313:, from reaching executive power in the country". Aldo Giannuli , a historian who worked as a consultant to the parliamentary terrorism commission, wrote that he considered the Left Democrats' report as dictated primarily by domestic political considerations rather than historical ones: "Since they have been in power the Left Democrats have given us very little help in gaining access to security service archives," he said. "This is a falsely courageous report." Giannuli did decry the fact that many more leftist terrorists were prosecuted and convicted than rightist terrorists, though.
148:
34:
294:(PCI), are that the government trumped up and intentionally allowed the attacks of communist radicals, or even carried out false flag operations in their name, as an excuse to arrest other communists, and allowed the attacks of far-right paramilitary organizations as an extrajudicial way to silence enemies.
762:
government, which had prompted accusations from others that he had "indirectly encouraged the far Right to go over to terrorism." See Neal
Ascherson, Michael Davie and Frances Cairncross, 'Italy: Fear of revolt returns,'
877:
and attributing them to others. By the term 'tension' one refers to emotional tension, to what creates a sentiment of fear. By the term 'strategy' one refers to what feeds the fear of the people towards one particular
289:
From 1968–1982, Italy suffered numerous terrorist attacks by both the left and the right, which were often followed by government round-ups and mass arrests. Allegations, especially made by adherents of the
485:
More than twelve hundred people died or suffered grievous injury from this violence, which from 1969 to 1984 included thousands of terrorist attacks. Dozens of groups on the left and the right were involved.
835:
369:
reported that the stay-behind armies really did possess this strategy, stating that the state needed those terrorist attacks for the population to willingly turn to the state and ask for security.
2099:
2019:
215:, although this is disputed by other historians and denied by the intelligence agencies involved. Other cases where writers have alleged a strategy of tension include the
2400:
264:, one of those responsible for that article, later clarified that the expression had been suggested to him by the journalists Antonio Gambino and Claudio Risé, both of
185:
is encouraged rather than suppressed. The purpose is to create a general feeling of insecurity in the population and make people seek security in a strong government.
2124:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1643:
842:
232:
1416:
220:
2285:
919:
1967:
1940:
1492:
1835:
134:
324:, a 2004 book that alleged direct NATO support for far-right terrorists in Italy as part of its "strategy of tension". Ganser also alleges that
2148:
2104:
1910:
1585:
2131:
897:
2173:
2114:
1928:
1820:
1487:
569:
297:
Various parliamentary committees were held to investigate these crimes as well as prosecute them in the 1990s. A 1995 report from the
2410:
1460:
609:
424:
228:
1041:
2141:
1972:
1935:
1533:
677:
1890:
1543:
309:
stated that a "strategy of tension" had been supported by the United States to "stop the PCI, and to a certain degree also the
887:
Olav Riste and
Leopoldo Nuti, "Introduction: Strategy of 'Stay-Behind'," The Journal of Strategic Studies, December 2007, 930.
1824:
549:
516:
440:
127:
2094:
1497:
1304:
153:
611:
Iran-Turkey
Relations, 1979-2011: Conceptualising the Dynamics of Politics, Religion and Security in Middle-Power States
2425:
2000:
1565:
819:
755:
700:
1782:
1395:
735:
623:
270:, who had been in conversation with him in the days immediately following the explosion of the Piazza Fontana bomb.
2335:
1680:
432:
240:
250:
According to the sociologist Franco
Ferraresi, the term "strategy of tension" was first used in an article on the
2153:
1482:
1450:
574:
340:
movements with weapons. Ganser's conclusions have been disputed; most notably, Ganser heavily cites the document
120:
2420:
2405:
2370:
2163:
2136:
2073:
1592:
200:
2365:
2270:
2014:
1895:
1701:
342:
2375:
2168:
1923:
1830:
1202:
1034:
2380:
2280:
2275:
1725:
1512:
1507:
1212:
1117:
759:
2390:
2385:
2290:
1720:
1163:
1076:
49:
2207:
2183:
1247:
244:
2295:
2109:
1977:
1106:
792:
2415:
2395:
2221:
2178:
2060:
2050:
1538:
1402:
1341:
1143:
1027:
988:
310:
302:
291:
207:
performed bombings, kidnappings, arsons, and murders. Some historians and activists have accused
54:
1918:
1880:
1845:
1570:
1311:
1227:
934:
251:
162:
97:
2263:
2068:
1857:
1653:
1575:
1560:
1455:
1387:
1379:
1316:
1272:
1242:
1207:
1133:
403:
298:
284:
189:
500:
The
International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest, Chapter: Italy, Gladio 1970s-1980s
1982:
1550:
579:
366:
216:
92:
8:
2310:
2045:
1875:
1663:
1580:
1267:
204:
898:"Misinformation about "Gladio/Stay Behind" Networks Resurfaces - US Department of State"
1751:
1741:
1555:
1409:
1282:
1257:
1096:
962:
476:
306:
182:
87:
2188:
1870:
1351:
1331:
1299:
1180:
1158:
1113:
1081:
966:
954:
913:
815:
731:
619:
545:
512:
508:
498:
436:
383:
378:
69:
1019:
1470:
1445:
1294:
1262:
1187:
946:
870:
862:
751:
709:
537:
504:
468:
459:
Drake, Richard (1999). "Italy in the 1960s: A Legacy of
Terrorism and Liberation".
425:"Neo-fascism from the Twentieth Century to the Third Millennium: The Case of Italy"
398:
325:
212:
174:
107:
64:
780:
2078:
1865:
1629:
1465:
1277:
811:
Italian
Neofascism: The Strategy of Tension and the Politics of Nonreconciliation
809:
388:
2158:
2040:
1668:
1321:
1101:
1091:
1054:
1050:
695:
332:
guerrillas and resistance in the event of a communist takeover of Italy by the
317:
261:
980:
950:
713:
665:. Algeria-Watch – Informations sur la situation des droits humains en Algérie.
640:
2359:
2300:
2258:
1648:
1252:
1192:
1013:
958:
266:
1900:
1794:
1686:
1346:
365:
documentary on Gladio titled 'Operation GLADIO', the neo-fascist terrorist
351:
347:
333:
256:
147:
59:
541:
2193:
1673:
1658:
1502:
1217:
1168:
1138:
355:
329:
224:
197:
427:. In Lazaridis, Gabriella; Campani, Giovanna; Benveniste, Annie (eds.).
2320:
1770:
1746:
1477:
1336:
1326:
1289:
1222:
1197:
698:(1990). "Strategy of tension: The Belgian terrorist crisis 1982–1986".
593:
Davies, Philip H.J. (December 2005). "Review of NATO's Secret Armies".
480:
393:
337:
102:
1806:
2315:
2305:
2024:
1715:
1237:
1153:
1128:
1123:
662:
615:
211:
of allowing and sanctioning such terrorism, through projects such as
472:
2340:
2330:
2226:
2055:
429:
The Rise of the Far Right in Europe: Populist Shifts and 'Othering'
750:
article deployed the term while describing the alleged efforts of
678:"Two Decades Later, Algeria Protects Mystery of Bentalha Massacre"
2020:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
1885:
1756:
1175:
1148:
1086:
874:
236:
193:
2325:
781:"Strategia della tensione. Genesi e destino di un’espressione"
728:
Threats to
Democracy: the Radical Right in Italy after the War
2119:
158:
188:
The strategy of tension is most closely identified with the
1232:
208:
935:"The CIA in Western Europe and the abuse of human rights"
362:
981:"Operation Gladio - Full 1992 documentary BBC - YouTube"
730:. Princeton, N. J., Princeton University Press, p. 87.
336:, continued into the 1970s and supplied the far-right
1417:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
1049:
350:
hoax meant to discredit the US whilst others such as
2286:
Countering
Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
1614:
358:
who claimed it was in fact given to him by the CIA.
1389:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
785:Bibliomanie. Letterature, storiografie, semiotiche
1941:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1493:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
346:, which the US state department claims is a 1976
2357:
1836:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
918:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
301:(a merger of former center-left parties and the
2401:American influence in post–World War II Europe
758:(PSDI), to undermine the sitting centre-right
663:"Preface to 'The Dirty War' by Habib SouaidĂŻa"
2149:Election denial movement in the United States
1035:
192:in Italy from 1968 to 1982, wherein far-left
128:
16:Political policy encouraging violent struggle
900:. Archived from the original on 10 July 2008
563:
561:
1369:
661:Imposimato, Ferdinando (13 December 2009).
1821:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
1042:
1028:
660:
260:newspaper, published on 14 December 1969.
135:
121:
675:
558:
454:
452:
2174:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
676:Schindler, John R. (22 September 2017).
354:have claimed it is likely authentic and
146:
1973:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
803:
801:
694:
422:
2358:
2100:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
1891:Soviet influence on the peace movement
1488:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
932:
638:
592:
567:
531:
449:
2247:
1825:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
1613:
1526:
1434:
1368:
1065:
1023:
991:from the original on 21 December 2021
458:
245:Belgian terrorist crisis of 1982–1986
807:
798:
607:
2095:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
1305:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
701:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
568:Hansen, Peer Henrik (Summer 2005).
273:
13:
1566:Misinformation related to abortion
939:Intelligence and National Security
756:Italian Democratic Socialist Party
227:in Zimbabwe which coordinated the
14:
2437:
1783:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
1396:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
1007:
641:"Zimbabwe, a Strategy of Tension"
608:Elik, Suleyman (7 October 2013).
423:Campani, Giovanna (4 July 2016).
2411:Psychological warfare techniques
2336:United States Information Agency
1615:Operations and events by country
933:Ganser, Daniele (October 2006).
793:doi:10.48276/issn.2280-8833.5267
595:The Journal of Strategic Studies
570:"Review of NATO's Secret Armies"
509:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp1700
496:
219:from the 1970s–1990s, the
181:) is a political policy wherein
154:Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura
32:
1936:Information war against Ukraine
1483:International Jewish conspiracy
1451:Congo Free State propaganda war
973:
926:
890:
881:
836:"Interview with Daniele Ganser"
828:
779:Biscione, Francesco M. (2020),
770:
740:
720:
688:
669:
575:Journal of Intelligence History
2248:
2164:Information Operations Roadmap
2074:Psychological Warfare Division
1644:Chinese information operations
1593:Water fluoridation controversy
654:
632:
601:
586:
532:Ganser, Daniele (2005-06-21).
525:
490:
416:
241:Belgian State Security Service
1:
2271:Active Measures Working Group
1929:during the Russo-Georgian War
1896:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
873:which consists in committing
409:
2154:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
1831:Fake news in the Philippines
1435:
1203:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
7:
2281:Counter Misinformation Team
2276:Counter disinformation unit
1726:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
1213:Forgery as covert operation
372:
343:US Army Field Manual 30-31B
305:) to a subcommittee of the
239:from 1991 to 1999, and the
93:Cognitive dissonance theory
10:
2442:
2291:The Disinformation Project
1721:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
1077:Algorithmic radicalization
726:Ferraresi, Franco (1997).
282:
201:extra-parliamentary groups
2426:Disinformation operations
2254:
2243:
2214:
2208:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
2202:
2184:Tobacco industry playbook
2115:CIA Kennedy assassination
2087:
2033:
2007:
1995:
1909:
1856:
1844:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1734:
1708:
1696:
1636:
1624:
1620:
1609:
1441:
1430:
1375:
1364:
1248:Manipulation (psychology)
1072:
1066:
1061:
951:10.1080/02684520600957712
808:Bull, Anna Cento (2012).
767:, 14 December 1969, p. 2.
714:10.1080/10576109008435838
108:Social and cultural norms
2296:East StratCom Task Force
2110:9/11 conspiracy theories
1107:List of cognitive biases
861:, December 29, 2006, on
328:, an effort to organize
278:
179:strategia della tensione
2222:Public opinion brigades
2179:Niger uranium forgeries
2169:Litter boxes in schools
1539:COVID-19 misinformation
1461:Free energy suppression
1370:Books and documentaries
1144:Euphemistic misspeaking
1014:The Strategy of Tension
292:Italian Communist Party
1968:2016 Brexit referendum
1317:Scientific fabrication
1228:Historical negationism
497:Ness, Immanuel (ed.).
252:Piazza Fontana bombing
229:farm invasions of 2000
178:
166:
98:Self-perception theory
27:Behavioural influences
2421:Revolutionary tactics
2406:Neo-fascist terrorism
2371:Years of Lead (Italy)
2264:Fact-checking website
2069:Operation Mass Appeal
2051:Clockwork Orange plot
1561:Mental illness denial
1456:Climate change denial
1273:Psychological warfare
1243:Internet manipulation
1208:Firehose of falsehood
1134:Disinformation attack
754:, then leader of the
542:10.4324/9780203017777
503:(1 ed.). Wiley.
404:Years of Lead (Italy)
285:Years of Lead (Italy)
205:intelligence agencies
150:
2366:Cold War terminology
1403:Who's Who in the CIA
760:Christian Democratic
534:NATO's Secret Armies
461:South Central Review
367:Vincenzo Vinciguerra
322:NATO's Secret Armies
217:deep state in Turkey
151:The interior of the
2376:Italian neo-fascism
2105:Conspiracy theories
2046:Double-Cross System
2015:Conspiracy theories
1876:Operation INFEKTION
1664:Internet Water Army
1518:Strategy of tension
1383:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
1268:Post-truth politics
639:Carver, R. (2000).
235:security agency in
171:strategy of tension
157:in Piazza Fontana,
22:Part of a series on
2381:Terrorism in Italy
2001:HIV/AIDS denialism
1978:Trolls from Olgino
1752:Paid news in India
1742:Fake news in India
1556:HIV/AIDS denialism
1410:Merchants of Doubt
1283:Military deception
1258:Media manipulation
1097:Circular reporting
814:. Berghahn Books.
307:Italian Parliament
196:groups, far-right
167:
88:Attribution theory
2391:Politics of Italy
2386:Military strategy
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2189:Operation Shocker
1991:
1990:
1871:K-1000 battleship
1702:Operation Neptune
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1426:
1425:
1360:
1359:
1352:Yellow journalism
1300:counterpropaganda
1181:List of fallacies
1114:Conspiracy theory
1082:Alternative facts
551:978-1-135-76785-3
518:978-1-4051-8464-9
442:978-1-137-55679-0
384:Counter-Guerrilla
379:Agent provocateur
145:
144:
70:Social perception
2433:
2245:
2244:
2064:MMR autism fraud
1947:On US elections
1881:Operation Toucan
1854:
1853:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1610:
1576:anti-vaccination
1524:
1523:
1471:Holocaust denial
1446:Bermuda Triangle
1432:
1431:
1366:
1365:
1295:black propaganda
1263:Potemkin village
1188:False accusation
1164:list of websites
1063:
1062:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
977:
971:
970:
930:
924:
923:
917:
909:
907:
905:
894:
888:
885:
879:
868:
863:Voltaire network
860:
856:
854:
853:
847:
841:. Archived from
840:
832:
826:
825:
805:
796:
778:
774:
768:
752:Giuseppe Saragat
744:
738:
724:
718:
717:
708:(4–5): 299–309.
692:
686:
685:
673:
667:
666:
658:
652:
651:
645:
636:
630:
629:
605:
599:
598:
590:
584:
583:
578:. Archived from
565:
556:
555:
529:
523:
522:
494:
488:
487:
456:
447:
446:
420:
399:Operation Gladio
326:Operation Gladio
274:Alleged examples
213:Operation Gladio
183:violent struggle
137:
130:
123:
65:Group influences
36:
35:
19:
18:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2250:
2231:
2210:
2198:
2083:
2079:Zinoviev letter
2029:
2003:
1987:
1911:Post-Soviet era
1905:
1866:Active Measures
1849:
1840:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1730:
1704:
1692:
1632:
1630:Jihadunspun.com
1616:
1597:
1522:
1498:New World Order
1466:Genocide denial
1437:
1422:
1371:
1356:
1278:Memetic warfare
1068:
1057:
1048:
1010:
1005:
1004:
994:
992:
985:www.youtube.com
979:
978:
974:
931:
927:
911:
910:
903:
901:
896:
895:
891:
886:
882:
866:
858:
851:
849:
845:
838:
834:
833:
829:
822:
806:
799:
776:
775:
771:
745:
741:
725:
721:
696:Jenkins, Philip
693:
689:
674:
670:
659:
655:
643:
637:
633:
626:
606:
602:
591:
587:
566:
559:
552:
530:
526:
519:
495:
491:
473:10.2307/3190077
457:
450:
443:
421:
417:
412:
389:Culture of fear
375:
316:Swiss academic
287:
281:
276:
161:, after it was
141:
112:
74:
41:Fields of study
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2439:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2416:Public opinion
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2396:Propaganda Due
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Habbush letter
2156:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:Bell Pottinger
2037:
2035:
2034:United Kingdom
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1697:Czechoslovakia
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1669:PLA Unit 61398
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1544:by governments
1536:
1530:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1381:Disinformation
1376:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1361:
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1055:misinformation
1051:Disinformation
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1008:External links
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1996:South Africa
1983:Web brigades
1919:Cyberwarfare
1901:Useful idiot
1850:Soviet Union
1795:Fintas Group
1687:Global Times
1685:
1654:cyberwarfare
1517:
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1347:Whataboutism
1342:Urban legend
1312:Quote mining
993:. Retrieved
984:
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938:
928:
902:. Retrieved
892:
883:
850:. Retrieved
843:the original
830:
810:
788:
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777:(in Italian)
772:
765:The Observer
764:
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597:: 1064–1068.
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580:the original
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360:
352:Ray S. Cline
341:
334:Eastern Bloc
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265:
257:The Observer
255:
249:
221:war veterans
187:
170:
168:
152:
103:Stereotyping
60:Disobedience
2194:Yellow rain
1814:Philippines
1674:Spamouflage
1659:Little Pink
1513:Rothschilds
1503:Red mercury
1218:Gaslighting
1169:Lying press
1139:Doublespeak
869:: "It is a
867:(in French)
865:'s website
356:Licio Gelli
338:neo-fascist
330:stay-behind
243:during the
198:neo-fascist
2360:Categories
2321:PolitiFact
2249:Opposition
2125:Sandy Hook
1924:on Estonia
1858:Soviet era
1771:Team Jorge
1747:Godi-media
1508:Reptilians
1478:Illuminati
1337:Truthiness
1327:Social bot
1290:Propaganda
1223:Half-truth
1198:False flag
995:26 October
852:2010-01-07
410:References
394:False flag
361:In a 1992
283:See also:
267:L'Espresso
203:and state
55:Compliance
2316:NewsGuard
2311:Logically
2306:Full Fact
2203:Venezuela
2137:Fake news
2025:AK Trolls
1716:Funkspiel
1238:Infodemic
1154:Fake news
1129:Denialism
1124:Deception
967:154898281
959:0268-4527
791:(12): 2.
616:Routledge
467:: 62–76.
50:Obedience
2341:USAFacts
2331:StopFake
2227:Force 47
2132:COVID-19
2056:Euromyth
1807:Peñabots
1681:COVID-19
1586:COVID-19
1571:Vaccines
1436:Examples
1322:Smearing
989:Archived
914:cite web
875:bombings
748:Observer
682:Observer
433:Springer
373:See also
2215:Vietnam
1886:Seat 12
1757:OpIndia
1709:Germany
1176:Fallacy
1149:Factoid
1087:Big lie
904:18 July
878:group".
481:3190077
237:Algeria
225:ZANU–PF
194:Marxist
175:Italian
165:in 1969
2326:Snopes
2142:online
2062:Lancet
2008:Turkey
1846:Russia
1802:Mexico
1790:Kuwait
1766:Israel
1625:Canada
1581:autism
1527:Health
1159:online
965:
957:
871:tactic
857:
818:
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622:
548:
515:
479:
439:
348:Soviet
320:wrote
231:, the
163:bombed
79:Topics
2120:QAnon
1778:Korea
1735:India
1637:China
1551:Ebola
1067:Types
963:S2CID
846:(PDF)
839:(PDF)
648:UNHCR
644:(PDF)
477:JSTOR
279:Italy
159:Milan
1961:2020
1956:2018
1951:2016
1332:Spin
1233:Hoax
1118:list
1053:and
997:2020
955:ISSN
920:link
906:2016
816:ISBN
746:The
732:ISBN
620:ISBN
546:ISBN
513:ISBN
437:ISBN
223:and
209:NATO
947:doi
710:doi
538:doi
505:doi
469:doi
363:BBC
311:PSI
303:PCI
254:in
233:DRS
2362::
1534:5G
987:.
983:.
961:.
953:.
943:21
941:.
937:.
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912:{{
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169:A
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173:(
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129:t
122:v
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