History of Norway - Knowledge

3479: 30: 3315: 3648: 2378: 3616: 3543: 2970:("ERP") in 1947, receiving US$ 400 million in American support. Given the business background of the Marshall Plan's American leaders, their readiness to work with the Norwegian Labor government's ERP Council disappointed the conservative Norwegian business community. It was represented by the major business organizations, the Norges Industriforbund and the Norsk Arbeidsgiverforening. While reluctant to work with the government, Norwegian business leaders also recognized the dangers of appearing to obstruct the implementation of the Marshall Plan. American acceptance of a role for government in economic planning reflected their 2351: 3531: 3597: 2071: 1512: 2658: 2290: 2817:

resistance within Norway. One long-term impact was the abandonment of a traditional Scandinavian policy of neutrality; Norway became a founding member of NATO in 1949. Norway at the start of the war had the world's fourth largest merchant fleet, at 4.8 million tons, including a fifth of the world's oil tankers. The Germans captured about 20% of the fleet but the remainder, about 1000 ships, were taken over by the government. Although half the ships were sunk, the earnings paid the expenses of the government.

1634: 873: 2984: 3077: 1894: 2574: 7607: 2186: 1798: 3578: 2128:, monopolies and privileges throughout the county granted to burghers. The lumber industry became important in the 17th century through exports especially to England. To avoid deforestation, a royal decree closed a large number of sawmills in 1688; because this mostly affected farmers with small mills, by the mid 18th century only a handful of merchants controlled the entire lumber industry. Mining increased in the 17th century, the largest being the silver mines in 1216: 99: 2854:

Nazis and mocking their inflated self-image. People on the street asked, "Do you know the difference between the Nazis and a bucket of manure? The bucket." In Post Office lines they explained, "It's rumored that we're getting new stamps bearing Quisling's likeness, but distribution has been delayed because no one knows which side to spit on." The jokes worked to educate Norwegians about the occupation, and encourage a sense of solidarity. At the time of

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the growth came in the cities. The population of Christiania reached 40,000 in 1855. By 1865 the population reached 1.7 million; the large increase was largely caused by better nutrition from herring and potatoes, a sharp decrease of infant mortality and increased hygiene. Emigration to North America started in 1825, with the first mass emigration commencing in the 1860s. By 1930, 800,000 people had emigrated, the majority settling in the

887: 3478: 901: 859: 915: 486: 1745: 2786: 929: 1433: 3150: 3208:, located to the right of the Conservatives, had its break-through in the late 1980s. The high wages in the oil industry made low-skill manufacturing industries uncompetitive and the Labor Party closed a number of public industrial companies which were receiving large subsidies. The 1980s saw a trebling of people on disability, largely amongst the oldest in the workforce, and the 1736:

gradual process where farmers would borrow money in meagre times, often not being able to repay them. However, tenants always remained free men and the large distances and often scattered ownership meant that Norwegian farmers enjoyed much more freedom than continental serfs. In the 13th century about twenty percent of a farmer's yield went to the king, church and landowners.

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in 1939, Norway maintained a strict neutrality. Both Britain and Germany realized the strategic location; both made plans to invade Norway, regardless of Norwegian opposition. The Germans struck first and invaded Norway on 9 April 1940. After furious battles with Norwegian and British forces, Germany

1921:, but it was not popular in Norway, where the Church was the sole remaining national institution and the country was too poor for the clergy to be very corrupt. Initially, Frederick agreed not to try to introduce Protestantism to Norway but in 1529 he changed his mind. Norwegian resistance was led by 3051:

both opened in 1968, one year before a network of regional colleges started being opened. Influenced by American culture and similar actions abroad, youth and students started to rebel against cultural norms. The 1960s saw an increased focus on environmentalism, especially through activism, based on

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establishing the first trade unions and demanding that equality before the law be independent of social class. Parliament passed a series of laws abandoning economic privileges and easing domestic trade during the 1840s and 1850s. Population increase forced the clearing of new land, although some of

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Throughout the period, Bergen was the largest town in the country; its population of 14,000 in the mid 18th century was twice the size of Christiania (later Oslo) and Trondheim combined. Eight townships with privileges existed in 1660—by 1800 this had increased to twenty-three. During this period up

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took over from the Fosna culture ca. 7000 BC, when a warmer climate led to increased forestation and new species of mammals for hunting. The oldest human skeleton ever discovered in Norway was found in shallow water off Sogne in 1994 and has been carbon dated to 6600 BC. About 4000 BC people in the

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opened in 1966. A social security net was gradually introduced after the war, with child allowances introduced in 1946 and the Social Care Act introduced in 1964. The 1960s saw good times for heavy industry and Norway became Europe's largest exporter of aluminum and the world's largest exporter of

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was established and was coordinated from London from 1943. Stokker reports that hostile humour against the Germans helped maintain morale and build a wall against collaboration. Jokes made the rounds dripping with contempt for the oppressors, ridicule of Nazi ideology, stressing the cruelty of the

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The Norwegian economy improved with the introduction of the water-driven saw in the early 16th century. Norway had huge resources of timber but did not have the means to exploit much of it in the Middle Ages as only hand-tools were available. The new saw mills which sprang up in the fjords changed

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The population increased from 150,000 in 1000 to 400,000 in 1300, resulting both in more land being cleared and the subdivision of farms. While in the Viking Age all farmers owned their own land, by 1300 seventy percent of the land was owned by the king, the church, or the aristocracy. This was a

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reform: taxes were cut, local private radio stations were permitted, cable television was established by private companies, regulations on borrowing money were removed and foreigners were permitted to buy securities. An economic crisis hit in 1986 when foreigners started selling Norwegian krone,

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The government in exile, including the royal family, escaped to London. Politics were suspended and the government coordinated action with the Allies, retained control of a worldwide diplomatic and consular service, and operated the huge Norwegian merchant marine. It organized and supervised the

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was built on piles from Norway. Tree-felling was done in the winter when farm-work was impossible and it was easy to get the felled trees across the snow to the rivers. In the spring, the logs floated down the rivers to the saw mills by the sea. By the mid-16th century the power of the Hanseatic

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to compensate for too much money having been issued during the war and thus hindering investments. Especially fishermen were hit hard in the period, while farmers retained market prices through organizing regulations. Unemployment peaked at ten percent between 1931 and 1933. Although industrial

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had its first parliamentary members elected in 1903. The women's issue became increasingly dominant through the 1880s and they were gradually permitted to take secondary and tertiary education. Norwegian support of the union decreased towards the end of the 1890s, especially following the 1897

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on 16 February 1814 to discuss his plans. They rejected a new absolute monarchy and advised him instead to convoke a constituent assembly to draw up a liberal constitution and decide the form of government. Representatives from the entire country were elected to meet at Eidsvoll Manor. The 112

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and underwent a period of reconstruction under public planning. Oil was discovered in 1969 and by 1995 Norway was the world's second-largest exporter. This resulted in a large increase of wealth. From the 1980s Norway started deregulation in many sectors, and in 1989–1990 experienced a banking

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Annual parliamentary sessions were introduced from 1869 and in 1872 ministers were, through a constitutional amendment, required to meet in Parliament to defend their policies. The king, despite having no constitutional right to do so, vetoed the amendment in three successive parliaments. The

1949:(III), his younger Catholic brother Hans and the followers of Christian II. Olaf Engelbrektsson again tried to lead a Catholic Norwegian resistance movement. Christian III triumphed and Engelbrektsson went into exile and, in 1537, Christian demoted Norway from an independent kingdom to a 2268:

with Sweden on equal terms, while Sweden accepted the Norwegian Constitution and separate institutions in both states. King Christian Frederik agreed to convoke an extraordinary parliament to revise the Constitution accordingly, and then abdicate. The parliament was convened in

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the following year, but after several Norwegian victories a cease-fire was signed in 1809. After pressure from Norwegian merchants license trade was permitted with corn from Denmark to Eastern Norway in exchange for Norwegian timber export to Great Britain. Following the

6152: 1619:. An ancient well-preserved Viking cemetery for more than 1000 years was discovered using ground-penetrating radar. Archaeologists also revealed at least seven other previously unknown burial mounds and the remnants of five longhouses with the help of the radar survey. 1348:

Iron Age tools allowed for more extensive clearing and farming, and thus more areas were cultivated as the population grew with the increased harvests. A new social structure evolved: when sons married, they would remain in the same house; such an extended family was a

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reformist orientation. The opportunities for mediation between conservative Norwegian business interests and the government that arose in the course of administering the Marshall Plan helped establish a base for the emergence of Norwegian corporatism in the 1950s.

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An immigration surplus was established in the late 1960s, largely from Western Europe and the United States—from the 1970s increasingly expertise in oil. The period also saw an increased immigration of unskilled labor from developing countries, especially

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was created in 1152 in an attempt to control the appointment of kings. The church inevitably took sides in these conflicts, with the church's influence on the king also becoming an issue in the civil wars. The wars ended in 1217 with the appointment of

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Kyllingstad, Jon Røyne. "The Norwegian Association for Heredity Research and the Organized International Eugenics Movement. Expertise, authority, transnational networks and international organization in Norwegian genetics and eugenics (1919–1934)."

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was not agreed upon until 2010. Between 1973 and 1981 the country was ruled by the Labor Party, who carried out a series of reforms such as new school system. Farmers received increased subsidies and from 1974 women were permitted to inherit farms.

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was legalized in 1978. Loans guaranteed in future oil income allowed Norway to avoid a recession during the mid-1970s. But by 1977 high wages had made Norwegian industry uncompetitive and a soaring forced cut-backs in public and private spending.

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By the 21st century, Norway became one of the world's most prosperous countries with oil and gas production accounting for 20 percent of its economy. By reinvesting its oil revenues, Norway had the world's largest sovereign wealth fund in 2017.

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spread to Norway and within a year killed nearly two-thirds of the population. Later plagues halved the population by 1400. Many communities were entirely wiped out, resulting in an abundance of land, allowing farmers to switch to more

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has been influenced to an extraordinary degree by the terrain and the climate of the region. About 10,000 BC, following the retreat inland of the great ice sheets, the earliest inhabitants migrated north into the territory which is now

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accommodation rig capsized in 1980; these incidents led to a strengthening of petroleum safety regulations. The oil industry not only created jobs in production, but a large number of supply and technology companies were established.

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Industrialization started in the 1840s, and from the 1860s large-scale emigration to North America took place. In 1884 the king appointed Johan Sverdrup as prime minister, thus establishing parliamentarism. The union with Sweden was

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prevailed and controlled the country until the end of the war. The German goal was to use Norway to control access to the North Sea and the Atlantic, and to station air and naval forces to stop convoys from Britain to the USSR.

3003:. Throughout the post-war period both fishing and agriculture became more mechanized, the agricultural subsidies rose to the third-highest in the world and the number of small-scale farms and fishermen fell dramatically. The 2335:, farmers became more conscious of electing themselves, resulting in a majority of farmers in Parliament. This resulted in rural tax cuts and higher import tariffs, shifting the tax burden to the cities. They also passed the 1715:, which allowed all the king's sons to rule jointly by dividing Norway into portions for each to rule. At times there were periods of peace, before a lesser son allied himself with a chieftain and started a new conflict. The 4195: 3023:, sat for six years and started a trend of shifting Labor and Conservative governments. Norwegianization of Samis halted after the war and Sami rights became an increasing issue, with a council being established in 1964. 2305:

The Napoleonic Wars sent Norway into an economic crisis, as nearly all the merchants had gone bankrupt during the blockade. Recovery was difficult because of export tariffs and the country experienced high inflation. The

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Swedish abolition of the free trade agreement and the lack of a Norwegian foreign minister. Negotiations of independence commenced, but were not effective because of shifting governments and the Swedish threat of war.

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when it was established in 1816, financed through a silver tax which lasted until 1842. Under threat of a coup d'état by Carl Johan, Norway reluctantly paid the debt stated in the Treaty of Kiel, despite never having

2231:, heir to the Danish and Norwegian crowns, had since 1813 been viceroy of Norway. He spearheaded the Norwegian resistance against the Kiel Treaty and planned to claim the throne as the legitimate heir. He traveled to 1393:

hit southern Norway in the 6th century, with hundreds of farms being depopulated. Most were repopulated in the 7th century, which also saw the construction of several fishing hamlets and a boom in trade of iron and

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king of Denmark and Norway in 1661, eliminating the power of the nobles. A new administrative system was introduced. Departments organized by portfolio were established in Copenhagen, while Norway was divided into

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in the 1970s, receiving an area of 2,000,000 square kilometers (770,000 sq mi). A series of border disputes followed; agreements were reached with Denmark and Iceland in the 1990s, but the border in the

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Margaret pursued a centralising policy which inevitably favoured Denmark, because it had a greater population than Norway and Sweden combined. Margaret also granted trade privileges to the Hanseatic merchants of

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started being salted, which required fishermen to buy salt from merchants. The first important period of Norwegian shipping was between 1690 and 1710, but the advantage was lost with Denmark–Norway entering the

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retained distinct dialects. Professional administration was now needed and power shifted from the pincial nobility to the royal administration: district stipendiary magistrates were appointed as judges and the

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in Bergen in return for recognition of her right to rule, and these hurt the Norwegian economy. The Hanseatic merchants formed a state within a state in Bergen for generations. Even worse were the pirates, the

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living at the mercy of the farmer. There were 48,000 smallholders in 1800. Compared to Denmark, taxes were very low in Norway, typically at four to ten percent of the harvest, although the number of farms per

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contained Norwegians. Norway benefitted from the many European wars of the 18th century. As a neutral power it was able to expand its share of the shipping market. It also supplied timber to foreign navies.

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in 1709. However, Norwegian shipping regained its strength towards the end of the century. Many Norwegians earned a living as sailors in foreign ships, especially Dutch ones. The crews in both sides of the

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became an important resource in this period and the government secured laws to hinder foreigners from controlling waterfalls, mines and forests. Large industrial companies established in these years were

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introduced Norway's first television broadcasts. Norway feared competition from Swedish industry and Danish agriculture and chose not to join any free trade organizations until 1960, when it joined the

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resulted in a brutalization of society and 30,000 people were imprisoned. 55,000 people joined the National Unity Party, which became the only legal party. But the nazification process failed after the

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between Christiania and Eidsvoll opened in 1854, followed a year later by the first telegraph line. Export industry commenced with steam-powered sawmills in the 1860s, followed by canned herring,

1473:, which were brought to the Norwegian farms as a slave workforce. Whenever the men were engaged in warfare and voyages, the homestead was run by those remaining at home, supervised by the wife. 2727:. Although strong during the 1920s, they were marginalized through the 1930s. A short-lived Labor Government reigned in 1928, but did not establish a sound parliamentary support until the 1935 1704:) became the Christian centre of Norway. Within a few years the Danish rule had become sufficiently unpopular that Norway again united under a Norwegian king, Magnus Olavson the Good, in 1035. 1108:

and separate institutions, except for the foreign service. The union was formally established after the extraordinary Storting adopted the necessary amendments to the Constitution and elected

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Kvam, Vegard. "Compulsory school attendance as a child welfare initiative: the socio-political function of education legislation with respect to vulnerable children in Norway, 1814–1900."

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was the first in the world when it was established in 1972. A network of regional airports were built in Western and Northern Norway in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Membership in the

6011: 1572:. He also established the leidang, a mobilization army/navy. Haakon made an unsuccessful attempt to introduce Christianity in Norway. After his death in 960, war broke out between the 3943: 3596: 2096:

were repossessed. The period under absolutism increased the ratio of self-owning farmers from twenty to fifty percent, largely through sales of crown land to finance the lost wars.

5526: 1957:, strengthening the king's power. All church valuables were sent to Copenhagen and the forty percent of the land which was owned by the church came under the control of the king. 2331:. The first half of the century was dominated by the ca. 2,000 officials, as there were few bourgeois and no aristocracy following an 1821 decision to abolish nobility. From the 2954:(NATO). However, Norway never allowed permanently stationed foreign troops or nuclear weapons on Norwegian soil to avoid agitating the Soviet Union, with which Norway from 1944 2638:

was introduced in 1913—as the second country in the world. From the 1880s to the 1920s, Norwegians carried out a series of polar expeditions. The most important explorers were

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In February 2020, Secrets of the Ice Program researchers discovered a 1,500-year-old Viking arrowhead dating back to the Germanic Iron Age and locked in a glacier in southern

5220: 3744: 3314: 29: 476: 1929:, who invited the old king Christian II back from his exile in the Netherlands. Christian returned but his army was defeated and he spent the rest of his life in prison. 1835:

was created between the three Scandinavian countries. She waged war against the Hanse, resulting in a trade blockade and higher taxation on Norwegians, which resulted in

1359:, a sacred place where all free men from the surrounding area would assemble and could settle disputes and determine sanctions for crimes, such as paying fines in food. 3973: 3912: 1770:, with peace and increase in trade, especially with the British islands, although Germany became increasingly important towards the end of the century. Throughout the 1117: 4736: 3065: 2903:

private consumption allowing for higher industrial investments. The Labor Party retained power throughout the period and maintained a policy of public planning. The

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ships. In October 2018, Norwegian archaeologists headed by the archaeologist Lars Gustavsen announced the discovery of a buried 20 m long Gjellestad Viking ship in

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as the first European country. The Liberal Party introduced a series of legal reforms, such as increasing the voting rights to about half of all men, settling the

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between 1611 and 1613 saw 8,000 Norwegian peasants conscripted. Despite lack of training, Denmark–Norway won and Sweden abandoned its claims to the land between

1092:. However, no foreign powers recognized the Norwegian independence but supported the Swedish demand for Norway to comply with the treaty of Kiel. After a short 5693: 3378: 2942:. However, there was no enthusiasm for the UN at the time. Anti-communism grew with a Soviet proposal for joint control over Svalbard and especially after the 2589:

appointed in 1905, Parliament voted to establish a Norwegian consular service. This was rejected by the king and on 7 June Parliament unanimously approved the

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was established in 1920, although this period saw a rise of support for the Conservatives. The Labor Party split in 1921, with the left wing establishing the

7071: 6322:(Princeton University Press; 2014) 543 pages; the history of the Scandinavian social model as it developed after the separation of Norway and Sweden in 1905. 6142: 5895: 1295:. According to Ante Aikio the formation of the Sámi language was completed in its southernmost area of usage (central Scandinavia, South Sápmi) by 500 AD. 2958:. NATO financed large parts of the Norwegian military investments, which ultimately resulted in numerous airports being built during the 1950s and 1960s. 5986: 3259: 3788: 7564: 6190:

Kunkeler, Nathaniël, and Martin Kristoffer Hamre. "Conceptions and Practices of International Fascism in Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands, 1930–40."

2590: 2564: 1542:(circa 870–900). He set up the basics of a state administration with stewards seated at the most important estates of vanquished or exiled chieftains. 373: 994:. Gradually, between 1,500 BC and 500 BC, agricultural settlements spread to the entire south Norway, while the inhabitants of the regions north of 2063:, each led by a district governor, and further subdivided into bailiwicks. About 1,600 government officials were appointed throughout the country. 4156: 3099:

field—which proved to be among the ten largest fields in the world. Operations of the fields was split between foreign operators, the state-owned

5856: 4125: 367: 5661: 4094: 2377: 1954: 1077: 297: 6213: 5956: 4780: 6007: 3577: 1548:, then uninhabited, was discovered by Norwegians during the late 9th century. By 930 the island had been divided among 400 Norse chieftains. 1418:

Mountains. The arrowhead made of iron was revealed with its cracked wooden shaft and a feather, is 17 cm long and weighs just 28 grams.

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imposed in 1661. In 1814, after being on the losing side of the Napoleonic Wars with Denmark, Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden by the

3935: 3251:, became Norway's second largest company by 1985, just to go bankrupt by 1993. Unemployment reached record-high levels in the early 1990s. 1786:. The reduction in taxes weakened the king's position, and many aristocrats lost their surplus income, reducing some to mere farmers. High 6498: 2594: 514: 5042: 3855:

Aikio, Ante (2004), "An essay on substrate studies and the origin of Saami", in Hyvärinen, Irma; Kallio, Petri; Korhonen, Jarmo (eds.),

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was created in 1961 by former Labor politicians who disagreed with the Labor Party's NATO, nuclear and European policies. Following the

2703:. Some merchants made huge profits from trade and shipping during the war, resulting in an increased division between the classes. The 1712: 1132:

were important sources of income for the country. The following decades saw a fluctuating economy and the rise of the labor movement.

7064: 3450:, the leader of Norway's center-left Labor Party, took office on 14 October 2021. He formed a minority coalition government with the 2899:

being introduced. Reconstruction after the war gave Norway the highest economic growth in Europe until 1950, partly created through

1366:. Trading with Romans also took place, largely furs and skins in exchange for luxury goods. Some Scandinavians also served as Roman 3382: 2872: 1389:

tribes migrated northwards and local farmers wanted protection. This also resulted in the construction of simple fortifications. A

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The textile industry started in the 1840s, which was followed up with mechanical workshops to build new machinery as the British

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armor, and were well trained. In addition to gold and silver, an important purpose from the raids was the capture and trading of

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joined them in January 2019. The Progress Party left the coalition in January 2020, but it continued to support the government.

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By 1990, Norway was Europe's largest oil producer and by 1995 it was the world's second-largest oil exporter. Membership in the

1678:, built churches and created an institution of priests. Many chieftains feared that Christianization would rob them of power as 1447:

The Viking Age was a period of Scandinavian expansion through trade, raids and colonization. One of the first raids was against

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Roy, Chiraag, Anthony Ware, and Costas Laoutides. "The political economy of Norwegian peacemaking in Myanmar's peace process."

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to take control and hilltop forts to be constructed. From the 8th century Norwegians started expanding across the seas to the

7657: 6447: 6408: 6389: 6370: 3459: 3432: 3416: 3343: 3192: 3020: 2920: 2547: 2484: 2411: 2332: 960: 4913: 3965: 3904: 2597:, only 184 people voted in favor of a union. The government offered the Norwegian crown to Denmark's Prince Carl, who after 7057: 6043:

Andresen, Astri, and Kari Tove Elvbakken. "In peace and war: birth control and population policies in Norway (1930–1945)."

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about 12,000 BC. The first immigration took place during this period as the Norwegian coast offered rich opportunities for

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to two-thirds of the country's audited national income was transferred to Copenhagen. In the last decades of the century,

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shifted their focus from defending an invasion to being mobile for use in NATO operations abroad and participated in the

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was built, the issue shifted the political climate and made large-scale hydroelectricity project difficult to built. The

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took control of Norwegian trade in the 14th century and established trading posts in most Norwegian port cities, such as

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The Versatile Farmers of the North; The Struggle of Norwegian Yeomen for Economic Reforms and Political Power, 1750–1814

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on 17 May 1814. Power would be split between the king – a position to which Christian Frederik was appointed – and the

2430:. From 1850 to 1880 the Norwegian shipping industry enjoyed a large boom, stimulated by the abolishing of the British 1045:. The population expanded quickly until 1349 (Oslo: 3,000; Bergen: 7,000; Trondheim: 4,000) when it was halved by the 7824: 7129: 6334: 6127:

Goksøyr, Matti, and Gaute Heyerdahl. "The 1952 and 1994 Olympic Flames: Norway's Quest for Winter Olympic Identity."

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The last century BC saw a widespread cultural development. The Norse adapted letters and created their own alphabet,

727: 6313: 3859:, Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki, vol. 63, Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, pp. 5–34 1374:. They functioned as priests and accepted sacrifices from farmers which were again used to pay soldiers, creating a 8151: 7953: 7662: 7532: 6998: 6593: 3220: 3112: 2719:

Norway had nine governments between 1918 and 1935, nearly all minority and lasting an average eighteen months. The

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the Norwegian merchant marine was largely used in support of the British, resulting in Norway being classified as

7559: 7023: 6626: 6491: 6258: 3556: 3168:, and Oslo became the center-point of immigration, although regulations from 1975 slowed this significantly. The 3000: 2907:

was created in 1946. The 1950s saw a boom in construction of hydroelectricity and the state built the steel mill

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Ancient constitutions and modern monarchy: historical writing and enlightened reform in Denmark-Norway 1730–1814

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Dackling, Martin. "Traditional or modern peasants? odelsrett and bördsrätt in parliamentary debates, 1810–1860"

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to finance new road projects. A banking crisis hit Norway in the late 1980s, causing the largest banks, such as

1724:, who introduced clear succession laws. He also managed to subject Greenland and Iceland to Norwegian rule; the 8113: 7723: 6810: 6643: 6581: 2707:

was dominated by economic instability caused among other by strikes, lock-outs and the monetary policy causing

2396: 2344: 2241: 1326:. The climate changes also meant that farmers started building more solid structures for shelter. Knowledge of 5978: 1688:, and had Olaf banished from Norway in 1028. When he tried to return in 1030, he was met by the locals in the 1451:

in 793 and is considered the beginning of the Viking Age. This was possible because of the development of the

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Taylor, Louisa. "Bishops, war, and canon law: The Military Activities of Prelates in High Medieval Norway."

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inherited both the Norwegian and Danish thrones, creating a union between the two countries. In 1397, under

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Myhre, Jan Eivind. "Social History in Norway in the 1970s and Beyond: Evolution and Professionalisation."

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Loftsgarden, Kjetil. "Mass Production and Mountain Marketplaces in Norway in the Viking and Middle Ages."

3431:, was elected. The transition came amid an economy in good condition, with low unemployment. In Norwegian 2934:

Norway retained its neutrality policy until 1947, focusing on its membership in the United Nations, where

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the king established Norway as a sovereign state with a central administration and local representatives.

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League in Bergen was broken; though German craftsmen remained, they had to accept Danish-Norwegian rule.

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A climate shift with colder weather started about 500 BC. The forests, which had previously consisted of

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as staple foods. Between 5,000 BC and 4,000 BC the earliest agricultural settlements appeared around the

832: 400: 394: 352: 17: 3661:(left) announce that Norway and Russia have settled the long conflict over their maritime border in the 3052:

ever-more conversion of waterfalls to hydro stations, pollution and the dilapidation of herring stocks.

2946:, after which the Communist Party lost all influence. Norway started negotiations for the creation of a 2064: 1875:, who resided in the country for several years. Norway did not take any part in the events which led to 8210: 8129: 7921: 7872: 7819: 7417: 7369: 7261: 7256: 7033: 7028: 6484: 6246:

Lundestad, Geir. "The United States and Norway, 1905–2006 Allies of a kind: so similar, so different."

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Götz, Norbert (2009). "The Absent-Minded Founder: Norway and the Establishment of the United Nations".

3355: 2947: 2340: 2320: 1971: 1791: 1402:. Some chieftains were able to control most of the trade and grew in power throughout the 8th century. 1229:, with technology from southern Scandinavia. The break-through occurred between 2900 and 2500 BC, when 837: 500: 450: 78: 6183:

Kjølsvik, Idar, and Herborg Finnset. "Norway's Millennium of Christianity and Decade of Celebration."

5848: 5633: 8098: 7834: 7672: 7652: 7642: 7003: 6757: 6718: 6068:

Brégaint, David. "Kings and aristocratic elites: communicating power and status in medieval Norway."

3185: 2728: 2724: 2136:. Fishing continued to be an important income for farmers along the coast, but from the 18th century 1876: 1554:– the son of Harald Fairhair, raised in England – assumed the crown in 930 and established two large 953: 6469: 6430: 6302: 6132: 6083: 6073: 4187: 1353:. They would offer protection from other clans; if conflicts arose, the issue would be decided at a 8103: 7933: 7783: 7773: 7677: 7637: 7554: 7512: 7374: 7221: 5948: 4772: 3295: 3275: 2955: 2508: 2371: 2350: 2273:

on 7 October, and the necessary amendments were resolved on 4 November 1814. On the same day, king

2176: 2047: 1946: 1523: 1515: 817: 328: 158: 5164:

Kathleen Stokker, "Heil Hitler; God Save the King: Jokes and the Norwegian Resistance 1940–1945,"

2912: 2712:

production increased by eighty percent from 1915 to 1939, the number of jobs remained stable. The

8139: 7968: 7748: 7647: 7627: 7379: 7341: 7008: 6666: 6195: 6171:

Secret Alliances: Special Operations and Intelligence in Norway 1940–1945–The British Perspective

3686: 3428: 3205: 3128: 3108: 3044: 2846: 2760: 2402:

The population decrease resulted in a labor shortage in the agriculture, which again resulted in

2365:

hindered import of textile machinery. An economic crisis hit the country from 1848, resulting in

2014:

in 1618–48, a new conscription system was created in which the country was subdivided into 6,000

1926: 1872: 1708: 1246: 1158: 663: 239: 113: 3048: 1500:

settled on the east coast of Ireland circa 800 and founded the island's first cities, including

8134: 8093: 8028: 7943: 7897: 7758: 7718: 7713: 7606: 7462: 7321: 6832: 6661: 3857:

Etymologie, Entlehnungen und Entwicklungen: Festschrift für Jorma Koivulehto zum 70. Geburtstag

3409: 3339: 3263: 2732: 2731:, based on an alliance with the Agrarian Party. During the 1920s and 1930s, Norway established 2586: 2488: 2323:

on 17 May became an important political rally every year; in 1829 the Swedish governor-general

2245: 2190: 1910: 1725: 1716: 1271:, permanent farms with houses and yards, especially in the fertile areas around the Oslofjord, 1109: 1089: 756: 751: 600: 460: 334: 194: 34: 6147:

Grytten, Ola Honningdal. "Revising price history: consumer price index for Norway 1492–2018."

8108: 7963: 7753: 7522: 7291: 7251: 7231: 7211: 7114: 6912: 6777: 5046: 3552: 3505: 3451: 3351: 3223:

to connect island communities to the mainland. From the 1980s, the largest cities introduced

3053: 2892: 2720: 2551: 2307: 2117:

was introduced in 1736; as it required people to read, elementary education was introduced.

1828: 1778: 1592: 1531: 1219: 1030: 842: 645: 465: 170: 6290:

Riste, Olav. "The historical determinants of Norwegian foreign policy." in J. J. Holst, ed.

1225:

The first farming, and thus the start of the Neolithic period, began ca. 4000 BC around the

8083: 7973: 7788: 7407: 7226: 6967: 6962: 6902: 6837: 6742: 6164: 3501: 3319: 3299: 3165: 2928: 2904: 2542:

The 1880s and 1890s saw the rise of the labor movement and trade unions became common; the

2532: 2496: 2434:. By 1880 there were 60,000 Norwegian seamen and the country had the world's third-largest 2336: 2328: 2249: 2018:, each required to support one soldier. Denmark–Norway lost the war and was forced to cede 2011: 1836: 1729: 1721: 1689: 1607:

Several Viking ships in burial mounds have been found and placed in museums, including the

1539: 1493: 1343: 1267:

The Bronze Age began around 1800 BC and involved innovations such as ploughing fields with

946: 877: 678: 630: 531: 176: 131: 303: 8: 8048: 7978: 7948: 7902: 7877: 7733: 7632: 7615: 7427: 7412: 7359: 7306: 7301: 7276: 7134: 6932: 6862: 6805: 6722: 6548: 5079: 3583: 3397: 3393: 3016: 2635: 2092:

The population of Norway increased from 150,000 in 1500 to 900,000 in 1800. By 1500 most

2070: 2055: 2027: 1922: 1760: 1616: 1242: 1164: 7397: 7049: 3447: 2609:, factory inspection, a ten-hour working day and worker protection laws. Waterfalls for 2200:

on France's side in 1807. This had a devastating effect on the Norwegian economy as the

2074: 1179:. Increased ice receding from 8000 BC led to settlement along the entire coastline. The 610: 8078: 8005: 7995: 7882: 7763: 7696: 7549: 7331: 7281: 7241: 7194: 7189: 7179: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7139: 7124: 7119: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7038: 6942: 6726: 6678: 6673: 6576: 6566: 6523: 6515: 6457: 6418: 5814: 5331: 4126:"A Rare Viking Ship Burial Was Just Discovered in Norway, Less Than 2 Feet Underground" 3548: 3493: 3181: 3153: 3138: 3121: 3092: 2837: 2790: 2780: 2536: 2407: 2261: 2228: 2164: 2156: 2142: 2060: 1962: 1902: 1856: 1824: 1556: 1327: 1250: 1097: 1069: 791: 717: 635: 625: 615: 364: 346: 291: 3034:

in 1962 concluded the construction of new railway routes, while the first part of the

1970:

became employees of the crown rather than of the local nobility. In 1572 (or 1556), a

1200: 8175: 8063: 8020: 8000: 7907: 7892: 7862: 7802: 7507: 7422: 7364: 7326: 7316: 7296: 7286: 7271: 7246: 7216: 7184: 7169: 7144: 7080: 6917: 6892: 6872: 6852: 6842: 6732: 6714: 6683: 6616: 6533: 6507: 6443: 6404: 6385: 6366: 6330: 6268: 6137:

Grytten, Ola. "Revising growth history: new estimates of GDP for Norway, 1816–2019"

5653: 5335: 3291: 3124:

and dividends from Statoil gave high income from the oil industry to the government.

3012: 2210: 2078: 2051: 1987: 1975: 1665: 1661: 1262: 796: 673: 650: 151: 125: 6223: 6056:

The power of the periphery: How Norway became an environmental pioneer for the world

2406:

and thus capital. The government stimulated the process through the creation of the

2235:

to gain support for his person, and then assembled twenty-one prominent citizens at

1653: 1551: 8058: 7958: 7814: 7502: 7311: 7236: 7206: 6907: 6822: 6767: 6737: 6688: 6648: 6631: 6621: 6556: 6528: 5645: 5323: 3654: 3638: 3626: 3622: 3602: 3420: 3232: 3169: 3157: 3008: 2829: 2828:

proclaimed himself prime minister and appointed a government with members from the

2696: 2657: 2610: 2568: 2232: 2147: 2129: 1860: 1849: 1812: 1783: 1771: 1756: 1692:, where Olaf was killed, in accordance with the law. The church elevated Olaf I to 1670: 1573: 1511: 1386: 1382: 1355: 1288: 1180: 1137: 1129: 1081: 1058: 1006: 827: 685: 668: 272: 253: 226: 206: 200: 137: 119: 62: 5649: 3513: 2414:

eight years later. The 19th century saw a large increase of road construction and

2289: 1990:) and the Dutch controlled the export of Norwegian timber for the next 150 years. 1839:. However, Norway and its Council of State was too weak to secede from the union. 1291:

arrived in the north and assimilated with the indigenous population, becoming the

8184: 8088: 8073: 8010: 7938: 7844: 7579: 6947: 6922: 6710: 6693: 6538: 6015: 5917: 5783: 5176: 4921: 3658: 3279: 3228: 2825: 2776: 2756: 2744: 2704: 2639: 2605:. The following ten years, Parliament passed a series of social reforms, such as 2512: 2447: 2435: 2431: 2388: 2197: 1958: 1942: 1657: 1649: 1527: 1272: 1121: 406: 379: 4064: 3706: 3216: 3201: 2343:

from 1838. Cultural expression from the 1840s to the 1870s was dominated by the

2133: 986:. They were hunter-gatherers whose diet included seafood and game, particularly 8156: 8144: 6897: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6857: 6847: 6762: 6705: 6598: 6561: 6273:

Nelsen, Brent F. "Explaining Petroleum Policy in Britain and Norway, 1962–90."

5216: 4743: 3560: 3517: 3485: 3439:

won re-election. In January 2018, the Liberal Party joined the government, the

3412:, killing 77 people. It was the worst ever gun massacre made by an individual. 3323: 3271: 3255: 3104: 2908: 2888: 2833: 2740: 2699:. Half the Norwegian fleet was sunk and 2,000 seamen were killed by the German 2665: 2661: 2643: 2504: 2236: 2214: 2101: 1979: 1888: 1685: 1505: 1477: 1125: 1085: 905: 891: 863: 732: 712: 5327: 3707:"Norway Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption" 3031: 2983: 2840:

continued in Northern Norway and the government fled to London on 7 June. The

8204: 8189: 8033: 6993: 6792: 5822: 5686: 5657: 3634: 3362: 3267: 3248: 3027: 2967: 2896: 2673: 2669: 2647: 2455: 2451: 2366: 2180: 2093: 2007: 1998:

The 17th century saw a series of wars between Denmark–Norway and Sweden. The

1914: 1535: 1485: 1196: 1184: 1014: 933: 919: 490: 66: 50: 2471: 2439: 2023: 1633: 69:(1664–1724) was a German geographer and cartographer; map dated around 1730. 8068: 7857: 7544: 6952: 6782: 6653: 6571: 3436: 3240: 3196: 3143: 2994:

The sale of cars was deregulated in October 1960, and in the same year the

2880: 2849:

resigned and both organized sports and bishops boycotted the new regime. A

2798: 2573: 2274: 2121: 2114: 2105: 2097: 1950: 1868: 1832: 1675: 1588: 1580: 1268: 1168: 1062: 982:. They traveled steadily northwards along the coastal areas, warmed by the 822: 785: 707: 266: 38: 4157:"For the First Time in a Century, Norway Will Excavate Viking Ship Burial" 2736: 2185: 1569: 995: 7852: 6937: 6815: 6800: 6772: 6608: 5733: 5366:

Kai R. Pedersen, "Norwegian Business and the Marshall Plan, 1947–1952."

4917: 4776: 3662: 3568: 3331: 3327: 3133: 3076: 2692: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2311: 2163:

movement, which demanded the right to preach the word of God freely. The

1918: 1893: 1790:

made the church more powerful, and the archbishop became a member of the

1448: 1415: 1367: 1292: 1238: 1237:, pigs, cattle, sheep and goats became common and spread as far north as 1215: 1209: 1073: 1068:

After Sweden left the union in 1523, Norway became the junior partner in

1046: 1042: 983: 539: 260: 4394: 3936:"Photo Friday: Norwegian Glacial Ice Preserves Ancient Viking Artifacts" 2475: 2031: 2019: 1852:", who launched three devastating raids on the port (the last in 1427). 1797: 1560:, assemblies in which the king met with the free men to make decisions: 1480:

caused Norwegians to travel to and colonize sparsely populated areas of

1390: 1176: 1050: 7990: 7517: 6700: 6320:

The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century

5169: 3630: 3606: 3571:

during a state visit in Washington, D.C., United States, in March 2005.

3564: 3536:

Jens Stoltenberg was the Prime Minister of Norway from 2005 until 2013.

3374: 3370: 3366: 3244: 3236: 3209: 3180:. The case united the environmental and Sami interest groups; although 3177: 3040: 3035: 2935: 2924: 2602: 2419: 2253: 2244:

gathered and, after six weeks of discussion, concluded the work on the

2201: 2003: 1999: 1986:

this. In 1544 a deal was struck with the Netherlands (then part of the

1906: 1901:

Sweden was able to pull out of the Kalmar Union in 1523, thus creating

1767: 1565: 1466: 1456: 1427: 1026: 761: 690: 164: 98: 3278:—connected to the capital with Norway's first high-speed railway, the 2879:

and 25 were executed. The post-war years saw an increased interest in

2466: 2298: 2277:

of Sweden was elected king of Norway, thereby establishing the Union.

1953:, dissolving the Norwegian Council of State. The Reformation was also 6747: 3966:"1,500-Year-Old Viking Arrowhead Found After Glacier Melts in Norway" 3224: 3173: 3117: 3088: 3080: 2987: 2900: 2748: 2708: 2578: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2392: 2383: 2220: 2137: 1991: 1701: 1693: 1584: 1437: 1399: 1395: 1371: 1226: 1022: 1010: 1002: 991: 766: 547: 6476: 6283:

Riste, Olav. "Britain and Norway: from War to Cold War, 1944–1951."

5949:"Norway's right-wing government wins re-election fought on oil, tax" 2927:

allowed for governmental control over private debt. Oslo hosted the

2520: 1844: 7768: 6957: 6752: 6161:

1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

3347: 3306:

resulted in cooperation with Russia and reduced military activity.

3303: 2971: 2785: 2752: 2606: 2500: 2316: 1967: 1744: 1599:. Unlike Greenland, no permanent settlement was established there. 1561: 1489: 1481: 1452: 1378:. Thus they were able to rule an area of several clans and tribes. 1307: 1192: 1105: 987: 695: 7454: 6239:

Lucas, Colin. "Great Britain and the Union of Norway and Sweden."

5634:"Norway's urban toll rings: Evolving towards congestion charging?" 3405: 2858:

on 8 May 1945, there were 360,000 German soldiers in the country.

2354: 1280: 1276: 6827: 6638: 3509: 3497: 3489: 3386: 3287: 3283: 3100: 3096: 2876: 2677: 2524: 2362: 2280: 2160: 2124:

as the basis for commerce, which involved import regulations and

1748: 1697: 1612: 1608: 1596: 1545: 1497: 1462: 1441: 1284: 1172: 1038: 1018: 575: 568: 562: 58: 54: 42: 6095:

Eitrheim, Øyvind, Jan Tore Klovland, and Lars Fredrik Øksendal.

5632:

Ieromonachou, P.; Potter, S.; Warren, J. P. (1 September 2006).

3458:. The previous center-right government was ousted in the 13 Sep 3200:

which ultimately forced an increase in taxes and Prime Minister

1680: 7527: 7485: 5076:

Erik J. Friis, "The Norwegian Government-In-Exile, 1940–45" in

4095:"Viking ship burial discovered in Norway just 50cm underground" 3419:, voters ended eight years of Labor rule led by Prime Minister 2495:, run for election, and subsequently the majority succeeded at 2125: 2085: 1982:

was founded, and professional military officers were employed.

1820: 1752: 1501: 1470: 1411: 1323: 1234: 1054: 979: 586: 581: 46: 6163:, ed. by Ute Daniel, et al. (Freie Universität Berlin, 2016). 2442:

connected the capital to Trondheim in 1877. Norway joined the

2217:

signed on 14 January 1814 ceded Norway to the king of Sweden.

1508:

kings to ally, and by 900 they had driven out the Norwegians.

8038: 2615: 1787: 1363: 1331: 1315: 1303: 1205: 1188: 3149: 2680:, the tent erected at the South Pole on 16 December 1911 as 2037: 1707:

From the 1040s to 1130 the country was at peace. In 1130, a

1432: 1163:

Norway's coastline rose from glaciation with the end of the

4399:. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag. p. 514. 3521: 2528: 2418:

services commenced along the coast. The first railway, the

2270: 1816: 1375: 1350: 1319: 1230: 1175:, and by 9300 BC they were already settled as far north as 1141: 2327:

resigned after he used force against demonstrators in the

7079: 5778:

Hove-Ødegård, Arne; Celius, Sten; Brun, Ivar Ole (2004).

3737:"Lessons from Norway, the world's most inclusive economy" 2294: 1648:

and the abolition of the traditional Asatru reflected in

1583:, a Norwegian-born man, a group of Icelanders settled on 1311: 1299: 1120:

in 1905. From the 1880s to the 1920s, Norwegians such as

5631: 5213:"Passport Issues, Citizenship and National Registration" 3905:"Climate change reveals, and threatens, thawing relics" 2950:, but instead opted to become a founding member of the 1855:

Norway slipped ever more into the background under the

5777: 5694:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

3446:

Norway's new center-left cabinet under Prime Minister

2100:

became common in the absolutism period, especially in

1932: 1522:

The mid-9th century saw the largest chieftains of the

1128:

carried out important polar expeditions. Shipping and

5918:"Norway election: Conservative Erna Solberg triumphs" 1576:

and the Earls of Lade in alliance with Danish kings.

1538:

and was able to unify the country after the decisive

1171:, fishing, and hunting. These early inhabitants were 3270:. Large public investments in the 1990s were a new 3146:became a new, profitable industry along the coast. 3056:was created as the country's first in 1962 and the 2067:was the most famous viceroy of Norway (1664–1699). 1945:broke out between the supporters of his eldest son 1455:, suitable for travel across the sea, and advanced 6038:Britain and Norway in Europe Since 1945: Outsiders 6031:Foreign relations of Norway § Further reading 4188:"Vil grave fram det første vikingskipet på 100 år" 4185: 3282:. A number of large government companies, such as 2654:in 1911 became the first to reach the South Pole. 2565:Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden 1337: 1256: 6327:History of Norway from the Ice Age to the Oil Age 5519:"Russia and Norway strike Arctic sea border deal" 5517:Dyomkin, Denis; Fouche, Gwladys (27 April 2010). 3785:"'Søgnekvinnen' – Norway's Oldest Human Skeleton" 1088:. Norway declared its independence and adopted a 8202: 6118:Fascism and Ideology: Italy, Britain, and Norway 5888:"The Top 5 Worst Gun Massacres by an Individual" 3880: 3878: 2519:by establishing two official written standards, 2461: 1871:in 1502. Norwegians had some affection for king 1823:, which had the largest German colony. In 1380, 1057:became the main trading port, controlled by the 5983:Norway's News in English — www.newsinenglish.no 4800: 4798: 3829: 3827: 1961:was introduced as a written language, although 1755:, once the centre of trade in Norway under the 1739: 1732:civil war resulted in a pro-Norwegian victory. 6398: 5947:Dagenborg, Henrik Stolen (12 September 2017). 5078:Scandinavian Studies. Essays Presented to Dr. 3435:the center-right government of Prime Minister 3015:ruled for a month. The Conservative coalition 1877:Swedish independence from Denmark in the 1520s 7470: 7065: 6492: 6129:International Journal of the History of Sport 6113:(Dec 1955) 5#12 pp 833–838, covers 1814–1905. 6008:Norways Prime Minister present his government 5737:(in Norwegian). 24 December 1993. p. 11. 5516: 3875: 2347:, which emphasized the uniqueness of Norway. 954: 508: 41:with their surrounding territories: northern 6442:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. 6384:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. 5813: 5082:on the Occasion of his Eighty-fifth Birthday 4795: 4186:miljødepartementet, Klima-og (12 May 2020). 3824: 3111:in 1977 and 123 people were killed when the 3103:, the partially state-owned Norsk Hydro and 2204:hindered export by ship and import of food. 2189:The Constituent Assembly which approved the 1602: 6109:Falls, Cyril. "The Independence of Norway" 2873:legal purge took place in Norway after WWII 2832:. He was quickly set aside and replaced by 2438:. As the first coast-to-coast railway, the 1381:The chieftains' power increased during the 1370:. Some of the most powerful farmers became 7477: 7463: 7072: 7058: 6499: 6485: 6310:Scandinavia and the Great Powers 1890–1940 5782:. Lillehammer Municipality. Archived from 4731: 4729: 4727: 3373:in Thailand and the other part across the 2875:in which 53,000 people were sentenced for 1766:The 13th century is described as Norway's 1405: 1245:, which brought new weapons, tools and an 1241:. This period also saw the arrival of the 1037:was completed during the 11th century and 961: 947: 515: 501: 7789:Membership of International organizations 6222:(Princeton University Press, 1967) 576pp 5946: 5819:"Fra invasjonsforsvar til innsatsforsvar" 5681: 5679: 3219:opened in 1982 and since the country has 2113:decreased from four to two in the 1670s. 1334:, resulting in better weapons and tools. 6403:(in Norwegian). Lysaker: Dinamo Forlag. 5746: 5744: 5555: 5553: 5503: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5378: 5376: 5291: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5240: 5238: 5198: 5196: 5186: 5184: 3354:in 2011. They were also involved in the 3313: 3148: 3075: 2982: 2784: 2656: 2572: 2465: 2376: 2349: 2288: 2264:on 14 August Norway accepted to enter a 2219: 2184: 2069: 1974:was appointed for Norway with a seat at 1892: 1796: 1743: 1632: 1510: 1431: 1214: 28: 6437: 6399:Stenersen, Øyvind; Libæk, Ivar (2003). 6097:A monetary history of Norway, 1816–2016 4724: 3933: 2634:was established the following year and 2544:Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions 2010:. With the Danish participation in the 1104:with Sweden, keeping its Constitution, 14: 8203: 6379: 6365:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Andante Forlag. 5676: 5529:from the original on 30 September 2013 5043:"Historikk – Stavanger lufthavn, Sola" 4854: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4699: 4697: 4669: 4667: 4585: 4583: 4456: 4454: 4392: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4032: 4030: 4002: 4000: 3903:Bailey, Stephanie (26 February 2019). 3902: 3868: 3866: 2805: 2252:. The Swedish army under Crown prince 1112:as king of Norway on 4 November 1814. 7458: 7081:History of current European countries 7053: 6506: 6480: 6360: 6292:Norwegian Foreign Policy in the 1980s 5979:"Progress leaves Solberg's coalition" 5898:from the original on 26 February 2022 5859:from the original on 13 December 2021 5829:from the original on 23 November 2011 5741: 5550: 5498: 5484: 5373: 5286: 5274: 5235: 5193: 5181: 4136:from the original on 14 November 2020 4123: 3915:from the original on 26 February 2019 3854: 3841: 3839: 3817: 3815: 2357:, a major copper mining town, in 1869 2310:was established as a currency by the 1882: 1534:when he entered an alliance with the 1476:The lack of suitable farming land in 6149:Scandinavian Economic History Review 5928:from the original on 18 October 2017 5731:"Landet rundt TBK overtar Dolphin". 5664:from the original on 17 October 2015 5313: 4167:from the original on 6 February 2021 4154: 3383:magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami 3120:became the center of this industry. 2535:and, as the first European country, 2170: 1941:When Frederick died and a three-way 1414:caused by the climate change in the 1212:, skis, sleds and large skin boats. 7484: 7014:History of the Mediterranean region 6099:(Cambridge University Press, 2016). 6058:(Cambridge University Press, 2020). 5370:1996 21(4): 285–301. ISSN 0346-8755 4849: 4837: 4825: 4694: 4664: 4580: 4451: 4386: 4314: 4300: 4124:Starr, Michelle (15 October 2018). 4027: 3997: 3863: 3609:redevelopment of Oslo's waterfront. 359:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 24: 6325:Stenersen, Øivind and Ivar Libæk. 4105:from the original on 13 April 2021 3976:from the original on 25 March 2020 3946:from the original on 25 March 2020 3836: 3812: 3605:opened in 2007 and is part of the 3262:, with Norway instead joining the 2996:Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation 2952:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 2820: 2812:Diplomatic history of World War II 2548:Norwegian Employers' Confederation 1759:trade network, now preserved as a 1641:about 1265, at its greatest extent 25: 8222: 7596: 5703:from the original on 9 March 2013 4396:Dansk biografisk Lexikon, vol. 11 4198:from the original on 12 July 2023 3747:from the original on 25 June 2018 3717:from the original on 25 June 2018 2632:Norwegian Institute of Technology 1526:engaged in major power struggle. 1504:. Their arrival caused the petty 1492:, the latter of which became the 1136:between 1940 and 1945 during the 1065:with Denmark and Sweden in 1397. 382: 7605: 6999:Bibliography of European history 6594:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 6248:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6001: 5971: 5959:from the original on 27 May 2020 5940: 5910: 5880: 5871: 5841: 5807: 5798: 5771: 5762: 5753: 5724: 5715: 5625: 5616: 5607: 5598: 5589: 5580: 5571: 5562: 5541: 5510: 5475: 5466: 5457: 5448: 5439: 5430: 5421: 5412: 5403: 5394: 5385: 5360: 5351: 5342: 5307: 5298: 5265: 5256: 5247: 5205: 5158: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5122: 5113: 5100: 5095:Oxford Companion to World War II 5087: 5070: 5061: 5035: 5026: 5017: 5008: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4972: 4783:from the original on 1 July 2012 4746:. pp. 44–45. Archived from 4075:from the original on 15 May 2011 3934:Ramming, Audrey (6 March 2020). 3791:from the original on 5 July 2014 3787:. Thornews.com. 7 January 2013. 3646: 3614: 3595: 3576: 3541: 3529: 3477: 2961: 2759:. Norway's first civil airport, 2546:was established in 1899 and the 1005:period started in 4,000 BC. The 927: 913: 899: 885: 871: 857: 546: 484: 233: 97: 7024:History of Western civilization 6627:Christianity in the Middle Ages 6354: 6346:Vinje, Victor Condorcet (2014) 6341:Scandinavian Journal of History 6329:(3rd ed. Dinamo Forlag 2007), 6285:Scandinavian journal of history 6241:Scandinavian Journal of History 6192:Journal of Contemporary History 6159:Haug, Karl Erik. "Norway", in: 6080:Scandinavian Journal of History 6070:Scandinavian Journal of History 6024: 5989:from the original on 3 May 2023 5368:Scandinavian Journal of History 5108:Norway and the Second World War 4963: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4906: 4897: 4888: 4879: 4870: 4861: 4816: 4807: 4765: 4715: 4706: 4685: 4676: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4592: 4571: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4442: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4403:from the original on 4 May 2018 4377: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4179: 4148: 4117: 4087: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4018: 4009: 3988: 3958: 3927: 3896: 3887: 3848: 3557:First Lady of the United States 3309: 3191:The Conservative Party won the 3001:European Free Trade Association 2978: 2766: 2558: 2487:saw the first two parties, the 2260:in late July; at the armistice 1338:Nordic Iron Age (500 BC–800 AD) 1257:Nordic Bronze Age (1800–500 BC) 6868:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 6811:Christianity in the modern era 6582:Christianity in late antiquity 6275:Scandinavian political studies 6092:(George Allen and Unwin, 1968) 4393:Bricka, Carl Frederik (1897). 3803: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3729: 3699: 3657:(right) and Russian President 3377:and Southeast Asia were among 3107:. Ekofisk experienced a major 2836:, but reinstated in 1942. The 1728:thus came to an end after the 1622: 1096:, the countries concluded the 13: 1: 7585:Norwegian government-in-exile 7019:History of the European Union 6438:Thuesen, Nils Petter (2011). 6255:Contemporary European History 5650:10.1016/j.tranpol.2006.01.003 3692: 3682:Norway and the European Union 3588:financial crisis of 2007–2008 3484:Five Nordic Prime Ministers ( 3470: 3369:celebration, more than 80 of 3361:On 26 December 2004 during a 2944:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 2714:Norwegian School of Economics 2462:The last decades of the Union 1802: 1668:, starting in 1015, made the 1421: 1385:between 400 and 550 as other 1287:. About 1000 BC, speakers of 1152: 1100:, in which Norway accepted a 7591: 7538:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway 7533:Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) 6180:(U of Nebraska Press, 1998). 6173:(Biteback Publishing, 2021). 5849:"Tsunami victims remembered" 5687:"Regulatyr Reform in Norway" 5093:I.C.B Dear and M.R.D. Foot, 3637:(right) at the visit to the 3516:(right) from Sweden) at the 3091:started in 1966 and in 1969 2885:Scandinavian Airlines System 2866: 2339:, which established elected 2281:The State of the Officials ( 2084:and Norwegian gunboats near 2030:in 1657 to 1660 resulted in 1905:under the rule of a king in 1740:Decline and the Kalmar Union 1674:pass church laws, destroyed 1629:Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) 1140:, after which Norway joined 998:continued to hunt and fish. 431: 412: 7: 6978:Russian invasion of Ukraine 6589:Crisis of the Third Century 5045:. Avinor.no. Archived from 3677:Foreign relations of Norway 3670: 3625:(second left) and his wife 3462:after two four-year terms. 3433:parliamentary election 2017 3062:European Economic Community 3058:Ministry of the Environment 2921:State Educational Loan Fund 2773:German occupation of Norway 2751:and secured sovereignty of 2687:Norway adopted a policy of 2630:was completed in 1909, the 2499:the cabinet. In 1884, King 2446:in 1875 and introduced the 2444:Scandinavian Monetary Union 2196:Denmark–Norway entered the 2038:The Absolute Monarchy era ( 1660:, but he was killed in the 10: 8227: 7034:Military history of Europe 7029:Maritime history of Europe 6028: 5316:Diplomacy & Statecraft 3465: 3379:thousands of people killed 3356:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia 3204:was forced to resign. The 3172:started in the 1970s when 3071: 2948:Scandinavian defense union 2915:. State banks such as the 2861: 2809: 2770: 2562: 2503:appointed majority leader 2412:State Agricultural College 2404:increased use of machinery 2174: 1886: 1626: 1425: 1341: 1260: 1156: 451:Economic history of Norway 8169: 8122: 8019: 7929: 7920: 7810: 7801: 7704: 7695: 7623: 7614: 7603: 7493: 7436: 7388: 7350: 7087: 7004:Genetic history of Europe 6986: 6791: 6607: 6547: 6514: 6380:Steine, Tor Olav (1992). 6265:A brief history of Norway 6090:A Short History of Norway 6061:Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth. 5328:10.1080/09592290903455741 4737:"Railway Statistics 2008" 4065:"Landnámabók (Sturlubók)" 3653:Norwegian Prime Minister 3621:Norwegian Prime Minister 3318:Norwegian Prime Minister 3188:was established in 1989. 2716:was established in 1936. 2167:was established in 1811. 1587:in the 980s. Erik's son, 7709:Administrative divisions 7555:Kingdom of Norway (1814) 6301:42.9 (2021): 2172–2188. 6141:(Feb 2022, 75#pp 181–20 6040:(Springer Nature, 2020). 5168:(1991) 50#2 pp. 171–190 4194:(in Norwegian Nynorsk). 3408:by the Norwegian gunman 3322:met with U.S. President 3276:Oslo Airport, Gardermoen 3195:and carried out a large 3005:Socialist People's Party 2701:Atlantic U-boat Campaign 2591:dissolution of the union 2550:the following year. The 2372:Midwestern United States 2177:Kingdom of Norway (1814) 2132:and the copper mines in 2104:and Trøndelag, with the 2065:Ulrik Fredrik Gyldenløve 1713:succession to the throne 1516:Petty kingdoms of Norway 1465:were well equipped, had 1330:was introduced from the 7825:Government Pension Fund 7009:History of Christianity 6243:15.3–4 (1990): 269–278. 6210:Perspectives on Science 6139:Economic History Review 6014:26 October 2021 at the 5780:"An Olympic Fairy Tale" 4773:"Norges Bank's history" 3687:Arctic policy of Norway 3549:Norwegian King Harald V 3417:2013 Storting elections 3398:Government Headquarters 3129:exclusive economic zone 3127:Norway established its 3045:University of Trondheim 2034:being ceded to Sweden. 1927:Archbishop of Trondheim 1652:was first attempted by 1603:Archaeological findings 1595:in ca. 1000, naming it 1564:for Western Norway and 1406:Archaeological findings 1249:, from which later the 1159:Scandinavian prehistory 1134:Germany occupied Norway 7130:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6833:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6361:Malmø, Morten (1997). 6277:15.4 (1992): 307–328. 6151:68.2 (2020): 129–144. 3586:languishes during the 3504:(center) from Norway, 3410:Anders Behring Breivik 3404:camp at the island of 3340:Norwegian Armed Forces 3335: 3264:European Economic Area 3160: 3084: 3026:The completion of the 2991: 2794: 2729:Nygaardsvold's Cabinet 2684: 2595:dissolution referendum 2582: 2479: 2399: 2358: 2302: 2246:Constitution of Norway 2225: 2193: 2191:Constitution of Norway 2120:The entire period saw 2089: 1933:The Puppet State era ( 1898: 1808: 1763: 1726:Icelandic Commonwealth 1717:Archdiocese of Nidaros 1642: 1519: 1444: 1222: 1110:Charles XIII of Sweden 389:Possession annexations 195:Military Establishment 70: 35:Scandinavian Peninsula 6913:Industrial Revolution 6401:The History of Norway 6350:(Nisus Publications). 6343:45.3 (2020): 263–285. 6299:Third World Quarterly 6287:37.2 (2012): 164–170. 6257:28.3 (2019): 409–421 6212:30.1 (2022): 77–107. 6204:47.5 (2018): 587–610. 6187:34.4 (2020): 410–424. 6063:The History of Norway 6047:35.3 (2020): 345–369 6045:Continuity and Change 6029:Further information: 5924:. 10 September 2013. 5097:(1995) pp 818–23 3553:Norwegian Queen Sonja 3524:, on 27 October 2003. 3506:Anders Fogh Rasmussen 3423:. A coalition of the 3402:Workers' Youth League 3396:saw an attack on the 3317: 3152: 3079: 3054:Rondane National Park 2986: 2938:had become the first 2893:Nordic Passport Union 2810:Further information: 2788: 2771:Further information: 2660: 2652:Amundsen's expedition 2576: 2563:Further information: 2469: 2380: 2353: 2308:Norwegian speciedaler 2292: 2223: 2206:Sweden invaded Norway 2188: 2073: 1978:in Oslo. In 1628 the 1897:Map of Denmark–Norway 1896: 1800: 1747: 1636: 1530:began the process of 1514: 1435: 1342:Further information: 1314:, were replaced with 1261:Further information: 1247:Indo-European dialect 1220:Rock carvings at Alta 1218: 1061:. Norway entered the 843:Scandinavian Airlines 658:Chronological history 67:Johann Baptist Homann 32: 8114:Romantic nationalism 7724:Correctional Service 7683:World Heritage Sites 6968:European debt crisis 6963:European integration 6903:Age of Enlightenment 6743:Republic of Florence 6382:Fenomenet Norsk Data 6318:Sejersted, Francis. 6250:4.2 (2006): 187–209. 6232:64.1 (2020): 94–115 6230:Medieval Archaeology 6202:History of Education 6194:57.1 (2022): 45–67. 6176:Kersaudy, Franöois. 6082:46.1 (2021): 63–83. 5855:. 28 December 2014. 5853:www.newsinenglish.no 5175:12 July 2023 at the 4161:Smithsonian Magazine 3741:World Economic Forum 3508:(second right) from 3502:Kjell Magne Bondevik 3456:Socialist Left Party 3350:in 2003, and in the 3320:Kjell Magne Bondevik 3300:1994 Winter Olympics 3247:, a manufacturer of 3221:built subsea tunnels 3122:High petroleum taxes 3049:University of Tromsø 2956:shared a land border 2929:1952 Winter Olympics 2905:University of Bergen 2830:National Unity Party 2682:the first expedition 2585:With the four-party 2533:compulsory education 2511:, thus establishing 2397:romantic nationalism 2345:romantic nationalism 2337:Local Committees Act 2329:Battle of the Square 2250:Parliament of Norway 2242:Constituent Assembly 2224:Map of Sweden–Norway 2077:between the frigate 2050:elevated himself to 1730:Age of the Sturlungs 1690:Battle of Stiklestad 1540:Battle of Hafrsfjord 1494:Kingdom of the Isles 1436:Reconstruction of a 1344:Iron Age Scandinavia 1204:north started using 1183:is evidenced by the 426:Contemporary history 329:Re-established state 207:Oversea colonization 201:Migration settlement 33:Homann's map of the 7351:States with limited 6933:Revolutions of 1848 6863:Early modern France 6644:Anglo-Saxon England 6549:Classical antiquity 6305:covers 2011 to 2019 6220:A history of Norway 6072:46.1 (2021): 1–20. 5985:. 20 January 2020. 5815:Ingebrigtsen, Roger 5786:on 12 December 2010 5080:Henry Goddard Leach 4914:"Polar Expeditions" 4753:on 22 November 2010 4101:. 15 October 2018. 3665:, on 27 April 2010. 3633:(second right) and 3584:Oslo Stock Exchange 3496:(second left) from 3454:, supported by the 3441:Christian Democrats 3266:and later also the 3176:planned to dam the 3087:Prospecting in the 2851:resistance movement 2806:Government in exile 2593:. In the following 2587:Michelsen's Cabinet 2028:Second Northern War 1923:Olav Engelbrektsson 1761:World Heritage Site 1617:Halden Municipality 1243:Corded Ware culture 1199:further south. The 1165:last glacial period 304:Council abolishment 286:Early modern period 8079:Norwegian language 7888:Telecommunications 7575:Reichskommissariat 7039:Crusading movement 6943:Russian Revolution 6778:Hundred Years' War 6674:Maritime republics 6577:Early Christianity 6567:Hellenistic period 6524:Paleolithic Europe 6185:Lutheran Quarterly 6120:(Routledge, 2015) 6116:Garau, Salvatore. 5892:top5ofanything.com 5817:(7 October 2011). 4924:on 29 October 2012 3629:(left), meet with 3425:Conservative Party 3344:War in Afghanistan 3336: 3258:was rejected in a 3182:Alta Power Station 3161: 3154:Alta Power Station 3139:Abortion on demand 3113:Alexander Kielland 3093:Phillips Petroleum 3085: 3064:was rejected in a 2992: 2966:Norway joined the 2917:State Housing Bank 2913:two aluminum works 2838:Norwegian Campaign 2797:From the start of 2795: 2791:Norwegian Campaign 2781:Norwegian Campaign 2763:, opened in 1937. 2733:three dependencies 2691:from 1905; during 2685: 2583: 2537:universal suffrage 2480: 2458:being introduced. 2400: 2382:Bridal Journey in 2359: 2341:municipal councils 2325:Baltzar von Platen 2303: 2262:Convention of Moss 2229:Christian Frederik 2226: 2194: 2165:University of Oslo 2157:Hans Nielsen Hauge 2143:Great Northern War 2090: 1899: 1883:Union with Denmark 1809: 1801:The Kalmar Union, 1764: 1643: 1520: 1445: 1251:Norwegian language 1223: 1098:Convention of Moss 1078:introduced in 1537 606:History by country 466:Nobility in Norway 401:Reichskommissariat 323:Late modern period 183:Hereditary kingdom 71: 8211:History of Norway 8198: 8197: 8165: 8164: 7984:language conflict 7916: 7915: 7863:Norwegian paradox 7797: 7796: 7779:Political parties 7739:Foreign relations 7691: 7690: 7452: 7451: 7047: 7046: 6973:COVID-19 pandemic 6918:French Revolution 6893:Habsburg monarchy 6873:Cossack Hetmanate 6853:Portuguese Empire 6843:Absolute monarchy 6838:Thirty Years' War 6733:Holy Roman Empire 6658:Bulgarian Empire 6617:Early Middle Ages 6534:Bronze Age Europe 6508:History of Europe 6449:978-82-92870-51-8 6410:978-82-8071-041-3 6391:978-82-00-21501-1 6372:978-82-91056-13-5 6363:Norge på vingene! 6308:Salmon, Patrick. 5084:(1965), p422-444. 3743:. 12 April 2017. 3641:, on 3 June 2009. 3448:Jonas Gahr Stoere 3363:Christmas holiday 3334:, on 27 May 2003. 3302:. The end of the 3294:were privatized. 3272:National Hospital 3095:found oil in the 3011:the Conservative 2940:secretary-general 2842:German occupation 2539:for men in 1889. 2531:, seven years of 2517:language conflict 2454:, along with the 2283:embedsmannsstaten 2211:Battle of Leipzig 2171:Union with Sweden 2012:Thirty Years' War 1988:Holy Roman Empire 1976:Akershus Fortress 1943:war of succession 1857:Oldenburg dynasty 1662:Battle of Svolder 1639:Kingdom of Norway 1263:Nordic Bronze Age 1082:absolute monarchy 1009:caused the first 975:history of Norway 971: 970: 525: 524: 491:Norway portal 456:Judaism in Norway 395:German occupation 374:Union dissolution 353:Language conflict 341:Union with Sweden 310:Absolute monarchy 152:Early Middle Ages 16:(Redirected from 8218: 8178: 8054: 8044: 7927: 7926: 7873:Renewable energy 7848: 7808: 7807: 7702: 7701: 7621: 7620: 7609: 7565:End of the union 7528:High Middle Ages 7479: 7472: 7465: 7456: 7455: 7389:Dependencies and 7088:Sovereign states 7074: 7067: 7060: 7051: 7050: 6908:Great Divergence 6823:Age of Discovery 6768:Late Middle Ages 6738:High Middle Ages 6649:Byzantine Empire 6632:Christianization 6622:Migration Period 6557:Classical Greece 6529:Neolithic Europe 6501: 6494: 6487: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6467: 6463: 6461: 6453: 6434: 6428: 6424: 6422: 6414: 6395: 6376: 6263:Midgaard, John. 6036:Almlid, Geir K. 6018: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5884: 5878: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5739: 5738: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5702: 5691: 5683: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5638:Transport Policy 5629: 5623: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5587: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5569: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5548: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5514: 5508: 5505: 5496: 5493: 5482: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5464: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5419: 5416: 5410: 5407: 5401: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5371: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5311: 5305: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5284: 5281: 5272: 5269: 5263: 5260: 5254: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5223:on 18 March 2012 5219:. 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2611:hydroelectricity 2569:The Neutral Ally 2410:in 1851 and the 2395:, an example of 2321:Constitution Day 2301:during the 1880s 2148:Anglo-Dutch Wars 2075:Battle of Alvøen 1861:established 1450 1850:Victual Brothers 1813:Hanseatic League 1807: 1804: 1792:Council of State 1784:animal husbandry 1772:High Middle Ages 1757:Hanseatic League 1646:Christianization 1574:Fairhair dynasty 1383:Migration Period 1289:Uralic languages 1138:Second World War 1130:hydroelectricity 1059:Hanseatic League 1035:Christianization 1033:of the country. 1007:Migration Period 963: 956: 949: 936: 932: 931: 930: 922: 918: 917: 916: 908: 904: 903: 902: 894: 890: 889: 888: 880: 876: 875: 874: 866: 862: 861: 860: 828:Nordic countries 701:Christianization 686:Migration Period 550: 527: 526: 517: 510: 503: 489: 488: 487: 273:Treaty of Bergen 254:Late Middle Ages 227:High Middle Ages 213:Christianization 101: 91: 73: 72: 63:Northwest Russia 21: 8226: 8225: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8181: 8174: 8161: 8118: 8099:Public holidays 8052: 8042: 8015: 7912: 7846: 7793: 7714:National budget 7687: 7673:Protected areas 7610: 7601: 7580:Quisling regime 7489: 7483: 7453: 7448: 7432: 7390: 7384: 7370:Northern Cyprus 7352: 7346: 7262:North Macedonia 7083: 7078: 7048: 7043: 6982: 6948:Interwar period 6923:Napoleonic Wars 6787: 6758:Mongol invasion 6711:Crown of Aragon 6603: 6543: 6539:Iron Age Europe 6510: 6505: 6465: 6464: 6455: 6454: 6450: 6440:Norges historie 6426: 6425: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6392: 6373: 6357: 6218:Larsen, Karen. 6033: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6016:Wayback Machine 6006: 6002: 5992: 5990: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5929: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5899: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5862: 5860: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5742: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5677: 5667: 5665: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5585: 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4711: 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356:Derry pp. 81–82 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338:Derry pp. 77–78 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4005: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3673: 3666: 3659:Dmitry Medvedev 3651: 3642: 3619: 3610: 3600: 3591: 3581: 3572: 3559:U.S. President 3546: 3537: 3534: 3525: 3482: 3473: 3468: 3312: 3280:Gardermoen Line 3260:1994 referendum 3229:Den norske Bank 3186:Sami Parliament 3074: 3066:1972 referendum 2981: 2964: 2895:along with the 2883:, resulting in 2869: 2864: 2826:Vidkun Quisling 2823: 2821:Quisling regime 2814: 2808: 2783: 2777:Quisling regime 2769: 2757:Svalbard Treaty 2745:Queen Maud Land 2725:Communist Party 2705:interwar period 2640:Fridtjof Nansen 2581:in Oslo in 1912 2577:Industry along 2571: 2561: 2513:parliamentarism 2464: 2448:Norwegian krone 2436:merchant marine 2432:Navigation Acts 2389:Adolph Tidemand 2287: 2240:members of the 2198:Napoleonic Wars 2183: 2173: 2044: 2026:to Sweden. The 1955:imposed in 1537 1939: 1891: 1885: 1863:). There was a 1825:Olaf Haakonsson 1805: 1742: 1722:Håkon Håkonsson 1711:broke out over 1684:in traditional 1666:Olav Haraldsson 1658:Olav Tryggvason 1656:, and later by 1650:Norse mythology 1631: 1625: 1605: 1532:unifying Norway 1528:Harald Fairhair 1430: 1424: 1408: 1346: 1340: 1273:Trondheimsfjord 1265: 1259: 1201:Nøstvet culture 1161: 1155: 1122:Fridtjof Nansen 1094:war with Sweden 1049:and successive 967: 928: 926: 925: 914: 912: 911: 900: 898: 897: 886: 884: 883: 872: 870: 869: 858: 856: 855: 848: 847: 813: 805: 804: 803: 788: 781: 773: 772: 771: 747: 739: 738: 737: 728:Denmark–Iceland 655: 603: 593: 592: 591: 558: 521: 485: 483: 471: 470: 446: 438: 437: 427: 419: 418: 407:Quisling regime 324: 316: 315: 287: 279: 278: 256: 246: 245: 229: 219: 218: 154: 144: 143: 109: 108:Ancient history 89: 82: 61:, and parts of 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8224: 8214: 8213: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8179: 8171: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8157:Name of Norway 8154: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8137: 8132: 8126: 8124: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8046: 8036: 8031: 8025: 8023: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7934:Climate change 7930: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7878:Stock Exchange 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7784:Prime Minister 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7663:Municipalities 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7638:Extreme points 7635: 7630: 7624: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7550:Denmark–Norway 7547: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7513:Petty kingdoms 7510: 7505: 7499: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: articles 7482: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7459: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7444:European Union 7440: 7438: 7437:Other entities 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7394: 7392: 7391:other entities 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7356: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7337:United Kingdom 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7150:Czech Republic 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7077: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7054: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6898:Russian Empire 6895: 6890: 6888:British Empire 6885: 6883:Dutch Republic 6880: 6878:Swedish Empire 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6858:Spanish Empire 6855: 6850: 6848:Ottoman Empire 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6808: 6803: 6797: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6763:Serbian Empire 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6599:Late antiquity 6596: 6591: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6562:Roman Republic 6559: 6553: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6520: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6504: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6448: 6435: 6409: 6396: 6390: 6377: 6371: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6323: 6316: 6306: 6295: 6294:(1985): 12–26. 6288: 6281: 6271: 6261: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6226: 6216: 6205: 6198: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6169:Insall, Tony. 6167: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6135: 6131:(2021): 1–19. 6125: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6076: 6066: 6059: 6054:Anker, Peder. 6052: 6041: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6000: 5970: 5939: 5909: 5879: 5870: 5840: 5806: 5804:Stenersen: 176 5797: 5770: 5768:Stenersen: 175 5761: 5759:Stenersen: 172 5752: 5750:Stenersen: 174 5740: 5723: 5714: 5675: 5644:(5): 367–378. 5624: 5615: 5613:Stenersen: 171 5606: 5604:Stenersen: 168 5597: 5595:Stenersen: 167 5588: 5586:Stenersen: 165 5579: 5577:Stenersen: 164 5570: 5568:Stenersen: 173 5561: 5559:Stenersen: 162 5549: 5547:Stenersen: 159 5540: 5509: 5507:Stenersen: 158 5497: 5495:Stenersen: 156 5483: 5481:Stenersen: 155 5474: 5472:Stenersen: 152 5465: 5456: 5454:Stenersen: 151 5447: 5445:Stenersen: 149 5438: 5429: 5427:Stenersen: 163 5420: 5418:Stenersen: 147 5411: 5409:Stenersen: 146 5402: 5400:Stenersen: 148 5393: 5391:Stenersen: 142 5384: 5382:Stenersen: 145 5372: 5359: 5350: 5348:Stenersen: 141 5341: 5322:(4): 619–637. 5306: 5297: 5295:Stenersen: 140 5285: 5283:Stenersen: 138 5273: 5271:Stenersen: 135 5264: 5262:Stenersen: 137 5255: 5246: 5244:Stenersen: 134 5234: 5217:Nordic Council 5204: 5202:Stenersen: 143 5192: 5190:Stenersen: 130 5180: 5157: 5155:Stenersen: 127 5148: 5146:Stenersen: 125 5139: 5137:Stenersen: 124 5130: 5128:Stenersen: 122 5121: 5119:Stenersen: 121 5112: 5099: 5086: 5069: 5067:Stenersen: 117 5060: 5049:on 28 May 2014 5034: 5032:Stenersen: 116 5025: 5023:Stenersen: 113 5016: 5014:Stenersen: 111 5007: 5005:Stenersen: 110 4998: 4996:Stenersen: 107 4989: 4980: 4978:Stenersen: 106 4971: 4969:Stenersen: 104 4962: 4960:Stenersen: 103 4953: 4951:Stenersen: 102 4944: 4942:Stenersen: 101 4935: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4876:Stenersen: 100 4869: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4824: 4815: 4806: 4794: 4764: 4744:Jernbaneverket 4723: 4714: 4705: 4693: 4684: 4675: 4663: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4579: 4570: 4561: 4552: 4543: 4534: 4525: 4516: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4430:Derry pp.92–93 4423: 4421:Derry pp.91–92 4414: 4385: 4376: 4374:Derry pp.84–89 4367: 4365:Derry pp.83–84 4358: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4313: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4178: 4147: 4116: 4086: 4056: 4047: 4038: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3996: 3987: 3957: 3926: 3895: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3847: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3802: 3776: 3767: 3758: 3728: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3652: 3645: 3643: 3620: 3613: 3611: 3601: 3594: 3592: 3582: 3575: 3573: 3563:and his wife, 3561:George W. Bush 3547: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3528: 3526: 3518:Nordic Council 3486:Matti Vanhanen 3483: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3429:Progress Party 3324:George W. Bush 3311: 3308: 3256:European Union 3206:Progress Party 3193:1981 elections 3105:Saga Petroleum 3073: 3070: 3013:Lyng's Cabinet 2980: 2977: 2963: 2960: 2909:Norsk Jernverk 2889:Nordic Council 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2834:Josef Terboven 2822: 2819: 2807: 2804: 2768: 2765: 2741:Peter I Island 2721:Agrarian Party 2666:Helmer Hanssen 2662:Roald Amundsen 2644:Roald Amundsen 2560: 2557: 2509:prime minister 2505:Johan Sverdrup 2463: 2460: 2312:Bank of Norway 2286: 2279: 2266:personal union 2258:invaded Norway 2237:Eidsvoll Manor 2215:Treaty of Kiel 2172: 2169: 2102:Eastern Norway 2094:deserted farms 2043: 2036: 1980:Norwegian Army 1938: 1931: 1903:Denmark–Norway 1889:Denmark-Norway 1884: 1881: 1741: 1738: 1686:Norse paganism 1654:Håkon the Good 1624: 1621: 1604: 1601: 1591:, came across 1552:Håkon the Good 1524:petty kingdoms 1484:, Orkney, the 1478:Western Norway 1426:Main article: 1423: 1420: 1407: 1404: 1339: 1336: 1258: 1255: 1157:Main article: 1154: 1151: 1126:Roald Amundsen 1102:personal union 1086:Treaty of Kiel 1070:Denmark–Norway 969: 968: 966: 965: 958: 951: 943: 940: 939: 938: 937: 923: 909: 895: 881: 867: 850: 849: 846: 845: 840: 835: 833:Monetary Union 830: 825: 820: 814: 811: 810: 807: 806: 802: 801: 800: 799: 794: 782: 779: 778: 775: 774: 770: 769: 764: 759: 754: 748: 745: 744: 741: 740: 736: 735: 733:Nordic Council 730: 725: 720: 718:Denmark–Norway 715: 710: 705: 704: 703: 698: 688: 683: 682: 681: 676: 671: 654: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 604: 599: 598: 595: 594: 590: 589: 584: 579: 572: 565: 559: 556: 555: 552: 551: 543: 542: 536: 535: 523: 522: 520: 519: 512: 505: 497: 494: 493: 480: 479: 473: 472: 469: 468: 463: 458: 453: 447: 445:Related topics 444: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 428: 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 416: 410: 404: 398: 392: 386: 377: 371: 362: 356: 350: 344: 338: 332: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 307: 301: 295: 292:Denmark–Norway 288: 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 270: 264: 257: 252: 251: 248: 247: 244: 243: 237: 230: 225: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 210: 204: 198: 192: 189:Imperial realm 186: 180: 174: 168: 162: 159:Petty kingdoms 155: 150: 149: 146: 145: 142: 141: 135: 129: 123: 117: 110: 107: 106: 103: 102: 94: 93: 84: 83: 76: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8223: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8177: 8173: 8172: 8168: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8146: 8145:national flag 8143: 8142: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8018: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7969:Incarceration 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7954:Ethnic groups 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7853:National bank 7851: 7849: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7749:Incarceration 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7694: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7608: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7560:Sweden–Norway 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7480: 7475: 7473: 7468: 7466: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7403:Faroe Islands 7401: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7375:South Ossetia 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7222:Liechtenstein 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7075: 7070: 7068: 7063: 7061: 7056: 7055: 7052: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6994:Art of Europe 6992: 6991: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6793:Modern period 6790: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6597: 6595: 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3716: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3635:Melinda Gates 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3555:, greeted by 3554: 3550: 3544: 3539: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3514:Göran Persson 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3494:Davíð Oddsson 3491: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3268:Schengen Area 3265: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3249:minicomputers 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 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1944: 1936: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1915:Martin Luther 1912: 1908: 1904: 1895: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1777:In 1349, the 1775: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709:civil war era 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1536:Earls of Lade 1533: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486:Faroe Islands 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1345: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 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115: 112: 111: 105: 104: 100: 96: 95: 92: 86: 85: 80: 75: 74: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 51:Baltic region 48: 44: 40: 36: 31: 27: 19: 8135:Coat of arms 8094:Prostitution 8049: 8039: 8029:Architecture 7944:Demographics 7898:Trade unions 7858:Nordic model 7719:Constitution 7597:21st century 7570:World War II 7545:Kalmar Union 7494: 7380:Transnistria 7342:Vatican City 7266: 6953:World War II 6806:Early modern 6783:Kalmar Union 6654:Papal States 6572:Roman Empire 6439: 6400: 6381: 6362: 6355:In Norwegian 6347: 6340: 6326: 6319: 6309: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6274: 6264: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6229: 6219: 6209: 6201: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6160: 6148: 6138: 6128: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6088:Derry, T.K. 6079: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6044: 6037: 6025:Bibliography 6003: 5991:. Retrieved 5982: 5973: 5961:. Retrieved 5952: 5942: 5930:. Retrieved 5921: 5912: 5900:. Retrieved 5891: 5882: 5877:Thuesen: 444 5873: 5861:. Retrieved 5852: 5843: 5831:. Retrieved 5809: 5800: 5788:. Retrieved 5784:the original 5773: 5764: 5755: 5732: 5726: 5717: 5705:. Retrieved 5666:. Retrieved 5641: 5637: 5627: 5622:Thuesen: 394 5618: 5609: 5600: 5591: 5582: 5573: 5564: 5543: 5531:. Retrieved 5522: 5512: 5477: 5468: 5459: 5450: 5441: 5436:Thuesen: 370 5432: 5423: 5414: 5405: 5396: 5387: 5367: 5362: 5353: 5344: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5304:Thuesen: 334 5300: 5267: 5258: 5253:Thuesen: 335 5249: 5225:. Retrieved 5221:the original 5207: 5165: 5160: 5151: 5142: 5133: 5124: 5115: 5107: 5102: 5094: 5089: 5077: 5072: 5063: 5051:. Retrieved 5047:the original 5037: 5028: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4992: 4987:Thuesen: 300 4983: 4974: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4938: 4926:. Retrieved 4922:the original 4908: 4903:Thuesen: 258 4899: 4894:Thuesen: 252 4890: 4885:Thuesen: 248 4881: 4872: 4863: 4818: 4809: 4804:Thuesen: 224 4785:. Retrieved 4767: 4755:. Retrieved 4748:the original 4717: 4708: 4687: 4678: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4621: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4573: 4564: 4559:Thuesen: 177 4555: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4448:Derry p. 100 4444: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4405:. Retrieved 4395: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4221: 4212: 4200:. Retrieved 4191: 4181: 4169:. Retrieved 4160: 4150: 4138:. Retrieved 4130:ScienceAlert 4129: 4119: 4107:. Retrieved 4099:the Guardian 4098: 4089: 4079:14 September 4077:. Retrieved 4068: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4020: 4011: 3990: 3978:. Retrieved 3969: 3960: 3948:. Retrieved 3939: 3929: 3917:. Retrieved 3908: 3898: 3889: 3856: 3850: 3809:Stenersen: 9 3805: 3793:. Retrieved 3779: 3774:Stenersen: 8 3770: 3765:Stenersen: 7 3761: 3749:. Retrieved 3740: 3731: 3719:. Retrieved 3710: 3701: 3488:(left) from 3452:Centre Party 3445: 3437:Erna Solberg 3414: 3400:in Oslo and 3394:2011 attacks 3391: 3360: 3337: 3310:21st century 3253: 3241:nationalized 3217:Vardø Tunnel 3214: 3202:Kåre Willoch 3197:deregulation 3190: 3162: 3144:Fish farming 3126: 3086: 3083:oil platform 3025: 2993: 2979:1950 to 1972 2965: 2933: 2881:Scandinavism 2870: 2824: 2815: 2799:World War II 2796: 2767:World War II 2755:through the 2718: 2686: 2599:a plebiscite 2584: 2559:Independence 2541: 2481: 2401: 2381: 2360: 2304: 2282: 2275:Charles XIII 2227: 2195: 2159:started the 2153: 2122:mercantilism 2119: 2115:Confirmation 2110: 2091: 2080: 2045: 2039: 2015: 1997: 1984: 1951:puppet state 1940: 1935:lydriketiden 1934: 1900: 1873:Christian II 1869:Knut Alvsson 1854: 1841: 1833:Kalmar Union 1810: 1776: 1765: 1734: 1706: 1679: 1676:heathen hofs 1669: 1644: 1606: 1593:Newfoundland 1589:Leif Ericson 1581:Erik the Red 1578: 1555: 1550: 1544: 1521: 1496:. Norwegian 1475: 1461: 1459:techniques. 1446: 1409: 1380: 1361: 1354: 1347: 1297: 1266: 1224: 1162: 1147: 1114: 1090:constitution 1067: 1063:Kalmar Union 1000: 974: 972: 823:Scandinavism 786:Nordic model 708:Kalmar Union 657: 656: 640: 605: 574: 567: 461:LGBT history 432:Oil industry 383:independence 335:Constitution 267:Kalmar Union 87: 39:Fennoscandia 26: 8109:Nationalism 7964:Immigration 7840:Natural gas 7754:LGBT rights 7744:Governments 7523:Unification 7418:Isle of Man 7353:recognition 7322:Switzerland 7257:Netherlands 6938:World War I 6928:Nationalism 6816:Reformation 6801:Renaissance 6773:Black Death 6706:Kievan Rus' 6609:Middle Ages 6466:|work= 6427:|work= 6178:Norway 1940 5902:26 February 5863:13 December 5833:20 November 5790:11 December 5734:Aftenposten 5707:20 November 5227:20 November 4928:20 November 4918:Fram Museum 4787:20 November 4777:Norges Bank 4532:Derry p.114 4469:Derry p.102 3663:Barents Sea 3569:White House 3520:Session in 3332:White House 3328:Oval Office 3298:hosted the 3296:Lillehammer 3215:The subsea 3134:Barents Sea 3041:ferroalloys 2693:World War I 2628:Bergen Line 2624:Sydvaranger 2620:Norsk Hydro 2552:Labor Party 2293:Harvesting 2271:Christiania 2106:smallholder 1919:Reformation 1911:Frederick I 1837:a rebellion 1806: 1400 1779:Black Death 1623:Middle Ages 1449:Lindisfarne 1416:Jotunheimen 1398:across the 1368:mercenaries 1328:ironworking 1293:Sami people 1253:developed. 1210:earthenware 1074:Reformation 1047:Black Death 1043:archdiocese 1031:unification 984:Gulf Stream 540:Scandinavia 368:exploration 298:Reformation 261:Black Death 234:Middle Ages 171:Unification 128:1700–500 BC 122:Pre 1700 BC 88:History of 45:, northern 18:Stattholder 8084:Literature 8043:(clothing) 7991:Norwegians 7974:Irreligion 7847:(currency) 7769:Parliament 7518:Viking Age 7508:Bronze Age 7292:San Marino 7252:Montenegro 7232:Luxembourg 7212:Kazakhstan 7115:Azerbaijan 6701:Viking Age 6516:Prehistory 5721:Steine: 16 5668:27 October 4347:Derry p.77 4329:Derry p.75 4202:1 February 4171:1 February 4140:1 February 4109:1 February 3940:GlacierHub 3693:References 3607:Fjord City 3565:Laura Bush 3471:2000s-2010 3367:Boxing Day 3245:Norsk Data 3237:Fokus Bank 3225:toll rings 3210:crime rate 3178:Alta River 3036:Oslo Metro 2936:Trygve Lie 2925:Postbanken 2747:, annexed 2689:neutrality 2603:Haakon VII 2497:impeaching 2472:Røros Line 2440:Røros Line 2420:Trunk Line 2387:(1848) by 2256:of Sweden 2254:Carl Johan 2202:Royal Navy 2175:See also: 2056:hereditary 2024:Härjedalen 2004:Tysfjorden 2000:Kalmar War 1907:Copenhagen 1887:See also: 1829:Margaret I 1768:Golden Age 1627:See also: 1566:Frostating 1467:chain mail 1457:navigation 1428:Viking Age 1422:Viking Age 1372:chieftains 1153:Prehistory 1041:became an 1027:Viking Age 1017:and later 1011:chieftains 762:Baltic Sea 691:Viking Age 674:Bronze Age 664:Prehistory 347:Emigration 165:Viking Age 126:Bronze Age 114:Prehistory 8069:Jante law 8050:Christmas 7979:Languages 7949:Education 7903:Transport 7820:Fisheries 7734:Elections 7658:Mountains 7633:Districts 7616:Geography 7592:1945–2000 7503:Stone Age 7408:Gibraltar 7227:Lithuania 6748:Feudalism 6719:Catalonia 6468:ignored ( 6458:cite book 6429:ignored ( 6419:cite book 5932:30 August 5658:0967-070X 5463:Malmø: 67 5357:Malmø: 66 5336:153680303 5053:21 August 4757:28 August 3970:Curiosmos 3795:21 August 3358:in 1999. 3346:in 2001, 3292:Kongsberg 3174:Statkraft 3118:Stavanger 3089:North Sea 3081:Statfjord 2988:Trondheim 2901:rationing 2867:1945–1950 2761:Stavanger 2749:Jan Mayen 2737:Bouvetøya 2709:deflation 2676:(l–r) at 2579:Akerselva 2428:cellulose 2424:wood pulp 2416:steamship 2393:Hans Gude 2384:Hardanger 2233:Trondheim 2138:dried cod 2130:Kongsberg 2079:HMS 1992:Amsterdam 1963:Norwegian 1947:Christian 1913:favoured 1702:Trondheim 1694:sainthood 1664:in 1000. 1585:Greenland 1570:Trøndelag 1438:longhouse 1400:North Sea 1396:soapstone 1227:Oslofjord 1181:Stone Age 1118:dissolved 1023:Greenland 1003:Neolithic 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