588:
countries passed by inheritance to
Foreign princes, thereby opening a door to enter into our Kingdom". By this "perpetual and irrevocable Edict", Navarre, Béarn, Andorra and Donezan were united and incorporated into the crown of France: although, as in the case of Scotland and England in 1707, whilst the Navarrese domains were politically and monarchically united with France, they retained their separate institutions—thus, they were bound irrevocably to France, but not merged into it. Unlike the British Act of Union, however, Navarre lost its independent judiciary, a fact the Navarrese resented for a long time afterwards. Nonetheless, in recognition of the separate nature of the Kingdom of Navarre (and the lordships of Béarn, Andorra and Donezan, which were considered attached to the Crown of Navarre), the Bourbon kings of France customarily used the title 'King of France and Navarre'.
580:; in Letters of 21 December 1596, he further stated that "our ancient domain, in our kingdom of Navarre and sovereign land of BĂ©arn and Donazan, low countries of Flanders, as well as our duchies, counties, viscounties, lands, lordships in this our kingdom, be and remained disunited, disjoint and separate of our house of France not to be in any way included or merged unless it is by us otherwise ordered, or unless God bestows on us the grace of having children we desire to provide thereto." The Paris Parlement refused to register these Letters, stating that French public law did not allow the division of a monarch's public and private possessions; instead, Henry had them registered at the Parlements of Bordeaux and Toulouse. Thus, from 1589 to 1607, the King of France and Navarre was also the Lord of BĂ©arn, Duke of Albret and VendĂ´me, Count of Foix, etc.
592:
1789, refused to sit with the
National Assembly, and instead the Navarrese estates attempted to revoke the 1620 Union. This was denied, and by vote of the assembly the king's title was changed from 'King of France and Navarre' to 'King of the French' (thus denying the separation between the two kingdoms, and emphasising the—presumed—unity of the French people). By the constitution of 1791, this change was effected, and the merging of Navarre was completed—it lost all of its separate institutions, and was denied any recognition as a state separate from the French nation. Although the last Bourbons titled themselves 'King of France and Navarre' once more, it was a title only, 'Navarre' having ceased to exist as anything more than a name.
572:
refused to follow this tradition: having no legitimate sons to pass his possessions onto, and forced to fight to secure his rule over France, he wanted to ensure that if he died without legitimate children, in the ensuing division of his inheritance, his sister
Catherine would receive all of their parental inheritance (if he allowed his French lands to merge with the crown before dying without legitimate children, the merged lands would go as part of the crown to the next heir to the throne, his cousin
350:), becoming official with the institution of the new constitution on 1 October 1791. The monarchy was abolished a year later, and the Bourbon supporters supported Louis XVI, and then Louis XVII and Louis XVIII, as King of France and Navarre rather than King of the French, under which title the Bourbons were restored in 1815. However, the constitutional monarchy was revived in 1830, with the Bourbon deposition. Although the Orleanist constitutional monarchy, the so-called "
36:
476:. Legally, the Crown and duchy were again separate, but the Duke was a child, and the duchy had been governed as an integral part of France for years; the king had little trouble in maintaining royal control over the duchy. Breton independence was effectively ended when in 1532 the Estates of Brittany proclaimed the perpetual union of Brittany with the French crown. Legally, the duchy was now part of France.
568:. He thus became 'King of France and Navarre'. He was also, by inheritance, a holder of other significant lands within France: BĂ©arn, Donnezan and Andorra, which were, although a part of the feudal boundaries of France, were independent sovereignties; and, under crown jurisdiction, the duchies of Albret, Beaumont, VendĂ´me, and the counties of Foix, Armagnac, Comminges, Bigorre and Marle.
540:
In the first case, the union was merely that of the two crowns: although the relevant kings held both titles, the two kingdoms were legally distinct, bound only by the descent of the kings from the marriage between Joan and Philip. Accordingly, when their direct male descent died out, the two domains
386:
was feudally a part of their
Kingdom of France (i.e. it was within the traditional borders of the realm, and the king of France was deemed to be overlord of the Duchy). In fact, however, the Duchy of Brittany was a largely independent sovereign state. It was recognized as independently sovereign and
583:
These acts were reversed in 1606–1607: Henry had a legitimate son, and the death of his sister without issue had nullified any need to share the
Navarrese inheritance. By an Edict of 1607, the original ruling of the Paris Parlement that lands within France were automatically merged in the Crown was
410:
was determined to bring the territory under royal control. Charles had her marriage annulled and then forced her to marry him in a series of actions that were acknowledged by the Pope. As a result, the
Kingdom of France and the Duchy of Brittany were placed in the personal union of their marriage,
341:
With the French
Revolution came the writing of a Constitution for France. As part of the reforms, the monarch ceased to be an absolute ruler of hereditary lands deriving power from God; instead, he became a constitutional ruler ruling by the will of the French people and for the good of the French
600:
The king of France was also at times ruler of lands outside France itself. If he would not or could not merge these lands into the French crown, and thus the French state, he would legally be sovereign of those lands separately to his role as French king. In such cases, the king's styles would be
591:
In the troubles of 1789, Navarre—being a distinct kingdom—by order of the
Navarrese estates refused to elect representatives to the Estates General of France, instead sending four representatives of the Estates to Versailles at the 'invitation' of the king; these representatives, arriving in July
483:. Henry was the French king to become Duke of Brittany in his own right. Any trace of Breton independence ended with the ascension of Henry to the French throne in 1547. The kingdom and duchy were now united by inheritance, and the merging of Brittany into France was thus completed. Notably, when
571:
By established tradition, lands within the legal borders of France (thus, Henry's duchies and counties) would merge into the crown when the holder became king; independent lordships, whether they were or were not part of France's feudal borders, would remain distinct possessions. Henry, however,
310:, considered transferring the title from the French monarch to the English monarch, drafting a papal brief to this effect; however, it was never issued. French kings thus continued to use the title, in particular on diplomatic documents, less frequently in France itself or in everyday parlance.
587:
In
October 1620, the merging of the Navarrese inheritance into France was furthered, when Louis XIII on 20 October had an Edict passed in Pau by the Sovereign Council of Navarre, to prevent "the misfortunes and inconveniences which would occur if, failing a male heir to our Royal House, said
549:. However, Joan's possessions within France, inherited from her forebears the Counts of Champagne, did not pass with Navarre to Joan's heirs; instead, by treaty, Joan exchanged them for other lands within France, Philip then merging the Champenois inheritance into the French crown.
467:
Claude's death in 1524 separated the duchy from the crown once more, and ultimately, for the final time. Because Claude, like her mother, was sovereign
Duchess, the title of 'Duke' did not remain with her husband, but instead passed to her son,
584:
upheld, and the king ceased to be Duke of Albret and VendĂ´me, Count of Foix, etc. Because Navarre, BĂ©arn, Andorre and Donazan were independent of France, however, the king remained separately the King of Navarre, and Lord of the other domains.
601:
treated differently in the relevant territory. However, the title would be used only within the territory, or in documents relating to the territory; it would not be formally used as part of the king's title outside the relevant lands.
255:); this title was used in official documents until French replaced Latin as the formal language of legal documents, and remained used on coins until the 18th century. However, from as early as the 12th century, the form
342:
people. By a decree on 12 October 1789, the king's title was thus changed from 'By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre' to 'By the Grace of God and by the constitutional law of the State, King of the French' (
281:
owed its origins to the long, and distinctive, relationship between the Catholic Church and the Franks. France was the first modern state recognised by the Church, and was known as the 'Eldest Daughter of the Church';
1488:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre, co-Prince of Andorra, Duke of Albret, Bourbon, Beaumont and VendĂ´me, Count of Foix, Armagnac, Comminges, Bigorre and Marle, Lord of BĂ©arn, and Donezan;
286:, the king of the Franks, had been recognised by the papacy as a protector of Rome's interests. Accordingly, this title was frequently accorded to the French kings (although on a number of occasions kings of other
657:, which stipulated that Provence and its accompanying territories would "in no way be subordinated to the crown or realm of France". Accordingly, the king of France was titled in relation to Provence,
775:
422:
Legally, however, the duchy remained separate from France proper; the two titles were linked only by the marriage of the king and queen, and in 1498 when Charles VIII died childless, the title
140:
varied over the years. Currently, there is no French sovereign; three distinct traditions (the Legitimist, the Orleanist, and the Bonapartist) exist, each claiming different forms of title.
1723:
Napoléon, par la grâce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la République, Empereur des Français, Roi d'Italie, Protecteur de la Confédération du Rhin, Médiateur de la Confédération Helvétique
1720:
By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, Mediator of the Helvetic Confederation (
1972:
325:. Both of these men wrote about what they viewed as their king's unique position among the monarchs of Christendom. These philosophers believed that because he was
654:
576:). Accordingly, by letters patent of 13 April 1590, he declared that his personal estates would remain separate from the crown, and not subject to
1965:
1702:
Napoléon, par la grâce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la République, Empereur des Français, Roi d'Italie, Protecteur de la Confédération du Rhin
53:
1699:
By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine (
17:
395:. Subsequent kings of France sought to control Brittany in part because of the attempts of kings of England and Spain to control the duchy.
100:
514:. When it appeared, the title was bestowed by the king of France to one of his direct descendants and was in any event titular in status.
72:
621:
in 1349, on the condition that the land and title always be used by the king's eldest son; because the territory was legally part of the
2638:
1958:
479:
Francis III remained Duke of Brittany but died without attaining the French crown in 1536. He was succeeded by his brother, the future
653:, the heiress, on 19 October 1480, and united to the crown in the following year; however, the Union was legally reversed by the 1486
2546:
79:
500:
445:. Legally, Brittany still remained distinct, and its future remained dependent on the ducal bloodline, now held by the House of
692:("Louis, By the Grace of God King of the Franks, of Naples and of Jerusalem, Duke of Milan"). He abandoned it by the treaty of
469:
86:
573:
2606:
68:
2601:
2055:
633:, the king would be personally sovereign over the Dauphiné. His title there, when there was no Dauphin of France, was
2526:
2476:
1981:
366:, who crowned himself emperor. It is the title to which the Bonapartists and their supporters continue to lay claim.
119:
1788:
1511:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre, co-Prince of Andorra, Lord of BĂ©arn, and Donezan;
2551:
2516:
374:
In addition to the titles above, the kings of France at one point or another held others attached to the Crown.
2541:
2536:
2531:
460:. By this marriage, and through the succession to the French crown, the king of France became Duke of Brittany
57:
1885:(awarded in 1521 and revoked again c. 1530 by the Pope. Granted again in 1543 by the Parliament of England.)
2521:
399:
93:
2295:
1681:
Napoléon, par la grâce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la République, Empereur des Français, Roi d'Italie
2049:
761:, Count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdagne"). Roussillon and Cerdagne were later ceded to France by
496:
529:
Navarre was twice united with France: from 1314 to 1328 (effectively from 1284, upon the marriage of
392:
747:'; accordingly, official documents relating to the area between 1641 and 1652 described the king as
2659:
1808:
1792:
629:, the emperors legally forbade the region to be united with France. Nonetheless, when there was no
1990:
1678:
By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French, King of Italy (
430:. Anne of Brittany returned to Brittany and began to re-establish an independent sovereign rule.
330:
137:
133:
46:
1930:
2107:
1823:
1243:
1221:
1202:
1180:
1158:
639:("By the Grace of God King of France, Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois").
407:
354:", was abolished in 1848, the heirs of Louis-Philippe continued to claim the title and legacy.
242:
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2112:
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1905:
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1764:
1745:
1631:
1150:
557:
303:
295:
1213:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Naples and Jerusalem, Duke of Brittany;
545:, and Navarre being inherited by the granddaughter (and senior heiress) of Joan and Philip,
2408:
2343:
2313:
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2171:
1864:
1760:
1730:
1709:
1688:
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1660:
Napoléon, par la grâce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la République, Empereur des Français
1627:
1573:
1548:
1526:
1473:
1451:
1132:
1034:
955:
932:
868:
By the Grace of God, King of the Franks and Duke of the Aquitanians, Count of the Poitevins
815:
728:
446:
291:
290:
would be addressed as such by the Church), and came into frequent use during the reign of
8:
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2077:
2016:
1897:
1784:
1646:
1623:
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1049:
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par la grâce de Dieu roi de France, dauphin de Viennois, comte de Valentinois et de Diois
542:
530:
484:
457:
434:
427:
307:
246:
191:
155:
398:
The independent sovereign nature of the duchy began to come to an end upon the death of
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1602:
1522:
1500:
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1154:
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par la grâce de Dieu roi de France, comte de Provence, Forcalquier et terres adjacentes
561:
553:
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492:
480:
388:
163:
213:, By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French." (
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2101:
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2066:
1946:
1891:
1848:
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1950:
219:, par la grâce de Dieu et les Constitutions de la République, Empereur des Français.
2440:
2337:
2245:
2153:
2095:
2060:
2044:
1004:
618:
511:
488:
450:
403:
298:, it became recognised as a hereditary and exclusive title of the kings of France.
1804:
By the Grace of God and by the Constitutional Law of the State, King of the French
1657:
By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French (
1642:
By the Grace of God and by the Constitutional Law of the State, King of the French
200:, par la grâce de Dieu et par la loi constitutionnelle de l'État, Roi des Français
2376:
2331:
2255:
2198:
2165:
779:
750:
Dei gratia Galliarum et Navarrae Rex, comes Barcinonae, Rossilionis et Ceritaniae
565:
343:
1756:
By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French
1015:
By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre, Count of Champagne and Burgundy
348:
Par la grâce de Dieu et par la loi constitutionnelle de l'État, Roi des Français
2307:
2135:
1881:
721:
415:. During their marriage, the Charles VIII prohibited Anne from using the title
317:
to refer to the French king was affirmed by medieval French thinkers including
299:
773:
requested that the king take the title "Landgrave of Upper and Lower Alsace" (
510:
largely ceased to be used as a title of the king of France after the death of
2653:
2625:
2455:
2430:
2349:
2240:
2129:
2036:
560:, had been the queen of Navarre (and senior heiress of Joan II), his father,
351:
322:
1842:
The monarchs of other countries have received similar titles from the pope:
2418:
2232:
2147:
1998:
552:
By chance, France and Navarre were united again in 1589, in the person of
2613:
2203:
2193:
2141:
664:
491:) died, Brittany passed as part of the Crown to the next heir of France,
461:
440:
412:
318:
206:
608:
419:
and imposed a royal governor from the House of Penthievre on the duchy.
2413:
2355:
2177:
740:
689:
Ludovicus Dei Gratia Francorum Neapolis et Hierusalem Rex Dux Mediolani
147:
143:
The three styles laid claim to by pretenders to the French throne are:
1398:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany;
1372:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany;
1328:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany;
1302:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany;
1276:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany;
1232:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany;
1191:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France, Duke of Brittany;
177:, par la grâce de Dieu, Roi de France et de Navarre, Roi Très-chrétien
1819:
By the Grace of God and the will of the Nation, Emperor of the French
736:
683:
675:
577:
437:
married Anne himself, and so the king was once more Duke of Brittany
411:
and the king of France would also hold the title of Duke of Brittany
183:
35:
2435:
2403:
2319:
2250:
2159:
2002:
1060:
By the Grace of God, King of France, Count of Auvergne and Boulogne
1030:
By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre, Count of Champagne
996:
By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre, Count of Champagne
966:
By the Grace of God, King of France and Navarre, Count of Champagne
744:
732:
646:
642:
363:
283:
194:
and by the constitutional law of the State, King of the French." (
2123:
2117:
2026:
1440:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Scotland;
758:
1587:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre;
1559:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre;
1537:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre;
382:
During the Middle Ages, the kings of France considered that the
2486:
2481:
2450:
2423:
2381:
2214:
770:
671:
626:
449:. When Anne died, Brittany passed to her daughter and heiress,
426:
remained with Anne, rather than passing to the heir of France,
159:
1776:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre
1741:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre
1619:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre
2021:
762:
754:
717:
706:
693:
453:, rather than remaining with the king of France, her father.
287:
613:: the area had been ceded to the king of France by the last
362:
The Bonapartist legacy, the title was instituted in 1804 by
2445:
2395:
2271:
1994:
713:
830:
By the Grace of God, King of the Franks, Duke of Burgundy
786:) in relation to the territory, but this did not happen.
663:("By the Grace of God King of France, Count of Provence,
898:
By the Grace of God, King of the Franks, Count of Artois
1593:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1569:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1543:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1517:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1495:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1468:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1446:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1382:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1356:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1334:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1312:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1286:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1260:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1238:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1197:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1175:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1145:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1122:
Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois
1980:
1589:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1565:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1539:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1513:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1491:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1464:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1442:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1419:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1400:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1378:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1352:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1330:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1308:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1282:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1256:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1234:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1215:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1193:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1171:
Count of Provence, Forcalquier and the lands adjacent
1090:
By the Grace of God, King of France, Duke of Burgundy
789:
150:: "Most high, most potent and most excellent Prince,
1462:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France;
1417:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France;
1350:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France;
1254:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France;
1169:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France;
1143:
By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France;
928:
By the Grace of God, King of France, Count of Artois
495:, rather than to Claude's most senior heirs (either
173:Très haut, très puissant et très excellent Prince,
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
333:played a special role as protector of the Church.
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541:separated, France passing to Philip's nephew,
1966:
1721:
1700:
1679:
1658:
703:
658:
634:
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524:
276:
214:
195:
171:
1947:The French Royal Family: Titles and Customs
1889:
1561:Count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdagne
1374:Duke of Milan, Count of Asti, Lord of Genoa
1278:King of Naples and Jerusalem, Duke of Milan
793:
748:
687:
438:
402:. The duchy was inherited by his daughter,
270:
256:
250:
236:
227:
2639:Knowledge:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility
1973:
1959:
765:, but were merged directly into the crown.
712:("King of France, Duke of Milan, Count of
564:, had been the senior-most heir after the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2083:
357:
167:
883:By the Grace of God, King of the Franks
845:By the Grace of God, King of the Franks
811:By the Grace of God, King of the Franks
501:Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain
387:lying outside the Kingdom of France by
14:
2652:
264:
1954:
1896:(Protector of the Church; awarded to
1120:By the Grace of God, King of France;
784:Landgraf von OberelsaĂź und UnterelsaĂź
670:Charles VIII used the title "King of
336:
241:was the official Latin title of the "
2607:List of current constituent monarchs
1925:
1923:
302:, allied between 1510 and 1513 with
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1105:By the Grace of God, King of France
1075:By the Grace of God, King of France
1045:By the Grace of God, King of France
981:By the Grace of God, King of France
947:By the Grace of God, King of France
913:By the Grace of God, King of France
24:
2602:List of current sovereign monarchs
2056:Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty
790:List of changes to the royal style
753:("By the Grace of God King of the
369:
261:("King of France") was also used.
25:
2676:
2477:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
1982:Imperial, royal, and noble styles
1920:
1837:
709:, comte d'Asti, seigneur de GĂŞnes
595:
537:), and from 1589 to the present.
1931:"Napoleonic Titles and Heraldry"
226:
34:
456:Claude married the future king
69:"Style of the French sovereign"
45:needs additional citations for
2592:Defender of the Holy Sepulchre
795:
433:However, the new French king,
249:(sometimes taking the form of
27:Titles used by French monarchs
13:
1:
1913:
1853:
645:: The territory was ceded to
245:" after the accession of the
18:Style of the French Sovereign
7:
2296:Imperial and Royal Highness
487:(the last direct male from
377:
10:
2681:
2050:Imperial and Royal Majesty
1941:
497:Henry II, Duke of Lorraine
2634:
2562:
2504:
2464:
2394:
2369:
2288:
2264:
2231:
2224:
2035:
2009:
1988:
802:
796:
667:and the lands adjacent.")
525:The Navarrese inheritance
393:Alan II, Duke of Brittany
470:Francis III of Brittany
2597:Great Catholic Monarch
2108:Most Excellent Majesty
2084:Most Christian Majesty
1890:
1722:
1701:
1680:
1659:
783:
749:
720:") in relation to the
705:roi de France, duc de
704:
688:
659:
635:
607:
574:Henri, Prince of Condé
439:
408:Charles VIII of France
400:Francis II of Brittany
347:
277:
271:
257:
251:
237:
228:
215:
196:
172:
168:Most Christian Majesty
2582:Defender of the Faith
2575:Divine right of kings
2326:Ducal Serene Highness
2148:Most Eminent Highness
2113:Most Gracious Majesty
2090:Most Faithful Majesty
1906:Most Faithful Majesty
1882:Defender of the Faith
1873:Most Catholic Majesty
678:" in relation to the
558:Jeanne III of Navarre
358:Emperor of the French
313:The use of the title
304:Henry VIII of England
2409:Duli Yang Maha Mulia
2344:Illustrious Highness
2314:Grand Ducal Highness
2172:Illustrious Highness
1865:Most Serene Republic
729:Louis XIII of France
327:rex christianissimus
315:rex christianissimus
272:Rex Christianissimus
54:improve this article
2570:By the Grace of God
1898:Holy Roman Emperors
531:Philip IV of France
417:Duchess of Brittany
308:Louis XII of France
265:Most Christian King
247:Carolingian dynasty
192:by the Grace of God
156:by the Grace of God
2620:Translatio imperii
1892:Defensor Ecclesiae
1210:February–July 1495
731:was chosen by the
562:Antoine de Bourbon
554:Henry IV of France
547:Joan II of Navarre
481:Henry II of France
364:Napoleon Bonaparte
337:King of the French
243:King of the Franks
2647:
2646:
2500:
2499:
2492:Sultanic Highness
2390:
2389:
2365:
2364:
2302:Imperial Highness
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2102:Britannic Majesty
2073:Catholic Monarchs
2067:Apostolic Majesty
1909:(awarded in 1748)
1876:(awarded in 1493)
1849:Apostolic Majesty
1834:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1811:
1796:
1768:
1748:
1733:
1712:
1691:
1670:
1649:
1634:
1609:
1551:
1529:
1503:
1480:
1454:
1432:
1409:
1390:
1364:
1342:
1320:
1294:
1268:
1246:
1224:
1205:
1183:
1161:
1135:
1112:
1097:
1082:
1067:
1052:
1037:
1022:
1007:
988:
973:
958:
939:
920:
905:
890:
875:
860:
837:
822:
727:In January 1641,
686:, titled himself
682:; his successor,
680:Kingdom of Naples
651:Margaret of Anjou
631:Dauphin of France
625:, rather than of
623:Holy Roman Empire
535:Joan I of Navarre
519:Duchy of Brittany
474:Dauphin of France
384:Duchy of Brittany
294:; under his son,
278:Roi Très-chrétien
138:French sovereigns
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2672:
2472:Amir al-Mu'minin
2462:
2461:
2370:Specific culture
2367:
2366:
2286:
2285:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2189:Most Illustrious
2154:Exalted Highness
2096:Orthodox Majesty
2078:Catholic Majesty
2061:Imperial Majesty
1991:Forms of address
1975:
1968:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1895:
1858:
1855:
1833:(reign disputed)
1832:
1822:
1807:
1779:
1759:
1744:
1729:
1725:
1708:
1704:
1687:
1683:
1666:
1662:
1645:
1622:
1597:
1547:
1521:
1499:
1472:
1450:
1424:
1405:
1386:
1360:
1338:
1316:
1290:
1264:
1242:
1220:
1201:
1179:
1149:
1127:
1108:
1093:
1078:
1063:
1048:
1033:
1018:
999:
984:
969:
950:
931:
916:
901:
886:
871:
848:
833:
814:
794:
778:
752:
711:
691:
662:
638:
612:
543:Philip of Valois
512:Claude of France
508:Duke of Brittany
489:Claude of France
444:
424:Duke of Brittany
280:
274:
260:
254:
240:
231:
221:
202:
179:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2660:French monarchy
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2630:
2558:
2496:
2460:
2386:
2361:
2332:Serene Highness
2276:
2260:
2220:
2211:(The Much Hon.)
2199:Hochwohlgeboren
2166:Serene Highness
2031:
2005:
1984:
1979:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1856:
1840:
1753:March–June 1815
1251:April 1498—1499
792:
774:
702:used the title
696:of 22 Oct 1505.
598:
566:House of Valois
527:
472:, who was also
380:
372:
370:Distinct titles
360:
339:
267:
235:The Latin term
233:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2678:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2586:Fidei defensor
2579:
2578:
2577:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2542:United Kingdom
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2308:Royal Highness
2305:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2184:Most Excellent
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2136:Royal Highness
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1860:
1839:
1838:Similar titles
1836:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1809:Louis-Philippe
1805:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1595:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1571:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1519:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
997:
994:
990:
989:
982:
979:
975:
974:
967:
964:
960:
959:
948:
945:
941:
940:
929:
926:
922:
921:
914:
911:
907:
906:
899:
896:
892:
891:
884:
881:
877:
876:
869:
866:
862:
861:
846:
843:
839:
838:
831:
828:
824:
823:
812:
809:
805:
804:
801:
798:
791:
788:
767:
766:
725:
722:Duchy of Milan
697:
668:
655:Edict of Union
640:
597:
596:Other examples
594:
556:: his mother,
526:
523:
379:
376:
371:
368:
359:
356:
338:
335:
300:Pope Julius II
266:
263:
232:
225:
224:
223:
204:
181:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2677:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2627:
2626:Victory title
2624:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2456:Son of Heaven
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:King of Kings
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:Pater Patriae
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:Much Honoured
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2118:Royal Majesty
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Nəgusä Nägäst
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:Duke of Milan
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
991:
987:
983:
980:
977:
976:
972:
968:
965:
962:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:
943:
942:
938:
934:
930:
927:
924:
923:
919:
915:
912:
909:
908:
904:
900:
897:
894:
893:
889:
885:
882:
879:
878:
874:
870:
867:
864:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
844:
841:
840:
836:
832:
829:
826:
825:
821:
817:
813:
810:
807:
806:
799:
787:
785:
781:
777:
772:
769:In addition,
764:
760:
756:
751:
746:
742:
738:
735:as 'Count of
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
701:
698:
695:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
666:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
610:
604:
603:
602:
593:
589:
585:
581:
579:
575:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
538:
536:
532:
522:
520:
515:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
465:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
443:
442:
436:
431:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
391:, an ally of
390:
385:
375:
367:
365:
355:
353:
352:July Monarchy
349:
345:
334:
332:
328:
324:
323:Nicole Oresme
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
279:
273:
262:
259:
253:
252:Rex Francorum
248:
244:
239:
238:Francorum Rex
230:
229:Francorum Rex
220:
218:
212:
208:
205:
201:
199:
193:
189:
185:
182:
178:
176:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
145:
144:
141:
139:
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
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92:
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2614:Sacred king
2522:Netherlands
2298:(HI&RH)
2289:Middle Ages
2204:Wohlgeboren
2194:Hochgeboren
2142:Monseigneur
2052:(HI&RM)
1857: 1000
1781:Louis XVIII
1765:Napoleon II
1746:Louis XVIII
1632:Louis XVIII
1151:Charles VII
665:Forcalquier
464:once more.
462:jure uxoris
441:jure uxoris
413:jure uxoris
406:, but King
331:French king
319:Jean Gerson
296:Charles VII
269:This title
207:Bonapartist
2654:Categories
2414:Great king
2356:Excellency
2217:(Millourt)
2178:Excellency
1914:References
1903:Portugal:
1761:Napoleon I
1731:Napoleon I
1710:Napoleon I
1689:Napoleon I
1668:Napoleon I
1628:Louis XVII
1574:Louis XIII
1549:Louis XIII
1527:Louis XIII
1474:Charles IX
1452:Francis II
1133:Charles VI
1035:Charles IV
956:Philip III
933:Louis VIII
816:Hugh Capet
741:Roussillon
716:, Lord of
506:The title
292:Charles VI
158:, King of
148:Legitimist
110:March 2007
80:newspapers
2505:Countries
2225:Antiquity
1888:Germany:
1879:England:
1852:(awarded
1846:Hungary:
1816:1852–1870
1801:1830–1848
1789:Louis XIX
1785:Charles X
1773:1815–1830
1738:1814–1815
1717:1809–1814
1696:1806–1809
1675:1805–1806
1654:1804–1805
1647:Louis XVI
1639:1791–1792
1624:Louis XVI
1615:1791–1814
1607:Louis XVI
1599:Louis XIV
1584:1652–1791
1578:Louis XIV
1556:1641–1652
1534:1620–1641
1508:1607–1620
1485:1589–1607
1478:Henry III
1459:1560–1589
1437:1559–1560
1426:Francis I
1414:1524–1559
1407:Francis I
1395:1521–1524
1388:Francis I
1369:1515–1521
1362:Louis XII
1347:1514–1515
1340:Louis XII
1325:1512–1514
1318:Louis XII
1299:1505–1512
1292:Louis XII
1273:1499–1505
1266:Louis XII
1229:1495–1498
1188:1491–1495
1166:1486–1491
1140:1422–1486
1129:Charles V
1117:1364–1422
1102:1363–1364
1087:1361–1363
1072:1360–1361
1057:1350–1360
1050:Philip VI
1042:1328–1350
1027:1322–1328
1012:1316–1322
993:1314–1316
986:Philip IV
978:1305–1314
971:Philip IV
963:1285–1305
944:1237–1285
925:1223–1237
918:Philip II
910:1190–1223
903:Philip II
895:1180–1190
888:Louis VII
880:1152–1180
873:Louis VII
865:1137–1152
842:1032–1137
827:1031–1032
820:Robert II
776:‹See Tfd›
737:Barcelona
700:Francis I
684:Louis XII
676:Jerusalem
578:Salic law
485:Henry III
458:Francis I
435:Louis XII
428:Louis XII
184:Orleanist
2563:See also
2552:Scotland
2527:Portugal
2436:Maharaja
2404:Baghatur
2346:(HIll.H)
2338:Serenity
2320:Highness
2251:Sebastos
2246:Augustus
2174:(HIll.H)
2160:Highness
2045:Holiness
2003:nobility
1862:Venice:
1603:Louis XV
1523:Henry IV
1501:Henry IV
1430:Henry II
1155:Louis XI
1020:Philip V
952:Louis IX
937:Louis IX
858:Louis VI
854:Philip I
808:987–1031
803:Used by
745:Cerdagne
733:Catalans
647:Louis XI
643:Provence
619:Viennois
609:Dauphiné
493:Henry IV
447:Montfort
389:Louis IV
378:Brittany
306:against
284:Clovis I
2517:Georgia
2465:Islamic
2265:Georgia
2256:Dominus
2124:Majesty
2037:Western
2027:Pharaoh
1999:royalty
1942:Sources
1870:Spain:
1793:Henry V
1110:John II
1095:John II
1080:John II
1065:John II
1001:Louis X
850:Henry I
835:Henry I
759:Navarra
615:Dauphin
164:Navarre
162:and of
94:scholar
2547:Canada
2537:Sweden
2532:Serbia
2512:France
2487:Sharif
2482:Hadrat
2451:Shogun
2441:Mikado
2424:Khagan
2382:Senhor
2328:(HDSH)
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2150:(HMEH)
2144:(Msgr)
2086:(HMCM)
2010:Africa
2001:, and
1005:John I
797:Period
780:German
771:Alsace
743:, and
672:Naples
627:France
451:Claude
344:French
329:, the
288:realms
160:France
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2396:Asian
2350:Grace
2334:(HSH)
2310:(HRH)
2304:(HIH)
2168:(HSH)
2156:(HEH)
2138:(HRH)
2130:Grace
2120:(HRM)
2104:(HBM)
2098:(HOM)
2092:(HFM)
2080:(HCM)
2069:(HAM)
2063:(HIM)
2022:Nkosi
1995:popes
800:Style
763:Spain
755:Gauls
718:Genoa
707:Milan
694:Blois
517:(See
275:, or
134:style
101:JSTOR
87:books
2446:Shah
2419:Khan
2358:(HE)
2352:(HG)
2340:(HS)
2322:(HH)
2272:Mepe
2180:(HE)
2162:(HH)
2132:(HG)
2126:(HM)
1993:for
1791:), (
757:and
714:Asti
674:and
605:The
404:Anne
321:and
170:." (
73:news
2377:Don
1787:, (
1763:, (
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649:by
617:de
533:to
521:.)
503:).
499:or
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1922:^
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