578:
637:
594:
389:
1223:. Along the catwalk, workers also pull the cable wires to their desired tension. This continues until a bundle, called a "cable strand" is completed, and temporarily bundled using stainless steel wire. This process is repeated until the final cable strand is completed. Workers then remove the individual wraps on the cable strands (during the spinning process, the shape of the main cable closely resembles a hexagon), and then the entire cable is then compressed by a traveling hydraulic press into a closely packed cylinder and tightly wrapped with additional wire to form the final circular cross-section. The wire used in suspension bridge construction is a galvanized steel wire that has been coated with corrosion inhibitors.
40:
957:
614:
900:
164:
1059:
814:
1863:. As a result of this incident, 24 people died and dozens of others were injured and were treated at the Aji Muhammad Parikesit Regional Hospital. Meanwhile, 12 people were reported missing, 31 people were seriously injured, and 8 people had minor injuries. Research findings indicate that the collapse was largely caused by the construction failure of the vertical hanging clamp. It was also found that poor maintenance, fatigue in the cable hanger construction materials, material quality, and bridge loads that exceed vehicle capacity, can also have an impact on bridge collapse. In 2013 the
1516:
1488:
1376:
1348:
503:
1127:
1116:
2900:
348:
790:
914:
690:
885:
271:
1544:
1139:
778:
1790:
1460:
472:
3071:
1604:
1100:
1810:(USA) was an eyebar chain highway bridge, built in 1928, that collapsed in late 1967, killing forty-six people. The bridge had a low-redundancy design that was difficult to inspect. The collapse inspired legislation to ensure that older bridges were regularly inspected and maintained. Following the collapse a bridge of similar design was immediately closed and eventually demolished. A second similarly-designed bridge had been built with a higher
1404:
1729:
877:
734:, assuming the weight of the cables is small compared to the weight of the deck. One can see the shape from the constant increase of the gradient of the cable with linear (deck) distance, this increase in gradient at each connection with the deck providing a net upward support force. Combined with the relatively simple constraints placed upon the actual deck, that makes the suspension bridge much simpler to design and analyze than a
1572:
1432:
1292:
1821:, (USA), 1940, was vulnerable to structural vibration in sustained and moderately strong winds due to its plate-girder deck structure. Wind caused a phenomenon called aeroelastic fluttering that led to its collapse only months after completion. The collapse was captured on film. There were no human deaths in the collapse; several drivers escaped their cars on foot and reached the anchorages before the span dropped.
1320:
577:
1196:
are constructed, usually in tandem with the towers, to resist the tension of the cables and form as the main anchor system for the entire structure. These are usually anchored in good quality rock but may consist of massive reinforced concrete deadweights within an excavation. The anchorage structure
983:
The main suspension cables in older bridges were often made from a chain or linked bars, but modern bridge cables are made from multiple strands of wire. This not only adds strength but improves reliability (often called redundancy in engineering terms) because the failure of a few flawed strands in
719:
The catenary represents the profile of a simple suspension bridge or the cable of a suspended-deck suspension bridge on which its deck and hangers have negligible mass compared to its cable. The parabola represents the profile of the cable of a suspended-deck suspension bridge on which its cable and
1004:
Poured sockets are used to make a high strength, permanent cable termination. They are created by inserting the suspender wire rope (at the bridge deck supports) into the narrow end of a conical cavity which is oriented in-line with the intended direction of strain. The individual wires are splayed
593:
238:
The suspension cables must be anchored at each end of the bridge, since any load applied to the bridge is transformed into tension in these main cables. The main cables continue beyond the pillars to deck-level supports, and further continue to connections with anchors in the ground. The roadway is
1239:
derrick may be used to extend the deck one section at a time starting from the towers and working outward. If the addition of the deck structure extends from the towers the finished portions of the deck will pitch upward rather sharply, as there is no downward force in the center of the span. Upon
804:
approach is often used to support the bridge deck near the towers, but lengths further from them are supported by cables running directly to the towers. By design, all static horizontal forces of the cable-stayed bridge are balanced so that the supporting towers do not tend to tilt or slide and so
1164:
is too deep to be exposed by excavation or the sinking of a caisson, pilings are driven to the bedrock or into overlying hard soil, or a large concrete pad to distribute the weight over less resistant soil may be constructed, first preparing the surface with a bed of compacted gravel. (Such a pad
1230:
Each suspender cable is engineered and cut to precise lengths, and are looped over the cable bands. In some bridges, where the towers are close to or on the shore, the suspender cables may be applied only to the central span. Early suspender cables were fitted with zinc jewels and a set of steel
1149:
Typical suspension bridges are constructed using a sequence generally described as follows. Depending on length and size, construction may take anywhere between a year and a half (construction on the original Tacoma
Narrows Bridge took only 19 months) up to as long as a decade (the Akashi-KaikyĹŤ
929:
In an underspanned suspension bridge, also called under-deck cable-stayed bridge, the main cables hang entirely below the bridge deck, but are still anchored into the ground in a similar way to the conventional type. Very few bridges of this nature have been built, as the deck is inherently less
1050:
environmental factors such as changes in temperature, precipitation, and winds. Dynamic load refers to environmental factors that go beyond normal weather conditions, factors such as sudden gusts of wind and earthquakes. All three factors must be taken into consideration when building a bridge.
463:(1889), where the chains are not attached to abutments as is usual, but instead are attached to the main girders, which are thus in compression. Here, the chains are made from flat wrought iron plates, eight inches (203 mm) wide by an inch and a half (38 mm) thick, rivetted together.
1804:(England) was an iron chain bridge built in 1826. One of Europe's first suspension bridges, it collapsed in 1831 due to mechanical resonance induced by troops marching in step. As a result of the incident, the British Army issued an order that troops should "break step" when crossing a bridge.
1049:
load. Dead load refers to the weight of the bridge itself. Like any other structure, a bridge has a tendency to collapse simply because of the gravitational forces acting on the materials of which the bridge is made. Live load refers to traffic that moves across the bridge as well as normal
1234:
Special lifting hoists attached to the suspenders or from the main cables are used to lift prefabricated sections of the bridge deck to the proper level, provided that the local conditions allow the sections to be carried below the bridge by barge or other means. Otherwise, a traveling
1029:, note the very sharp entry edge and sloping undergirders in the suspension bridge shown. This enables this type of construction to be used without the danger of vortex shedding and consequent aeroelastic effects, such as those that destroyed the original Tacoma Narrows bridge.
1244:, while the arc of the deck will be as the designer intended – usually a gentle upward arc for added clearance if over a shipping channel, or flat in other cases such as a span over a canyon. Arched suspension spans also give the structure more rigidity and strength.
1070:
The principles of suspension used on a large scale also appear in contexts less dramatic than road or rail bridges. Light cable suspension may prove less expensive and seem more elegant for a cycle or footbridge than strong girder supports. An example of this is the
1190:, which will carry the main suspension cables, are positioned atop the towers. Typically of cast steel, they can also be manufactured using riveted forms, and are equipped with rollers to allow the main cables to shift under construction and normal loads.
39:
1086:
Where such a bridge spans a gap between two buildings, there is no need to construct towers, as the buildings can anchor the cables. Cable suspension may also be augmented by the inherent stiffness of a structure that has much in common with a
381:. Finley's bridge was the first to incorporate all of the necessary components of a modern suspension bridge, including a suspended deck which hung by trusses. Finley patented his design in 1808, and published it in the Philadelphia journal,
1218:
High strength wire (typically 4 or 6 gauge galvanized steel wire), is pulled in a loop by pulleys on the traveler, with one end affixed at an anchorage. When the traveler reaches the opposite anchorage the loop is placed over an open anchor
1182:
From the tower foundation, towers of single or multiple columns are erected using high-strength reinforced concrete, stonework, or steel. Concrete is used most frequently in modern suspension bridge construction due to the high cost of
1650:(USA, 1924), the longest suspension span (497 m) from 1924 to 1926. The first suspension bridge to have a concrete deck. The construction methods pioneered in building it would make possible several much larger projects to follow.
243:
edge where the road may proceed directly to the main span, otherwise the bridge will usually have two smaller spans, running between either pair of pillars and the highway, which may be supported by suspender cables or their own
230:
loads of the deck below, upon which traffic crosses. This arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc upward for additional clearance. Like other suspension bridge types, this type often is constructed without the use of
351:
The wooden 1808 Burr
Suspension Bridge in Schenectady, NY, USA, during demolition in 1871, showing wooden cables. Spans of 160, 190, 180 and 157 feet on 3 piers began to sag, and 4 supporting piers were added in 1833 making 8
613:
1208:, are then erected using a set of guide wires hoisted into place via winches positioned atop the towers. These catwalks follow the curve set by bridge designers for the main cables, in a path mathematically described as a
1939:— has features in common with a suspension bridge and predates them by at least three hundred years. However, in a rope bridge the deck itself is suspended from the anchored piers and the guardrails are non-structural.
1923:— superficially similar to a suspension bridge, but cables from the towers directly support the roadway, rather than the road being suspended indirectly by additional cables from the main cables connecting two towers.
713:, on the Wales-England border. In a suspended deck bridge, cables suspended via towers hold up the road deck. The weight is transferred by the cables to the towers, which in turn transfer the weight to the ground.
2321:
1075:
in the
Netherlands, and the Roebling designed 1904 Riegelsville suspension pedestrian bridge across the Delaware River in Pennsylvania. The longest pedestrian suspension bridge, which spans the River Paiva,
1262:
Suspension bridges are typically ranked by the length of their main span. These are the ten bridges with the longest spans, followed by the length of the span and the year the bridge opened for traffic:
948:(begun 1847) consists of three sections supported by cables. The timber structure essentially hides the cables; and from a quick view, it is not immediately apparent that it is even a suspension bridge.
760:
from their own weight. Along the main cables smaller cables or rods connect to the bridge deck, which is lifted in sections. As this is done, the tension in the cables increases, as it does with the
996:.) Another reason is that as spans increased, engineers were unable to lift larger chains into position, whereas wire strand cables can be formulated one by one in mid-air from a temporary walkway.
1215:
Gantries are placed upon the catwalks, which will support the main cable spinning reels. Then, cables attached to winches are installed, and in turn, the main cable spinning devices are installed.
664:
487:
in New York City, opened in 1909 and is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges; its design served as the model for many of the long-span suspension bridges around the world.
1996:
1667:
636:
828:
Except for installation of the initial temporary cables, little or no access from below is required during construction and so a waterway can remain open while the bridge is built above.
1226:
At specific points along the main cable (each being the exact distance horizontally in relation to the next) devices called "cable bands" are installed to carry steel wire ropes called
428:. The Sagar Iron Suspension Bridge with a 200 feet span (also termed Beose Bridge) was constructed near Sagar, India during 1828–1830 by Duncan Presgrave, Mint and Assay Master. The
329:
were reinforced by the iron chains. Before the use of iron chains it is thought that Gyalpo used ropes from twisted willows or yak skins. He may have also used tightly bound cloth.
2055:
756:
at each end to the ground. The main cables, which are free to move on bearings in the towers, bear the load of the bridge deck. Before the deck is installed, the cables are under
1833:(Canada), which was completed in 1943, collapsed when the north anchor's soil support for the suspension bridge failed in October 1957. The entire bridge subsequently collapsed.
440:
and was built between 1829 and 1832, replacing a wooden bridge further downstream which collapsed in 1828. It is the only suspension bridge across the non-tidal Thames. The
2329:
1656:(USA, 1926), replaced Bear Mountain Bridge as the longest span at 1,750 feet between the towers. Includes an active subway line and never-used trolley stations on the span.
432:(designed in 1831, completed in 1864 with a 214 m central span), is similar to the Sagar bridge. It is one of the longest of the parabolic arc chain type. The current
1598:
1013:
Most suspension bridges have open truss structures to support the roadbed, particularly owing to the unfavorable effects of using plate girders, discovered from the
2165:
2079:
444:, (designed in 1840, opened in 1849), spanning the River Danube in Budapest, was also designed by William Clark and it is a larger-scale version of Marlow Bridge.
1951:— a modern implementation of the rope bridge using steel cables, although either the upper guardrail or lower footboard cables may be the main structural cables.
834:
Bridge decks can have deck sections replaced in order to widen traffic lanes for larger vehicles or add additional width for separated cycling/pedestrian paths.
720:
hangers have negligible mass compared to its deck. The profile of the cable of a real suspension bridge with the same span and sag lies between the two curves.
65:
1451:
263:
The earliest suspension bridges were ropes slung across a chasm, with a deck possibly at the same level or hung below the ropes such that the rope had a
2223:
2567:
2963:
321:, which is the standard on all modern suspension bridges today. Instead, both the railing and the walking layer of Gyalpo's bridges used wires. The
2028:
1626:(England/Scotland, 1820), the longest span (137 m) from 1820 to 1826. The oldest suspension bridge in the world still carrying road traffic.
552:
and completed in 1842, it had a span of 109 m. Ellet's
Niagara Falls suspension bridge (1847–48) was abandoned before completion. It was used as
1247:
With the completion of the primary structure various details such as lighting, handrails, finish painting and paving is installed or completed.
2508:
642:
587:, constructed in 1430, with long chains suspended between towers, and vertical suspender ropes carrying the weight of a planked footway below.
545:
2999:
705:
in the pillars. Since almost all the force on the pillars is vertically downwards, and the bridge is also stabilized by the main cables, the
2411:"Structural behaviour and design criteria of under-deck cable-stayed bridges and combined cable-stayed bridges. Part 1: Single-span bridges"
858:
Some access below may be required during construction to lift the initial cables or to lift deck units. That access can often be avoided in
2271:
2489:
T R Barnard (1959). "Winding Ropes and Guide Ropes:" Mechanical
Engineering. Coal Mining Series (2nd ed.). London: Virtue. pp. 374–375.
2051:
2303:"Marlow Suspension Bridge". Retrieved 11 December 2008. Cove-Smith, Chris (2006). The River Thames Book. Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson.
2468:
3009:
2989:
2931:
620:
388:
2383:
2994:
2984:
2647:
1897:
1257:
1063:
764:
of traffic crossing the bridge. The tension on the main cables is transferred to the ground at the anchorages and by downwards
1017:
bridge collapse. In the 1960s, developments in bridge aerodynamics allowed the re-introduction of plate structures as shallow
825:
Less material may be required than other bridge types, even at spans they can achieve, leading to a reduced construction cost.
2247:
2121:
800:
In cable-stayed bridges, the towers are the primary load-bearing structures that transmit the bridge loads to the ground. A
2367:
1697:
1681:
1659:
844:
Considerable stiffness or aerodynamic profiling may be required to prevent the bridge deck from vibrating under high winds.
492:
1134:
in San
Francisco. Main cable diameter is 36 inches (910 mm), and suspender cable diameter is 3.5 inches (89 mm).
1042:
420:(1826), "the first important modern suspension bridge". The first chain bridge on the German speaking territories was the
223:
3095:
2711:
2597:
663:
604:
496:
988:
can cause failure of an entire bridge. (The failure of a single eyebar was found to be the cause of the collapse of the
239:
supported by vertical suspender cables or rods, called hangers. In some circumstances, the towers may sit on a bluff or
2292:
1750:
1635:
847:
The relatively low deck stiffness compared to other (non-suspension) types of bridges makes it more difficult to carry
2534:
1212:
arc. Typical catwalks are usually between eight and ten feet wide and are constructed using wire grate and wood slats.
681:
Two towers/pillars, two suspension cables, four suspension cable anchors, multiple suspender cables, the bridge deck.
3004:
2361:
2308:
2159:
2087:
1776:
935:
693:
Comparison of a catenary (black dotted curve) and a parabola (red solid curve) with the same span and sag. The main
374:
17:
2138:
2076:
1758:
670:
2580:
848:
789:
3105:
1942:
1902:
1663:
1629:
1339:
945:
749:
and suspension bridges may appear to be similar, but are quite different in principle and in their construction.
101:
1005:
out inside the cone or 'capel', and the cone is then filled with molten lead-antimony-tin (Pb80Sb15Sn5) solder.
1931:
1794:
1754:
956:
600:
87:
571:(1938–1939) was the first modern suspension bridge outside the United States built with parallel wire cables.
2951:
2941:
2219:
1859:, was built in 1995, completed in 2001 and collapsed in 2011. Dozens of vehicles on the bridge fell into the
1830:
1507:
2196:
1926:
1818:
1240:
completion of the deck, the added load will pull the main cables into an arc mathematically described as a
1176:.) The piers are then extended above water level, where they are capped with pedestal bases for the towers.
1014:
2098:
210:
Besides the bridge type most commonly called suspension bridges, covered in this article, there are other
183:, is the world's busiest suspension bridge by traversing vehicles, carrying 106 million vehicles annually.
3100:
2936:
2850:
2640:
1910:
1891:
1801:
1714:
for the widest suspension bridge in the world with a width of 67.3 meters, and with a span of 540 meters.
211:
203:
on vertical suspenders. The first modern examples of this type of bridge were built in the early 1800s.
2958:
2926:
1954:
1875:
1824:
930:
stable than when suspended below the cables. Examples include the Pont des
Bergues of 1834 designed by
2353:
Transitions in
Engineering: Guillaume Henri Dufour and the Early 19th Century Cable Suspension Bridges
2024:
1844:
1563:
1231:
washers, which formed the support for the deck. Modern suspender cables carry a shackle-type fitting.
1104:
1046:
907:
525:
and his brothers in 1822. It spanned only 18 m. The first permanent wire cable suspension bridge was
429:
176:
730:
when hanging under their own weight only. When supporting the deck, the cables will instead form a
441:
1948:
1864:
1836:
1739:
1653:
421:
302:
257:
204:
168:
77:
1638:(USA, 1866), then the longest wire suspension bridge in the world at 1,057 feet (322 m) main span.
1283:
533:
of 1823, with two 40 m spans. The first with cables assembled in mid-air in the modern method was
45:
3035:
3019:
3014:
2979:
2921:
1743:
417:
393:
378:
370:
2263:
1311:
852:
517:
Development of wire-cable suspension bridges dates to the temporary simple suspension bridge at
495:(1816), a modest and temporary footbridge built following the collapse of James Finley's nearby
163:
2781:
2726:
2633:
1150:
Bridge's construction began in May 1986 and was opened in May 1998 – a total of twelve years).
1058:
931:
899:
702:
526:
2111:
2001:
1882:
in the city of Morbi, Gujarat, India collapsed, leading to the deaths of at least 141 people.
1706:(Egypt, 2019), a modern Egyptian steel wire-cables based suspension bridge crossing the river
831:
They may be better able to withstand earthquake movements than heavier and more rigid bridges.
777:
207:, which lack vertical suspenders, have a long history in many mountainous parts of the world.
2589:
2237:
1711:
1155:
1142:
813:
448:
437:
409:
318:
2462:
2946:
2888:
2811:
2209:
p.62, Schenectady and the Great
Western Gateway, 1926, Schenectady, NY, Chamber of Commerce
1647:
1623:
1038:
452:
413:
227:
2614:
1083:, Portugal, opened in April 2021. The 516 metres bridge hangs 175 meters above the river.
817:
A suspension bridge can be made out of simple materials such as wood and common wire rope.
8:
2862:
2696:
1920:
1868:
1703:
1179:
Where the towers are founded on dry land, deep foundation excavation or pilings are used.
1170:
968:
859:
757:
746:
735:
698:
502:
91:
2380:
1690:(USA, 1957), the longest suspension bridge between anchorages in the Western hemisphere.
752:
In suspension bridges, large main cables (normally two) hang between the towers and are
309:. The last surviving chain-linked bridge of Gyalpo's was the Thangtong Gyalpo Bridge in
2823:
2806:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2440:
1693:
1677:
1173:
1131:
964:
888:
765:
322:
317:, which was finally washed away in 2004. Gyalpo's iron chain bridges did not include a
3040:
2899:
2731:
2706:
2686:
2681:
2444:
2357:
2304:
2243:
2155:
2117:
2083:
1936:
1671:
1632:(USA, 1847), the oldest wire suspension bridge still in service in the United States.
1423:
1395:
1126:
1115:
549:
561:
3074:
2818:
2464:
A Memoir of
Suspension Bridges: Comprising The History of Their Origin And Progress
2430:
2422:
2147:
2082:
25 May 2014 at Wikiwix by Manfred Gerner. Thimphu: Center for Bhutan Studies 2007.
1811:
1119:
1077:
984:
the hundreds used pose very little threat of failure, whereas a single bad link or
568:
557:
476:
337:
294:
2077:
Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo – Architect, Philosopher, and Iron Chain Bridge Builder
2916:
2751:
2601:
2584:
2387:
2351:
2182:
1848:
1789:
1687:
1641:
1608:
1367:
913:
694:
499:(1808). The footbridge's span was 124 m, although its deck was only 0.45 m wide.
456:
274:
248:. In the latter case, there will be very little arc in the outboard main cables.
2410:
3056:
2877:
2867:
2833:
2766:
2756:
2716:
1997:"Groundbreaking ceremony for bridge over Dardanelles to take place on March 18"
1906:
1879:
1549:
1479:
1088:
1026:
918:
884:
689:
624:
382:
347:
314:
287:
2594:
1974:
1680:(USA, 1937), the longest suspension bridge from 1937 to 1964. It was also the
270:
3089:
2857:
2701:
1860:
1840:
1807:
1535:
1072:
1022:
989:
922:
710:
674:
534:
460:
433:
401:
366:
264:
196:
172:
2151:
1138:
2872:
2796:
2791:
2542:
2435:
2293:
The Sagar Iron Suspension Bridge Mechanics Magazine Volume 2, 1836 p. 49-53
1166:
753:
544:
In the United States, the first major wire-cable suspension bridge was the
397:
362:
344:
is considered the last remaining Inca rope bridge and is rebuilt annually.
341:
298:
245:
2625:
340:, documented as early as 1615. It is not known when they were first made.
2828:
2801:
2746:
2721:
2676:
2671:
1465:
1018:
553:
522:
506:
49:
2571:
2052:"GW Bridge Painters: Dangerous Job on Top of the World's Busiest Bridge"
471:
2761:
2741:
2736:
2691:
1684:
from 1937 to 1993, and remains the tallest bridge in the United States.
1603:
1236:
993:
801:
180:
127:
2577:
2025:"Port Authority of New York and New Jersey - George Washington Bridge"
1945:— combining elements of a suspension bridge and a cable-stayed bridge.
1827:(England) was built in 1829 and collapsed in 1845, killing 79 people.
1122:
in New York City with deck under construction from the towers outward.
1099:
111:
Pedestrians, bicycles, livestock, automobiles, trucks, railed vehicles
1852:
939:
761:
480:
425:
232:
200:
151:
2426:
1728:
876:
822:
Longer main spans are achievable than with any other type of bridge.
2838:
1612:
1241:
1209:
1160:
are sunk and any soft bottom is excavated for a foundation. If the
892:
731:
727:
599:"View of the Chain Bridge invented by James Finley Esq." (1810) by
538:
484:
2390:
Web site Retrieved 21 February 2007, includes image of the bridge.
2049:
619:
Sagar Iron Suspension Bridge, by Major Presgrave, 1828–1830, near
2882:
1700:, with its deck around 500 meters above the surface of the river.
1409:
1161:
1108:
1094:
1080:
976:
972:
518:
510:
130:, multiple steel wire strand cables or forged or cast chain links
2509:"World's longest pedestrian suspension bridge opens in Portugal"
2050:
Bod Woodruff; Lana Zak & Stephanie Wash (20 November 2012).
2656:
2607:
1856:
1577:
1437:
1297:
1220:
985:
903:
706:
530:
326:
310:
306:
290:
240:
192:
57:
53:
1521:
1493:
1381:
1353:
1325:
961:
627:
584:
215:
2467:. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman.
1914:
1707:
333:
61:
1169:, and this has been implemented on the foundations of the
66:
suspension bridge with the longest main span in the world
1975:"Why Turkey Built the World's Longest Suspension Bridge"
880:
Micklewood Bridge as illustrated by Charles Drewry, 1832
805:
must only resist horizontal forces from the live loads.
416:(1820), with spans rapidly increasing to 176 m with the
1867:
rebuilt the same location and completed in 2015 with a
256:
For bridges where the deck follows the suspenders, see
741:
214:. The type covered here has cables suspended between
934:; James Smith's Micklewood Bridge; and a proposal by
583:
Drawing of the Tibetan-built Chaksam bridge south of
1644:(USA, 1883), the first steel-wire suspension bridge.
2604:
History and heritage of civil engineering – bridges
1662:eastern span (USA, 2013). The eastern portion is a
1145:
with deck under construction from the span's center
726:The main cables of a suspension bridge will form a
2408:
1599:History of longest vehicle suspension bridge spans
1154:Where the towers are founded on underwater piers,
277:, one of Thangtong Gyalpo's chain bridges, in 1904
2964:List of lists of covered bridges in North America
2183:"Bridgemeister - Mohawk Wooden Suspension Bridge"
2027:. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
1894:— for articles about specific suspension bridges.
1165:footing can also accommodate the movements of an
1130:Suspender cables and suspender cable band on the
1037:Three kinds of forces operate on any bridge: the
305:. In 1433, Gyalpo built eight bridges in eastern
3087:
1540:
2239:Bridges: Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature
1053:
999:
491:The first wire-cable suspension bridge was the
2264:"Menai Bridge - bridge, Wales, United Kingdom"
1095:Construction sequence (wire strand cable type)
2641:
2222:. Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute.
2220:"Iron Wire of the Wheeling Suspension Bridge"
1456:
607:(1808) had two spans, 100 feet, and 200 feet.
2535:"DRPA :: Delaware River Port Authority"
2242:. MBI Publishing Company. 12 November 2001.
1710:, which was completed in 2019 and holds the
2655:
2578:New Brunswick Canada suspension footbridges
2409:Ruiz-Teran, A. M.; Aparicio, A. C. (2008).
1757:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1666:, the longest of its type in the world. It
921:, a plate deck suspension bridge, over the
548:in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Designed by
2648:
2634:
1878:, a pedestrian suspension bridge over the
2456:
2454:
2434:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2146:. Centre for Bhutan Studies. p. 61.
2017:
1777:Learn how and when to remove this message
1400:
1025:, built 1961–1966. In the picture of the
951:
655:
408:Early British chain bridges included the
2608:Bridgemeister: Mostly suspension bridges
2101:by Lawrence Austine Waddell, 1905, p.313
1788:
1602:
1568:
1428:
1288:
1137:
1125:
1114:
1098:
1057:
955:
938:for a bridge over the River Almond near
912:
898:
883:
875:
812:
688:
630:constructed using locally produced iron.
501:
470:
387:
346:
269:
162:
2612:
1898:List of longest suspension bridge spans
1512:
1484:
1372:
1344:
1316:
1258:List of longest suspension bridge spans
1008:
697:in a suspension bridge of any type are
14:
3088:
2498:As exists with signage re the history.
2460:
2451:
2349:
2336:
2136:
2058:from the original on 28 September 2013
2031:from the original on 20 September 2013
684:
2629:
2415:Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
2043:
1814:and remained in service until 1991.
1204:Temporary suspended walkways, called
738:in which the deck is in compression.
709:can be made quite slender, as on the
564:railroad and carriage bridge (1855).
2568:Historic American Engineering Record
1755:adding citations to reliable sources
1722:
1718:
493:Spider Bridge at Falls of Schuylkill
2595:American Society of Civil Engineers
2226:from the original on 30 April 2011.
1197:will have multiple protruding open
851:traffic in which high concentrated
772:Difference between types of bridges
742:Comparison with cable-stayed bridge
605:Chain Bridge at Falls of Schuylkill
497:Chain Bridge at Falls of Schuylkill
24:
2898:
2613:Wilford, John Noble (8 May 2007).
2370:from the original on 10 July 2014.
2274:from the original on 13 April 2015
1989:
1636:John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge
25:
3117:
2932:medieval stone bridges in Germany
2561:
2471:from the original on 16 June 2013
2171:from the original on 25 May 2014.
1592:
375:Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
3070:
3069:
2572:Contextual Essay on Wire Bridges
2461:Drewry, Charles Stewart (1832).
1727:
1660:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
1570:
1542:
1514:
1486:
1458:
1430:
1402:
1374:
1346:
1318:
1290:
1251:
838:
788:
776:
662:
635:
612:
592:
576:
356:
38:
2527:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2402:
2393:
2374:
2314:
2297:
2286:
2256:
2230:
2212:
2203:
2189:
1943:Self-anchored suspension bridge
1903:Timeline of three longest spans
1664:self-anchored suspension bridge
1201:enclosed within a secure space.
871:
795:Cable-stayed bridge, fan design
102:Self-anchored suspension bridge
2590:Structurae: suspension bridges
2175:
2130:
2104:
2092:
2070:
1967:
1932:Cable-stayed suspension bridge
1795:Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse
1062:Cable-suspended footbridge at
88:Underspanned suspension bridge
13:
1:
2889:Visual index to various types
2381:Cleveland Bridge Company (UK)
1960:
1831:Peace River Suspension Bridge
1508:Fourth Nanjing Yangtze Bridge
866:
808:
466:
281:
2712:Cantilever spar cable-stayed
2615:"How the Inca Leapt Canyons"
1927:Floating cable-stayed bridge
1892:Category: Suspension bridges
1630:Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct
1054:Use other than road and rail
1015:Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)
1000:Suspender-cable terminations
946:Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct
650:
447:An interesting variation is
7:
1885:
1802:Broughton Suspension Bridge
1698:highest bridge in the world
529:'s Saint Antoine Bridge in
212:types of suspension bridges
10:
3122:
3096:Bridges by structural type
2197:"Burr Bridge - Scotia, NY"
2140:Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo
1955:Floating suspension bridge
1825:Yarmouth suspension bridge
1596:
1583:1408 m (4619 ft)
1555:1410 m (4626 ft)
1527:1418 m (4652 ft)
1499:1490 m (4888 ft)
1471:1545 m (5069 ft)
1443:1550 m (5085 ft)
1415:1624 m (5328 ft)
1387:1650 m (5413 ft)
1359:1700 m (5577 ft)
1331:1991 m (6532 ft)
1303:2023 m (6637 ft)
1255:
537:'s Grand Pont Suspendu in
255:
251:
3065:
3049:
3028:
2972:
2909:
2896:
2664:
2570:(HAER) No. NJ-132, "
1845:Kutai Kartanegara Regency
1564:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
1064:Dallas Fort Worth Airport
1032:
967:suspension bridge on the
908:Clifton Suspension Bridge
673:The slender lines of the
430:Clifton Suspension Bridge
303:simple suspension bridges
301:chains in his version of
205:Simple suspension bridges
199:is hung below suspension
150:
142:
134:
123:
115:
107:
97:
83:
73:
37:
3000:Continuous truss bridges
2973:Lists of bridges by size
2910:Lists of bridges by type
2137:Gerner, Manfred (2009).
1949:Simple suspension bridge
1865:Kutai Kartanegara Bridge
1837:Kutai Kartanegara Bridge
1654:Benjamin Franklin Bridge
643:Wire Bridge at Fairmount
546:Wire Bridge at Fairmount
434:Marlow suspension bridge
258:simple suspension bridge
169:George Washington Bridge
78:Simple suspension bridge
2350:Peters, Tom F. (1987).
2152:10.11588/xarep.00000311
2116:. Lonely Planet. 2007.
2099:Lhasa and Its Mysteries
509:suspension bridge near
377:, designed by inventor
363:chain suspension bridge
3106:Structural engineering
2959:List of bridge–tunnels
2903:
2727:Double-beam drawbridge
1977:. The B1M. 11 May 2022
1798:
1682:world's tallest bridge
1616:
1146:
1135:
1123:
1112:
1067:
980:
952:Suspension cable types
932:Guillaume Henri Dufour
926:
910:
896:
881:
818:
723:
656:Bridge main components
645:(1842, replaced 1874).
527:Guillaume Henri Dufour
514:
488:
442:Széchenyi Chain Bridge
405:
392:An early plan for the
353:
297:originated the use of
278:
184:
2952:vertical-lift bridges
2902:
1839:(Indonesia) over the
1819:Tacoma Narrows Bridge
1792:
1712:Guinness World Record
1606:
1284:Çanakkale 1915 Bridge
1186:Large devices called
1141:
1129:
1118:
1107:suspension bridge in
1102:
1061:
959:
916:
902:
887:
879:
816:
692:
505:
474:
449:Thornewill and Warham
438:William Tierney Clark
410:Dryburgh Abbey Bridge
391:
350:
319:suspended-deck bridge
273:
166:
46:1915 Çanakkale Bridge
3010:Masonry arch bridges
2990:Cable-stayed bridges
2583:14 July 2011 at the
2386:20 July 2008 at the
1874:On 30 October 2022,
1751:improve this section
1648:Bear Mountain Bridge
1312:Akashi KaikyĹŤ Bridge
1021:, first seen on the
1009:Deck structure types
747:Cable-stayed bridges
371:Jacob's Creek Bridge
2937:multi-level bridges
2600:4 June 2009 at the
2332:on 25 October 2016.
2002:HĂĽrriyet Daily News
1921:Cable-stayed bridge
1869:Through arch bridge
1704:Rod El Farag Bridge
1696:(China, 2009), the
1452:Lee Sun-shin Bridge
1111:was opened in 1970.
860:cable-stayed bridge
736:cable-stayed bridge
685:Structural analysis
404:, completed in 1826
293:and bridge-builder
92:cable-stayed bridge
34:
3101:Suspension bridges
2995:Cantilever bridges
2985:Suspension bridges
2927:cantilever bridges
2904:
2824:Navigable aqueduct
2619:The New York Times
1799:
1797:on 7 November 1940
1694:Si Du River Bridge
1678:Golden Gate Bridge
1617:
1174:Rio-Antirio bridge
1147:
1143:Lions' Gate Bridge
1136:
1132:Golden Gate Bridge
1124:
1113:
1068:
981:
927:
911:
897:
889:Squibb Park Bridge
882:
819:
724:
701:in the cables and
601:William Strickland
515:
489:
406:
354:
279:
222:that transfer the
185:
167:The double-decked
32:
3083:
3082:
3041:Bridge to nowhere
2942:road–rail bridges
2659:-related articles
2249:978-0-7603-1234-6
2123:978-1-74059-529-2
1787:
1786:
1779:
1719:Notable collapses
1672:cantilever bridge
1590:
1589:
1424:Osman Gazi Bridge
1396:Great Belt Bridge
1340:Yangsigang Bridge
1228:Suspender cables.
783:Suspension bridge
550:Charles Ellet Jr.
412:(1817) and 137 m
325:that carried the
189:suspension bridge
161:
160:
33:Suspension bridge
18:Suspension Bridge
16:(Redirected from
3113:
3073:
3072:
3029:Additional lists
2665:Structural types
2650:
2643:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2541:. Archived from
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2347:
2334:
2333:
2328:. Archived from
2318:
2312:
2301:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2145:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1971:
1937:Inca rope bridge
1905:whether bridge,
1851:district on the
1812:margin of safety
1782:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1731:
1723:
1619:(Chronological)
1615:, opened in 1957
1580:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1266:
1265:
1120:Manhattan Bridge
936:Robert Stevenson
906:chain cables of
792:
780:
666:
639:
616:
596:
580:
569:Otto Beit Bridge
558:John A. Roebling
477:Manhattan Bridge
436:was designed by
295:Thangtong Gyalpo
220:suspender cables
218:, with vertical
42:
35:
31:
21:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3061:
3045:
3036:Bridge failures
3024:
2968:
2922:bascule bridges
2917:List of bridges
2905:
2894:
2782:Rolling bascule
2660:
2654:
2602:Wayback Machine
2585:Wayback Machine
2564:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2545:on 4 March 2009
2533:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2515:. 29 April 2021
2507:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2459:
2452:
2427:10.1139/L08-033
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2388:Wayback Machine
2379:
2375:
2364:
2348:
2337:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2005:. 17 March 2017
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1888:
1849:East Kalimantan
1783:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1748:
1732:
1721:
1688:Mackinac Bridge
1642:Brooklyn Bridge
1609:Mackinac Bridge
1601:
1595:
1571:
1569:
1543:
1541:
1515:
1513:
1487:
1485:
1459:
1457:
1431:
1429:
1403:
1401:
1375:
1373:
1368:Xihoumen Bridge
1347:
1345:
1319:
1317:
1291:
1289:
1260:
1254:
1097:
1056:
1035:
1011:
1002:
954:
874:
869:
841:
811:
796:
793:
784:
781:
768:on the towers.
744:
722:
721:
717:
687:
679:
678:
677:
672:
667:
658:
653:
646:
640:
631:
617:
608:
597:
588:
581:
469:
457:Burton-on-Trent
361:The first iron
359:
284:
275:Chushul Chakzam
261:
254:
69:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3119:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3057:Bridges in art
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2610:
2605:
2592:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2562:External links
2560:
2557:
2556:
2526:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2450:
2421:(9): 938–950.
2401:
2392:
2373:
2362:
2356:. Birkhauser.
2335:
2326:www.ice.org.uk
2313:
2296:
2285:
2268:britannica.com
2255:
2248:
2229:
2211:
2202:
2188:
2174:
2160:
2129:
2122:
2103:
2091:
2069:
2042:
2016:
1988:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1907:aerial tramway
1900:
1895:
1887:
1884:
1880:Machchhu River
1785:
1784:
1735:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1701:
1691:
1685:
1675:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1594:
1593:Other examples
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:United Kingdom
1538:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1482:
1480:Runyang Bridge
1476:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1256:Main article:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1213:
1202:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1096:
1093:
1089:tubular bridge
1055:
1052:
1045:load, and the
1034:
1031:
1027:Yichang Bridge
1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
969:Lake Näsijärvi
953:
950:
919:Yichang Bridge
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
856:
845:
840:
837:
836:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
810:
807:
798:
797:
794:
787:
785:
782:
775:
773:
743:
740:
718:
715:
714:
686:
683:
669:
668:
661:
660:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
647:
641:
634:
632:
625:Sagar district
618:
611:
609:
598:
591:
589:
582:
575:
468:
465:
383:The Port Folio
358:
355:
315:Trashi Yangtse
283:
280:
253:
250:
159:
158:
155:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
125:
121:
120:
119:Medium to long
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
43:
27:Type of bridge
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3118:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3076:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2812:Vertical-lift
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Bridge–tunnel
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2436:10044/1/14353
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2396:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2363:3-7643-1929-1
2359:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:"ICE Library"
2317:
2310:
2309:0-85288-892-9
2306:
2300:
2294:
2289:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2167:
2163:
2161:9789993614395
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2088:99936-14-39-4
2085:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:, ceiling or
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:Mahakam River
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1843:, located in
1842:
1841:Mahakam River
1838:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:Silver Bridge
1805:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1781:
1778:
1770:
1767:December 2023
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1736:This section
1734:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1539:
1537:
1536:Humber Bridge
1534:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1252:Longest spans
1246:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1073:Nescio Bridge
1065:
1060:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:Severn bridge
1020:
1016:
1006:
997:
995:
991:
990:Silver Bridge
987:
978:
974:
970:
966:
963:
958:
949:
947:
943:
941:
937:
933:
924:
923:Yangtze River
920:
915:
909:
905:
901:
894:
890:
886:
878:
862:construction.
861:
857:
854:
850:
846:
843:
842:
839:Disadvantages
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
820:
815:
806:
803:
791:
786:
779:
774:
771:
770:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
739:
737:
733:
729:
712:
711:Severn Bridge
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
682:
676:
675:Severn Bridge
671:
665:
644:
638:
633:
629:
626:
622:
615:
610:
606:
602:
595:
590:
586:
579:
574:
573:
572:
570:
565:
563:
562:double decker
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
535:Joseph Chaley
532:
528:
524:
520:
512:
508:
504:
500:
498:
494:
486:
482:
479:, connecting
478:
473:
464:
462:
461:Staffordshire
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
403:
402:Bangor, Wales
399:
395:
390:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Western world
364:
357:Chain bridges
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
323:stress points
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:
276:
272:
268:
266:
259:
249:
247:
242:
236:
234:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
195:in which the
194:
191:is a type of
190:
182:
178:
177:Bergen County
174:
173:New York City
171:, connecting
170:
165:
156:
153:
149:
145:
143:Design effort
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
67:
63:
59:
56:, connecting
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3005:Arch bridges
2947:toll bridges
2887:
2863:Through arch
2845:
2697:Cable-stayed
2618:
2547:. Retrieved
2543:the original
2538:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:The Guardian
2512:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2463:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2395:
2376:
2352:
2330:the original
2325:
2316:
2299:
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2267:
2258:
2238:
2232:
2214:
2205:
2191:
2177:
2139:
2132:
2112:
2106:
2094:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2054:. ABC News.
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
2000:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1969:
1873:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1806:
1800:
1773:
1764:
1749:Please help
1737:
1624:Union Bridge
1618:
1261:
1227:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1171:cable-stayed
1167:active fault
1156:
1148:
1085:
1069:
1036:
1012:
1003:
982:
944:
928:
895:, built 2013
872:Underspanned
799:
751:
745:
725:
716:More details
680:
566:
543:
516:
490:
453:Ferry Bridge
446:
422:Chain Bridge
418:Menai Bridge
414:Union Bridge
407:
398:Menai Strait
394:chain bridge
379:James Finley
360:
342:Queshuachaca
338:rope bridges
331:
313:en route to
285:
262:
237:
219:
209:
188:
186:
29:
2807:Transporter
2787:Submersible
2772:Retractable
2062:14 February
2035:14 February
1466:South Korea
1105:Little Belt
1019:box girders
766:compression
703:compression
603:. Finley's
554:scaffolding
541:, in 1834.
523:Marc Seguin
507:Marc Seguin
385:, in 1810.
90:; see also
50:Dardanelles
3090:Categories
2846:Suspension
2762:Drawbridge
2732:Extradosed
2707:Cantilever
2692:Burr Truss
2682:Box girder
1961:References
1876:Jhulto Pul
1855:island of
1597:See also:
1237:cantilever
1194:Anchorages
1066:Terminal D
1041:load, the
994:Ohio River
867:Variations
853:live loads
849:heavy rail
809:Advantages
802:cantilever
467:Wire-cable
373:(1801) in
282:Precursors
181:New Jersey
128:Steel rope
116:Span range
98:Descendant
52:strait in
2980:By length
2819:Multi-way
2445:248412344
1911:powerline
1853:Indonesia
1738:does not
992:over the
979:, in 1979
960:A former
940:Edinburgh
762:live load
651:Structure
521:built by
481:Manhattan
426:Nuremberg
396:over the
246:trusswork
233:falsework
152:Falsework
64:, is the
3075:Category
2839:Vlotbrug
2752:Moveable
2598:Archived
2581:Archived
2539:drpa.org
2519:29 April
2469:Archived
2384:Archived
2368:Archived
2272:Archived
2224:Archived
2166:Archived
2080:Archived
2056:Archived
2029:Archived
1886:See also
1871:design.
1668:replaced
1613:Michigan
1242:parabola
1210:catenary
1206:catwalks
1199:eyebolts
1157:caissons
965:pipeline
925:in China
893:Brooklyn
754:anchored
732:parabola
728:catenary
539:Fribourg
485:Brooklyn
369:was the
265:catenary
154:required
124:Material
74:Ancestor
3050:Related
3020:Tallest
3015:Highest
2883:Viaduct
2878:Tubular
2868:Trestle
2834:Pontoon
2777:Rolling
2767:Folding
2757:Bascule
2717:Covered
2475:13 June
2399:diagram
1759:removed
1744:sources
1410:Denmark
1272:Country
1188:saddles
1162:bedrock
1109:Denmark
1081:Geopark
1047:dynamic
977:Finland
973:Tampere
758:tension
707:pillars
699:tension
621:Sanodha
519:Annonay
511:Annonay
365:in the
288:Tibetan
267:shape.
252:History
135:Movable
108:Carries
84:Related
48:on the
2858:Timber
2702:Canopy
2657:Bridge
2443:
2360:
2307:
2246:
2158:
2120:
2113:Bhutan
2086:
2009:22 May
1981:22 May
1857:Borneo
1578:Turkey
1575:
1547:
1519:
1491:
1463:
1438:Turkey
1435:
1407:
1379:
1351:
1323:
1298:Turkey
1295:
1275:Length
1269:Bridge
1221:eyebar
1183:steel.
1078:Arouca
1033:Forces
986:eyebar
904:Eyebar
855:occur.
695:forces
531:Geneva
513:, 1825
352:spans.
327:screed
311:Duksum
307:Bhutan
291:siddha
241:canyon
216:towers
201:cables
193:bridge
146:medium
58:Europe
54:Turkey
2873:Truss
2851:types
2797:Table
2792:Swing
2549:3 May
2441:S2CID
2278:3 May
2169:(PDF)
2144:(PDF)
1586:2016
1558:1981
1530:2012
1522:China
1502:2005
1494:China
1474:2012
1446:2016
1418:1998
1390:2009
1382:China
1362:2019
1354:China
1334:1998
1326:Japan
1306:2022
1278:Year
962:steam
628:India
585:Lhasa
400:near
336:used
2829:Pile
2802:Tilt
2747:Moon
2722:Crib
2677:Beam
2672:Arch
2551:2018
2521:2021
2477:2009
2358:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2280:2018
2244:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2084:ISBN
2064:2023
2037:2023
2011:2022
1983:2022
1917:etc.
1915:dome
1817:The
1793:The
1742:any
1740:cite
1708:Nile
1607:The
1103:The
1043:live
1039:dead
917:The
567:The
556:for
483:and
475:The
334:Inca
332:The
299:iron
286:The
228:dead
226:and
224:live
197:deck
62:Asia
60:and
44:The
2742:Log
2737:Jet
2431:hdl
2423:doi
2148:doi
1753:by
1611:in
971:in
560:'s
455:in
451:'s
424:in
175:to
3092::
2617:.
2537:.
2511:.
2453:^
2439:.
2429:.
2419:35
2417:.
2413:.
2366:.
2338:^
2324:.
2270:.
2266:.
2164:.
2154:.
1999:.
1909:,
1847:,
1670:a
1091:.
975:,
942:.
891:,
623:,
459:,
235:.
187:A
179:,
157:No
138:No
2649:e
2642:t
2635:v
2621:.
2574:"
2553:.
2523:.
2479:.
2447:.
2433::
2425::
2311:.
2282:.
2252:.
2199:.
2185:.
2150::
2126:.
2066:.
2039:.
2013:.
1985:.
1780:)
1774:(
1769:)
1765:(
1761:.
1747:.
1674:.
260:.
68:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.