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36:
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suffered a spin lock while attempting to jostle the communications payload: the spun and despun sections locked together. Remembering this second failure of F4, and with F1 beginning to wear out at the spin bearing, it was decided to "flip" F1 every six months to keep the payload in the sun. Thus F1 went on to operate smoothly for its remaining life and never encountered a locked despun section.
164:, Don Williams, and Thomas Hudspeth. All three satellites were cylindrical in shape, with a diameter of about 71 centimetres (28 in) and a height of about 39 centimetres (15 in). Pre-launch fueled masses were 68 kilograms (150 lb), and orbital masses were 39 kilograms (86 lb) with a 25-kilogram (55 lb)
329:(DOD) along with telemetry, command stations, and range and rangefinding equipment. DOD had, in fact, provided the communications ground stations used to relay transmissions via the two Syncoms since their launch. DOD agreed to provide telemetry and ranging data of continuing scientific and engineering interest.
404:
oceans, spaced about 90 degrees apart. Five satellites were ordered, with one as a replacement. Also part of the contract were the associated control systems and ground stations. The lease contracts were typically for five-year terms, with the lessee having the opportunity to extend the lease or to
376:
propellant for station keeping and spin stabilization. The communications systems offers a wideband UHF channel (500 kHz bandwidth), six relay 25 kHz channels, and five narrowband 5 kHz channels. This is in addition to the fleet broadcast frequency, which is in the military's X-band.
273:
Syncom 2 also relayed a number of test television transmissions from Fort Dix, New Jersey to a ground station in
Andover, Maine, beginning on September 29, 1963. Although it was low-quality video with no audio, it was the first successful television transmission through a geosynchronous satellite.
498:
Leasat F4 was subsequently powered down and moved to a graveyard orbit with a large amount of station keeping fuel in reserve. This was fortuitous; when another satellite suffered a loss of its fuel ten years later, Hughes engineers pioneered the use of alternative propellants with Leasat F4. Long
494:
The stricken F4 did not remain a complete failure. Data from F4's failure permitted the saving of F1 from a premature failure. Since all of the
Leasats are spin-stabilized, they have a bearing that connects the non-rotating and rotating parts of the spacecraft. After F4's communication failure, it
451:
However, with another satellite planned to be launched, it was determined that a space walk by a subsequent
Shuttle crew might be able to "wake" the craft. The best guess was that a switch had failed to turn on the satellite. A "bypass box" was hastily constructed, NASA was excited to offer
1084:
The spacecraft next carried out a series of attitude and velocity maneuvers to align itself with the equator at an inclination of 0.1 degrees and to slow its speed so it drifted west to the planned location at 180 degrees longitude where its speed at altitude was synchronized with the
355:
The five satellites of the 1980s Leasat (Leased
Satellite) program (Leasat F1 through Leasat F5) were alternatively named Syncom IV-1 to Syncom IV-5 and called HS 381 by the manufacturer. These satellites were considerably larger than Syncoms 1 to 3, weighing 1.3
518:
on
January 9, 1990. The last active Leasat, it was officially decommissioned on September 24, 2015, at 18:25:13 UTC. F5 was one of the longest-serving and most successful commercial satellites. Towards the end of its 25-year life, F5 had been leased by the
499:
after its primary mission had failed, F4 was powered back on to test whether a satellite could be kept on station using nonvolatile propellants. F4 was used to perform numerous tests, including maneuvers with oxidizer for propulsion once the hydrazine ran out.
246:
During the first year of Syncom 2 operations, NASA conducted voice, teletype, and facsimile tests, as well as 110 public demonstrations to show the capabilities of this satellite and invite feedback. In August 1963, President
442:. Attempts by Shuttle astronauts to activate F3 with a makeshift "flyswatter" were unsuccessful. The satellite was left in low Earth orbit, and the Space Shuttle returned to Earth. This failure made front-page news in
1330:
For example, no transistor amplifiers existed, and transistors then didn't work well at frequencies above 70 MHz. We had to get up to 10 GHz. So we used a chain of diode frequency multipliers, or
211:
kick motor for circularizing the orbit was fired, the spacecraft fell silent. Later telescopic observations verified the satellite was in an orbit with a period of almost 24 hours at a 33° inclination.
477:, van Hoften manually spun the satellite up. Once released, the F3 successfully powered up, fired its perigee motor and obtained a geostationary orbit. (This scenario would play out again in 1992 with
1291:
377:
The system was used by military customers in the US and later in
Australia. Most of the satellites were retired in the 1990s, but one would remain operational until 2015. During the
448:. Hughes had an insurance policy on the satellite, and so claimed a total loss for the spacecraft of about $ 200 million, an amount underwritten by numerous parties.
392:
Hughes was contracted to provide a worldwide communications system based on four satellites, one over the continental United States (CONUS), and one each over the
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1321:
1006:
428:. F2 was largely successful, but its wideband receiver was out of commission after only four months. F1 was launched successfully on November 8, 1984 aboard
1071:
1295:
325:
By the end of 1964, Syncoms 2 and 3 had completed NASA's R&D experiments. On
January 1, 1965, NASA transferred operation of the satellites to the
1378:
1097:
862:
120:). Syncom 2, launched in 1963, was the world's first geosynchronous communications satellite. Syncom 3, launched in 1964, was the world's first
971:
817:
389:, but was more typically used by "mobile air, surface, subsurface, and fixed earth stations of the Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Army."
127:
In the 1980s, the series was continued as Syncom IV with some much larger satellites, also manufactured by Hughes. They were leased to the
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238:
Prime
Minister Balewa (2nd from right) talks to President John F. Kennedy on the first live broadcast via the SYNCOM satellite from USNS
799:
360:
each (over 7 tonnes with launch fuel). At 4.26 metres (14.0 ft), the satellites were the first to be designed for launch from the
436:. F3's launch was declared a failure when the satellite failed to start its maneuver to geostationary orbit once released from
748:
1145:
491:.) While F3 was now operational, Leasat F4 soon failed and was itself declared a loss after only 40 hours of RF communications.
452:
assistance, the customer was supportive, and the insurance underwriters agreed to fund the first ever attempt at space salvage.
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117:
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with a despun communications and antenna section. They were made with a solid rocket motor for initial perigee burn and
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161:
1197:
940:
898:
412:
Leasat F1's launch was canceled just prior to lift-off, and F2 became the first into orbit on August 30, 1984 aboard
79:
57:
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connections. As of 25 June 2009, all three satellites are still in orbit, although no longer functioning.
50:
995:
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227:#20 launch vehicle from Cape Canaveral. The satellite successfully kept station at the altitude calculated by
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165:
1247:
1383:
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1343:
1322:"Boeing. Satellite Development Center. Syncom. The world's first geosynchronous communications satellite"
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719:
691:
663:
635:
605:
587:
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551:
847:
848:"Television Tests with the Syncom II Synchronous Communications Satellite (NASA technical note D-2911)"
176:. Thus, Syncom satellites were only capable of carrying a single two-way telephone conversation, or 16
234:
1403:
369:
535:
520:
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207:, but was lost on the way to geosynchronous orbit due to an electronics failure. Seconds after the
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satellite first broadcast television from the United States to Japan on
November 22, 1963.
298:
192:
112:, all of which were developed and manufactured by the Space and Communications division of
8:
502:
The fifth and last Leasat (F5), which was built as a spare, was successfully launched by
309:. Although Syncom 3 is sometimes credited with the first television program to cross the
286:
444:
1121:"The Men Who Staff HCI's LEASAT Earth Stations Are Accustomed to Working on Their Own"
228:
1153:
946:
936:
904:
894:
386:
297:, had the addition of a wideband channel for television and was used to telecast the
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466:
1064:"Detailed information about SYNCOM 3 satellite, 1964-047A, TLE data for Norad 858"
756: – Early geostationary communications and weather satellite, launched in 1966
332:
In 1965, Syncom 3 was implemented to support the DOD's communications in
Vietnam.
473:
spun down the F3 satellite. After the bypass box was installed by van Hoften and
266:
Harbor—the first live two-way call between heads of government by satellite. The
248:
393:
256:
204:
106:
782:"Harold Rosen, Who Ushered in the Era of Communication Satellites, Dies at 90"
381:, Leasat would be used for personal communications between Secretary of State
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611:
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414:
397:
361:
310:
306:
996:"Significant Achievements in Space Communications and Navigation, 1958-1964"
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401:
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169:
293:#25 launch vehicle from Cape Canaveral. The satellite, in orbit near the
195:
communications satellite. It was launched on February 14, 1963, with the
382:
177:
152:
The three early Syncom satellites were experimental spacecraft built by
339:
as of 2024. In 50 years it has drifted east, to longitude 123 W.
373:
1292:"Another Intelsat Satellite Serves Customers for More Than 25 Years"
1269:"The LEASAT Program That Launched HCI Completes 13 Years Of Service"
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678:
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was again used to launch Leasat F4, and during the same mission (
406:
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314:
887:
Uhlig, Thomas; Sellmaier, Florian; Schmidhuber, Michael (2014).
762: – United States Department of Defense official (1920–2015)
347:
139:
734:
515:
208:
27:
1960s and 80s NASA program to develop communications satellites
289:
communication satellite, launched on August 19, 1964 with the
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320:
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in Washington, D.C., telephoned Nigerian Prime Minister
432:. This was followed on April 12, 1985 by Leasat F3 on
465:) captured the 15,000 lb stricken F3. Astronaut
1275:. Hughes Communications. Winter 1993. Archived from
1127:. Hughes Communications. Summer 1994. Archived from
846:
Henry, Varice F.; McDonald, Michael E. (July 1965).
1190:"First Satellite Designed for Space Shuttle Launch"
1169:"Leasat Beginnings and Significance–Boris Subbotin"
1152:. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from
262:(the first satellite communication ship) docked in
1370:
1184:
1182:
1348:NASA Goddard Space Flight center descriptions:
935:. London: Institution of Electrical Engineers.
270:acted as a control station and uplink station.
223:was launched by NASA on July 26, 1963 with the
168:. They were capable of emitting signals on two
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351:Syncom IV, Hughes-owned US military Leasat
1289:
1248:"The Leasat Rescue Mission—Steve Dorfman"
1241:
1239:
988:
321:Transfer to Department of Defense control
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1379:1961 establishments in the United States
841:
839:
837:
346:
335:Turned off in 1969, Syncom 3 remains in
233:
138:
43:This article includes a list of general
1226:"LEASAT F5, The Final Chapter-Andy Ott"
1098:"Track SYNCOM 3 Satellite in Real Time"
779:
749:List of communications satellite firsts
14:
1371:
1290:Nerenberg, Sharyn (January 24, 2015).
1245:
1236:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
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932:Spacecraft Technology: the early years
364:payload bay, and were deployed like a
1024:
834:
405:purchase the equipment outright. The
342:
1044:from the original on October 9, 2022
1032:"Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1965"
1012:from the original on October 9, 2022
868:from the original on October 9, 2022
134:
29:
1204:
1135:
327:United States Department of Defense
118:Boeing Satellite Development Center
99:synchronous communication satellite
24:
1409:Satellites in geosynchronous orbit
1314:
1074:from the original on March 4, 2016
980:. October 16, 1964. Archived from
780:Wichter, Zach (February 2, 2017).
147:
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1420:
1337:
1224:Fisher, Jack (November 2, 2015).
368:. The satellites are 30 rpm
143:First generation Syncom satellite
1167:Fisher, Jack (January 3, 2013).
34:
1283:
1246:Fisher, Jack (April 23, 2013).
1090:
1056:
972:"For Gold, Silver & Bronze"
1344:Syncom 2 satellite description
1005:. NASA. 1966. pp. 30–32.
964:
922:
880:
826:. May 14, 1965. Archived from
810:
792:
773:
13:
1:
1394:History of telecommunications
1194:Defense, Space & Security
800:"U.S. Space Objects Registry"
766:
191:was intended to be the first
1252:Our Space Heritage 1960–2000
1230:Our Space Heritage 1960-2000
1173:Our Space Heritage 1960–2000
7:
742:
277:
215:
183:
10:
1425:
1294:. Intelsat. Archived from
131:under the Leasat program.
1389:Communications satellites
929:Williamson, Mark (2006).
409:was the original lessee.
1196:. Boeing. Archived from
521:Australian Defence Force
455:On August 27, 1985
229:Herman PotoÄŤnik Noordung
110:communication satellites
1150:Military Space Programs
295:International Date Line
158:Culver City, California
154:Hughes Aircraft Company
122:geostationary satellite
114:Hughes Aircraft Company
64:more precise citations.
1328:on November 11, 2010.
893:. New York: Springer.
352:
253:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
243:
144:
129:United States military
1298:on September 26, 2015
1200:on December 30, 2009.
890:Spacecraft Operations
818:"The Room-Size World"
350:
237:
142:
101:") started as a 1961
1110:Requires Javascript.
337:geosynchronous orbit
299:1964 Summer Olympics
1384:1963 in spaceflight
806:on October 6, 2013.
424:on shuttle mission
160:, by a team led by
105:program for active
1102:Infosatellites.com
1068:Infosatellites.com
984:on April 21, 2008.
786:The New York Times
469:grappled and then
445:The New York Times
353:
343:Syncom IV (Leasat)
244:
242:in Lagos, Nigeria.
145:
1156:on June 23, 2012.
1108:on March 4, 2016.
740:
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523:for UHF service.
387:George H. W. Bush
135:Syncom 1, 2 and 3
90:
89:
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16:(Redirected from
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1404:Satellite series
1333:
1324:. Archived from
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467:James van Hoften
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870:. Retrieved
854:
828:the original
821:
812:
804:the original
794:
785:
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729:
701:
673:
645:
617:
593:Thor Delta D
575:Thor Delta B
557:Thor Delta B
510:
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497:
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487:
479:Intelsat 603
457:
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450:
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170:transponders
162:Harold Rosen
151:
126:
98:
94:
93:
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76:
67:
48:
1016:October 31,
872:December 7,
713:1990-01-09
685:1985-08-29
657:1985-04-12
629:1984-08-31
599:1984-11-10
581:1964-08-19
563:1963-07-26
545:1963-02-14
475:Bill Fisher
383:James Baker
62:introducing
1373:Categories
1048:January 2,
1003:NASA-SP-93
951:2008530215
909:2014945749
767:References
716:Leasat F5
688:Leasat F4
660:Leasat F3
632:Leasat F2
602:Leasat F1
257:USNS
45:references
1331:doublers.
720:1990-002B
702:Discovery
692:1985-076D
674:Discovery
664:1985-028C
646:Discovery
636:1984-113C
618:Discovery
606:1984-093C
588:1964-047A
584:Syncom 3
570:1963-031A
566:Syncom 2
552:1963-004A
548:Syncom 1
488:Endeavour
458:Discovery
439:Discovery
421:Discovery
374:hydrazine
268:Kingsport
259:Kingsport
240:Kingsport
116:(now the
70:July 2011
1362:Syncom 3
1357:Syncom 2
1352:Syncom 1
1146:"LEASAT"
1078:July 14,
1072:Archived
1039:Archived
1007:Archived
956:June 13,
914:June 13,
863:Archived
743:See also
730:Columbia
707:STS-51-I
679:STS-51-D
651:STS-41-D
623:STS-51-A
514:mission
511:Columbia
471:manually
463:STS-51-I
434:STS-51-D
430:STS-51-A
426:STS-41-D
394:Atlantic
283:Syncom 3
278:Syncom 3
221:Syncom 2
216:Syncom 2
189:Syncom 1
184:Syncom 1
178:Teletype
18:Syncom 3
407:US Navy
398:Pacific
366:Frisbee
315:Relay 1
305:to the
291:Delta D
255:aboard
225:Delta B
197:Delta B
166:payload
58:improve
1273:Uplink
1125:Uplink
1085:Earth.
949:
939:
907:
897:
735:STS-32
516:STS-32
402:Indian
400:, and
358:tonnes
313:, the
209:apogee
97:(for "
95:Syncom
47:, but
1042:(PDF)
1035:(PDF)
1010:(PDF)
999:(PDF)
866:(PDF)
851:(PDF)
754:ATS-1
727:
699:
671:
643:
615:
532:Name
529:Date
508:
485:
418:
303:Tokyo
264:Lagos
203:from
1304:2015
1080:2024
1050:2019
1018:2009
977:TIME
958:2020
947:LCCN
937:ISBN
916:2020
905:LCCN
895:ISBN
874:2014
859:NASA
823:TIME
481:and
199:#16
103:NASA
301:in
1375::
1271:.
1260:^
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1238:^
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