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1212:. Along the catwalk, workers also pull the cable wires to their desired tension. This continues until a bundle, called a "cable strand" is completed, and temporarily bundled using stainless steel wire. This process is repeated until the final cable strand is completed. Workers then remove the individual wraps on the cable strands (during the spinning process, the shape of the main cable closely resembles a hexagon), and then the entire cable is then compressed by a traveling hydraulic press into a closely packed cylinder and tightly wrapped with additional wire to form the final circular cross-section. The wire used in suspension bridge construction is a galvanized steel wire that has been coated with corrosion inhibitors.
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1852:. As a result of this incident, 24 people died and dozens of others were injured and were treated at the Aji Muhammad Parikesit Regional Hospital. Meanwhile, 12 people were reported missing, 31 people were seriously injured, and 8 people had minor injuries. Research findings indicate that the collapse was largely caused by the construction failure of the vertical hanging clamp. It was also found that poor maintenance, fatigue in the cable hanger construction materials, material quality, and bridge loads that exceed vehicle capacity, can also have an impact on bridge collapse. In 2013 the
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1799:(USA) was an eyebar chain highway bridge, built in 1928, that collapsed in late 1967, killing forty-six people. The bridge had a low-redundancy design that was difficult to inspect. The collapse inspired legislation to ensure that older bridges were regularly inspected and maintained. Following the collapse a bridge of similar design was immediately closed and eventually demolished. A second similarly-designed bridge had been built with a higher
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723:, assuming the weight of the cables is small compared to the weight of the deck. One can see the shape from the constant increase of the gradient of the cable with linear (deck) distance, this increase in gradient at each connection with the deck providing a net upward support force. Combined with the relatively simple constraints placed upon the actual deck, that makes the suspension bridge much simpler to design and analyze than a
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1810:, (USA), 1940, was vulnerable to structural vibration in sustained and moderately strong winds due to its plate-girder deck structure. Wind caused a phenomenon called aeroelastic fluttering that led to its collapse only months after completion. The collapse was captured on film. There were no human deaths in the collapse; several drivers escaped their cars on foot and reached the anchorages before the span dropped.
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are constructed, usually in tandem with the towers, to resist the tension of the cables and form as the main anchor system for the entire structure. These are usually anchored in good quality rock but may consist of massive reinforced concrete deadweights within an excavation. The anchorage structure
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The main suspension cables in older bridges were often made from a chain or linked bars, but modern bridge cables are made from multiple strands of wire. This not only adds strength but improves reliability (often called redundancy in engineering terms) because the failure of a few flawed strands in
708:
The catenary represents the profile of a simple suspension bridge or the cable of a suspended-deck suspension bridge on which its deck and hangers have negligible mass compared to its cable. The parabola represents the profile of the cable of a suspended-deck suspension bridge on which its cable and
993:
Poured sockets are used to make a high strength, permanent cable termination. They are created by inserting the suspender wire rope (at the bridge deck supports) into the narrow end of a conical cavity which is oriented in-line with the intended direction of strain. The individual wires are splayed
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The suspension cables must be anchored at each end of the bridge, since any load applied to the bridge is transformed into tension in these main cables. The main cables continue beyond the pillars to deck-level supports, and further continue to connections with anchors in the ground. The roadway is
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derrick may be used to extend the deck one section at a time starting from the towers and working outward. If the addition of the deck structure extends from the towers the finished portions of the deck will pitch upward rather sharply, as there is no downward force in the center of the span. Upon
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approach is often used to support the bridge deck near the towers, but lengths further from them are supported by cables running directly to the towers. By design, all static horizontal forces of the cable-stayed bridge are balanced so that the supporting towers do not tend to tilt or slide and so
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is too deep to be exposed by excavation or the sinking of a caisson, pilings are driven to the bedrock or into overlying hard soil, or a large concrete pad to distribute the weight over less resistant soil may be constructed, first preparing the surface with a bed of compacted gravel. (Such a pad
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Each suspender cable is engineered and cut to precise lengths, and are looped over the cable bands. In some bridges, where the towers are close to or on the shore, the suspender cables may be applied only to the central span. Early suspender cables were fitted with zinc jewels and a set of steel
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Typical suspension bridges are constructed using a sequence generally described as follows. Depending on length and size, construction may take anywhere between a year and a half (construction on the original Tacoma
Narrows Bridge took only 19 months) up to as long as a decade (the Akashi-KaikyĹŤ
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In an underspanned suspension bridge, also called under-deck cable-stayed bridge, the main cables hang entirely below the bridge deck, but are still anchored into the ground in a similar way to the conventional type. Very few bridges of this nature have been built, as the deck is inherently less
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environmental factors such as changes in temperature, precipitation, and winds. Dynamic load refers to environmental factors that go beyond normal weather conditions, factors such as sudden gusts of wind and earthquakes. All three factors must be taken into consideration when building a bridge.
452:(1889), where the chains are not attached to abutments as is usual, but instead are attached to the main girders, which are thus in compression. Here, the chains are made from flat wrought iron plates, eight inches (203 mm) wide by an inch and a half (38 mm) thick, rivetted together.
1793:(England) was an iron chain bridge built in 1826. One of Europe's first suspension bridges, it collapsed in 1831 due to mechanical resonance induced by troops marching in step. As a result of the incident, the British Army issued an order that troops should "break step" when crossing a bridge.
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load. Dead load refers to the weight of the bridge itself. Like any other structure, a bridge has a tendency to collapse simply because of the gravitational forces acting on the materials of which the bridge is made. Live load refers to traffic that moves across the bridge as well as normal
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Special lifting hoists attached to the suspenders or from the main cables are used to lift prefabricated sections of the bridge deck to the proper level, provided that the local conditions allow the sections to be carried below the bridge by barge or other means. Otherwise, a traveling
1018:, note the very sharp entry edge and sloping undergirders in the suspension bridge shown. This enables this type of construction to be used without the danger of vortex shedding and consequent aeroelastic effects, such as those that destroyed the original Tacoma Narrows bridge.
1233:, while the arc of the deck will be as the designer intended – usually a gentle upward arc for added clearance if over a shipping channel, or flat in other cases such as a span over a canyon. Arched suspension spans also give the structure more rigidity and strength.
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The principles of suspension used on a large scale also appear in contexts less dramatic than road or rail bridges. Light cable suspension may prove less expensive and seem more elegant for a cycle or footbridge than strong girder supports. An example of this is the
1179:, which will carry the main suspension cables, are positioned atop the towers. Typically of cast steel, they can also be manufactured using riveted forms, and are equipped with rollers to allow the main cables to shift under construction and normal loads.
28:
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Where such a bridge spans a gap between two buildings, there is no need to construct towers, as the buildings can anchor the cables. Cable suspension may also be augmented by the inherent stiffness of a structure that has much in common with a
370:. Finley's bridge was the first to incorporate all of the necessary components of a modern suspension bridge, including a suspended deck which hung by trusses. Finley patented his design in 1808, and published it in the Philadelphia journal,
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High strength wire (typically 4 or 6 gauge galvanized steel wire), is pulled in a loop by pulleys on the traveler, with one end affixed at an anchorage. When the traveler reaches the opposite anchorage the loop is placed over an open anchor
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From the tower foundation, towers of single or multiple columns are erected using high-strength reinforced concrete, stonework, or steel. Concrete is used most frequently in modern suspension bridge construction due to the high cost of
1639:(USA, 1924), the longest suspension span (497 m) from 1924 to 1926. The first suspension bridge to have a concrete deck. The construction methods pioneered in building it would make possible several much larger projects to follow.
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edge where the road may proceed directly to the main span, otherwise the bridge will usually have two smaller spans, running between either pair of pillars and the highway, which may be supported by suspender cables or their own
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loads of the deck below, upon which traffic crosses. This arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc upward for additional clearance. Like other suspension bridge types, this type often is constructed without the use of
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The wooden 1808 Burr
Suspension Bridge in Schenectady, NY, USA, during demolition in 1871, showing wooden cables. Spans of 160, 190, 180 and 157 feet on 3 piers began to sag, and 4 supporting piers were added in 1833 making 8
602:
1197:, are then erected using a set of guide wires hoisted into place via winches positioned atop the towers. These catwalks follow the curve set by bridge designers for the main cables, in a path mathematically described as a
1928:— has features in common with a suspension bridge and predates them by at least three hundred years. However, in a rope bridge the deck itself is suspended from the anchored piers and the guardrails are non-structural.
1912:— superficially similar to a suspension bridge, but cables from the towers directly support the roadway, rather than the road being suspended indirectly by additional cables from the main cables connecting two towers.
702:, on the Wales-England border. In a suspended deck bridge, cables suspended via towers hold up the road deck. The weight is transferred by the cables to the towers, which in turn transfer the weight to the ground.
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in the
Netherlands, and the Roebling designed 1904 Riegelsville suspension pedestrian bridge across the Delaware River in Pennsylvania. The longest pedestrian suspension bridge, which spans the River Paiva,
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Suspension bridges are typically ranked by the length of their main span. These are the ten bridges with the longest spans, followed by the length of the span and the year the bridge opened for traffic:
937:(begun 1847) consists of three sections supported by cables. The timber structure essentially hides the cables; and from a quick view, it is not immediately apparent that it is even a suspension bridge.
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from their own weight. Along the main cables smaller cables or rods connect to the bridge deck, which is lifted in sections. As this is done, the tension in the cables increases, as it does with the
985:.) Another reason is that as spans increased, engineers were unable to lift larger chains into position, whereas wire strand cables can be formulated one by one in mid-air from a temporary walkway.
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Gantries are placed upon the catwalks, which will support the main cable spinning reels. Then, cables attached to winches are installed, and in turn, the main cable spinning devices are installed.
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in New York City, opened in 1909 and is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges; its design served as the model for many of the long-span suspension bridges around the world.
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Except for installation of the initial temporary cables, little or no access from below is required during construction and so a waterway can remain open while the bridge is built above.
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At specific points along the main cable (each being the exact distance horizontally in relation to the next) devices called "cable bands" are installed to carry steel wire ropes called
417:. The Sagar Iron Suspension Bridge with a 200 feet span (also termed Beose Bridge) was constructed near Sagar, India during 1828–1830 by Duncan Presgrave, Mint and Assay Master. The
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were reinforced by the iron chains. Before the use of iron chains it is thought that Gyalpo used ropes from twisted willows or yak skins. He may have also used tightly bound cloth.
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at each end to the ground. The main cables, which are free to move on bearings in the towers, bear the load of the bridge deck. Before the deck is installed, the cables are under
1822:(Canada), which was completed in 1943, collapsed when the north anchor's soil support for the suspension bridge failed in October 1957. The entire bridge subsequently collapsed.
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and was built between 1829 and 1832, replacing a wooden bridge further downstream which collapsed in 1828. It is the only suspension bridge across the non-tidal Thames. The
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1645:(USA, 1926), replaced Bear Mountain Bridge as the longest span at 1,750 feet between the towers. Includes an active subway line and never-used trolley stations on the span.
421:(designed in 1831, completed in 1864 with a 214 m central span), is similar to the Sagar bridge. It is one of the longest of the parabolic arc chain type. The current
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Most suspension bridges have open truss structures to support the roadbed, particularly owing to the unfavorable effects of using plate girders, discovered from the
2154:
2068:
433:, (designed in 1840, opened in 1849), spanning the River Danube in Budapest, was also designed by William Clark and it is a larger-scale version of Marlow Bridge.
1940:— a modern implementation of the rope bridge using steel cables, although either the upper guardrail or lower footboard cables may be the main structural cables.
823:
Bridge decks can have deck sections replaced in order to widen traffic lanes for larger vehicles or add additional width for separated cycling/pedestrian paths.
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hangers have negligible mass compared to its deck. The profile of the cable of a real suspension bridge with the same span and sag lies between the two curves.
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The earliest suspension bridges were ropes slung across a chasm, with a deck possibly at the same level or hung below the ropes such that the rope had a
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310:, which is the standard on all modern suspension bridges today. Instead, both the railing and the walking layer of Gyalpo's bridges used wires. The
2017:
1615:(England/Scotland, 1820), the longest span (137 m) from 1820 to 1826. The oldest suspension bridge in the world still carrying road traffic.
541:
and completed in 1842, it had a span of 109 m. Ellet's
Niagara Falls suspension bridge (1847–48) was abandoned before completion. It was used as
1236:
With the completion of the primary structure various details such as lighting, handrails, finish painting and paving is installed or completed.
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631:
576:, constructed in 1430, with long chains suspended between towers, and vertical suspender ropes carrying the weight of a planked footway below.
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in the pillars. Since almost all the force on the pillars is vertically downwards, and the bridge is also stabilized by the main cables, the
2400:"Structural behaviour and design criteria of under-deck cable-stayed bridges and combined cable-stayed bridges. Part 1: Single-span bridges"
847:
Some access below may be required during construction to lift the initial cables or to lift deck units. That access can often be avoided in
2260:
2478:
T R Barnard (1959). "Winding Ropes and Guide Ropes:" Mechanical
Engineering. Coal Mining Series (2nd ed.). London: Virtue. pp. 374–375.
2040:
2292:"Marlow Suspension Bridge". Retrieved 11 December 2008. Cove-Smith, Chris (2006). The River Thames Book. Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson.
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of traffic crossing the bridge. The tension on the main cables is transferred to the ground at the anchorages and by downwards
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bridge collapse. In the 1960s, developments in bridge aerodynamics allowed the re-introduction of plate structures as shallow
814:
Less material may be required than other bridge types, even at spans they can achieve, leading to a reduced construction cost.
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In cable-stayed bridges, the towers are the primary load-bearing structures that transmit the bridge loads to the ground. A
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Considerable stiffness or aerodynamic profiling may be required to prevent the bridge deck from vibrating under high winds.
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in San
Francisco. Main cable diameter is 36 inches (910 mm), and suspender cable diameter is 3.5 inches (89 mm).
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409:(1826), "the first important modern suspension bridge". The first chain bridge on the German speaking territories was the
212:
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can cause failure of an entire bridge. (The failure of a single eyebar was found to be the cause of the collapse of the
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supported by vertical suspender cables or rods, called hangers. In some circumstances, the towers may sit on a bluff or
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The relatively low deck stiffness compared to other (non-suspension) types of bridges makes it more difficult to carry
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arc. Typical catwalks are usually between eight and ten feet wide and are constructed using wire grate and wood slats.
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Two towers/pillars, two suspension cables, four suspension cable anchors, multiple suspender cables, the bridge deck.
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Comparison of a catenary (black dotted curve) and a parabola (red solid curve) with the same span and sag. The main
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and suspension bridges may appear to be similar, but are quite different in principle and in their construction.
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out inside the cone or 'capel', and the cone is then filled with molten lead-antimony-tin (Pb80Sb15Sn5) solder.
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560:(1938–1939) was the first modern suspension bridge outside the United States built with parallel wire cables.
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1848:, was built in 1995, completed in 2001 and collapsed in 2011. Dozens of vehicles on the bridge fell into the
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completion of the deck, the added load will pull the main cables into an arc mathematically described as a
1165:.) The piers are then extended above water level, where they are capped with pedestal bases for the towers.
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199:
Besides the bridge type most commonly called suspension bridges, covered in this article, there are other
172:, is the world's busiest suspension bridge by traversing vehicles, carrying 106 million vehicles annually.
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for the widest suspension bridge in the world with a width of 67.3 meters, and with a span of 540 meters.
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on vertical suspenders. The first modern examples of this type of bridge were built in the early 1800s.
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1943:
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stable than when suspended below the cables. Examples include the Pont des
Bergues of 1834 designed by
2342:
Transitions in
Engineering: Guillaume Henri Dufour and the Early 19th Century Cable Suspension Bridges
2013:
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washers, which formed the support for the deck. Modern suspender cables carry a shackle-type fitting.
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and his brothers in 1822. It spanned only 18 m. The first permanent wire cable suspension bridge was
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when hanging under their own weight only. When supporting the deck, the cables will instead form a
430:
1937:
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1627:(USA, 1866), then the longest wire suspension bridge in the world at 1,057 feet (322 m) main span.
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of 1823, with two 40 m spans. The first with cables assembled in mid-air in the modern method was
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Development of wire-cable suspension bridges dates to the temporary simple suspension bridge at
484:(1816), a modest and temporary footbridge built following the collapse of James Finley's nearby
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Bridge's construction began in May 1986 and was opened in May 1998 – a total of twelve years).
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1990:
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in the city of Morbi, Gujarat, India collapsed, leading to the deaths of at least 141 people.
1695:(Egypt, 2019), a modern Egyptian steel wire-cables based suspension bridge crossing the river
820:
They may be better able to withstand earthquake movements than heavier and more rigid bridges.
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196:, which lack vertical suspenders, have a long history in many mountainous parts of the world.
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p.62, Schenectady and the Great
Western Gateway, 1926, Schenectady, NY, Chamber of Commerce
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1072:, Portugal, opened in April 2021. The 516 metres bridge hangs 175 meters above the river.
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A suspension bridge can be made out of simple materials such as wood and common wire rope.
8:
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Where the towers are founded on dry land, deep foundation excavation or pilings are used.
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1679:(USA, 1957), the longest suspension bridge between anchorages in the Western hemisphere.
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In suspension bridges, large main cables (normally two) hang between the towers and are
298:. The last surviving chain-linked bridge of Gyalpo's was the Thangtong Gyalpo Bridge in
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1621:(USA, 1847), the oldest wire suspension bridge still in service in the United States.
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A Memoir of
Suspension Bridges: Comprising The History of Their Origin And Progress
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25 May 2014 at Wikiwix by Manfred Gerner. Thimphu: Center for Bhutan Studies 2007.
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the hundreds used pose very little threat of failure, whereas a single bad link or
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Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo – Architect, Philosopher, and Iron Chain Bridge Builder
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488:(1808). The footbridge's span was 124 m, although its deck was only 0.45 m wide.
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237:. In the latter case, there will be very little arc in the outboard main cables.
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1986:"Groundbreaking ceremony for bridge over Dardanelles to take place on March 18"
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1669:(USA, 1937), the longest suspension bridge from 1937 to 1964. It was also the
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The Sagar Iron Suspension Bridge Mechanics Magazine Volume 2, 1836 p. 49-53
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In the United States, the first major wire-cable suspension bridge was the
386:
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is considered the last remaining Inca rope bridge and is rebuilt annually.
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329:, documented as early as 1615. It is not known when they were first made.
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2041:"GW Bridge Painters: Dangerous Job on Top of the World's Busiest Bridge"
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from 1937 to 1993, and remains the tallest bridge in the United States.
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2014:"Port Authority of New York and New Jersey - George Washington Bridge"
1934:— combining elements of a suspension bridge and a cable-stayed bridge.
1816:(England) was built in 1829 and collapsed in 1845, killing 79 people.
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in New York City with deck under construction from the towers outward.
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Pedestrians, bicycles, livestock, automobiles, trucks, railed vehicles
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Longer main spans are achievable than with any other type of bridge.
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are sunk and any soft bottom is excavated for a foundation. If the
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588:"View of the Chain Bridge invented by James Finley Esq." (1810) by
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473:
2379:
Web site Retrieved 21 February 2007, includes image of the bridge.
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608:
Sagar Iron Suspension Bridge, by Major Presgrave, 1828–1830, near
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1689:, with its deck around 500 meters above the surface of the river.
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119:, multiple steel wire strand cables or forged or cast chain links
2498:"World's longest pedestrian suspension bridge opens in Portugal"
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Bod Woodruff; Lana Zak & Stephanie Wash (20 November 2012).
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2456:. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman.
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50:
1158:, and this has been implemented on the foundations of the
55:
suspension bridge with the longest main span in the world
1964:"Why Turkey Built the World's Longest Suspension Bridge"
869:
Micklewood Bridge as illustrated by Charles Drewry, 1832
794:
must only resist horizontal forces from the live loads.
405:(1820), with spans rapidly increasing to 176 m with the
1856:
rebuilt the same location and completed in 2015 with a
245:
For bridges where the deck follows the suspenders, see
730:
203:. The type covered here has cables suspended between
923:; James Smith's Micklewood Bridge; and a proposal by
572:
Drawing of the Tibetan-built Chaksam bridge south of
1633:(USA, 1883), the first steel-wire suspension bridge.
2593:
History and heritage of civil engineering – bridges
1651:eastern span (USA, 2013). The eastern portion is a
1134:
with deck under construction from the span's center
715:The main cables of a suspension bridge will form a
2397:
1588:History of longest vehicle suspension bridge spans
1143:Where the towers are founded on underwater piers,
266:, one of Thangtong Gyalpo's chain bridges, in 1904
2953:List of lists of covered bridges in North America
2172:"Bridgemeister - Mohawk Wooden Suspension Bridge"
2016:. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
1883:— for articles about specific suspension bridges.
1154:footing can also accommodate the movements of an
1119:Suspender cables and suspender cable band on the
1026:Three kinds of forces operate on any bridge: the
294:. In 1433, Gyalpo built eight bridges in eastern
3076:
1529:
2228:Bridges: Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature
1042:
988:
480:The first wire-cable suspension bridge was the
2253:"Menai Bridge - bridge, Wales, United Kingdom"
1084:Construction sequence (wire strand cable type)
2630:
2211:. Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute.
2209:"Iron Wire of the Wheeling Suspension Bridge"
1445:
596:(1808) had two spans, 100 feet, and 200 feet.
2524:"DRPA :: Delaware River Port Authority"
2231:. MBI Publishing Company. 12 November 2001.
1699:, which was completed in 2019 and holds the
2644:
2567:New Brunswick Canada suspension footbridges
2398:Ruiz-Teran, A. M.; Aparicio, A. C. (2008).
1746:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1655:, the longest of its type in the world. It
910:, a plate deck suspension bridge, over the
537:in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Designed by
2637:
2623:
1867:, a pedestrian suspension bridge over the
2445:
2443:
2423:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2135:. Centre for Bhutan Studies. p. 61.
2006:
1766:Learn how and when to remove this message
1389:
1014:, built 1961–1966. In the picture of the
940:
644:
397:Early British chain bridges included the
2597:Bridgemeister: Mostly suspension bridges
2090:by Lawrence Austine Waddell, 1905, p.313
1777:
1591:
1557:
1417:
1277:
1126:
1114:
1103:
1087:
1046:
944:
927:for a bridge over the River Almond near
901:
887:
872:
864:
801:
677:
619:constructed using locally produced iron.
490:
459:
376:
335:
258:
151:
2601:
1887:List of longest suspension bridge spans
1501:
1473:
1361:
1333:
1305:
1247:List of longest suspension bridge spans
997:
686:in a suspension bridge of any type are
3077:
2487:As exists with signage re the history.
2449:
2440:
2338:
2325:
2125:
2047:from the original on 28 September 2013
2020:from the original on 20 September 2013
673:
2618:
2404:Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
2032:
1803:and remained in service until 1991.
1193:Temporary suspended walkways, called
727:in which the deck is in compression.
698:can be made quite slender, as on the
553:railroad and carriage bridge (1855).
2557:Historic American Engineering Record
1744:adding citations to reliable sources
1711:
1707:
482:Spider Bridge at Falls of Schuylkill
2584:American Society of Civil Engineers
2215:from the original on 30 April 2011.
1186:will have multiple protruding open
840:traffic in which high concentrated
761:Difference between types of bridges
731:Comparison with cable-stayed bridge
594:Chain Bridge at Falls of Schuylkill
486:Chain Bridge at Falls of Schuylkill
13:
2887:
2602:Wilford, John Noble (8 May 2007).
2359:from the original on 10 July 2014.
2263:from the original on 13 April 2015
1978:
1625:John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge
14:
3106:
2921:medieval stone bridges in Germany
2550:
2460:from the original on 16 June 2013
2160:from the original on 25 May 2014.
1581:
364:Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
3059:
3058:
2561:Contextual Essay on Wire Bridges
2450:Drewry, Charles Stewart (1832).
1716:
1649:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
1559:
1531:
1503:
1475:
1447:
1419:
1391:
1363:
1335:
1307:
1279:
1240:
827:
777:
765:
651:
624:
601:
581:
565:
345:
27:
2516:
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2472:
2391:
2382:
2363:
2303:
2286:
2275:
2245:
2219:
2201:
2192:
2178:
1932:Self-anchored suspension bridge
1892:Timeline of three longest spans
1653:self-anchored suspension bridge
1190:enclosed within a secure space.
860:
784:Cable-stayed bridge, fan design
91:Self-anchored suspension bridge
2579:Structurae: suspension bridges
2164:
2119:
2093:
2081:
2059:
1956:
1921:Cable-stayed suspension bridge
1784:Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse
1051:Cable-suspended footbridge at
77:Underspanned suspension bridge
1:
2878:Visual index to various types
2370:Cleveland Bridge Company (UK)
1949:
1820:Peace River Suspension Bridge
1497:Fourth Nanjing Yangtze Bridge
855:
797:
455:
270:
2701:Cantilever spar cable-stayed
2604:"How the Inca Leapt Canyons"
1916:Floating cable-stayed bridge
1881:Category: Suspension bridges
1619:Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct
1043:Use other than road and rail
1004:Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)
989:Suspender-cable terminations
935:Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct
639:
436:An interesting variation is
7:
1874:
1791:Broughton Suspension Bridge
1687:highest bridge in the world
518:'s Saint Antoine Bridge in
201:types of suspension bridges
10:
3111:
3085:Bridges by structural type
2186:"Burr Bridge - Scotia, NY"
2129:Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo
1944:Floating suspension bridge
1814:Yarmouth suspension bridge
1585:
1572:1408 m (4619 ft)
1544:1410 m (4626 ft)
1516:1418 m (4652 ft)
1488:1490 m (4888 ft)
1460:1545 m (5069 ft)
1432:1550 m (5085 ft)
1404:1624 m (5328 ft)
1376:1650 m (5413 ft)
1348:1700 m (5577 ft)
1320:1991 m (6532 ft)
1292:2023 m (6637 ft)
1244:
526:'s Grand Pont Suspendu in
244:
240:
3054:
3038:
3017:
2961:
2898:
2885:
2653:
2559:(HAER) No. NJ-132, "
1834:Kutai Kartanegara Regency
1553:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
1053:Dallas Fort Worth Airport
1021:
956:suspension bridge on the
897:Clifton Suspension Bridge
662:The slender lines of the
419:Clifton Suspension Bridge
292:simple suspension bridges
290:chains in his version of
194:Simple suspension bridges
188:is hung below suspension
139:
131:
123:
112:
104:
96:
86:
72:
62:
26:
2989:Continuous truss bridges
2962:Lists of bridges by size
2899:Lists of bridges by type
2126:Gerner, Manfred (2009).
1938:Simple suspension bridge
1854:Kutai Kartanegara Bridge
1826:Kutai Kartanegara Bridge
1643:Benjamin Franklin Bridge
632:Wire Bridge at Fairmount
535:Wire Bridge at Fairmount
423:Marlow suspension bridge
247:simple suspension bridge
158:George Washington Bridge
67:Simple suspension bridge
2339:Peters, Tom F. (1987).
2141:10.11588/xarep.00000311
2105:. Lonely Planet. 2007.
2088:Lhasa and Its Mysteries
498:suspension bridge near
366:, designed by inventor
352:chain suspension bridge
3095:Structural engineering
2948:List of bridge–tunnels
2892:
2716:Double-beam drawbridge
1966:. The B1M. 11 May 2022
1787:
1671:world's tallest bridge
1605:
1135:
1124:
1112:
1101:
1056:
969:
941:Suspension cable types
921:Guillaume Henri Dufour
915:
899:
885:
870:
807:
712:
645:Bridge main components
634:(1842, replaced 1874).
516:Guillaume Henri Dufour
503:
477:
431:Széchenyi Chain Bridge
394:
381:An early plan for the
342:
286:originated the use of
267:
173:
2941:vertical-lift bridges
2891:
1828:(Indonesia) over the
1808:Tacoma Narrows Bridge
1781:
1701:Guinness World Record
1595:
1273:Çanakkale 1915 Bridge
1175:Large devices called
1130:
1118:
1107:
1096:suspension bridge in
1091:
1050:
948:
905:
891:
876:
868:
805:
681:
494:
463:
438:Thornewill and Warham
427:William Tierney Clark
399:Dryburgh Abbey Bridge
380:
339:
308:suspended-deck bridge
262:
155:
35:1915 Çanakkale Bridge
2999:Masonry arch bridges
2979:Cable-stayed bridges
2572:14 July 2011 at the
2375:20 July 2008 at the
1863:On 30 October 2022,
1740:improve this section
1637:Bear Mountain Bridge
1301:Akashi KaikyĹŤ Bridge
1010:, first seen on the
998:Deck structure types
736:Cable-stayed bridges
360:Jacob's Creek Bridge
2926:multi-level bridges
2589:4 June 2009 at the
2321:on 25 October 2016.
1991:HĂĽrriyet Daily News
1910:Cable-stayed bridge
1858:Through arch bridge
1693:Rod El Farag Bridge
1685:(China, 2009), the
1441:Lee Sun-shin Bridge
1100:was opened in 1970.
849:cable-stayed bridge
725:cable-stayed bridge
674:Structural analysis
393:, completed in 1826
282:and bridge-builder
81:cable-stayed bridge
23:
3090:Suspension bridges
2984:Cantilever bridges
2974:Suspension bridges
2916:cantilever bridges
2893:
2813:Navigable aqueduct
2608:The New York Times
1788:
1786:on 7 November 1940
1683:Si Du River Bridge
1667:Golden Gate Bridge
1606:
1163:Rio-Antirio bridge
1136:
1132:Lions' Gate Bridge
1125:
1121:Golden Gate Bridge
1113:
1102:
1057:
970:
916:
900:
886:
878:Squibb Park Bridge
871:
808:
713:
690:in the cables and
590:William Strickland
504:
478:
395:
343:
268:
211:that transfer the
174:
156:The double-decked
21:
3072:
3071:
3030:Bridge to nowhere
2931:road–rail bridges
2648:-related articles
2238:978-0-7603-1234-6
2112:978-1-74059-529-2
1776:
1775:
1768:
1708:Notable collapses
1661:cantilever bridge
1579:
1578:
1413:Osman Gazi Bridge
1385:Great Belt Bridge
1329:Yangsigang Bridge
1217:Suspender cables.
772:Suspension bridge
539:Charles Ellet Jr.
401:(1817) and 137 m
314:that carried the
178:suspension bridge
150:
149:
22:Suspension bridge
3102:
3062:
3061:
3018:Additional lists
2654:Structural types
2639:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2530:. Archived from
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2511:
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2427:
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2389:
2386:
2380:
2367:
2361:
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2336:
2323:
2322:
2317:. Archived from
2307:
2301:
2290:
2284:
2279:
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2272:
2270:
2268:
2249:
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2242:
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2097:
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2063:
2057:
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2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1960:
1926:Inca rope bridge
1894:whether bridge,
1840:district on the
1801:margin of safety
1771:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1720:
1712:
1608:(Chronological)
1604:, opened in 1957
1569:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1485:
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1457:
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1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:
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1397:
1395:
1394:
1373:
1369:
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1366:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1255:
1254:
1109:Manhattan Bridge
925:Robert Stevenson
895:chain cables of
781:
769:
655:
628:
605:
585:
569:
558:Otto Beit Bridge
547:John A. Roebling
466:Manhattan Bridge
425:was designed by
284:Thangtong Gyalpo
209:suspender cables
207:, with vertical
31:
24:
20:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3050:
3034:
3025:Bridge failures
3013:
2957:
2911:bascule bridges
2906:List of bridges
2894:
2883:
2771:Rolling bascule
2649:
2643:
2591:Wayback Machine
2574:Wayback Machine
2553:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2534:on 4 March 2009
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2504:. 29 April 2021
2496:
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2477:
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2441:
2416:10.1139/L08-033
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2377:Wayback Machine
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2012:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1994:. 17 March 2017
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1877:
1838:East Kalimantan
1772:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1737:
1721:
1710:
1677:Mackinac Bridge
1631:Brooklyn Bridge
1598:Mackinac Bridge
1590:
1584:
1560:
1558:
1532:
1530:
1504:
1502:
1476:
1474:
1448:
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1362:
1357:Xihoumen Bridge
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1308:
1306:
1280:
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1249:
1243:
1086:
1045:
1024:
1000:
991:
943:
863:
858:
830:
800:
785:
782:
773:
770:
757:on the towers.
733:
711:
710:
706:
676:
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667:
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661:
656:
647:
642:
635:
629:
620:
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446:Burton-on-Trent
350:The first iron
348:
273:
264:Chushul Chakzam
250:
243:
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3108:
3098:
3097:
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3087:
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3049:
3048:
3046:Bridges in art
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2551:External links
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2439:
2410:(9): 938–950.
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2345:. Birkhauser.
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2315:www.ice.org.uk
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2257:britannica.com
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1896:aerial tramway
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1869:Machchhu River
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1582:Other examples
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1539:United Kingdom
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1469:Runyang Bridge
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1078:tubular bridge
1044:
1041:
1034:load, and the
1023:
1020:
1016:Yichang Bridge
999:
996:
990:
987:
958:Lake Näsijärvi
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908:Yichang Bridge
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614:Sagar district
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372:The Port Folio
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304:Trashi Yangtse
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108:Medium to long
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16:Type of bridge
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2676:Bridge–tunnel
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2311:"ICE Library"
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2298:0-85288-892-9
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2019:
2015:
2009:
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1992:
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1981:
1965:
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1902:, ceiling or
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1870:
1866:
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1855:
1851:
1850:Mahakam River
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1832:, located in
1831:
1830:Mahakam River
1827:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:Silver Bridge
1794:
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1780:
1770:
1767:
1759:
1756:December 2023
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1725:This section
1723:
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1556:
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1550:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1528:
1526:
1525:Humber Bridge
1523:
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1253:
1248:
1241:Longest spans
1235:
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1068:
1063:
1062:Nescio Bridge
1054:
1049:
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1037:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1012:Severn bridge
1009:
1005:
995:
986:
984:
980:
979:Silver Bridge
976:
967:
963:
959:
955:
952:
947:
938:
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930:
926:
922:
913:
912:Yangtze River
909:
904:
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894:
890:
883:
879:
875:
867:
851:construction.
850:
846:
843:
839:
835:
832:
831:
828:Disadvantages
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
809:
804:
795:
792:
780:
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768:
763:
760:
759:
758:
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748:
744:
739:
737:
728:
726:
722:
718:
701:
700:Severn Bridge
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
671:
665:
664:Severn Bridge
660:
654:
633:
627:
622:
618:
615:
611:
604:
599:
595:
591:
584:
579:
575:
568:
563:
562:
561:
559:
554:
552:
551:double decker
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
524:Joseph Chaley
521:
517:
513:
509:
501:
497:
493:
489:
487:
483:
475:
471:
468:, connecting
467:
462:
453:
451:
450:Staffordshire
447:
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420:
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392:
391:Bangor, Wales
388:
384:
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365:
361:
357:
356:Western world
353:
346:Chain bridges
338:
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
312:stress points
309:
305:
301:
297:
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223:
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214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
184:in which the
183:
180:is a type of
179:
171:
167:
166:Bergen County
163:
162:New York City
160:, connecting
159:
154:
145:
142:
138:
134:
132:Design effort
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
56:
52:
48:
45:, connecting
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
19:
2994:Arch bridges
2936:toll bridges
2876:
2852:Through arch
2834:
2686:Cable-stayed
2607:
2536:. Retrieved
2532:the original
2527:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2502:The Guardian
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2462:. Retrieved
2452:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2384:
2365:
2341:
2319:the original
2314:
2305:
2288:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2256:
2247:
2227:
2221:
2203:
2194:
2180:
2166:
2128:
2121:
2101:
2095:
2083:
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2043:. ABC News.
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1989:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1958:
1862:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1795:
1789:
1762:
1753:
1738:Please help
1726:
1613:Union Bridge
1607:
1250:
1216:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1160:cable-stayed
1156:active fault
1145:
1137:
1074:
1058:
1025:
1001:
992:
971:
933:
917:
884:, built 2013
861:Underspanned
788:
740:
734:
714:
705:More details
669:
555:
532:
505:
479:
442:Ferry Bridge
435:
411:Chain Bridge
407:Menai Bridge
403:Union Bridge
396:
387:Menai Strait
383:chain bridge
368:James Finley
349:
331:Queshuachaca
327:rope bridges
320:
302:en route to
274:
251:
226:
208:
198:
177:
175:
18:
2796:Transporter
2776:Submersible
2761:Retractable
2051:14 February
2024:14 February
1455:South Korea
1094:Little Belt
1008:box girders
755:compression
692:compression
592:. Finley's
543:scaffolding
530:, in 1834.
512:Marc Seguin
496:Marc Seguin
374:, in 1810.
79:; see also
39:Dardanelles
3079:Categories
2835:Suspension
2751:Drawbridge
2721:Extradosed
2696:Cantilever
2681:Burr Truss
2671:Box girder
1950:References
1865:Jhulto Pul
1844:island of
1586:See also:
1226:cantilever
1183:Anchorages
1055:Terminal D
1030:load, the
983:Ohio River
856:Variations
842:live loads
838:heavy rail
798:Advantages
791:cantilever
456:Wire-cable
362:(1801) in
271:Precursors
170:New Jersey
117:Steel rope
105:Span range
87:Descendant
41:strait in
2969:By length
2808:Multi-way
2434:248412344
1900:powerline
1842:Indonesia
1727:does not
981:over the
968:, in 1979
949:A former
929:Edinburgh
751:live load
640:Structure
510:built by
470:Manhattan
415:Nuremberg
385:over the
235:trusswork
222:falsework
141:Falsework
53:, is the
3064:Category
2828:Vlotbrug
2741:Moveable
2587:Archived
2570:Archived
2528:drpa.org
2508:29 April
2458:Archived
2373:Archived
2357:Archived
2261:Archived
2213:Archived
2155:Archived
2069:Archived
2045:Archived
2018:Archived
1875:See also
1860:design.
1657:replaced
1602:Michigan
1231:parabola
1199:catenary
1195:catwalks
1188:eyebolts
1146:caissons
954:pipeline
914:in China
882:Brooklyn
743:anchored
721:parabola
717:catenary
528:Fribourg
474:Brooklyn
358:was the
254:catenary
143:required
113:Material
63:Ancestor
3039:Related
3009:Tallest
3004:Highest
2872:Viaduct
2867:Tubular
2857:Trestle
2823:Pontoon
2766:Rolling
2756:Folding
2746:Bascule
2706:Covered
2464:13 June
2388:diagram
1748:removed
1733:sources
1399:Denmark
1261:Country
1177:saddles
1151:bedrock
1098:Denmark
1070:Geopark
1036:dynamic
966:Finland
962:Tampere
747:tension
696:pillars
688:tension
610:Sanodha
508:Annonay
500:Annonay
354:in the
277:Tibetan
256:shape.
241:History
124:Movable
97:Carries
73:Related
37:on the
2847:Timber
2691:Canopy
2646:Bridge
2432:
2349:
2296:
2235:
2147:
2109:
2102:Bhutan
2075:
1998:22 May
1970:22 May
1846:Borneo
1567:Turkey
1564:
1536:
1508:
1480:
1452:
1427:Turkey
1424:
1396:
1368:
1340:
1312:
1287:Turkey
1284:
1264:Length
1258:Bridge
1210:eyebar
1172:steel.
1067:Arouca
1022:Forces
975:eyebar
893:Eyebar
844:occur.
684:forces
520:Geneva
502:, 1825
341:spans.
316:screed
300:Duksum
296:Bhutan
280:siddha
230:canyon
205:towers
190:cables
182:bridge
135:medium
47:Europe
43:Turkey
2862:Truss
2840:types
2786:Table
2781:Swing
2538:3 May
2430:S2CID
2267:3 May
2158:(PDF)
2133:(PDF)
1575:2016
1547:1981
1519:2012
1511:China
1491:2005
1483:China
1463:2012
1435:2016
1407:1998
1379:2009
1371:China
1351:2019
1343:China
1323:1998
1315:Japan
1295:2022
1267:Year
951:steam
617:India
574:Lhasa
389:near
325:used
2818:Pile
2791:Tilt
2736:Moon
2711:Crib
2666:Beam
2661:Arch
2540:2018
2510:2021
2466:2009
2347:ISBN
2294:ISBN
2269:2018
2233:ISBN
2145:ISBN
2107:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2053:2023
2026:2023
2000:2022
1972:2022
1906:etc.
1904:dome
1806:The
1782:The
1731:any
1729:cite
1697:Nile
1596:The
1092:The
1032:live
1028:dead
906:The
556:The
545:for
472:and
464:The
323:Inca
321:The
288:iron
275:The
217:dead
215:and
213:live
186:deck
51:Asia
49:and
33:The
2731:Log
2726:Jet
2420:hdl
2412:doi
2137:doi
1742:by
1600:in
960:in
549:'s
444:in
440:'s
413:in
164:to
3081::
2606:.
2526:.
2500:.
2442:^
2428:.
2418:.
2408:35
2406:.
2402:.
2355:.
2327:^
2313:.
2259:.
2255:.
2153:.
2143:.
1988:.
1898:,
1836:,
1659:a
1080:.
964:,
931:.
880:,
612:,
448:,
224:.
176:A
168:,
146:No
127:No
2638:e
2631:t
2624:v
2610:.
2563:"
2542:.
2512:.
2468:.
2436:.
2422::
2414::
2300:.
2271:.
2241:.
2188:.
2174:.
2139::
2115:.
2055:.
2028:.
2002:.
1974:.
1769:)
1763:(
1758:)
1754:(
1750:.
1736:.
1663:.
249:.
57:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.