245:Learn how and when to remove this message 227:Learn how and when to remove this message 172:Learn how and when to remove this message 3967:Petition against driving away foreigners 2416:first ruler to be granted nobility rank 2239:Petition against driving away foreigners 2156: 2153:, palace of the capital of the Qin state 2144: 2059: 1995: 1961: 1925: 1838:and unified China under the Qin dynasty 1530: 1472: 1436: 1362: 1357: 1283: 1246: 1193: 898: 3764: 3755: 3296: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3069:King of Qin 246–221 BC; Emperor of the 2397:noble title given by later generations 2342:noble title given by later generations 1548:, the nominal ruler of China, declared 14: 4934:9th-century BC establishments in China 4919:States of the Spring and Autumn period 4901: 3896:The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han 3752:. State University of New York, p 107. 3680:Ancient China: Studies in Civilization 3614: 3480:Yuri Pines 2013. p5 Birth of an Empire 3451: 3434: 3149:: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires 2140: 2100:In 224, Qin prepared for an attack on 1625: 754: 681: 4345: 3977: 3888: 3528: 3526: 3407: 3244: 1288:Spring and Autumn period, Qin state, 1160:), where the new capital city of the 938:, the Qin state traced its origin to 34:. For other states of this name, see 3856: 3695:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p 162. 3572: 3445: 3233: 2802:son of Duke Huai, uncle of Duke Ling 287:9th century BC–207 BC 183: 110:adding citations to reliable sources 81: 40: 4924:States of the Warring States period 3414:. Barnes & Noble. p. 227. 2453:often mistakenly called Duke Ning ( 1465:successfully conducted a series of 1432: 876:. This unification established the 24: 3737:Cambridge History of Ancient China 3523: 3518:Cambridge History of Ancient China 2875:alternative titles Duke Yuanxian ( 1980:canal was named in honour of Zheng 1966:In the middle of the 3rd century, 1719:Qin defeated the allied forces of 1539: 1503:Following the death of Duke Xiao, 25: 4970: 4003: 3860:(2010) . Han Zhaoqi (韩兆琦) (ed.). 3132:Joseph Richmond Levenson (1969). 3084:Qin is represented by two stars, 1278:of the Spring and Autumn period. 870:unified the seven states of China 56:This article has multiple issues. 4949:3rd-century BC disestablishments 3722:The Hyperbola of the World Order 3706:The Hyperbola of the World Order 3533:Khayutina, Maria (Autumn 2013). 3503:The Hyperbola of the World Order 3215:Lothar von Falkenhausen (2006). 2275:with corrections by Han Zhaoqi: 2269:List of Qin rulers based on the 928:According to the 2nd-century BC 823: 530: 516: 491: 188: 86: 45: 3824: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3742: 3730: 3714: 3698: 3685: 3672: 3659: 3647: 3608: 3566: 3511: 3495: 3483: 3474: 3462: 3428: 3392: 3377: 3333: 3039:alternative title King Zhuang ( 2957:alternative titles King Daowu ( 2782:alternative title Duke Suling ( 2121:(modern Zhejiang and Jiangsu). 1873:Wars against Zhao, Han, and Wei 798: 777: 753: 739: 725: 704: 97:needs additional citations for 64:or discuss these issues on the 3939:Records of the Grand Historian 3917:The Cambridge History of China 3868:Records of the Grand Historian 3615:Rawson, Jessica (April 2017). 3290: 3281: 3272: 3257:Records of the Grand Historian 3208: 3183: 3167:The Archaeology of Early China 3155: 3147:The Cambridge History of China 3140: 3134:China: An Interpretive History 3125: 2272:Records of the Grand Historian 1985: 1405:) in the east, to protect its 1381:began rapidly developing. The 1340: 1331: 1304:and captured the Chu capital, 1170: 931:Records of the Grand Historian 680: 666: 652: 638: 624: 594: 13: 1: 4297:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 3959: 3870:] (in Chinese). Beijing: 3113: 2987:alternative title King Zhao ( 2905:alternative title King Ping ( 2841:alternative titles Duke Chu ( 2005: 1644: 1461:Among these foreign talents, 3573:Duan Qingbo (January 2023). 3118: 3079: 2931:alternative title King Hui ( 2307: 2093:and the Hong Canal to flood 1629: 1132:, in collaboration with the 1013:during the rebellion led by 275: 7: 4004: 3299:Notes in the History of Art 2188:One of these texts was the 894: 10: 4975: 3849: 3780:Twitchett & Loewe 2008 3582:Journal of Chinese History 2262: 1989: 1876: 887: 883: 36:Qin § Dynasties and states 29: 4806: 4758: 4749: 4474: 4388: 4379: 4246: 4217: 4054: 4045: 4011: 3945:Columbia University Press 3548:Khayutina, Maria (2013). 3340:Pines, Yuri (2005–2006). 3311:10.1086/sou.10.4.23203292 3254:[Annals of Qin]. 3104:Heavenly Market enclosure 3058: 3044: 3040: 3028: 3014: 3002: 2988: 2976: 2962: 2958: 2946: 2932: 2920: 2906: 2894: 2880: 2876: 2864: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2783: 2645: 2624: 2603: 2582: 2561: 2468: 2454: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2265:Rulers of Qin family tree 2258: 2242: 1992:Qin's wars of unification 1912: 1888: 1862: 1854: 1638: 1635: 1165: 1118: 1114: 1084: 1005:barbarians. One of them, 963: 812: 791: 784: 770: 763: 746: 732: 718: 711: 697: 690: 673: 659: 645: 631: 617: 610: 605: 601: 587: 567: 563: 558: 546: 470: 460: 456: 446: 436: 426: 416: 412: 404: 394: 373: 363: 343: 336: 329: 322: 315: 308: 300: 291: 286: 268: 259: 3862: 3691:Cotterel, Artur (1981). 3452:Bunker, Emma C. (2002). 3435:Bunker, Emma C. (2002). 3250: 3043:); original name Yiren ( 2014:In 247, the 13-year-old 1631:Summary of major events 1445:In 362 BC, Qin defeated 1377:, its neighbours in the 1208:Spring and Autumn period 1190:Spring and Autumn period 428:• Founded by Feizi 422:9th century BC 3720:Ostrovsky, Max (2007). 3704:Ostrovsky, Max (2007). 3501:Ostrovsky, Max (2007). 3359:: 10–34. Archived from 3066:son of King Zhuangxiang 3017:) before becoming king 1413:, the Wei army, led by 1009:, was killed defending 942:, one of the legendary 465:ancient Chinese coinage 438:• Declared empire 4914:Ancient Chinese states 4373:Ancient Chinese states 3102:asterism, part of the 2228: 2214: 2162: 2161:Bronze lance head, Qin 2154: 2069: 2011: 1944:King Xiaocheng of Zhao 1935: 1536: 1500: 1442: 1293: 1255: 1221:In the early reign of 1203: 925: 3872:Zhonghua Book Company 3748:Sage, Steven (1992). 3633:10.15184/aqy.2016.276 3108:Chinese constellation 3013:known as Lord Anguo ( 3010:son of King Zhaoxiang 2779:grandson of Duke Huai 2358:son of Marquis of Qin 2215: 2200: 2160: 2149:Model of the Site of 2148: 2076:of Yan, who had sent 2063: 2037:, the weakest of the 2033:In 230, Qin attacked 1999: 1962:Infrastructural works 1929: 1885:King Zhaoxiang of Qin 1534: 1476: 1440: 1393:(northeast of modern 1375:Warring States period 1363:Early non-involvement 1358:Warring States Period 1287: 1251:Bronze door knocker, 1250: 1197: 902: 847:ancient Chinese state 381:Chinese folk religion 364:Common languages 3408:Woolf, Greg (2007). 3260:(in Chinese). Guoxue 2450:grandson of Duke Wen 2320:enfeoffed at Qin by 2039:Seven Warring States 1930:Bronze tiger-shaped 1844:During the reign of 1767:became ruler of Qin 1755:Eastern Zhou dynasty 1696:became ruler of Qin 1666:became ruler of Qin 1526:Seven Warring States 1510:unification of China 1300:defeated Chu at the 1216:diplomatic relations 1162:Eastern Zhou dynasty 1123:Long County, Shaanxi 866:Seven Warring States 793:Baxter–Sagart (2014) 106:improve this article 3900:. London: Belknap. 3800:Han (2010), 478–479 3594:10.1017/jch.2022.25 3588:(1): 26 Fig.1, 27. 3190:Zhixin Sun (2017). 3163:Gideon Shelach-Lavi 3036:son of King Xiaowen 2689:grandson of Duke Ai 2249:mentioned that the 2141:Culture and society 2137:of a united China. 2047:Battle of Changping 1917:Battle of Changping 1879:Battle of Changping 1744:Battle of Changping 1632: 1626:Actions against Chu 1344:), recorded in the 1312:). Helü's adviser, 1156:, to Luoyi (modern 582:(bottom) characters 418:• Established 3890:Lewis, Mark Edward 3839:2011-05-22 at the 3818:2011-05-22 at the 3739:(1999), p 634-635. 3398:Han (2010), 349–53 3287:Han (2010), 345–47 3278:Han (2010), 340–42 2961:) and King Wulie ( 2954:son of King Huiwen 2838:son of Duke Hui II 2413:son of Duke Zhuang 2310: 858 BC 2163: 2155: 2129:" (meaning "First 2070: 2012: 1936: 1891:) served as Qin's 1846:King Huiwen of Qin 1630: 1537: 1501: 1443: 1385:, formed from the 1294: 1256: 1204: 1011:King Zhou of Shang 997:') region west of 926: 207:You can assist by 4959:Former monarchies 4896: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4745: 4744: 4339: 4338: 3926:978-0-521-24327-8 3907:978-0-674-02477-9 3881:978-7-101-07272-3 3782:, pp. 47–48. 3770:Lewis 2007, p. 13 3761:Lewis 2007, p. 12 3559:978-3-03823-838-6 3421:978-1-4351-0121-0 3077: 3076: 2879:) and King Yuan ( 2707:son of Duke Hui I 2432:son of Duke Xiang 2322:King Xiao of Zhou 2178:Book of Documents 2066:small seal script 2002:bronzeware script 1972:irrigation system 1842: 1841: 1546:King Xian of Zhou 1480:Taerpo horserider 1417:and supported by 1373:During the early 1347:Classic of Poetry 1096:King Xuan of Zhou 1031:King Xiao of Zhou 859:North China Plain 816: 815: 808: 807: 720:Yale Romanization 612:Standard Mandarin 554: 553: 542: 541: 538: 537: 526:Eighteen Kingdoms 504: 503: 255: 254: 247: 237: 236: 229: 182: 181: 174: 156: 79: 16:(Redirected from 4966: 4756: 4755: 4386: 4385: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4239:(as king of Qin) 4209:King Zhuangxiang 4049: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3964: 3961: 3930: 3911: 3899: 3885: 3843: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3718: 3712: 3702: 3696: 3689: 3683: 3676: 3670: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3579: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3545: 3539: 3530: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3405: 3399: 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1342: 1333: 1321:assistance from 1318:King Ping of Chu 1296:In 506 BC, King 1227:Duke Xian of Jin 1172: 1167: 1146:King You of Zhou 1130:Marquess of Shen 1120: 1116: 1086: 972:Li County, Gansu 965: 903:Bronze mold for 872:in 221 BC under 840: 839: 836: 835: 832: 829: 804: 803: 802: 780: 779: 759: 758: 757: 742: 741: 728: 727: 707: 706: 686: 685: 684: 669: 668: 655: 654: 641: 640: 627: 626: 603: 602: 597: 596: 572: 556: 555: 534: 533: 520: 519: 508: 507: 495: 494: 488: 487: 472: 471: 386:Ancestor worship 345: 338: 331: 324: 317: 310: 296: 278: 271: 270: 257: 256: 250: 243: 232: 225: 221: 218: 212: 192: 191: 184: 177: 170: 166: 163: 157: 155: 121:"Qin" state 114: 90: 82: 71: 49: 48: 41: 21: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4888: 4802: 4741: 4470: 4375: 4370: 4340: 4335: 4242: 4213: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4007: 4002: 3972: 3962: 3927: 3908: 3882: 3864: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3841:Wayback Machine 3830: 3829: 3825: 3820:Wayback Machine 3809: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 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dynasties 897: 892: 886: 826: 822: 661:Tongyong Pinyin 583: 531: 517: 492: 449: 448:• defunct 439: 429: 419: 390: 359: 282: 281: 262: 251: 240: 239: 238: 233: 222: 216: 213: 206: 193: 189: 178: 167: 161: 158: 115: 113: 103: 91: 50: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4972: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4753: 4751:Warring States 4747: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 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2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2329:Marquis of Qin 2325: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2260: 2257: 2220: 2204: 2142: 2139: 2064:State of Qin ( 2030:and Wei Liao. 1990:Main article: 1987: 1984: 1963: 1960: 1877:Main article: 1874: 1871: 1840: 1839: 1834:Qin conquered 1832: 1828: 1827: 1823:, Dai and the 1819:Qin conquered 1817: 1813: 1812: 1808:Qin conquered 1806: 1802: 1801: 1797:Qin conquered 1795: 1791: 1790: 1786:Qin conquered 1784: 1780: 1779: 1775:Qin conquered 1773: 1769: 1768: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1753:Qin ended the 1751: 1747: 1746: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1704:Qin conquered 1702: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1627: 1624: 1541: 1538: 1434: 1431: 1403:Danfeng County 1395:Lingbao, Henan 1379:Central Plains 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1323:Duke Ai of Qin 1302:Battle of Boju 1272:Luoning County 1268:Battle of Xiao 1260:state of Zheng 1223:Duke Mu of Qin 1191: 1188: 1056:central plains 914:Warring States 896: 893: 885: 882: 814: 813: 810: 809: 806: 805: 795: 789: 788: 782: 781: 774: 768: 767: 761: 760: 750: 744: 743: 736: 730: 729: 722: 716: 715: 713:Yue: Cantonese 709: 708: 701: 695: 694: 688: 687: 677: 671: 670: 663: 657: 656: 649: 643: 642: 635: 629: 628: 621: 615: 614: 608: 607: 606:Transcriptions 599: 598: 591: 585: 584: 580:regular script 573: 565: 564: 561: 560: 552: 551: 548: 544: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 528: 522: 521: 514: 505: 502: 501: 496: 484: 483: 478: 468: 467: 462: 458: 457: 454: 453: 450: 447: 444: 443: 440: 437: 434: 433: 430: 427: 424: 423: 420: 417: 414: 413: 410: 409: 406: 402: 401: 396: 392: 391: 389: 388: 383: 377: 375: 371: 370: 365: 361: 360: 358: 357: 352: 347: 340: 333: 326: 319: 312: 304: 302: 298: 297: 289: 288: 284: 283: 280: 279: 272: 264: 263: 260: 253: 252: 235: 234: 196: 194: 187: 180: 179: 94: 92: 85: 80: 54: 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4971: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4362: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4005:Rulers of Qin 3999: 3994: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3968: 3963: 235 BC 3957: 3954: 3953:0-231-08167-7 3950: 3946: 3942: 3940: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3806: 3797: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3767: 3758: 3751: 3745: 3738: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3694: 3688: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3662: 3656:, Sökord: 战国策 3655: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3536: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3457: 3456: 3448: 3440: 3439: 3431: 3423: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3404: 3395: 3387: 3380: 3366:on 2016-03-04 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3345: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3228: 3226:9781938770456 3222: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3201:9781588396174 3197: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3176:9780521196895 3172: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3135: 3128: 3124: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3091:Twelve States 3087: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2376:son of Gongbo 2375: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2290:Relationship 2279: 2276: 2274: 2273: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2211: 2210: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2173:Tribute of Yu 2170: 2169: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2127:Qin Shi Huang 2122: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2009: 800 BC 2003: 1998: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1909: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1860: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1738:Qin defeated 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1648: 557 BC 1643: 1642: 1634: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1580:Perpendicular 1576: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1439: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1337: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1276:Five Hegemons 1273: 1270:(near modern 1269: 1265: 1261: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1201: 1196: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134:state of Zeng 1131: 1126: 1124: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1039:Zhangjiachuan 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 984:state of Zhao 981: 977: 973: 969: 966:'hill of the 961: 960:Ordos Plateau 957: 953: 950:. During the 949: 945: 944:Five Emperors 941: 937: 933: 932: 923: 919: 918:Qishan County 915: 911: 910: 906: 901: 891: 881: 879: 875: 874:Qin Shi Huang 871: 867: 862: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 838: 820: 811: 796: 794: 790: 787: 783: 775: 773: 769: 766: 762: 756: 751: 749: 745: 737: 735: 731: 723: 721: 717: 714: 710: 702: 700: 696: 693: 689: 683: 678: 676: 672: 664: 662: 658: 650: 648: 644: 636: 634: 630: 622: 620: 616: 613: 609: 604: 600: 592: 590: 586: 581: 577: 571: 566: 562: 557: 549: 547:Today part of 545: 529: 527: 524: 523: 515: 513: 510: 509: 506: 500: 497: 490: 489: 486: 485: 482: 479: 477: 474: 473: 469: 466: 463: 459: 455: 451: 445: 441: 435: 431: 425: 421: 415: 411: 407: 403: 400: 397: 393: 387: 384: 382: 379: 378: 376: 372: 369: 366: 362: 356: 353: 351: 348: 341: 334: 327: 320: 313: 306: 305: 303: 299: 295: 290: 285: 277: 273: 266: 265: 258: 249: 246: 231: 228: 220: 210: 204: 202: 197:This article 195: 186: 185: 176: 173: 165: 154: 151: 147: 144: 140: 137: 133: 130: 126: 123: – 122: 118: 117:Find sources: 111: 107: 101: 100: 95:This article 93: 89: 84: 83: 78: 76: 69: 68: 63: 62: 57: 52: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 4854:Western Zhou 4829:Eastern Zhou 4807:Minor states 4782: 4760:Seven states 4475:Minor states 4430: 4389:Major states 4381:Zhou dynasty 4285:N. Dynasties 4281:S. Dynasties 4204:King Xiaowen 4056:State of Qin 4055: 4012:Early rulers 3966: 3941:by Sima Qian 3937: 3916: 3895: 3867: 3831:(in Chinese) 3826: 3810:(in Chinese) 3805: 3796: 3787: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3749: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3721: 3716: 3705: 3700: 3692: 3687: 3679: 3674: 3666: 3661: 3649: 3627:(356): 386. 3624: 3620: 3610: 3585: 3581: 3568: 3549: 3541: 3517: 3513: 3502: 3497: 3485: 3476: 3464: 3454: 3447: 3437: 3430: 3410: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3379: 3368:. Retrieved 3361:the original 3356: 3352: 3343: 3335: 3305:(4): 25–29. 3302: 3298: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3262:. Retrieved 3255: 3216: 3210: 3191: 3185: 3166: 3157: 3151:Google Books 3142: 3133: 3127: 3099: 3090: 3083: 2997:King Xiaowen 2845:), Shaozhu ( 2339:son of Feizi 2270: 2268: 2250: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2216: 2207: 2201: 2189: 2187: 2183:Yu the Great 2176: 2172: 2166: 2164: 2123: 2119:Wuyue region 2099: 2091:Yellow River 2071: 2032: 2013: 1965: 1949: 1937: 1910: 1906:Yellow River 1902: 1882: 1843: 1825:Wuyue region 1604: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1568: 1565: 1557: 1543: 1502: 1493:Zheng of Qin 1478: 1460: 1444: 1427:Yellow River 1372: 1366: 1345: 1339: 1295: 1280: 1257: 1238:state of Chu 1235: 1220: 1205: 1169: 1150:Western Zhou 1128:In 771, the 1127: 1108: 1093: 1089:cadet branch 1078: 1054:tribes; the 1044: 988: 976:Yellow River 962:to Quanqiu ( 948:Emperor Shun 929: 927: 907: 863: 851:Zhou dynasty 842: 818: 817: 765:Southern Min 619:Hanyu Pinyin 499:Zhou dynasty 481:Succeeded by 480: 475: 241: 223: 217:January 2024 214: 201:copy editing 199:may require 198: 168: 159: 149: 142: 135: 128: 116: 104:Please help 99:verification 96: 72: 65: 59: 58:Please help 55: 18:State of Qin 4909:Qin (state) 4522:Western Guo 4517:Eastern Guo 4277:16 Kingdoms 4219:Qin dynasty 4189:King Huiwen 4169:Duke Hui II 4144:Duke Ligong 4039:Duke Zhuang 3386:Early China 3073:221–210 BC 3071:Qin dynasty 3053:Shi Huangdi 2915:King Huiwen 2810:Duke Hui II 2715:Duke Ligong 2384:Duke Zhuang 1986:Unification 1897:state of Qi 1867:Shou County 1694:King Huiwen 1505:King Huiwen 1206:During the 1104:Duke Zhuang 878:Qin dynasty 849:during the 786:Old Chinese 576:seal script 512:Qin dynasty 476:Preceded by 452:207 BC 368:Old Chinese 32:Qin dynasty 4903:Categories 4269:3 Kingdoms 4134:Duke Hui I 4099:Duke Cheng 4064:Duke Xiang 3936:. (1993). 3858:Sima, Qian 3665:Kuan Tzu, 3370:2020-06-23 3114:References 3100:Right Wall 3063:246–221 BC 3033:250–247 BC 2981:306–251 BC 2951:310–307 BC 2925:337–311 BC 2899:361–338 BC 2869:384–362 BC 2835:386–385 BC 2817:399–387 BC 2799:414–400 BC 2776:424–415 BC 2758:428–425 BC 2740:442–429 BC 2722:476–443 BC 2704:491–477 BC 2686:500–492 BC 2679:Duke Hui I 2668:536–501 BC 2650:576–537 BC 2629:603–577 BC 2608:608–604 BC 2587:620–609 BC 2566:659–621 BC 2545:663–660 BC 2538:Duke Cheng 2527:675–664 BC 2509:677–676 BC 2491:697–678 BC 2473:703–698 BC 2447:715–704 BC 2429:765–716 BC 2410:777–766 BC 2403:Duke Xiang 2391:821–778 BC 2373:844–822 BC 2355:847–845 BC 2336:857–848 BC 2303:Ying Feizi 2263:See also: 2016:Ying Zheng 1893:chancellor 1869:, Anhui). 1765:Ying Zheng 1675:Shang Yang 1600:Hangu Pass 1518:Shen Buhai 1463:Shang Yang 1391:Hangu Pass 1298:Helü of Wu 1290:acroterion 1264:Duke Xiang 1144:, killing 1111:Duke Xiang 1019:marquesses 999:Mount Long 993:('western 978:in modern 970:', modern 888:See also: 699:Suzhounese 647:Wade–Giles 578:(top) and 395:Government 342:Jingyang ( 328:Pingyang ( 209:editing it 162:April 2023 132:newspapers 61:improve it 4879:Zhongshan 4727:Zhongshan 4227:Shi Huang 4184:Duke Xiao 4179:Duke Xian 4164:Duke Jian 4159:Duke Ling 4154:Duke Huai 4124:Duke Jing 4119:Duke Huan 4114:Duke Gong 4109:Duke Kang 4094:Duke Xuan 4074:Duke Xian 4034:Qin Zhong 3969:(《諫逐客書》). 3641:165092308 3621:Antiquity 3602:251690411 3327:191379388 3246:Sima Qian 3119:Citations 3080:Astronomy 2975:Ze or Ji 2889:Duke Xiao 2859:Duke Xian 2792:Duke Jian 2769:Duke Ling 2751:Duke Huai 2640:Duke Jing 2619:Duke Huan 2598:Duke Gong 2577:Duke Kang 2520:Duke Xuan 2440:Duke Xian 2366:Qin Zhong 2106:Wang Jian 2068:, 220 BC) 1976:Min River 1968:Zheng Guo 1865:; modern 1857:; modern 1664:Duke Xiao 1554:Duke Xiao 1550:Duke Xian 1455:Duke Xiao 1407:Guanzhong 1383:Wei state 1154:King Ping 1121:; modern 1100:Qin Zhong 936:Sima Qian 924:, Shaanxi 845:) was an 574:"Qin" in 374:Religion 307:Quanqiu ( 67:talk page 4542:Han (SE) 4537:Han (NW) 4174:Chuzi II 4149:Duke Zao 4139:Duke Dao 4069:Duke Wen 3958:Li Si. 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It 843:Ch'in 841:, or 799:* 740:Ceon4 653:Ch'in 550:China 276:*Dzin 153:JSTOR 139:books 4864:Yiqu 4849:Teng 4844:Song 4798:Zhao 4717:Zeng 4707:Yiqu 4702:Ying 4697:Yang 4682:Xing 4677:Xian 4667:Teng 4662:Tang 4647:Shěn 4642:Shēn 4627:Quan 4612:Peng 4592:Liao 4507:Deng 4492:Chao 4441:Song 4406:Chen 4325:Qing 4321:Ming 4317:Yuan 4305:Song 4301:Liao 4293:Tang 4257:Zhou 3949:ISBN 3921:ISBN 3902:ISBN 3876:ISBN 3863:《史记》 3554:ISBN 3416:ISBN 3266:2012 3221:ISBN 3196:ISBN 3171:ISBN 3001:Zhu 2963:秦武烈王 2959:秦悼武王 2877:秦元獻公 2865:師隰、連 2784:秦肅靈公 2755:Feng 2683:Ning 2644:Shi 2602:Dao 2524:Tian 2488:Shuo 2467:Man 2316:Elai 2243:諫逐客書 2224:Wuzi 2209:Wuzi 2191:Wuzi 2043:Zhao 2022:and 1954:and 1788:Zhao 1740:Zhao 1723:and 1708:and 1610:and 1520:and 1477:The 1449:and 1421:and 1419:Zhao 1368:Mozi 1306:Ying 1182:and 1085:國人暴動 1062:and 1037:and 1023:Shen 1007:Elai 954:and 778:Tsîn 639:ㄑㄧㄣˊ 125:news 4884:Zou 4869:Yue 4859:Wey 4839:Shu 4824:Dai 4819:Cai 4793:Yan 4788:Wei 4783:Qin 4773:Han 4768:Chu 4737:Zou 4657:Tan 4652:Sui 4637:Ruo 4632:Rui 4602:Luo 4582:Lai 4572:Jia 4557:Huo 4547:Hua 4502:Dai 4497:Dao 4487:Bei 4461:Yue 4456:Yan 4446:Wey 4436:Shu 4431:Qin 4416:Jin 4411:Chu 4401:Cao 4396:Cai 4333:PRC 4329:ROC 4313:Jīn 4289:Sui 4273:Jìn 4265:Han 4261:Qin 4249:Xia 3965:). 3629:doi 3590:doi 3307:doi 3251:秦本纪 3110:). 3041:秦莊王 3015:安國君 2977:則、稷 2919:Si 2907:秦平王 2881:秦元王 2851:秦小主 2847:秦少主 2843:秦出公 2814:Ren 2737:Xin 2701:Pan 2542:Zai 2506:Jia 2455:秦寧公 2407:Kai 2245:), 2171:or 2102:Chu 2035:Han 1956:Chu 1952:Wei 1821:Yan 1810:Chu 1799:Wei 1777:Han 1725:Han 1721:Wei 1706:Shu 1654:Jin 1612:Shu 1596:Han 1592:Wei 1451:Han 1447:Wei 1423:Han 1212:Jin 1064:Chu 1060:Yan 1048:Wei 1021:of 952:Xia 934:by 819:Qin 748:IPA 705:Zín 675:IPA 667:Cín 625:Qín 559:Qin 261:Qin 108:by 4905:: 4834:Lu 4814:Ba 4778:Qi 4712:Yu 4692:Xǔ 4687:Xu 4672:Xi 4622:Qǐ 4617:Pi 4607:Na 4597:Lü 4577:Ju 4567:Ji 4562:Ji 4482:Ba 4451:Wu 4426:Qi 4421:Lu 4331:/ 4327:→ 4323:→ 4319:→ 4315:→ 4311:/ 4307:/ 4303:/ 4299:→ 4295:→ 4291:→ 4287:→ 4283:/ 4279:→ 4275:/ 4271:→ 4267:→ 4263:→ 4259:→ 4255:→ 4251:→ 3960:c. 3947:. 3874:. 3635:. 3625:91 3623:. 3619:. 3596:. 3584:. 3580:. 3540:. 3525:^ 3357:45 3355:. 3351:. 3321:. 3313:. 3303:10 3301:. 3248:. 3235:^ 3047:) 3045:異人 3029:子楚 2991:) 2989:昭王 2965:) 2933:惠王 2909:) 2895:渠梁 2883:) 2853:) 2786:) 2773:Su 2719:Ci 2665:Ji 2562:任好 2457:) 2444:Li 2388:Qi 2308:d. 2006:c. 2004:, 1913:上黨 1889:穰侯 1863:壽春 1836:Qi 1710:Ba 1645:c. 1608:Ba 1528:. 1429:. 1334:; 1332:無衣 1184:Wu 1168:; 1166:附庸 1115:豐王 986:. 964:犬丘 920:, 861:. 828:tʃ 692:Wu 344:涇陽 330:平陽 316:秦邑 309:犬丘 70:. 4512:E 4365:e 4358:t 4351:v 4048:秦 3997:e 3990:t 3983:v 3955:. 3929:. 3910:. 3884:. 3643:. 3631:: 3604:. 3592:: 3586:7 3562:. 3424:. 3373:. 3346:" 3329:. 3309:: 3268:. 3229:. 3204:. 3179:. 3059:政 3003:柱 2947:蕩 2921:駟 2646:石 2625:榮 2604:稻 2583:罃 2469:曼 2241:( 1855:陳 1499:. 1326:( 1119:汧 837:/ 834:n 831:ɪ 825:/ 821:( 801:i 595:秦 346:) 339:) 337:雍 332:) 325:) 323:汧 318:) 311:) 269:秦 248:) 242:( 230:) 224:( 219:) 215:( 211:. 205:. 175:) 169:( 164:) 160:( 150:· 143:· 136:· 129:· 102:. 77:) 73:( 38:. 20:)

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