131:
2241:
3233:
3215:
1277:
3245:
412:
1284:
510:(dragonfishes and sea moths) are variously placed with the pipefish or the stickleback lineage. While the placement in Syngnathiformes seems to be correct for the latter, the former is possibly an actinopterygian order of its own. Following the convention of the major fish classification organizations (Fish Base, ITIS, Encyclopedia of Life), the Indostomidae are currently placed in the Gasterosteiformes.
102:
1204:
Kawahara Ryouka, Miya Masaki, Mabuchi Kohji, Lavoue Sébastien, Inoue Jun G., Satoh
Takashi P., Kawaguchi Akira, Nishida Mutsumi (2008). "Interrelationships of the 11 gasterosteiform families (sticklebacks, pipefishes, and their relatives): A new perspective based on mitogenome sequences from 75
362:(such as cryptic coloration and overall physical form) to hunt successfully and gain closer access to prey, as well as to protect themselves from larger predators. Several groups, for example, live among
1053:
366:, not only swimming with their bodies aligned vertically (to blend in with the floating plant matter) but have also developed physical features that mimic the seaweed. The
1140:"Re-description and phylogenetic relationships of † Protosyngnathus sumatrensis (Teleostei: Syngnathoidei), a freshwater pipefish from the Eocene of Sumatra, Indonesia"
499:
and their relatives. Better supported by the evidence now available is the traditional belief that they are better considered separate orders, and indeed among the
377:
The most defining characteristic of
Syngnathiformes is their reproductive and sexual system, in which syngnathid males become "pregnant" and carry the embryonic
1203:
1100:"The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018"
350:
These fishes have generally elongate, narrow bodies surrounded by a series of bony rings, with small, tubular mouths. The shape of their mouth—at least, in
2032:
914:
894:
2057:
2012:
888:
381:. The males house the fertilized eggs in an osmo-regulated brood pouch, or (in some species) adhere them to their tail, until the eggs reach maturity.
2082:
1241:
864:
858:
3431:
2042:
2027:
928:
2047:
950:
900:
3470:
1057:
1254:
Pietsch, T.W. (1978): Evolutionary relationships of the sea moths (Teleostei: Pegasidae) with a classification of gasterosteiform families.
2945:
2142:
1463:
2687:
3405:
1494:
3444:
1411:
1207:
3449:
1415:
454:. However, most recent studies have reaffirmed it being a syngnathiform. The second oldest syngnathiform is the syngnathoid
1072:
2514:
1082:
2544:
1446:
693:
Other authorities are of the view that without the inclusion of other taxa within
Syngnathiformes then the order is
3532:
3475:
3384:
3565:
3397:
2198:
2135:
240:
3457:
1365:"Phylogenomic analysis of a rapid radiation of misfit fishes (Syngnathiformes) using ultraconserved elements"
520:(Dactylopteridae) and the Syngnathiformes have long been noted. Most authors, however, placed them with the
130:
3249:
2283:
1487:
1039:
3327:
3314:
2183:
2935:
2662:
2632:
2519:
2128:
3514:
3332:
3305:
3208:
3201:
3168:
2910:
2582:
2263:
1139:
3537:
3560:
3218:
2977:
3196:
3178:
2740:
2489:
2240:
1480:
1460:
1422:
McAllister D.E. (1968). "Evolution of branchiostegals and classification of teleostome fishes".
1363:
S.J. Longo; B.C. Faircloth; A. Meyer; M.W. Westneat; M.E. Alfaroe & P.C. Wainwright (2017).
3501:
3267:
3158:
2982:
2967:
2790:
2509:
2398:
842:
370:
are among the smallest of all syngnathids, with most being so tiny—and mimicking the specific
3496:
3188:
3173:
2682:
2499:
1235:
3524:
3488:
3436:
3353:
3183:
2479:
1472:
1308:
513:
8:
2972:
2915:
2715:
2602:
2391:
1765:
1436:
547:
The order as set out in the 5th
Edition of Fishes of the World is classified as follows:
1013:
980:
833:(2017) found that there were short distances between the groupings on the Syngnathiform
3319:
2554:
1982:
1907:
1861:
1712:
1394:
1337:
1310:
1099:
125:
3483:
3340:
2900:
2805:
2710:
2622:
2617:
2564:
2371:
2178:
2168:
2077:
1684:
1676:
1442:
1386:
1342:
1223:
1159:
1117:
1078:
1018:
1000:
492:
426:
1398:
2642:
2587:
2549:
2504:
2462:
2386:
2173:
2087:
2062:
1947:
1912:
1717:
1661:
1617:
1588:
1376:
1332:
1322:
1215:
1151:
1107:
1008:
992:
938:
803:
666:
267:
1155:
3345:
2859:
2839:
2667:
2654:
2637:
2592:
2474:
2413:
2337:
2332:
2268:
2255:
2225:
2097:
2037:
1997:
1894:
1773:
876:
809:
680:
521:
500:
451:
396:
374:
they spend their lives on—that they were only recently described by scientists.
332:
328:
324:
230:
192:
3462:
1381:
1219:
3392:
3379:
3135:
3108:
3000:
2992:
2925:
2895:
2834:
2816:
2770:
2760:
2364:
2317:
1977:
1952:
1922:
1869:
1841:
1831:
1822:
1755:
1747:
1689:
1504:
1098:
Friedman, Matt; V. Andrews, James; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (2023-06-16).
769:
719:
582:
517:
367:
172:
1327:
3554:
3290:
3237:
3140:
3054:
2874:
2849:
2844:
2800:
2795:
2750:
2745:
2725:
2597:
2376:
2295:
2002:
1992:
1962:
1942:
1917:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1535:
1467:
1362:
1163:
1121:
1004:
922:
908:
882:
870:
834:
782:
775:
660:
630:
624:
611:
576:
555:
541:
456:
416:
385:
378:
236:
182:
59:
1364:
3130:
2954:
2869:
2829:
2730:
2672:
2612:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2440:
2430:
2359:
2342:
2249:
2210:
2203:
2067:
2022:
2007:
1987:
1972:
1902:
1846:
1836:
1811:
1806:
1707:
1541:
1390:
1346:
1227:
1022:
981:"Syngnathoid Evolutionary History and the Conundrum of Fossil Misplacement"
755:
733:
726:
673:
636:
600:
589:
537:
529:
525:
222:
117:
996:
3418:
3299:
3113:
3101:
3027:
2785:
2780:
2755:
2735:
2677:
2572:
2467:
2445:
2435:
2408:
2278:
2230:
2092:
2052:
2017:
1932:
1927:
1879:
1788:
1651:
1643:
1599:
1580:
1570:
1309:
Ricardo
Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017).
1112:
737:
640:
496:
340:
205:
109:
34:
3163:
2962:
2930:
2864:
2854:
2775:
2765:
2450:
2418:
2403:
2349:
2322:
2305:
2072:
1884:
1783:
1778:
1699:
1656:
1622:
1529:
944:
838:
748:
744:
651:
647:
604:
561:
431:
359:
351:
79:
44:
1054:"Why Does the Seahorse Have Its Odd Head? Mystery Solved – News Watch"
3423:
3366:
2920:
2905:
2890:
2720:
2381:
2327:
2312:
2290:
2273:
2220:
1874:
1851:
1551:
816:
694:
567:
507:
473:
461:
439:
435:
142:
84:
3261:
1264:
450:
but which has some characters which are suggestive of a relation to
384:
3410:
3371:
3284:
3123:
3064:
3010:
3005:
2824:
2692:
2354:
2300:
2215:
1967:
1957:
1798:
1609:
1523:
1035:
794:
593:
485:
344:
336:
162:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
3096:
3091:
3069:
3042:
3037:
3032:
2577:
2529:
2423:
2193:
2188:
1737:
1633:
702:
363:
355:
89:
64:
411:
3015:
1559:
1517:
1278:"Classification of fishes from Fishes of the World 5th Edition"
1275:
1256:
1070:
528:
data quite consistently support the belief that the latter are
469:
465:
152:
1097:
312:
101:
3509:
3358:
3118:
3047:
2457:
1074:
Classification of fishes from Fishes of the World 5th
Edition
698:
443:
400:
371:
1502:
306:
297:
3020:
2607:
2160:
2151:
294:
279:
3059:
2627:
1666:
536:. As it seems, flying gurnards are particularly close to
503:, they might not be particularly close relatives at all.
300:
285:
276:
472:. Many fossil syngnathiform families are known from the
358:. Many species of Syngnathiformes also employ strategic
2120:
354:—allows for the ingestion of prey at close range via
315:
303:
291:
273:
309:
270:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1056:. Newswatch.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from
1424:Bulletin of the National Museum of Canada, Ottawa
1276:Nelson, JS; Grande, TC & Wilson, MVH (2016).
1071:Nelson, JS; Grande, TC & Wilson, MVH (2016).
3552:
1042:. Version of 2005-FEB-15. Retrieved 19 Aug 2008.
697:. This wider order consists of a "long snouted"
1421:
1192:
484:In some models, these fishes are placed as the
544:, and probably should be included with these.
2136:
1488:
1311:"Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes"
1240:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
479:
2143:
2129:
1495:
1481:
1045:
978:
100:
2688:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
1380:
1336:
1326:
1111:
1012:
853:The following fossil families are known:
1358:
1356:
1302:
841:that there had been a rapid but ancient
410:
1412:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1269:
1051:
1029:
3553:
1137:
1077:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 410.
3266:
3265:
2124:
1476:
1369:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1353:
1064:
3515:AB0787CD-0A41-FF9F-FDAB-F977E5862454
3398:ac5da7ba-c3a1-4f51-988a-d132aba7acca
1133:
1131:
974:
972:
970:
424:The earliest known syngnathiform is
3244:
2515:Electroreception and electrogenesis
1144:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
403:, and indicates "of similar form".
13:
1180:(1997), ITIS (2004), Nelson (2006)
848:
705:clade and this classification is:
14:
3577:
1453:
1265:JPEG abstract and first page text
1128:
1052:Langley, Liz (26 November 2013).
1040:Order Summary for Syngnathiformes
967:
3243:
3232:
3231:
3214:
3213:
2239:
1138:Murray, Alison M. (2022-12-31).
614:(seahorses and pygmy pipehorses)
406:
395:(γνάθος, "jaw"). The ending for
266:
129:
32:
2199:Environmental impact of fishing
1248:
420:, an early fossil syngnathiform
1440:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1183:
1170:
1091:
985:Integrative Organismal Biology
979:Brownstein, C D (2023-01-10).
845:in the basal Syngnathiformes.
758:(shrimpfishes and snipefishes)
446:, which is similar in form to
1:
1156:10.1080/14772019.2022.2113832
960:
399:, "-formes", is derived from
2284:intramembranous ossification
7:
1382:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.002
1220:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.009
532:with the Gasterosteiformes
10:
3582:
2663:Fin and flipper locomotion
2633:Sequential hermaphroditism
2520:Jamming avoidance response
2237:
1434:Nelson, Joseph S. (2006):
1416:Syngnathoidei (TSN 166438)
729:(pipefishes and seahorses)
3274:
3227:
3151:
3084:
2991:
2953:
2944:
2883:
2814:
2701:
2653:
2563:
2488:
2248:
2158:
1893:
1860:
1820:
1797:
1764:
1746:
1698:
1675:
1642:
1631:
1608:
1597:
1579:
1568:
1550:
1512:
1328:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3
252:
247:
228:
221:
126:Scientific classification
124:
108:
99:
23:
2150:
1315:BMC Evolutionary Biology
480:Systematics and taxonomy
120:), head in natural pose
3179:Glossary of ichthyology
2741:Diel vertical migration
1418:. Retrieved 2006-APR-08
715:Suborder Syngnathoidei
3566:Ray-finned fish orders
2545:Surface wave detection
2510:Hydrodynamic reception
2184:Diseases and parasites
1375:(August 2017): 33–48.
1208:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
1189:E.g. McAllister (1968)
709:Order Syngnathiformes
551:Order Syngnathiformes
421:
3497:Paleobiology Database
2683:Undulatory locomotion
2500:Ampullae of Lorenzini
1060:on November 27, 2013.
837:and this supported a
829:In their study Longo
712:"long snouted clade"
414:
3393:Fauna Europaea (new)
2911:Genetically modified
1113:10.20341/gb.2023.002
391:(συν, "together") +
114:Aulostomus maculatus
2716:Aquatic respiration
2603:Life history theory
1766:Protacanthopterygii
1756:Lepidogalaxiiformes
1437:Fishes of the World
997:10.1093/iob/obad011
790:Suborder Mulloidei
516:traits uniting the
2555:Weberian apparatus
1983:Cyprinodontiformes
1908:Trachichthyiformes
1862:Paracanthopterygii
1713:Alepocephaliformes
1507:orders by subclass
1205:higher teleosts".
722:(ghost pipefishes)
585:(ghost pipefishes)
495:together with the
422:
331:that includes the
3548:
3547:
3484:Open Tree of Life
3268:Taxon identifiers
3259:
3258:
3169:Fish common names
3080:
3079:
2711:Aquatic predation
2535:Capacity for pain
2264:Age determination
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2078:Tetraodontiformes
2033:Chaetodontiformes
1968:Pleuronectiformes
1923:Batrachoidiformes
1685:Osteoglossiformes
1677:Osteoglossomorpha
1449:
1104:Geologica Belgica
915:Protosyngnathidae
895:Parasynarcualidae
835:phylogenetic tree
812:(flying gurnards)
785:(slope dragonets)
683:(flying gurnards)
506:In addition, the
493:Gasterosteiformes
329:ray-finned fishes
259:
258:
30:Santonian–present
3573:
3541:
3540:
3528:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3505:
3504:
3492:
3491:
3479:
3478:
3466:
3465:
3463:NBNSYS0000178256
3453:
3452:
3440:
3439:
3427:
3426:
3414:
3413:
3401:
3400:
3388:
3387:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3361:
3349:
3348:
3336:
3335:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3263:
3262:
3247:
3246:
3235:
3234:
3217:
3216:
2951:
2950:
2243:
2174:Ethnoichthyology
2145:
2138:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2088:Centrarchiformes
2063:Priacanthiformes
2058:Scatophagiformes
2013:Uranoscopiformes
1958:Istiophoriformes
1948:Synbranchiformes
1913:Holocentriformes
1880:Stylephoriformes
1832:Ateleopodiformes
1718:Gonorynchiformes
1662:Notacanthiformes
1640:
1639:
1636:
1618:Lepisosteiformes
1606:
1605:
1602:
1589:Acipenseriformes
1577:
1576:
1573:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1459:Skaphandrus.com
1441:
1431:
1404:
1402:
1384:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1290:on 13 March 2020
1289:
1283:. Archived from
1282:
1273:
1267:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1231:
1201:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1049:
1043:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1016:
976:
939:Dactylopteroidei
889:Fistularioididae
804:Dactylopteroidei
765:"Benthic clade"
667:Macroramphosidae
592:(pipefishes and
427:Gasteroramphosus
347:, among others.
333:leafy seadragons
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
288:
287:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
134:
133:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3561:Syngnathiformes
3551:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3536:
3531:
3523:
3521:
3513:
3508:
3500:
3495:
3487:
3482:
3474:
3469:
3461:
3456:
3448:
3443:
3435:
3430:
3422:
3417:
3409:
3404:
3396:
3391:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3352:
3344:
3339:
3331:
3326:
3320:Syngnathiformes
3318:
3313:
3306:Syngnathiformes
3304:
3303:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3276:Syngnathiformes
3270:
3260:
3255:
3223:
3147:
3076:
2987:
2940:
2879:
2810:
2703:
2697:
2649:
2593:Ichthyoplankton
2559:
2491:
2484:
2480:Digital Library
2475:Teleost leptins
2414:Shark cartilage
2338:pharyngeal slit
2333:pharyngeal arch
2269:Anguilliformity
2254:
2252:
2244:
2235:
2154:
2149:
2119:
2102:
2098:Scorpaeniformes
2038:Acanthuriformes
1998:Gobiesociformes
1938:Syngnathiformes
1895:Acanthopterygii
1889:
1856:
1852:Polymixiiformes
1816:
1793:
1774:Argentiniformes
1760:
1742:
1694:
1671:
1632:
1627:
1598:
1593:
1569:
1564:
1560:Polypteriformes
1546:
1508:
1501:
1461:Syngnathiformes
1456:
1414:(ITIS) (2004):
1408:
1407:
1361:
1354:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1253:
1249:
1233:
1232:
1202:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1136:
1129:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1069:
1065:
1050:
1046:
1034:
1030:
977:
968:
963:
877:Eekaulostomidae
851:
849:Fossil families
810:Dactylopteridae
681:Dactylopteridae
522:Scorpaeniformes
518:flying gurnards
501:Acanthopterygii
482:
460:from the early
452:Gasterosteoidei
448:Marcroramphosus
409:
368:pygmy seahorses
290:
284:
269:
265:
263:Syngnathiformes
243:
234:
231:Syngnathus acus
216:Syngnathiformes
193:Acanthopterygii
128:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
24:Syngnathiformes
17:
16:Order of fishes
12:
11:
5:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3529:
3519:
3506:
3493:
3480:
3467:
3454:
3441:
3428:
3415:
3402:
3389:
3380:Fauna Europaea
3376:
3363:
3350:
3337:
3324:
3311:
3296:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3241:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3206:
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3023:
3018:
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3008:
2997:
2995:
2993:Wild fisheries
2989:
2988:
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2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2942:
2941:
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2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:Hallucinogenic
2913:
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2898:
2893:
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2878:
2877:
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2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2812:
2811:
2809:
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2803:
2798:
2793:
2791:Schooling fish
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2751:Filter feeders
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2726:Bottom feeders
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2698:
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2690:
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2680:
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2455:
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2448:
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2433:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:Leydig's organ
2369:
2368:
2367:
2365:pharyngeal jaw
2362:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:branchial arch
2310:
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2125:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2083:Pempheriformes
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
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1980:
1978:Atheriniformes
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Anabantiformes
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1870:Percopsiformes
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1842:Myctophiformes
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1823:incertae sedis
1818:
1817:
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1696:
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1693:
1692:
1690:Hiodontiformes
1687:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1667:Anguilliformes
1664:
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1505:Actinopterygii
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1470:
1466:2013-02-16 at
1455:
1454:External links
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1263:(3): 517–529.
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770:Callionymoidei
763:
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730:
723:
720:Solenostomidae
691:
690:
689:
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685:
684:
677:
676:(shrimpfishes)
670:
657:
656:
655:
644:
621:
620:
619:
618:
617:
616:
615:
608:
586:
583:Solenostomidae
573:
572:
571:
481:
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430:from the late
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3220:
3219:more lists...
3212:
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3207:
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3174:Fish families
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3160:
3159:Aquarium life
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3141:fleshy-finned
3139:
3137:
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3133:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3109:Cartilaginous
3107:
3103:
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2746:Electric fish
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2714:
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2209:
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2185:
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2069:
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2056:
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2043:Lutjaniformes
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2028:Ephippiformes
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1900:
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1733:Gymnotiformes
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1728:Characiformes
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1723:Cypriniformes
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1536:Gnathostomata
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929:Gerpegezhidae
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923:Centriscoidea
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909:Syngnathoidea
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890:
886:
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883:Aulostomoidea
880:
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871:Syngnathoidei
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840:
836:
832:
818:
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811:
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789:
784:
783:Draconettidae
780:
777:
776:Callionymidae
773:
772:
771:
767:
766:
764:
757:
753:
750:
746:
742:
739:
738:trumpetfishes
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724:
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682:
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669:(snipefishes)
668:
664:
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661:Centriscoidea
658:
653:
649:
645:
642:
641:trumpetfishes
638:
634:
633:
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631:Aulostomoidea
628:
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626:
625:Aulostomoidei
622:
613:
612:Hippocampinae
609:
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577:Syngnathoidea
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556:Syngnathoidei
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542:Fistulariidae
539:
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531:
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519:
515:
514:Morphological
511:
509:
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494:
491:of the order
490:
489:Syngnathoidei
487:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:
457:Eekaulostomus
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:
419:
418:
417:Eekaulostomus
413:
407:Fossil record
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
387:
386:Ancient Greek
382:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
341:trumpetfishes
338:
334:
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184:
183:Acanthomorpha
181:
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148:
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66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
3275:
3248:
3236:
3136:spiny-finned
3085:Major groups
2806:Intelligence
2786:Scale eaters
2731:Cleaner fish
2613:Mouthbrooder
2565:Reproduction
2540:Schreckstoff
2525:Lateral line
2441:Swim bladder
2431:Spiral valve
2360:hyomandibula
2343:pseudobranch
2226:Hypoxia in -
2073:Lophiiformes
2068:Caproiformes
2048:Lobotiformes
2023:Moroniformes
2008:Gerreiformes
1993:Mugiliformes
1988:Beloniformes
1973:Cichliformes
1937:
1903:Beryciformes
1847:Lampriformes
1837:Aulopiformes
1821:
1812:Stomiiformes
1807:Osmeriformes
1738:Siluriformes
1708:Clupeiformes
1657:Albuliformes
1542:Osteichthyes
1534:Infraphylum
1435:
1427:
1423:
1372:
1368:
1321:(162): 162.
1318:
1314:
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1285:the original
1271:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1236:cite journal
1211:
1206:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1147:
1143:
1103:
1093:
1073:
1066:
1058:the original
1047:
1031:
988:
984:
951:Rhamphosidae
943:Superfamily
921:Superfamily
907:Superfamily
901:Urosphenidae
881:Superfamily
852:
830:
828:
797:(goatfishes)
756:Centriscidae
749:cornetfishes
745:Fistularidae
734:Aulostomidae
727:Syngnathidae
695:paraphyletic
692:
674:Centriscidae
659:Superfamily
652:cornetfishes
648:Fistularidae
637:Aulostomidae
629:Superfamily
601:Syngnathinae
590:Syngnathidae
575:Superfamily
560:Superfamily
546:
538:Aulostomidae
533:
530:paraphyletic
526:DNA sequence
512:
505:
497:sticklebacks
488:
483:
455:
447:
425:
423:
415:
392:
388:
383:
376:
349:
262:
260:
253:
229:
223:Type species
215:
199:
189:Superorder:
179:(unranked):
118:Aulostomidae
113:
18:
3419:iNaturalist
3300:Wikispecies
3250:WikiProject
3209:Prehistoric
3193:Threatened
2884:Other types
2781:Sardine run
2756:Forage fish
2736:Corallivory
2588:Development
2573:Bubble nest
2446:physoclisti
2436:Suckermouth
2409:Root effect
2231:Ichthyology
2093:Perciformes
2053:Spariformes
2018:Labriformes
1933:Gobiiformes
1928:Kurtiformes
1789:Esociformes
1652:Elopiformes
1644:Elopomorpha
1600:Neopterygii
1581:Chondrostei
1571:Actinopteri
1540:Superclass
1150:(1): 1–16.
778:(dragonets)
524:. However,
352:syngnathids
206:Percomorpha
110:Trumpetfish
3555:Categories
2865:Groundfish
2860:Freshwater
2855:Euryhaline
2840:Coral reef
2776:Salmon run
2766:Paedophagy
2668:Amphibious
2655:Locomotion
2463:pharyngeal
2451:physostome
2404:Photophore
2350:Glossohyal
2323:gill raker
2306:dorsal fin
2256:physiology
1885:Gadiformes
1700:Otocephala
1623:Amiiformes
1530:Vertebrata
1528:Subphylum
961:References
945:Pegasoidea
839:hypothesis
819:(seamoths)
610:Subfamily
605:pipefishes
599:Subfamily
570:(seamoths)
562:Pegasoidea
534:sensu lato
432:Cretaceous
360:camouflage
3114:chimaeras
3001:Predatory
2978:Salmonids
2936:Whitefish
2926:Poisonous
2901:Diversity
2835:Coldwater
2771:Predatory
2761:Migratory
2721:Bait ball
2704:behaviour
2623:Pregnancy
2618:Polyandry
2392:papillare
2387:Operculum
2382:Meristics
2328:gill slit
2291:Cleithrum
2221:Fish kill
2211:Fear of -
2204:- as food
2194:Fisheries
2179:Evolution
2169:Diversity
1875:Zeiformes
1634:Teleostei
1552:Cladistia
1403:Abstract.
1164:1477-2019
1122:1374-8505
1005:2517-4843
937:Suborder
869:Suborder
843:radiation
817:Pegasidae
802:Suborder
768:Suborder
623:Suborder
594:seahorses
568:Pegasidae
554:Suborder
508:Pegasidae
474:Paleogene
462:Paleocene
440:Campanian
436:Santonian
345:seahorses
337:sea moths
254:See text
248:Families
149:Kingdom:
143:Eukaryota
3285:Wikidata
3238:Category
3189:Smallest
3102:lampreys
3065:flatfish
3055:Demersal
3011:mackerel
3006:billfish
2946:Commerce
2875:Tropical
2850:Demersal
2845:Deep-sea
2801:Venomous
2693:RoboTuna
2643:triggers
2638:Spawning
2598:Juvenile
2583:Egg case
2216:FishBase
1799:Stomiati
1610:Holostei
1524:Chordata
1518:Animalia
1516:Kingdom
1464:Archived
1430:: 1–239.
1399:13929577
1391:28487262
1347:28683774
1228:17709262
1038:(2005):
1036:FishBase
1023:37251781
1014:10210065
949:Family †
927:Family †
913:Family †
899:Family †
893:Family †
887:Family †
875:Family †
863:Family †
857:Family †
795:Mullidae
486:suborder
434:(either
237:Linnaeus
163:Chordata
159:Phylum:
153:Animalia
139:Domain:
3291:Q650692
3184:Largest
3097:hagfish
3092:Jawless
3070:pollock
3043:sardine
3038:herring
3033:anchovy
2983:Tilapia
2973:Octopus
2968:Catfish
2955:Farming
2870:Pelagic
2830:Coastal
2817:habitat
2673:Walking
2578:Clasper
2530:Otolith
2492:systems
2490:Sensory
2424:ganoine
2399:Papilla
2250:Anatomy
2189:Fishing
1522:Phylum
1503:Extant
1338:5501477
815:Family
808:Family
793:Family
781:Family
774:Family
754:Family
743:Family
732:Family
725:Family
718:Family
703:benthic
679:Family
672:Family
665:Family
646:Family
635:Family
588:Family
581:Family
566:Family
393:gnathos
364:seaweed
356:suction
323:are an
212:Order:
169:Class:
3525:113930
3522:uBio:
3489:145120
3476:129912
3450:644840
3372:1SYNGO
3202:sharks
3119:sharks
3048:sprats
3028:Forage
3016:salmon
2896:Coarse
2678:Flying
2550:Vision
2505:Barbel
2419:Scales
2279:dermal
2159:About
1445:
1397:
1389:
1345:
1335:
1294:10 May
1257:Copeia
1226:
1178:et al.
1162:
1120:
1081:
1021:
1011:
1003:
701:and a
470:Mexico
466:Danian
397:orders
3538:10327
3533:WoRMS
3510:Plazi
3502:92078
3437:12271
3432:IRMNG
3424:47245
3385:12059
3164:Blind
3152:Lists
2931:Rough
2796:Sleep
2702:Other
2468:shark
2458:Teeth
1395:S2CID
1288:(PDF)
1281:(PDF)
991:(1).
831:et al
699:clade
468:) of
444:Italy
442:) of
401:Latin
372:coral
325:order
200:Clade
3471:NCBI
3445:ITIS
3406:GBIF
3367:EPPO
3359:5063
3328:BOLD
3197:rays
3131:Bony
3124:rays
3021:tuna
2963:Carp
2921:Oily
2906:Game
2891:Bait
2825:Cave
2608:Milt
2313:Gill
2301:Fins
2274:Bone
2161:fish
2152:Fish
1443:ISBN
1387:PMID
1343:PMID
1296:2018
1261:1978
1242:link
1224:PMID
1160:ISSN
1118:ISSN
1079:ISBN
1019:PMID
1001:ISSN
540:and
343:and
261:The
241:1758
35:PreꞒ
3458:NBN
3411:773
3354:EoL
3346:46T
3341:CoL
3333:291
3315:AFD
3060:cod
2815:By
2628:Roe
2355:Jaw
2253:and
1428:221
1377:doi
1373:113
1333:PMC
1323:doi
1216:doi
1152:doi
1108:doi
1009:PMC
993:doi
438:or
389:syn
379:fry
327:of
307:ɔːr
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