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an important part of Greek social and religious life. Implications for the
Timeline Strigil in the Iliad: The mention of the strigil in the Iliad suggests that the tool was already in use during the time period that Homer describes (the Mycenaean period, if we follow traditional dating). However, since the Iliad was composed much later, it reflects the practices and cultural elements of Homer's own time (the 8th century BCE), not necessarily the exact customs of the Bronze Age Greeks.
1029:
214:
536:
166:
strigil of the
Etruscan tomb has two inscriptions on the handle: One being śuthina, an inscription found on numerous objects in the tomb. While the other, more significant inscription is a monogram, R:M, which reads as Ra:Mu. The monogram is speculated to be the beginning of the Etruscan woman’s name.
131:
In Book 23 of the Iliad, during the funeral games for
Patroclus, Homer describes the athletes using strigils to clean themselves after physical contests. This is one of the earliest literary references to the strigil in Greek culture, illustrating its use in the context of athletic events, which were
135:
Cultural
Continuity: The use of the strigil in the Iliad indicates that this tool was part of a long-standing tradition in Greek culture, dating back to at least the early 1st millennium BCE, if not earlier. This continuity also explains how the practice could be transmitted to the Etruscans during
181:
As is obvious from the strigils found in the previously discussed tombs, strigils could differ in the type of metal used, design, etc., depending on the status of the individual it belonged to, time period, and other relevant factors. The typical metals used for strigils were bronze and iron. Some
91:
Strigils were commonly used by individuals who were engaging in vigorous activities, in which they accumulated large amounts of dirt and sweat on their bodies. The people who used the strigil included athletes, the wealthy, soldiers, and more. However, wealthy or prestigious individuals often had
165:
In the excavation of another third century BC tomb, which contained an
Etruscan woman, there was an inscribed silver strigil along with a mirror. Strigils were commonly found in the tombs of Etruscan women, and it seemed to be an essential part of women’s bathing equipment. The inscribed silver
152:
One source offers an alternative portrayal of strigils, "a secondary meaning for the word stlengis, strigil, is wreath or tiara." To support the claim that a strigil may have been viewed as a tiara or wreath, there was a fifth-century grave that had a strigil across the forehead of a corpse.
161:
Strigils were significant beyond merely being tools for cleansing; they were also a common offering given to the deceased during burial. For instance, three graves from Greece in the third century BC, which contained adult males, all had iron strigils.
148:
is a statue that displays the use of a strigil by an athlete. Strigils were also represented on some sarcophagi, such as the marble strigil sarcophagus of a Greek physician, which has elaborate S-shaped curves on it to symbolize strigils.
116:’s poems, which state that oil was applied after bathing and was not removed. Furthermore, strigils are not mentioned in literature until the later portion of the fifth century
144:
As stated above, strigils are represented throughout Greek, Roman, and
Etruscan cultures in varying ways. Strigils were often depicted alongside olive oil and an athlete. The
95:
Strigils were not only significant in a practical sense, but culturally as well. They are often found in tombs or burials, in some cases along with a bottle of
88:
culture there is some evidence of strigils being used by both sexes. The standard design is a curved blade with a handle, all of which is made of metal.
568:
489:
242:
225:
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who created his own strigil, made it in a unique way which allowed for sweat to drain through a small channel. Literature from
561:
433:
Boardman, J.; Kenyon, K. M.; Moynahan, E. J.; Evans, J. D. (1976). "The Olive in the
Mediterranean: Its Culture and Use ".
333:
Boardman, J.; Kenyon, K. M.; Moynahan, E. J.; Evans, J. D. (1976). "The Olive in the
Mediterranean: Its Culture and Use ".
910:
895:
1060:
915:
1033:
554:
1065:
905:
303:
De Puma, Richard. "A Third-Century B.C.E. Etruscan Tomb Group from
Bolsena in the Metropolitan Museum of Art".
691:
1070:
84:
cultures. In these cultures the strigil was primarily used by men, specifically male athletes; however, in
751:
900:
885:
263:
360:
Leader, Ruth E. "In Death Not
Divided: Gender, Family, and State on Classical Athenian Grave Stelae".
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213:
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120:. As early as the sixth century BC, however, representations of strigils can be found on
57:
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124:. By the fourth century BC, strigils are depicted in other types of artwork, such as
92:
slaves to wield the strigils and clean their bodies, rather than doing it themselves.
930:
867:
842:
791:
731:
666:
501:
Fossey, John M. "The Ritual Breaking of Objects in Greek Funerary Contexts: A Note".
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Fossey, John M. "The Ritual Breaking of Objects in Greek Funerary Contexts: A Note".
1001:
968:
726:
711:
676:
603:
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many strigils. Some of the strigils found were iron, but most were made of bronze.
19:
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Strigils were not used in the earlier ages of Greek history. This is supported by
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746:
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948:
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Gontar, Cybele Trione. "The Campeche Chair in the Metropolitan Museum of Art".
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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422:. Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University. pp. 36–48.
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Objects of Desire: Greek Vases from the John B. Elliot Collection
407:. Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University. pp. 36–48.
405:
Objects of Desire: Greek Vases from the John B. Elliot Collection
322:. Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University. pp. 36–48.
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Objects of Desire: Greek Vases from the John B. Elliot Collection
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2,000-year-old athletes' tools unearthed in Turkey's Assos
60:) is a tool for the cleansing of the body by scraping off
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136:their period of close interaction with the Greeks.
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202:at times instead of the typical metal strigils.
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516:Hunink, Vincent. "Apuleius, Florida IX, 34f".
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182:other variations of strigils are as follows:
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388:Boardman, John. "Sickles and Strigils".
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23:Bronze strigil (Roman, 1st century AD,
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169:In 2018, archaeologists discovered in
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16:Ancient Greek and Roman cleaning tool
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896:Food and diet in ancient medicine
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916:Nutrition in classical antiquity
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362:American Journal of Archaeology
305:American Journal of Archaeology
906:Mental illness in ancient Rome
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219:Roman strigils, 1st century BC
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236:: an athlete cleaning himself
418:Padgett, J. Michael (2002).
403:Padgett, J. Michael (2002).
318:Padgett, J. Michael (2002).
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462:Metropolitan Museum Journal
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891:Disease in Imperial Rome
578:Medicine in ancient Rome
72:that was applied before
1061:Sport in ancient Greece
921:Surgery in ancient Rome
642:Asclepiades of Bithynia
248:Strigil Sarcophagus in
647:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
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347:10.1098/rstb.1976.0080
177:Composition and design
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1066:Sport in ancient Rome
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777:Crinas of Marseilles
772:Athenaeus of Attalia
757:Thessalus of Tralles
627:Pedanius Dioscorides
543:at Wikimedia Commons
274:Oil cleansing method
146:Croatian Apoxyomenos
1071:Ancient Roman tools
697:Marcellus Empiricus
186:, an ancient Greek
140:Cultural depictions
58:Pre-Greek substrate
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702:Caelius Aurelianus
632:Soranus of Ephesus
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25:Walters Art Museum
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843:De materia medica
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732:Marcellus of Side
667:Antiochis of Tlos
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157:Burials and tombs
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38:: strigilis) or
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52:, probably a
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66:perspiration
39:
31:
29:
836:De Medicina
830:Gynaecology
797:Andromachus
692:Archagathus
233:Apoxyomenos
1050:Categories
782:Damocrates
662:Philonides
619:Physicians
441:: 187–96.
392:: 136–137.
341:: 187–96.
285:References
269:Roman bath
876:Archiater
812:Herodotus
652:Oribasius
520:: 382–84.
307:: 429–40.
56:from the
1034:Category
979:Religion
954:Humorism
931:Theories
762:Albucius
717:Antyllus
599:Speculum
541:Strigils
505:: 21–23.
503:Folklore
479:: 21–23.
477:Folklore
258:See also
196:Spartans
192:Plutarch
108:Timeline
86:Etruscan
54:loanword
49:στλεγγίς
40:stlengis
1002:Plagues
992:Vejovis
802:Eudemus
609:Strigil
279:Gua sha
206:Gallery
188:sophist
184:Hippias
126:skyphoi
74:bathing
32:strigil
987:Febris
767:Arcyon
657:Muscio
518:Hermes
464:: 183.
364:: 683.
68:, and
868:Roles
807:Alcon
637:Galen
586:Tools
252:Abbey
200:reeds
198:used
171:Assos
122:vases
114:Homer
82:Roman
44:Greek
36:Latin
80:and
62:dirt
30:The
443:doi
439:275
343:doi
339:275
97:oil
76:in
70:oil
1052::
437:.
370:^
337:.
293:^
118:BC
99:.
64:,
46::
570:e
563:t
556:v
449:.
445::
349:.
345::
42:(
34:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
