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commerce at the time. Datoh Mogal, an appointed governor of
Singora, was the person who initiated and developed maritime trade with international merchants. By introducing and developing the city as an international port, Datoh Mogal could generate a great amount of revenue from foreign ships for the centralized capital of Ayuthaya. Datoh Mogal was succeeded by his son, Sultan Sulaiman, in 1620. Sultan Sulaiman was appointed by King Songtham (1610–1628) of the Kingdom of Ayuthaya. Singora under Sulaiman's administration was a famous rendezvous for trading."
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ffactories of Siam, Cochinchina, Borneo and partlie our ffactorie in Japan, as you shall gather according to the advises thereof, And hither to bring all such wares as wee shall gather from the foresaid places to bee sent to Bantam and
Jaccatra: this howse willbee found to bee verie Necessarie, for the charges willbee too highe in Patania besides inconveniences there; which charges you shall spare at Sangora: there you pay no Custome, onlie a small gift to Datoe Mogoll cann effect all here.
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Furthermore, the duty-free economic policy proposed by the governor had attracted numerous merchants from various countries. Dutch merchants were among those foreigners who conducted business with
Songkhla. Those Dutch merchants had even set up a company (...) to sell their pepper, which was a principal trade item. Evidence of Dutch's economic contact and settlement at Songkhla is a cemetery known locally as Vilanda Graveyard and remains of Dutch wares found in the area."
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frequented by Dutch and
Portuguese merchants and enjoyed amicable relations with Chinese traders. Ayuthaya tried at least three times to reclaim Singora during Sulaiman's reign; each attack failed. One naval campaign ended in ignominy when the Siamese admiral abandoned his post. To help fend off overland assaults, Sulaiman assigned his brother, Pharisees, to strengthen the nearby town of Chai Buri in Phatthalung.
132:. It was founded in the early 17th century by a Persian, Dato Mogol, and flourished during the reign of his son, Sultan Sulaiman Shah. In 1680, after decades of conflict, the city was destroyed and abandoned; remains include forts, city walls, a Dutch cemetery and the tomb of Sultan Sulaiman Shah. An inscribed cannon from Singora bearing the seal of Sultan Sulaiman Shah is displayed next to the flagpole at the
763:, an account of the Orient written shortly after the Portuguese conquest of Malacca in 1511. Pires wrote that Persians "killed the Javanese lords and made themselves lords; and in this way they made themselves masters of the sea coast and took over trade and power in Java". Dato Mogol and his family were far from the only Persians to attain positions of authority in 17th-century Siam. The
464:
662:
provides an inventory of weapons taken by the
Burmese after the sack of Ayuthaya, noting that most guns were destroyed and only the finest pieces conveyed to Burma. Correspondence between General Prendergast and his superiors in India details ordnance seized during the Burma campaign and lists cannon
632:
in London and put on display next to the flagpole in the grounds of the Figure Court. The cannon bears eleven inscriptions, nine of which have been carved in Arabic characters and inlaid with silver. One inscription refers to the engraver, Tun Juma'at Abu Mandus of
Singora; another is set within a
513:
Thailand's
Ministry of Culture details the remains of fourteen forts on and around Khao Daeng Mountain. Forts 4, 8 and 9 are well preserved and characterise the sultanate's military architecture: fort 4 can be reached by ascending a flight of steps that starts behind the archaeological information
411:
in the French
Company's Service, if he has not quitted it, or if he is not lately dead: the name of his Family I know not. Before his entrance into the Companies service, he had served some time in the King of Siam's Army in quality of Canoneer (...) Cyprian wearied with seeing the Armies in view,
804:
The sign in front of
Sulaiman's tomb gives the date of his accession as 1619; a steel plaque near the archaeological information centre states "This site is known as an important port city during the Ayuthaya period in the 17th century AD. It played a crucial role in both local and inter-regional
394:
In a letter dated August 1679 Potts informed his East India
Company colleague that the Siamese fleet had arrived and stressed the impending danger. The events that followed were decisive: in 1680, after a siege lasting more than six months, Singora was destroyed and abandoned. Contemporary French
601:
The Singora cannon next to the flagpole in the grounds of the Figure Court at the Royal Hospital Chelsea, London. The cannon was one of several shipped from Burma to England at General Prendergast's request. While the sign in front of the cannon states that it was "made about 1623", two articles
333:
On the 3rd of February the delegate van Vlieth landed at Sangora and was received by the governor, who was angry at the Berckelangh's letter, saying that his country was open to the Netherlanders without Siamese introduction and that the letter had not been necessary. This and other haughty acts
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petroleum complex; permission is needed to gain access. In 1998 an investigation of the cemetery was conducted using ground-penetrating radar. The survey yielded detailed radargrams showing subsurface lime coffins that belonged to Singora's 17th-century Dutch community. A paper discussing these
351:
Sultan Sulaiman died in 1668 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Mustapha. A war with Pattani broke out soon after, but despite being outnumbered more than four to one, Singora rejected attempts at mediation by the Sultan of Kedah and trusted in its army of experienced soldiers and cannoneers.
814:
The sign in front of the Dutch cemetery reads "The old Songkhla or Singkhora was an important international entrepĂ´t during the 17th century A.D. for several reasons. For example, located on the eastern coast of Thailand it provided foreign ships with an efficient access to exchange markets.
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Later that year Sulaiman declared independence from Ayuthaya and appointed himself Sultan Sulaiman Shah. He modernised the port, ordered the construction of city walls and moats, and built a network of forts that spanned the harbour to the summit of Khao Daeng. Trade flourished: the city was
399:'s operations in Ayuthaya described how Singora's "trés bonne citadelle" had been razed after a war of more than thirty years; a missionary working in Ayuthaya in the mid 1680s told how the King of Siam sent his finest ships to destroy the sultanate "de fond en comble" (from top to bottom).
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itt were not amiss to build a strong howse in Sangora which lyeth 24 Leagues northwarde of Patania, under the gouerment of Datoe Mogoll, vassall to the King of Siam: In this place maie well the Rendezvouz bee made to bring all thinges together that you shall gather for the provideing of the
208:
The Sultanate of Singora, sometimes known as Songkhla at Khao Daeng, was a port city in the deep south of Thailand and precursor of the present-day town of Songkhla. It was located near the southern tip of the Sathing Phra peninsula, on and around the foothills of Khao Daeng Mountain in
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In 1685 Siam attempted to cede Singora to France: the hope was that the French East India Company, supported by a garrison of troops, could rebuild the city, establish a trading post and counter the strong regional Dutch influence. The city was offered to France's envoy to Siam, the
472:
After Singora had been destroyed, Sultan Sulaiman's sons were pardoned and assigned to new positions in Siam. Later generations of Sultan Sulaiman's family were closely connected with Siamese royalty: two of Sulaiman's descendants commanded armed forces led by
572:. The text describes Sultan Sulaiman as a Muslim raja who died in battle and the cemetery as "full of nothing but jungle". The tomb is an object of pilgrimage in the deep south of Thailand, where Sultan Sulaiman is revered by Muslims and Buddhists alike.
434:, for example, described it as "a story which might have passed in a romantic age, but it is too improbable for history". In a memo dated 1685 a French East India Company official claimed that Singora was finally captured by means of a ruse. Thailand's
537:. The manuscript (which in Gesick's opinion dates from the late 17th century) consists mainly of an illustrated map about ten metres long that depicts Sultan Sulaiman's forts at Khao Daeng. A microfilm of this manuscript, made by American historian
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in capturing the City. Singora became involved in the dispute and in 1633 sent an envoy to Ayuthaya requesting help. The outcome of this request is not known, but Dutch records show that Singora was severely damaged and the pepper crop destroyed.
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which attempted no persons life, determin'd one night to go alone to the Camp of the Rebels, and to fetch the King of Singor into his Tent. He took him indeed, and brought him to the Siamese General, and so terminated a War of above twenty years.
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Typical of forts on the mountain is fort 4: it is built onto the slope of Khao Daeng, abutting the mountain at its rear and rising to a height of about 4.4 metres along the front. Internal dimensions are approximately 5.5 metres by 8.5
553:
Located in a Muslim graveyard about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) north of Khao Daeng, the tomb of Sultan Sulaiman Shah is housed in a small, Thai-style pavilion surrounded by large trees. The cemetery is mentioned in the
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Dato Mogal migrated to the south of Thailand from Java in the early 1600s. His departure from Indonesia coincided with Holland's forays into the region in the late 1590s and subsequent control of the spice trade.
451:, and a provisional treaty signed in December; Siamese ambassador Kosa Pan sailed to France the following year to ratify the cession. The French, however, were not interested: Secretary of State for the Navy, the
426:
While Loubère's account of life in 17th-century Siam was well received by his contemporaries in France, the veracity of his tale about Cyprian and Singora's demise has been questioned. An article published in the
236:. Jeremias van Vliet, Director of the Dutch East India Company's trading post in Ayuthaya, described Singora as one of Siam's principal cities and a major exporter of pepper; French traveller and gem merchant
675:, Portsmouth and Plymouth dockyards, and the Royal Hospital Chelsea. A letter at the Royal Hospital refers to the Singora cannon as a Burmese trophy gun received from the Government of India in October 1887.
300:
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on a British East India Company vessel and, heeding orders from his employer, promptly embarked on a mission to smuggle arms to Singora. His escapade ended in failure when he was shipwrecked.
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In 1679 Ayuthaya mounted a final offensive to quash the Singora rebellion. Samuel Potts, a British East India Company trader based in Singora, recorded the city's preparations for war:
1599:
372:
Remains of the Sultanate of Singora include forts on and around Khao Daeng Mountain, a stretch of city walls, a Dutch cemetery and the tomb of Sultan Sulaiman Shah (shown above).
1327:
37:
733:, reference IOR/L/MIL/17/19/30. A summary of ordnance captured during the Burma campaign (including 158 brass or bronze cannon taken from Mandalay Palace) was published in
580:
About 300 metres (980 ft) from the tomb of Sultan Sulaiman is a Dutch cemetery known locally as the Vilanda Graveyard. The cemetery is located within the grounds of a
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This King has fortified his City, gunned his Forts upon the hills, making all the provision he can for his defence, not knowing how soon the King of Siam will oppose him.
232:. The port was said to be ideal and able to accommodate more than 80 large vessels; a network of overland and riverine routes expedited trans-peninsular trade with the
329:(known by the Dutch as the Berckelangh), the Siamese official responsible for foreign affairs. Sulaiman's response sheds light on his attitude towards suzerainty:
1000:
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Following Singora's destruction, Siamese troops seized and sent to Ayuthaya an inscribed cannon. The cannon remained there until it was captured during the
1295:
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General Prendergast's list of cannon intended as presents for British royalty, senior officers and military establishments is part of the British Library's
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526:. The two pagodas on the summit of Khao Daeng were built on the base of fort 10 during the 1830s to commemorate the suppression of rebellions in Kedah.
403:, France's envoy to Siam in 1687, recounted a story about a French cannoneer who crept into the city one night and single-handedly captured the sultan:
1974:
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Some have upon this account informed me a thing, which in my opinion, will appear most incredible. 'Tis of a provincial named Cyprian, who is still at
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supports this version of events and discusses a spy who tricked his way into the city, enabling Siamese troops to enter and burn it to the ground.
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near the main road leading from Singha Nakhon to Ko Yo Island. Forts 5 and 6 occupy the upper slopes of the mountain and offer panoramic views of
221:
traders called the city Sangora; Japanese officials knew it as Shinichu; contemporary French writers used the names Singor, Cingor and Soncourat.
200:
Siamese vassal states in the deep south showed allegiance to Ayuthaya by sending tribute. Along with slaves and weapons, tribute consisted of the
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Dato Mogol died in 1620 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Sulaiman. A period of turmoil erupted ten years later when the
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325:. He stopped en route at Singora in February 1642 and presented Sulaiman with a letter of introduction from the
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489:, was also descended from Sultan Sulaiman. Present-day descendants include Admiral Niphon Sirithorn, a former
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Samuel Potts' letters from Singora to his East India Company colleagues in Ayuthaya are bundled together in
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centre, fort 8 is accessible via a stairway near the Sultan Sulaiman Shah mosque, fort 9 sits atop a small
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501:, the 22nd Prime Minister of Thailand; and a family of silk weavers at the Muslim village of Phumriang in
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Singora was founded in the early 17th century by Dato Mogol, a Persian Malay-Muslim who accepted Siamese
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and Muhammad Said who also arrived in Siam in the early 1600s. Sheikh Ahmad worked closely with Kings
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Records of the Relations between Siam and Foreign Countries in the 17th Century. Volume 2, 1634–1680
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The French memo discussing Singora's destruction and the ruse employed by Siamese troops is titled
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and a former Navy admiral. Sources pertaining to the Singora cannon include articles published in
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traders; its destruction was discussed in books and reports authored by representatives of the
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The Assimilation of Bangkok-Melayu Communities in the Bangkok Metropolis and Surrounding Areas
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275:, a usurper and tyrant. The queen withheld tribute and ordered attacks on Ligor (present-day
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is part of the British Library's Cottonian collection, reference Otho E. VIII ff. 231–240.
8:
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Records of the Relations between Siam and Foreign Countries in the 17th Century. Volume 2
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Records of the Relations between Siam and Foreign Countries in the 17th Century. Volume 2
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Records of the Relations between Siam and Foreign Countries in the 17th Century. Volume 2
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Records of the Relations between Siam and Foreign Countries in the 17th Century. Volume 2
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Records of the Relations between Siam and Foreign Countries in the 17th Century. Volume 2
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276:
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1353:
1058:
795:'s accession to the throne and for many years controlled all important affairs of state.
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sources document the city's destruction and provide a wealth of detail. The head of the
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2132:
1539:
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214:
140:
1818:
Proceedings of the IV Meeting of the Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society
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2029:"The Siamese Brass Cannon in the Figure Court of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, London"
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to Siam in the mid 1680s. Sultan Sulaiman's family history has also been chronicled:
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The sultanate's history was documented in accounts, letters and journals written by
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The Study of Cultural Heritage Management of Wat Matchimawat (Wat Klang), Songkhla
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2173:"A Letter of Instructions from the East Indian Company to its Agent, Circ. 1614"
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A Letter of Instructions from the East Indian Company to its Agent in East India
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discusses Singora's duty-free policy and viability as a hub for regional trade:
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The Sultanate of Singora was a heavily fortified port city in the deep south of
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A Letter of Instructions from the East Indian Company to its Agent, Circ. 1614
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1993:
1966:
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In the Land of Lady White Blood: Southern Thailand and the Meaning of History
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In the Land of Lady White Blood: Southern Thailand and the Meaning of History
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783:, remained politically influential for the next three hundred years. In the
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design and reads "The seal of Sultan Sulaiman Shah, the Victorious King".
163:, was descended from Sultan Sulaiman; present-day descendants include the
1975:"Intercourse between Burma and Siam as Recorded in Hmannan Yazawindawgyi"
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Proceedings of the Government of India Military Department: Burma 1885–86
640:
Sources pertaining to the Singora cannon's journey to London include the
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280:
152:
2408:
2240:
2164:
2136:
1283:
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2338:, Naypyitaw: Department of Historical Research: 127–143, archived from
1625:, England: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
225:
1795:
Thai South and Malay North: Ethnic Interactions on a Plural Peninsula
1228:
515:
268:
201:
1814:"Radar Investigation of Ancient Dutch Cemetery in Southern Thailand"
1622:
A Political History of Siam under the Prasatthong Dynasty: 1629–1688
628:(1885–1887) and shipped to England. In 1887 it was presented to the
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772:
655:
176:
129:
112:
55:
43:
1820:, Madrid, Spain: Instituto Geográfico Nacional, pp. 727–730,
1747:, Translated by John O'Kane, New York: Columbia University Press,
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and transported to Burma. It was then taken by the British in the
2303:(308), Paris: Société Française d'Histoire d'Outre-Mer: 257–275,
2145:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
2115:
Blagden, C.O. (1941), "A XVIIth Century Malay Cannon in London",
787:, an account of an embassy sent to Siam in 1685 on behalf of the
779:, and was eventually appointed Phra Khlang. His descendants, the
720:
Lettre de Veret aux Directeurs de la Compagnie (12 DĂ©cembre 1685)
597:
305:
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with an army of 60,000 men, as well as enlisting the help of the
1812:
Phattanaviriyapisarn, A.; Lohawijarn, W.; Srisuchat, T. (1998),
1250:
The Tomb of Sultan Sulaiman Shah (Ministry of Culture, Thailand)
828:
321:
In December 1641 Jeremias van Vliet left Ayuthaya and sailed to
2219:
Sweeney, Amin (1971), "Some Observations on the Malay Sha'ir",
2002:"Translation of Van Vliet's Description of the Kingdom of Siam"
1491:
1099:
The History of Phattalung Province (Phattalung District Office)
1894:"The French Foreign Mission in Siam During the XVIIth Century"
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988:
792:
791:, the author described how Persians in Ayuthaya orchestrated
533:, Lorraine Gesick discussed a manuscript from Wat Pha Kho in
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408:
309:
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Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
1354:
Singora Forts and City Walls (Ministry of Culture, Thailand)
1132:
1059:
Singora Forts and City Walls (Ministry of Culture, Thailand)
605:
Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
1921:"Japan's Official Relations with Shamuro (Siam), 1599–1745"
654:, commander of the Burma Expeditionary Force that captured
357:
175:, commander of the Burma Expeditionary Force that captured
2201:
Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
2177:
Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
2117:
Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
1784:
A New Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Siam. Volume 1
1727:, Ithaca, USA: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program,
1383:
1371:
368:
1565:
Dutch Papers: Extracts from the "Dagh Register" 1624–1642
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Dutch Papers: Extracts from the "Dagh Register" 1624–1642
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Dutch Papers: Extracts from the "Dagh Register" 1624–1642
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Syam Coppy Booke of Letters Received from Severall Places
698:
Dutch Papers: Extracts from the "Dagh Register" 1624–1642
340:
Dutch Papers: Extracts from the "Dagh Register" 1624–1642
1972:
1948:"Simon de la Loubère: French Views of Siam in the 1680s"
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1342:
Good Man Town (Surat Thani Office of Tourism and Sports)
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Good Man Town (Surat Thani Office of Tourism and Sports)
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Good Man Town (Surat Thani Office of Tourism and Sports)
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2256:"The Role of Chinese Traders on the Growth of Songkhla"
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846:
2143:
Low, Captain James (1837), "History of Tennasserim",
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Malay Kingship in Kedah: Religion, Trade, and Society
1438:
Phattanaviriyapisarn, Lohawijarn and Srisuchat (1998)
1651:
Dagh-Register Gehouden int Casteel Batavia 1641–1642
759:
discussed Persian merchants resident in Java in his
702:
Dagh-Register Gehouden int Casteel Batavia 1641–1642
1857:
The Six Voyages of John Baptista Tavernier. Part II
1334:
Family History of Sultan Sulaiman (Royal Thai Navy)
1306:
Family History of Sultan Sulaiman (Royal Thai Navy)
883:
Family History of Sultan Sulaiman (Royal Thai Navy)
548:
1919:Iwamoto, Yoshiteru; Bytheway, Simon James (2011),
1713:Histoire Naturelle et Politique du Royaume de Siam
1426:The Dutch Cemetery (Ministry of Culture, Thailand)
387:Samuel Potts at Sangora to Richard Burnaby at Siam
2479:Surat Thani Province Office of Tourism and Sports
761:Suma Oriental que trata do Mar Roxo até aos Chins
587:Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society
2545:
1607:, Thailand: Silpakorn University, archived from
585:findings was presented to the IV meeting of the
419:A New Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Siam
16:Heavily fortified port city in southern Thailand
2269:(2), Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University: 44–65,
1871:, Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur: Allwrite. Sdn. Bhd.,
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1629:
1597:
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1366:The Two Pagodas (Ministry of Culture, Thailand)
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704:. The quoted passage (in Dutch) is on page 154.
356:arrived in Siam. He sailed to the country from
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1618:
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1006:
950:
866:
671:, British governors of Madras and Bombay, the
2056:"Islam in Thailand before the Bangkok Period"
1999:
1891:
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240:wrote about the city's abundant tin mines. A
128:and the precursor of the present-day town of
2197:"The Malay Peninsula and Europe in the Past"
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1764:L'Europe et le Siam du XVIe au XVIIe Siecle
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2081:Sportès, Morgan; Chansang, Kanika (1995),
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304:Sultanate of Singora (宋腒𦛨国) delegates in
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2053:
1833:
1720:
1676:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1633:What is it Like to be Muslim in Thailand?
1401:
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922:
715:collection, reference IOR/G/33/1 ff.1–18.
646:(the first official chronicle of Burma's
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1533:
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767:, for example, mention Persian brothers
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367:
299:
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2378:Websites: Ministry of Culture, Thailand
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2083:"Kosapan Face aux Intrigues Françaises"
1945:
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1317:
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352:During the late 1670s Greek adventurer
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2297:Revue Française d'Histoire d'Outre-Mer
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1837:History of the Malay Kingdom of Patani
1696:, Plymouth, England: Lexington Books,
1222:
560:History of the Malay Kingdom of Patani
2293:"La France et le Siam de 1680 Ă 1685"
2109:Journals of the Royal Asiatic Society
1973:Phraison Salarak, Luang (1914–1915),
592:
575:
124:was a heavily fortified port city in
2494:"The History of Phattalung Province"
1673:South East Asia in the World-Economy
1557:Vajiranana National Library, Bangkok
658:in the third Anglo-Burmese war. The
441:
430:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
283:); Ayuthaya responded by blockading
271:branded the new ruler of Siam, King
2456:"Family History of Sultan Sulaiman"
2332:Myanmar Historical Research Journal
228:and paid tribute to the Kingdom of
204:, a small tree decorated with gold.
13:
2417:"The Tomb of Sultan Sulaiman Shah"
1690:Falarti, Maziar Mozaffari (2013),
14:
2590:
2291:Jacq-Hergoualc'h, Michel (1995),
2195:Muller, Dr. Hendrik P.N. (1914),
1854:Tavernier, John Baptista (1678),
1761:Jacq-Hergoualc'h, Michel (1993),
713:Factory Records: Siam (1678–1683)
700:was translated into English from
616:corresponds to 26 September 1653.
477:in the 1786 conquest of Pattani;
2574:Archaeological sites in Thailand
2559:Former countries in Thai history
711:, part of the British Library's
673:Royal Naval College in Greenwich
622:Burmese-Siamese war of 1765–1767
549:The tomb of Sultan Sulaiman Shah
191:
2554:1605 establishments in Thailand
2254:Choungsakul, Srisuporn (2006),
1662:The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires
1648:Colenbrander, Dr H. T. (1900),
1636:, England: University of Exeter
1630:Putthongchai, Songsiri (2013),
808:
798:
724:Archives Nationales d'Outre-Mer
334:displeased the Hon. van Vlieth.
295:
165:22nd Prime Minister of Thailand
2385:"Singora Forts and City Walls"
2352:"We are Siamese if You Please"
1840:, USA: Ohio University Press,
1767:, Paris, France: L'Harmattan,
1716:, Paris, France: Claude Barbin
1619:Na Pombejra, Dhiravat (1984),
1598:Chounchaisit, Pensuda (2007),
748:
589:in Barcelona, September 1998.
566:account drawn mostly from the
556:Sejarah Kerajaan Melayu Patani
363:
279:) and Bordelongh (present-day
1:
2437:Ministry of Culture, Thailand
2421:Ministry of Culture, Thailand
2405:Ministry of Culture, Thailand
2389:Ministry of Culture, Thailand
2263:Manusya Journal of Humanities
2000:Ravenswaay, L.F. van (1910),
1781:Loubère, Simon de la (1693),
1741:Ibn Muhammad Ibrahim (1972),
1543:. 22 June 1886. p. 2972.
652:General Sir Harry Prendergast
173:General Sir Harry Prendergast
1486:Phraison Salarak (1914–1915)
822:
765:Royal Chronicles of Ayuthaya
458:
432:of Great Britain and Ireland
258:British East India Company,
7:
2090:Journal of the Siam Society
2063:Journal of the Siam Society
2036:Journal of the Siam Society
2009:Journal of the Siam Society
1982:Journal of the Siam Society
1955:Journal of the Siam Society
1928:Journal of the Siam Society
1901:Journal of the Siam Society
1886:Journal of the Siam Society
1865:Umar, Umaiyah Haji (2003),
1792:Montesano, Michael (2008),
1584:Vajiranana National Library
1570:Vajiranana National Library
1290:Sportès and Chansang (1995)
935:Ibn Muhammad Ibrahim (1972)
847:Iwamoto and Bytheway (2011)
10:
2595:
2498:Phattalung District Office
1710:Gervaise, Nicolas (1688),
1659:CortesĂŁo, Armando (1944),
1654:, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff
1550:
186:
2500:(in Thai). Archived from
2462:(in Thai). Archived from
2439:(in Thai). Archived from
2423:(in Thai). Archived from
2407:(in Thai). Archived from
2391:(in Thai). Archived from
2276:10.1163/26659077-00902003
1892:Hutchinson, E.W. (1933),
1721:Gesick, Lorraine (1995),
1665:, London: Hakluyt Society
650:) and reports written by
397:French East India Company
108:
104:
94:
84:
80:
69:
61:
51:
35:
30:
23:
2365:, Paris: UNESCO: 48–49,
2350:Sportès, Morgan (1994),
2054:Scupin, Raymond (1980),
2027:Scrivener, R.S. (1981),
1946:Love, Ronald S. (1994),
1834:Syukri, Ibrahim (1985),
1798:, Singapore: NUS Press,
1787:, London, England: Horne
1500:, pp. 131, 134–140.
678:
608:translate the date as 4
219:Dutch East India Company
145:Dutch East India Company
2309:10.3406/outre.1995.3340
1416:, pp. 20, 282–283.
1274:Jacq-Hergoualc'h (1995)
1235:Jacq-Hergoualc'h (1993)
1191:Jacq-Hergoualc'h (1993)
947:Jacq-Hergoualc'h (1993)
626:third Anglo-Burmese War
509:The forts at Khao Daeng
238:John Baptista Tavernier
181:third Anglo-Burmese War
171:and letters written by
73:Early 17th century and
2171:Maxwell, W.G. (1910),
630:Royal Hospital Chelsea
617:
469:
424:
392:
373:
345:
318:
265:
205:
134:Royal Hospital Chelsea
96:• Disestablished
2325:"Prizes of War, 1885"
1670:Dixon, Chris (1991),
1582:, Bangkok, Thailand:
1568:, Bangkok, Thailand:
1488:, pp. 52, 55–56.
937:, pp. 58, 94–97.
600:
499:Chavalit Yongchaiyudh
466:
449:Chevalier de Chaumont
417:Simon de la Loubère,
405:
378:
371:
331:
303:
250:
199:
2443:on 17 December 2014.
2401:"The Dutch Cemetery"
1744:The Ship of Sulaiman
1642:Books and monographs
1472:, pp. 122–124;
1276:, pp. 272–273;
1221:, pp. 155–156;
1013:, pp. 103–105;
1009:, pp. 178–179;
663:sent as presents to
479:Princess Sri Sulalai
453:Marquis de Seignelay
242:Cottonian manuscript
153:Princess Sri Sulalai
122:Sultanate of Singora
25:Sultanate of Singora
2530:7.2235°N 100.5680°E
2526: /
1614:on 11 November 2014
1522:Colenbrander (1900)
1476:, pp. 169–170.
1456:, pp. 122–124.
1440:, pp. 727–730.
1338:Putthongchai (2013)
1322:Putthongchai (2013)
1304:, pp. 33, 35;
1225:, pp. 306–307.
1077:, pp. 393–394.
1055:Chounchaisit (2007)
1029:, pp. 103–105.
995:Chounchaisit (2007)
969:, pp. 11, 68;
957:, pp. 152–154.
887:Chounchaisit (2007)
871:Chounchaisit (2007)
835:Chounchaisit (2007)
742:Miscellaneous notes
612:1063, which in the
436:Ministry of Culture
401:Simon de la Loubère
277:Nakhon Si Thammarat
86:• Established
2504:on 2 January 2014.
2466:on 2 January 2014.
2411:on 2 January 2014.
2395:on 2 January 2014.
2359:The UNESCO Courier
2323:Kyan, Daw (1979),
1540:The London Gazette
1468:, pp. 52–56;
1452:, pp. 52–56;
1344:, pp. 33, 35.
1177:, pp. 44–45;
1175:Choungsakul (2006)
1117:, pp. 33, 35.
1075:Na Pombejra (1984)
1041:, pp. 44–45;
1039:Choungsakul (2006)
1007:Na Pombejra (1984)
951:Choungsakul (2006)
869:, pp. 44–45;
867:Choungsakul (2006)
837:, pp. 1, 126.
735:The London Gazette
684:Historical sources
618:
614:Gregorian calendar
593:The Singora cannon
576:The Dutch cemetery
543:Cornell University
491:Commander-in-Chief
470:
389:, 22 January 1679.
374:
354:Constance Phaulkon
319:
234:Sultanate of Kedah
206:
2569:Songkhla province
2564:Former sultanates
2488:on 13 March 2014.
2433:"The Two Pagodas"
1860:, London, England
1380:, pp. 37–38.
1292:, pp. 83–84.
1197:, pp. 61–62.
1139:Hutchinson (1933)
1089:, pp. 7, 19.
1015:Ravenswaay (1910)
985:, pp. 80–81.
967:Ravenswaay (1910)
925:, pp. 62–64.
901:, pp. 63–66.
857:, pp. 61–62.
602:published in the
541:, is kept at the
442:Cession to France
169:academic journals
126:southern Thailand
118:
117:
75:Ayutthaya Kingdom
2586:
2579:Former countries
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:7.2235; 100.5680
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2505:
2489:
2487:
2481:. Archived from
2476:
2467:
2444:
2428:
2412:
2396:
2373:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2329:
2319:
2287:
2278:
2260:
2243:
2215:
2191:
2167:
2139:
2104:
2087:
2077:
2060:
2050:
2033:
2023:
2006:
1996:
1979:
1969:
1952:
1942:
1925:
1915:
1898:
1881:
1861:
1850:
1830:
1808:
1788:
1777:
1757:
1737:
1717:
1706:
1686:
1666:
1655:
1637:
1626:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1587:
1573:
1545:
1544:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1510:Scrivener (1981)
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1474:Scrivener (1981)
1463:
1457:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1414:Montesano (2008)
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1390:Montesano (2008)
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1336:, pp. 1–2;
1331:
1325:
1315:
1309:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1068:
1062:
1052:
1046:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
971:Tavernier (1678)
964:
958:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
880:
874:
864:
858:
844:
838:
832:
816:
812:
806:
802:
796:
785:Ship of Sulaiman
752:
722:and kept at the
669:Viceroy of India
648:Konbaung dynasty
524:Gulf of Thailand
422:
390:
343:
269:Queen of Pattani
263:
149:French embassies
40:
21:
20:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2485:
2474:
2472:"Good Man Town"
2460:Royal Thai Navy
2449:Websites: other
2427:on 21 May 2014.
2354:
2345:on 11 July 2015
2342:
2327:
2258:
2085:
2058:
2031:
2004:
1977:
1950:
1923:
1896:
1879:
1848:
1828:
1806:
1775:
1755:
1735:
1704:
1684:
1611:
1604:
1553:
1548:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1464:
1460:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1332:
1328:
1316:
1312:
1308:, pp. 1–2.
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1195:Gervaise (1688)
1189:
1185:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1141:, pp. 3–5.
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1069:
1065:
1057:, p. 158;
1053:
1049:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
977:
965:
961:
949:, p. 185;
945:
941:
933:
929:
921:
917:
911:CortesĂŁo (1944)
909:
905:
897:
893:
881:
877:
865:
861:
855:Gervaise (1688)
845:
841:
833:
829:
825:
820:
819:
813:
809:
803:
799:
753:
749:
737:, 22 June 1886.
696:The quote from
689:The manuscript
681:
660:Hmannan Yazawin
643:Hmannan Yazawin
595:
578:
551:
511:
495:Royal Thai Navy
481:, a consort of
461:
444:
423:
416:
391:
384:
366:
344:
338:
298:
264:
257:
246:British Library
194:
189:
155:, a consort of
97:
87:
47:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2592:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2507:
2506:
2490:
2468:
2446:
2445:
2429:
2413:
2397:
2375:
2374:
2347:
2320:
2288:
2248:Other journals
2245:
2244:
2216:
2192:
2168:
2151:(2): 304–332,
2140:
2123:(1): 122–124,
2106:
2105:
2078:
2051:
2024:
1997:
1970:
1943:
1916:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1862:
1851:
1846:
1831:
1826:
1809:
1805:978-9971694111
1804:
1789:
1778:
1773:
1758:
1753:
1738:
1733:
1718:
1707:
1703:978-0739168424
1702:
1687:
1682:
1667:
1656:
1639:
1638:
1627:
1616:
1589:
1588:
1574:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1526:
1524:, p. 154.
1514:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1470:Blagden (1941)
1466:Sweeney (1971)
1458:
1454:Blagden (1941)
1450:Sweeney (1971)
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1340:, p. 82;
1326:
1320:, p. 19;
1310:
1294:
1282:
1278:Sportès (1994)
1266:
1262:Sportès (1994)
1254:
1239:
1227:
1211:
1207:Loubère (1693)
1199:
1193:, p. 80;
1183:
1181:, p. 267.
1167:
1165:, p. 239.
1155:
1153:, p. 214.
1143:
1131:
1129:, p. 101.
1119:
1113:, p. 15;
1103:
1091:
1079:
1073:, p. 73;
1063:
1047:
1031:
1019:
999:
997:, p. 158.
987:
975:
973:, p. 157.
959:
955:Falarti (2013)
953:, p. 52;
939:
927:
915:
913:, p. 182.
903:
891:
889:, p. 158.
875:
873:, p. 158.
859:
853:, p. 90;
851:Loubère (1693)
849:, p. 81;
839:
826:
824:
821:
818:
817:
807:
797:
789:Shah of Persia
746:
745:
739:
738:
727:
716:
705:
694:
680:
677:
665:Queen Victoria
594:
591:
577:
574:
569:Hikayat Patani
550:
547:
510:
507:
485:and mother of
460:
457:
443:
440:
414:
385:Samuel Potts,
382:
365:
362:
336:
297:
294:
255:
193:
190:
188:
185:
159:and mother of
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
77:
71:
70:Historical era
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
41:
33:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2591:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2510:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1404:, p. 10.
1403:
1402:Syukri (1985)
1398:
1392:, p. 84.
1391:
1386:
1379:
1378:Gesick (1995)
1374:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1324:, p. 98.
1323:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1280:, p. 49.
1279:
1275:
1270:
1264:, p. 49.
1263:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1237:, p. 80.
1236:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1209:, p. 90.
1208:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1072:
1071:Muller (1914)
1067:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1045:, p. 15.
1044:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1017:, p. 68.
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
996:
991:
984:
979:
972:
968:
963:
956:
952:
948:
943:
936:
931:
924:
923:Scupin (1980)
919:
912:
907:
900:
895:
888:
885:, p. 1;
884:
879:
872:
868:
863:
856:
852:
848:
843:
836:
831:
827:
811:
801:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:Bunnag family
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
751:
747:
744:
743:
736:
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
714:
710:
706:
703:
699:
695:
692:
688:
687:
686:
685:
676:
674:
670:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:
638:
636:
631:
627:
623:
615:
611:
610:Dhu al-Qi'dah
607:
606:
599:
590:
588:
583:
573:
571:
570:
565:
561:
557:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
520:Lake Songkhla
517:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:King Rama III
484:
480:
476:
475:Prince Surasi
465:
456:
454:
450:
439:
437:
433:
431:
420:
413:
410:
404:
402:
398:
388:
381:
377:
370:
361:
359:
355:
349:
341:
335:
330:
328:
324:
317:
316:
311:
307:
302:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
261:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
211:Singha Nakhon
203:
198:
192:Early history
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:King Rama III
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
114:
111:
109:Today part of
107:
103:
99:
93:
89:
83:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
45:
39:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2511:
2509:
2502:the original
2497:
2483:the original
2478:
2464:the original
2459:
2448:
2447:
2441:the original
2436:
2425:the original
2420:
2409:the original
2404:
2393:the original
2388:
2377:
2376:
2362:
2358:
2340:the original
2335:
2331:
2300:
2296:
2266:
2262:
2247:
2246:
2227:(1): 52–70,
2224:
2220:
2204:
2200:
2180:
2176:
2148:
2144:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2093:
2089:
2069:(1): 55–71,
2066:
2062:
2039:
2035:
2015:(1): 1–108,
2012:
2008:
1985:
1981:
1958:
1954:
1931:
1927:
1904:
1900:
1885:
1884:
1867:
1856:
1836:
1817:
1794:
1783:
1763:
1743:
1723:
1712:
1692:
1672:
1661:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1621:
1609:the original
1600:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1538:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1461:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1329:
1313:
1297:
1285:
1269:
1257:
1230:
1214:
1202:
1186:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1066:
1050:
1034:
1022:
1002:
990:
983:Maxwell 1910
978:
962:
942:
930:
918:
906:
899:Dixon (1991)
894:
878:
862:
842:
830:
810:
800:
784:
777:Prasat Thong
769:Sheikh Ahmad
764:
760:
750:
741:
740:
734:
730:
719:
712:
708:
701:
697:
690:
683:
682:
659:
641:
639:
619:
603:
579:
567:
559:
555:
552:
535:Sathing Phra
530:
529:In her book
528:
512:
483:King Rama II
471:
445:
428:
425:
418:
406:
393:
386:
379:
375:
350:
346:
339:
332:
320:
313:
296:Independence
289:Dutch people
273:Prasat Thong
266:
259:
251:
223:
207:
157:King Rama II
138:
121:
119:
18:
2533: /
2521:100°34′05″E
2042:: 169–170,
1988:(3): 1–67,
1961:: 155–164,
1907:(1): 1–71,
1535:"No. 25599"
1498:Kyan (1979)
1318:Umar (2003)
1219:Love (1994)
1111:Umar (2003)
1043:Umar (2003)
539:David Wyatt
503:Surat Thani
364:Destruction
327:Phra Khlang
312:, in 1761.
281:Phatthalung
2548:Categories
1934:: 81–104,
1878:9749121341
1847:0896801233
1827:8484978176
1774:2738419739
1754:023103654X
1734:0877277176
1683:052131237X
1592:PhD theses
1223:Low (1837)
793:King Narai
757:Tomé Pires
226:suzerainty
136:, London.
62:Government
2518:7°13′25″N
2371:1993-8616
2317:0300-9513
2285:0859-9920
2233:0126-7353
2213:2304-7534
2207:: 57–84,
2189:2304-7534
2183:: 63–98,
2157:0035-869X
2129:0126-7353
2102:0857-7099
2096:: 79–91,
2075:0857-7099
2048:0857-7099
2021:0857-7099
1994:0857-7099
1967:0857-7099
1940:0857-7099
1913:0857-7099
823:Citations
726:, France.
635:arabesque
633:circular
545:Library.
459:Landmarks
230:Ayutthaya
202:Bunga Mas
65:Sultanate
31:1605–1680
2241:41492377
2165:25207503
2137:41559979
773:Songtham
656:Mandalay
522:and the
497:General
415:—
383:—
337:—
256:—
177:Mandalay
130:Songkhla
113:Thailand
44:Thailand
1551:Sources
493:of the
468:metres.
421:, 1693.
323:Batavia
306:Beijing
285:Pattani
262:, 1614.
244:at the
215:British
187:History
179:in the
141:British
56:Singora
52:Capital
2369:
2315:
2283:
2239:
2231:
2211:
2187:
2163:
2155:
2135:
2127:
2100:
2073:
2046:
2019:
1992:
1965:
1938:
1911:
1875:
1844:
1824:
1802:
1771:
1751:
1731:
1700:
1680:
1586:, 1916
1572:, 1915
667:, the
2486:(PDF)
2475:(PDF)
2355:(PDF)
2343:(PDF)
2328:(PDF)
2259:(PDF)
2237:JSTOR
2161:JSTOR
2133:JSTOR
2086:(PDF)
2059:(PDF)
2032:(PDF)
2005:(PDF)
1978:(PDF)
1951:(PDF)
1924:(PDF)
1897:(PDF)
1612:(PDF)
1605:(PDF)
679:Notes
562:), a
516:motte
409:Surat
315:万国来朝图
310:China
2367:ISSN
2313:ISSN
2281:ISSN
2229:ISSN
2209:ISSN
2185:ISSN
2153:ISSN
2125:ISSN
2098:ISSN
2071:ISSN
2044:ISSN
2017:ISSN
1990:ISSN
1963:ISSN
1936:ISSN
1909:ISSN
1873:ISBN
1842:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1678:ISBN
775:and
564:Javi
358:Java
217:and
143:and
120:The
100:1680
90:1605
2305:doi
2271:doi
582:PTT
2550::
2496:.
2477:.
2458:.
2435:.
2419:.
2403:.
2387:.
2363:47
2361:,
2357:,
2334:,
2330:,
2311:,
2301:82
2299:,
2295:,
2279:,
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2235:,
2225:44
2223:,
2205:67
2203:,
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2181:54
2179:,
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2159:,
2147:,
2131:,
2121:19
2119:,
2094:83
2092:,
2088:,
2067:68
2065:,
2061:,
2040:69
2038:,
2034:,
2011:,
2007:,
1986:11
1984:,
1980:,
1959:82
1957:,
1953:,
1932:99
1930:,
1926:,
1905:26
1903:,
1899:,
1816:,
1537:.
1242:^
505:.
308:,
213:.
183:.
2336:3
2307::
2273::
2267:9
2149:4
2013:7
1512:.
1428:.
1368:.
1356:.
1252:.
1101:.
1061:.
558:(
342:.
46:.
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