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565:. Pictures below show examples of these dikes. Water may flow along faults. The water often carries minerals that serve to cement rock materials thus making them harder. Later when the whole area undergoes erosion the dikes will remain as ridges because they are more resistant to erosion. This discovery may be of great importance for future colonization of Mars because these types of faults and breccia dikes on earth are associated with key mineral resources. It has been estimated that 25% of the Earth's impacts are connected to mineral production. The largest
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394:, a geologically significant discovery. Later research published in October 2010, described a large deposit of carbonate rocks found inside Leighton Crater at a level that was once buried 4 miles (6 km) below the surface. Finding carbonates in an underground location strongly suggests that Mars was warmer and had more atmospheric carbon dioxide and ancient seas. Because the carbonates were near silicate minerals and clays hydrothermal systems like the deep sea vents on Earth may have been present.
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Basically, the changes are caused by the effects of the wind blowing dust around. Sometimes, fine bright dust settles on the dark basalt rock making the surface appear lighter, at other times the light-toned dust will be blown away; thus making the surface darken—just as if vegetation were growing. Mars has frequent regional or global dust storms that coat the surface with fine bright dust. In the
969:. In these locations, a stream bed may be a raised feature, instead of a valley. The inverted former stream channels may be caused by the deposition of large rocks or due to cementation. In either case erosion would erode the surrounding land and leave the old channel as a raised ridge because the ridge would be more resistant to erosion. Images below, taken with
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Narrow ridges occur in some places on Mars. They may be formed by different means, but some are probably caused by molten rock moving underground, cooling into hard rock, then being exposed by the erosion of softer, surrounding materials. Such a feature is termed a dike. They are common on Earth—some
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Murchie, Scott L.; Mustard, John F.; Ehlmann, Bethany L.; Milliken, Ralph E.; Bishop, Janice L.; McKeown, Nancy K.; Noe Dobrea, Eldar Z.; Seelos, Frank P.; Buczkowski, Debra L.; Wiseman, Sandra M.; Arvidson, Raymond E.; Wray, James J.; Swayze, Gregg; Clark, Roger N.; Des Marais, David J.; McEwen,
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in the atmosphere of Mars. After study, it was determined to be coming from a point in Syrtis Major, located at 10° N and 50° E. A recent study indicates that to match the observations of methane, there must be something that quickly destroys the gas, otherwise it would be spread all through the
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Other minerals found by the MRO are aluminum smectite, iron/magnesium smectite, hydrated silica, kaolinite group minerals, iron oxides, and talc. NASA scientists discovered that Nili Fossae is the source of plumes of methane, raising the question of whether this source originates from biological
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Many areas of Mars change their shape and/or coloration. For many years, astronomers observing regular changes on Mars when the seasons changed, thought that what they saw was evidence of vegetation growing. After close-up inspection with a number of spacecraft, other causes were discovered.
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Brown, Adrian J.; Hook, Simon J.; Baldridge, Alice M.; Crowley, James K.; Bridges, Nathan T.; Thomson, Bradley J.; Marion, Giles M.; De Souza Filho, Carlos R.; Bishop, Janice L. (2010). "Hydrothermal formation of Clay-Carbonate alteration assemblages in the Nili Fossae region of Mars".
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heating water which then dissolves minerals that are deposited in cracks in nearby rock. One would expect a great deal of intrusive igneous activity to occur on Mars because it is believed there is more igneous activity under the ground than on top, and Mars has many huge volcanoes.
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orbiter. Indeed, a study published in June 2017, calculated that the volume of water needed to carve all the channels on Mars was even larger than the proposed ocean that the planet may have had. Water was probably recycled many times from the ocean to rainfall around Mars.
386:, a major trough system in Syrtis major. Besides a large exposure of olivine located in Nili Fossae. Other minerals found there include carbonates, aluminum smectite, iron/magnesium smectite, hydrated silica, kaolinite group minerals, and iron oxides. In December 2008,
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Head, J. and J. Mustard. 2006. "Breccia Dikes and Crater-Related Faults in Impact
Craters on Mars: Erosion and Exposure on the Floor of a 75-km Diameter Crater at the Dichotomy Boundary". In Special Issue on Role of Volatiles and Atmospheres on Martian Impact Craters
821:. Buttes are formed when most of a layer(s) of rocks are removed from an area. Buttes usually have a hard, erosion resistant cap rock on the top. The cap rock causes the top of a butte to be flat. An example of a butte in the Syrtis Major quadrangle is shown below.
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Close, color view of hollows on crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program many cracks are visible. Ground rich in ice often forms cracks. When a crack appears, there is enhanced loss of ice from the ground. Eventually, a small crack may evolve into a
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atmosphere instead of being concentrated in one location. There may be something in the soil that oxidizes the gas before it has a chance to spread. If this is so, that same chemical would destroy organic compounds, thus life would be very difficult on Mars.
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The discovery on Mars of dikes that were formed from molten rock is highly significant because dikes indicate the existence of intrusive igneous activity. On the Earth such activity is associated with precious metals like gold, silver, and
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Some areas of Syrtis Major contain large amounts of the mineral olivine. Olivine turns into other minerals very rapidly in the presence of water, so a high abundance of olivine suggests that for a long time little water has been there.
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Syrtis Major is an old shield volcano with a central depression that is elongated in a north–south direction. It contains the calderas Meroe Patera and Nili Patera. Interesting features in the area include dikes and inverted terrain.
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Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers. A detailed discussion of layering with many
Martian examples can be found in
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or hot spring, and it represents a recent habitable microenvironment. The 100-meter-high (330 ft) cone rests on the floor of Nili Patera. Observations were obtained with NASA's Mars
Reconnaissance Orbiter.
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There is enormous evidence that water once flowed in river valleys on Mars. Images of curved channels have been seen in images from Mars spacecraft dating back to the early 1970s with the
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Kerber, L., et al. 2017. Polygonal ridge networks on Mars: Diversity of morphologies and the special case of the
Eastern Medusae Fossae Formation. Icarus. Volume 281. Pages 200-219
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469:. Dikes and other intrusive structures are common in the Cripple Creek Mining District of Colorado; the Battle Mountain-Eureka area in north-central Nevada, famous for gold and
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Channels along wall of
Peridier Crater, as seen by CTXcamera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image of Peridier Crater.
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are dikes made up of molten rock; others have advanced the idea that other fluids such as water were involved. The ridges are found where there has been enhanced
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Alfred S.; Bibring, Jean-Pierre (2009). "A synthesis of
Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter".
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image below, white streaks are seen downwind of craters. The streaks are not too bright; they appear bright because of contrast with the dark volcanic rock
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Syrtis Major is a distinctly dark region standing out against the lighter surrounding highlands, and was the first documented surface feature of another
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Davies, M. E.; Batson, R. M.; Wu, S. S. C. (1992). "Geodesy and
Cartography". In Kieffer, H. H.; Jakosky, B. M.; Snyder, C. W.; Matthews, M. S. (eds.).
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Saper, L., J. Mustard. 2013. "Extensive linear ridge networks in Nili Fossae and
Nilosyrtis, Mars: implications for fluid flow in the ancient crust".
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Research published in the fall of 2010, describes the discovery of hydrated silica on the flanks of a volcanic cone. The deposit was from a steam
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over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative
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Wide view of mesa breaking up into rocks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Parts of this image are shown enlarged in the next two images.
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Syrtis Major is of great interest to geologists because several types of igneous rocks have been found there with orbiting spacecraft. Besides
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Close view of layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Part of the image is in color. HiRISE images only show a middle part in color.
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are found all over Mars. Often sand dunes will form in low areas, for example on the floor of ancient river valleys. Dunes on the floor of
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Hollows that formed in crater floor deposit, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Hollows probably formed as ice left the ground.
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Komar, P. (1979). "Comparisons of the hydraulics of water flows in
Martian outflow channels with flows of similar scale on Earth".
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861:, an old river valley are visible in a picture below. Dunes in valleys on Mars usually lie at right angles to the valley walls.
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Box outlines area in next image from HiRISE. Knobs and mesas were probably formed from the erosion of deposits in an old crater.
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2225:. Quadrangle numbers (beginning with MC for "Mars Chart") and names link to the corresponding articles. North is at the top;
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Close-up of crater deposit that shows both impact craters and pit craters caused by collapse. Image taken by HiRISE under the
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Some crater floors in the Syrtis Major area show elongated ridges in a lattice-like pattern. Such patterns are typical of
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481:(molten rock under the ground) travels and where it could have interacted with surrounding rock, thus producing valuable
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Ridges near the previous image of a ridge network, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Arrows point to some ridges.
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322:(French for "Hourglass Sea") when he revised Proctor's nomenclature in 1876. The name "Syrtis Major" was chosen by
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Mory, H.J. et al. 2000. "Woodleigh
Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia: a new 120 km diameter impact structure".
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2621:"re Beagle 2 location on Mars => "Using HiView on image ESP_039308_1915_COLOR.JP2 I get 90.4295E 11.5265N""
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West, M. and J. Clarke. 2010. Potential Martian Resources: Mechanisms and Terrestrial Analogues: 58. 574-582
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Close view of pits forming in crater floor deposit. The box shows the size of a football field for scale.
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3870:"New Martian valley network volume estimate consistent with ancient ocean and warm and wet climate"
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Carr, M. (1979). "Formation of Martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers".
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In November 2018, NASA announced that Jezero crater was chosen as the landing site for the planned
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Eroding mesa in Syrtis Major. It would be rough to walk across this feature. Image was taken with
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Evens, K et al. 2005. The Sedimentary Record of Meteorite Impacts: An SEPM Research Conference.
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Baker, V.; et al. (1991). "Ancient oceans, ice sheets and the hydrological cycle on Mars".
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Many places on Mars have buttes that are similar to buttes on Earth, such as the famous ones in
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when he created a map based on observations made during Mars' close approach to Earth in 1877.
271:). It is near Cyrene which is the place where "Simon" who carried the cross of Jesus was from.
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577:. Perhaps, when people live on Mars these kinds of areas will be mined as they are on earth.
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154:, in December 2003, when contact with the craft was lost. In January 2015, NASA reported the
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Ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. These may be the result of dikes or faults.
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Light-toned streak on the leeward side of a crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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Color view of mesa breaking up into boulders, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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2933:"The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery - Chapter 4: Areographers"
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836:. At one time a dark layer covered the whole area, now only a few pieces remain as
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lander was about to land near the quadrangle, particularly in the eastern part of
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2527: – How the various types of mineral deposits form within the Earth's crust
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2480: – Scientific study of the surface, crust, and interior of the planet Mars
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have settled to the bottom. Granite is formed by an even more complex process.
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4008:. Photojournal. NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory. February 16, 2002
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114:. The Syrtis Major quadrangle is also referred to as MC-13 (Mars Chart-13).
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485:. Deposits of important minerals are also made by dikes and other igneous
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Crater with eroding floor deposit, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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chambers. Dacites form at the top of the chamber, after heavy minerals (
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Image of the Syrtis Major Quadrangle (MC-13). The central part contains
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3929:"PIA19303: A Possible Landing Site for the 2020 Mission: Jezero Crater"
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854:
470:
420:
390:'s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter found that rocks at Nili Fossae contain
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5275:
4909:
4772:
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2521: – Program following the Mars Global Surveyor's pictures of Mars
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show sinuous ridges that are old channels that have become inverted.
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in Canada. Mapping the presence of dikes allows us to understand how
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covers longitudes 270° to 315° west and latitudes 0° to 30° north on
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2770:"Jezero Crater or Bust! NASA Picks Landing Site for Mars 2020 Rover"
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Bright Streaks in Syrtis Major caused by the wind, as seen by THEMIS
741:
Close view of ridge networks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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compiled a map of Mars from his observations and called the feature
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had been found on the surface in Isidis Planitia (location is about
38:(MOLA) data. The highest elevations are red and the lowest are blue.
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2533: – Ore deposits on Mars that may be useful to future colonists
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Close, color view of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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Close, color view of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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Wide view of ridge networks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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Close, color view of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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Close, color view of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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3627:"Fluvial geomorphology on Earth-like planetary surfaces: a review"
3378:
Crisp, J. 1984. "Rates of magma emplacement and volcanic output".
3149:
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Polygons shapes in surface, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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Close color view of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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2713:"Mars Orbiter Spots Beagle 2, European Lander Missing Since 2003"
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1024:
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Possible inverted streams, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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343:
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3268:
Petrology, Second Edition: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
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End moraine of a glacier, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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Wide view of rock layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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formed as a result of an impact. Some have suggested that these
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2681:"'Lost' 2003 Mars Lander Found by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter"
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Inverted Channel with many branches in Syrtis Major quadrangle
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Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination, and the Birth of a World
3415:"HiRISE | Ridges in Huo Hsing Vallis (PSP_008189_2080)"
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Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination, and the Birth of a World
1313:
Close view of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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Close view of layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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Layers around crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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Close view of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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2504: – Geologic process in formation of some igneous rocks
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Color view of mesas, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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Channels and ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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Wide view of layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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Wide view of layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
912:
Close view of dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
818:
779:
Wide view of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
703:
Wide view of ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
592:
in Syrtis Major, as seen by THEMIS. Straight ridges may be
566:
482:
387:
363:
122:
94:
and the west and north includes heavily cratered highlands.
3592:"HiRISE | High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment"
2492: – NASA program for public suggestions for MRO images
1065:
Tilted rock layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
888:
Wide view of dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
382:
A variety of important minerals have been discovered near
3133:
2746:
2629:
1534:
Crater with bench, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1474:
Patterned ground, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
4389:
2971:"7. Olivine-rich rocks point to cold, dry martian past"
1450:
Crossing joints, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
3731:
2973:. Mars Space Flight Facility, Arizona State University
5399:
3847:"How Much Water Was Needed to Carve Valleys on Mars?"
3433:"Mining Mars? Where's the Ore? : Discovery News"
3068:
Edwards, Christopher S.; Ehlmann, Bethany L. (2015).
2885:"A history of the holy Bible, corrected and improved"
2399:. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (
1462:
Rocks forming, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
641:
Ridge network, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
3314:
3312:
2539: – Long, wide swathes of scoured ground on Mars
2498: – Circulation of water driven by heat exchange
1631:
Jezero crater delta - chemical alteration by water (
615:. Ridges may be caused by water moving along faults.
3206:"Silica on Mars Volcano Tells of Wet and Cozy Past"
3007:
3005:
2798:"NASA's Mars 2020 Rover Will Land in Jezero Crater"
1522:
Tilted mesa, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
2899:
2651:Grecicius, Tony; Dunbar, Brian (16 January 2015).
2515: – Geographic subunits of the surface of Mars
533:Possible dike from HiRISE under the HiWish program
3624:
3550:"Mystery on Mars: Why Methane Fades Away So Fast"
3525:"HiRISE | Sinuous Ridges Near Aeolis Mensae"
3507:"Syrtis Major | Mars Odyssey Mission THEMIS"
3309:
2411:; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to
5423:
3002:
2956:Christensen, P. 2005. "The Many Faces of Mars".
1619:Possible channel bringing sediment to the crater
1277:Channels, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
286:but has been given different names by different
3180:Mars Methane Found, Raising Possibility of Life
3049:"Mars' Missing Atmosphere Likely Lost in Space"
2998:. December 19, 2008 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
2882:
2650:
2644:
2557: – Study of past and present water on Mars
2301:
1647:Detected clay materials suggest an ancient lake
1289:Valleys, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1265:Channel, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1253:Channel, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1210:Channel, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
346:have been found there. Dacite originates under
4006:"PIA03467: The MGS MOC Wide Angle Map of Mars"
3345:"PorterGeo Database - Ore Deposit Description"
3320:"Geology of the Cripple Creek Mining District"
3194:. January 15, 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
3108:"Exposed Rocks Point to Water on Ancient Mars"
3067:
2851:
2819:
2817:
2653:"Components of Beagle 2 Flight System on Mars"
2574:
1145:Layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1133:Layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
755:Ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
665:Ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
4405:
4043:
3920:
3867:
3611:Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.). 2012.
3129:
3127:
2545: – Branching networks of valleys on Mars
2278:
900:Dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
16:One of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars
3948:
3290:
2869:The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
2672:
3266:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert (1995-12-15).
2930:
2854:"Libya and the Bible — more than you think"
2814:
2761:
2742:"Lost Beagle2 probe found 'intact' on Mars"
2733:
2705:
4412:
4398:
4050:
4036:
3265:
3124:
2612:
2271:
2195:
1023:For several years, researchers have found
189:). High-resolution images captured by the
3903:
3893:
3658:
3148:
1655:
573:300 km diameter impact structure in
208:is in the Syrtis Major quadrangle at (at
3594:. Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?psp_008437_1750
3570:"Reconciling Methane Variations on Mars"
3228:"Mars Global Surveyor MOC2-1249 Release"
3015:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
2551: – Valley landform on other planets
2297:
1081:, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
538:
81:
4057:
3291:Harris, Ann G.; Tuttle, Esther (1990).
3240:
2990:
2988:
2678:
2618:
2579:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
2292:
5424:
3954:
3844:
3572:. European Space Agency. 6 August 2009
2897:
2883:Gleig, G.; Stackhouse, Thomas (1817).
2795:
2486: – Water held in permeable ground
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1864:
1850:
1836:
1822:
1808:
1705:
4393:
4031:
3959:. New York: Picador USA. p. 98.
3926:
3809:
3706:
3245:. Mountain Press Publishing Company.
2102:
2095:
1990:
1983:
1878:
1871:
1857:
1843:
1829:
1815:
1801:
1794:
1780:
1773:
1739:
242:
3774:
3681:
2985:
2823:
2767:
2739:
2260:. The map images were taken by the
1787:
1671:
34:Map of Syrtis Major quadrangle from
3711:. Austin, TX: Univ. of Tex. Press.
3494:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
3467:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3295:. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
3192:"New light on Mars methane mystery"
3137:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2996:"Nasa finds 'missing' Mars mineral"
2721:. Associated Press. 16 January 2015
2599:
125:. Syrtis Major quadrangle includes
13:
3367:Earth Science-The World We Live In
2906:. New York: Picador USA. pp.
2826:"Channel into Jezero Crater Delta"
2740:Amos, Jonathan (16 January 2015).
960:
14:
5448:
4023:
3365:Namowitz, S. and D. Stone. 1975.
2852:Andrew Petcher (March 30, 2011).
2619:Ellison, Doug (16 January 2015).
1412:
596:in which liquid rock once flowed.
5409:
5382:
5371:
5370:
2679:Webster, Guy (16 January 2015).
2368:
2208:
1664:
1640:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1400:
1388:
1370:
1350:
1337:
1325:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1215:
1203:
1164:
1152:
1138:
1126:
1112:
1100:
1086:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1006:
994:
978:
948:
936:
905:
893:
881:
866:
826:
796:
784:
772:
760:
748:
734:
722:
708:
696:
682:
670:
658:
646:
634:
620:
601:
582:
526:
514:
495:
452:
440:
329:
28:
3998:
3973:
3861:
3838:
3803:
3768:
3725:
3700:
3675:
3625:Baker, V.; et al. (2015).
3618:
3605:
3584:
3562:
3542:
3517:
3499:
3485:
3472:
3459:
3450:
3425:
3407:
3394:
3385:
3372:
3369:. American Book Company. Ny, NY
3359:
3337:
3284:
3259:
3241:Chronic, Halka (January 1980).
3234:
3220:
3198:
3184:
3173:
3100:
3061:
3041:
2963:
2950:
2924:
2891:
2876:
2860:
2845:
2768:Wall, Mike (19 November 2018).
2403:); followed by pinks and reds (
447:Dikes near Shiprock, New Mexico
108:United States Geological Survey
3651:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.05.002
3070:"Carbon sequestration on Mars"
2789:
2593:
2568:
302:'s 1867 map it is called then
251:is derived from the classical
197:, which appears to be intact.
1:
3868:Luo, W.; et al. (2017).
3845:Cowing, Keith (5 June 2017).
2562:
112:Astrogeology Research Program
4827:Recurring slope lineae (RSL)
3832:10.1016/0019-1035(79)90123-4
3402:Geophysical Research Letters
3243:Roadside Geology of Colorado
3116:. 2010-10-13. Archived from
2519:MOC Public Targeting Program
2391:Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter
1363:MOC Public Targeting Program
1225:, as seen by CTX camera (on
985:Inverted Stream Channels in
931:which makes up the surface.
433:Rocky Mountain National Park
36:Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter
7:
5261:Inspiration Mars Foundation
3613:Sedimentary Geology of Mars
2824:Wray, James (6 June 2008).
2513:List of quadrangles on Mars
2472:Flammarion (Martian crater)
2464:
1227:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1176:
1039:Sedimentary Geology of Mars
459:West Spanish Peak, Colorado
377:
191:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
10:
5453:
5296:Artificial objects on Mars
4370:
4070:
3380:J. Volcanlo. Geotherm. Res
3167:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.06.018
2256:is at the far left on the
1318:
1194:
1188:
1018:
917:
542:
502:Possible dike, as seen by
292:Johann Heinrich von Mädler
104:30 quadrangle maps of Mars
5365:
5313:List of films set on Mars
5288:
5239:
5221:
5165:
5156:
5136:
5128:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
5120:
5041:
4993:
4946:
4937:
4925:Classical albedo features
4895:
4683:
4576:
4478:
4445:
4436:
4427:
4358:
4348:
4338:
4328:
4318:
4308:
4296:
4286:
4276:
4266:
4256:
4246:
4236:
4226:
4214:
4204:
4194:
4184:
4174:
4164:
4154:
4144:
4132:
4122:
4112:
4102:
4092:
4082:
4065:
3880:. Article number: 15766.
3293:Geology of National Parks
2389:, based on data from the
2379:global topography of Mars
1031:
965:Some places on Mars show
876:layers, as seen by HiRISE
808:
473:deposits; and around the
431:; and the "Iron Dike" in
43:
27:
5231:List of missions to Mars
4419:
2496:Hydrothermal circulation
2221:of Mars, defined by the
1595:Jezero crater and region
849:
569:deposit on Earth is the
409:
5432:Syrtis Major quadrangle
5389:Solar System portal
3955:Morton, Oliver (2002).
3797:10.1029/JB084iB06p02995
3159:2010E&PSL.297..174B
2898:Morton, Oliver (2002).
2502:Igneous differentiation
2217:of the 30 cartographic
840:. Image was taken with
278:. It was discovered by
100:Syrtis Major quadrangle
5003:Solar eclipses on Mars
4862:"Swiss cheese" feature
4718:Concentric crater fill
3981:"Online Atlas of Mars"
3927:Staff (4 March 2015).
3686:. Oxford Univ. Press.
3480:The Sedimentary Record
3419:hirise.lpl.arizona.edu
3208:. JPL. 31 October 2010
2474: – Crater on Mars
2457:
1656:Other Mars quadrangles
1191:Valley networks (Mars)
102:is one of a series of
95:
3874:Nature Communications
3113:Astrobiology Magazine
2606:www.daviddarling.info
2543:Valley network (Mars)
2531:Ore resources on Mars
2375:Interactive image map
2366:
559:linear ridge networks
545:Linear ridge networks
539:Linear ridge networks
324:Giovanni Schiaparelli
85:
5203:Permanent settlement
3709:The Channels of Mars
3558:. 20 September 2010.
3035:10.1029/2009JE003342
2872:, vol. 59, 1897
2796:Mandelbaum, Ryan F.
2396:Mars Global Surveyor
2293:Interactive Mars map
2262:Mars Global Surveyor
1359:Mars Global Surveyor
90:. The east includes
5345:Timekeeping on Mars
5022:Planetary transits
5007:Satellite transits
4920:Observation history
4768:Lobate debris apron
4059:Quadrangles on Mars
3985:Ralphaeschliman.com
3895:10.1038/ncomms15766
3886:2017NatCo...815766L
3824:1979Icar...37..156K
3789:1979JGR....84.2995C
3746:1991Natur.352..589B
3643:2015Geomo.245..149B
3086:2015Geo....43..863E
3027:2009JGRE..114.0D06M
2958:Scientific American
2693:on 24 February 2017
2484:Groundwater on Mars
2240: /
1755: /
1721: /
1687: /
1564: /
989:, as seen by HiRISE
611:Ridges, as seen by
475:Franklin dike swarm
223: /
177:11.5265°N 90.4295°E
173: /
127:Syrtis Major Planum
88:Syrtis Major Planum
61: /
24:
4259:Margaritifer Sinus
3707:Baker, V. (1982).
2458:
1607:Water-rich terrain
392:carbonate minerals
316:Camille Flammarion
312:Leiden Observatory
280:Christiaan Huygens
243:Discovery and name
96:
19:
5397:
5396:
5350:Sol (day on Mars)
5318:Martian scientist
5301:Memorials on Mars
5284:
5283:
5255:The Case for Mars
5152:
5151:
4933:
4932:
4867:Terrain softening
4832:Ring mold craters
4800:North Polar Basin
4723:Dark slope streak
4568:Vastitas Borealis
4465:Dust devil tracks
4387:
4386:
4382:
4381:
3740:(6336): 589–594.
3682:Carr, M. (1996).
3057:. 5 October 2015.
2931:William Sheehan.
2443:Mars Memorial map
2401:+12 to +8 km
1568:18.855°N 77.519°E
1543:Mars 2020 mission
227:18.855°N 77.519°E
80:
79:
5444:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5405:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5374:
5373:
5248:The Mars Project
5163:
5162:
5111:
5101:
5091:
5069:
5067:
5066:
4944:
4943:
4805:Ocean hypothesis
4655:Outflow channels
4443:
4442:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4391:
4390:
4068:
4067:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3897:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3754:10.1038/352589a0
3729:
3723:
3722:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3622:
3616:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3527:. Archived from
3521:
3515:
3514:
3503:
3497:
3489:
3483:
3476:
3470:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3435:. Archived from
3429:
3423:
3422:
3411:
3405:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3376:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3322:. Archived from
3316:
3307:
3306:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3152:
3143:(1–2): 174–182.
3131:
3122:
3121:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3094:10.1130/G36983.1
3065:
3059:
3058:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2967:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2935:. Archived from
2928:
2922:
2921:
2905:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2689:. Archived from
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2600:Darling, David.
2597:
2591:
2590:
2572:
2537:Outflow channels
2455:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:+8 to +3 km
2402:
2384:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2300:
2280:
2273:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1668:
1644:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1404:
1392:
1374:
1354:
1341:
1329:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1219:
1207:
1197:Outflow channels
1168:
1156:
1142:
1130:
1116:
1104:
1090:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1010:
998:
987:Antoniadi Crater
982:
952:
940:
909:
897:
885:
870:
830:
800:
788:
776:
764:
752:
738:
726:
712:
700:
686:
674:
662:
650:
638:
624:
609:Huo Hsing Vallis
605:
590:Huo Hsing Vallis
586:
530:
518:
499:
456:
444:
415:famous ones are
263:on the coast of
238:
237:
235:
234:
233:
228:
224:
221:
220:
219:
216:
188:
187:
185:
184:
183:
182:11.5265; 90.4295
178:
174:
171:
170:
169:
166:
76:
75:
73:
72:
71:
66:
62:
59:
58:
57:
54:
32:
25:
18:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5410:
5408:
5400:
5398:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5361:
5355:Darian calendar
5280:
5235:
5217:
5148:
5132:
5116:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5037:
4989:
4983:Voltaire crater
4961:Stickney crater
4929:
4891:
4733:Fretted terrain
4679:
4579:
4572:
4533:Sinus Meridiani
4518:Planum Australe
4493:Cerberus (Mars)
4474:
4432:
4430:Outline of Mars
4423:
4418:
4388:
4383:
4375:
4363:
4353:
4343:
4333:
4323:
4313:
4301:
4291:
4281:
4271:
4261:
4251:
4241:
4239:Phoenicis Lacus
4231:
4219:
4209:
4199:
4189:
4179:
4169:
4159:
4149:
4137:
4127:
4117:
4107:
4097:
4087:
4075:
4061:
4056:
4026:
4021:
4011:
4009:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3987:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3925:
3921:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3843:
3839:
3808:
3804:
3777:J. Geophys. Res
3773:
3769:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3680:
3676:
3623:
3619:
3610:
3606:
3597:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3534:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3486:
3477:
3473:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3329:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3174:
3132:
3125:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3080:(10): 863–866.
3066:
3062:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3010:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2976:
2974:
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2635:
2633:
2617:
2613:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2478:Geology of Mars
2467:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2437:Mars Rovers map
2433:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2382:
2367:
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2298:
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2289:
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2227:
2226:
2215:Clickable image
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2110:
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2054:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1970:
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1963:
1961:
1956:
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1563:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:landing site -
1535:
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1520:
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1321:
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1299:
1290:
1287:
1278:
1275:
1266:
1263:
1254:
1251:
1242:
1239:
1230:
1223:Peridier Crater
1220:
1211:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1160:
1157:
1146:
1143:
1134:
1131:
1120:
1117:
1108:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1082:
1077:Rock layers in
1075:
1066:
1063:
1054:
1051:
1034:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1002:
999:
990:
983:
967:inverted relief
963:
961:Inverted relief
956:
953:
944:
941:
920:
913:
910:
901:
898:
889:
886:
877:
871:
852:
845:
831:
815:Monument Valley
811:
804:
801:
792:
789:
780:
777:
768:
765:
756:
753:
742:
739:
730:
727:
716:
713:
704:
701:
690:
687:
678:
675:
666:
663:
654:
651:
642:
639:
628:
625:
616:
606:
597:
587:
547:
541:
534:
531:
522:
519:
510:
500:
460:
457:
448:
445:
412:
380:
332:
308:Frederik Kaiser
300:Richard Proctor
296:Atlantic Canale
245:
231:
229:
225:
222:
217:
214:
212:
210:
209:
202:Mars 2020 rover
181:
179:
175:
172:
167:
164:
162:
160:
159:
152:Isidis Planitia
135:Isidis Planitia
69:
67:
63:
60:
55:
52:
50:
48:
47:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5450:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5419:
5418:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5378:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5266:Mars Institute
5263:
5258:
5251:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4952:
4950:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4842:Seasonal flows
4839:
4837:Rootless cones
4834:
4829:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4665:Valley network
4662:
4657:
4652:
4650:Observed rocks
4647:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4584:
4582:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4563:Ultimi Scopuli
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4543:Terra Cimmeria
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4347:
4337:
4327:
4317:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4289:Mare Tyrrhenum
4285:
4275:
4265:
4255:
4245:
4235:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4203:
4193:
4183:
4173:
4163:
4153:
4142:
4141:
4131:
4121:
4115:Ismenius Lacus
4111:
4101:
4091:
4080:
4079:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4025:
4024:External links
4022:
4020:
4019:
3997:
3972:
3965:
3947:
3919:
3860:
3837:
3818:(1): 156–181.
3802:
3767:
3724:
3717:
3699:
3692:
3674:
3617:
3604:
3583:
3561:
3541:
3516:
3511:themis.asu.edu
3498:
3484:
3471:
3469:: 177. 119-128
3458:
3449:
3424:
3406:
3404:: 40, 245-249.
3393:
3384:
3382:: 20. 177-211.
3371:
3358:
3336:
3308:
3301:
3283:
3276:
3258:
3251:
3233:
3219:
3197:
3183:
3172:
3123:
3120:on 2011-06-29.
3099:
3060:
3040:
3001:
2984:
2962:
2949:
2923:
2916:
2890:
2875:
2859:
2844:
2813:
2788:
2760:
2732:
2718:New York Times
2704:
2671:
2643:
2611:
2602:"Syrtis Major"
2592:
2585:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2490:HiWish program
2487:
2481:
2475:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2432:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2265:
2203:
2202:
2194:
1839:Ismenius Lacus
1825:Mare Acidalium
1670:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1573:18.855; 77.519
1540:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1413:Other features
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:HiWish program
1376:
1369:
1367:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1195:Main article:
1189:Main article:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1045:
1033:
1030:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1003:
1000:
993:
991:
984:
977:
962:
959:
958:
957:
954:
947:
945:
942:
935:
919:
916:
915:
914:
911:
904:
902:
899:
892:
890:
887:
880:
878:
872:
865:
851:
848:
847:
846:
834:Auqakuh Vallis
832:
825:
810:
807:
806:
805:
802:
795:
793:
790:
783:
781:
778:
771:
769:
766:
759:
757:
754:
747:
744:
743:
740:
733:
731:
728:
721:
718:
717:
714:
707:
705:
702:
695:
692:
691:
688:
681:
679:
676:
669:
667:
664:
657:
655:
652:
645:
643:
640:
633:
630:
629:
626:
619:
617:
607:
600:
598:
588:
581:
543:Main article:
540:
537:
536:
535:
532:
525:
523:
520:
513:
511:
508:HiWish program
501:
494:
462:
461:
458:
451:
449:
446:
439:
411:
408:
379:
376:
331:
328:
320:Mer du Sablier
318:called it the
244:
241:
232:18.855; 77.519
195:the lost probe
78:
77:
45:
41:
40:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5449:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5417:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5390:
5379:
5377:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5198:Human mission
5196:
5194:
5193:Sample return
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5110:
5103:
5100:
5093:
5090:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5068:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5056:Mars-crossers
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:Tharsis bulge
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4810:Ore resources
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4703:Chaos terrain
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4693:Brain terrain
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
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4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:Chaos terrain
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4523:Planum Boreum
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4513:Olympia Undae
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:Eridania Lake
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
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4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4378:
4374:
4373:Mare Australe
4369:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4270:
4269:Sinus Sabaeus
4264:
4260:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4198:
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4188:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4158:
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4140:
4136:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4007:
4001:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3968:
3966:0-312-24551-3
3962:
3958:
3951:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3783:: 2995–3007.
3782:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3718:0-292-71068-2
3714:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3693:0-19-509938-9
3689:
3685:
3684:Water on Mars
3678:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3631:Geomorphology
3628:
3621:
3614:
3608:
3593:
3587:
3571:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3531:on 2016-03-05
3530:
3526:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3453:
3439:on 2012-10-22
3438:
3434:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3403:
3397:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3346:
3340:
3326:on 2011-05-16
3325:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3302:0-8403-4619-0
3298:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3277:0-7167-2438-3
3273:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3252:0-87842-105-X
3248:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3223:
3207:
3201:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3130:
3128:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3006:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2972:
2966:
2960:. July, 2005.
2959:
2953:
2939:on 2017-07-01
2938:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2917:0-312-24551-3
2913:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2894:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2848:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2675:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2586:0-8165-1257-4
2582:
2578:
2571:
2567:
2556:
2555:Water on Mars
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Lakes on Mars
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2429:Polar regions
2426:
2422:
2418:
2407:); yellow is
2398:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2189:Mare Australe
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1768:
1734:
1700:
1667:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1548:
1547:Jezero crater
1544:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1029:
1026:
1009:
1004:
997:
992:
988:
981:
976:
975:
974:
972:
968:
951:
946:
939:
934:
933:
932:
930:
926:
908:
903:
896:
891:
884:
879:
875:
869:
864:
863:
862:
860:
856:
843:
839:
835:
829:
824:
823:
822:
820:
816:
799:
794:
787:
782:
775:
770:
763:
758:
751:
746:
745:
737:
732:
725:
720:
719:
711:
706:
699:
694:
693:
685:
680:
673:
668:
661:
656:
649:
644:
637:
632:
631:
623:
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614:
610:
604:
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579:
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572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
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517:
512:
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491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
455:
450:
443:
438:
437:
436:
434:
430:
426:
425:Spanish Peaks
422:
418:
407:
404:
399:
395:
393:
389:
385:
375:
371:
369:
365:
362:) containing
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
330:Igneous rocks
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:cartographers
285:
284:Hourglass Sea
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
261:Gulf of Sidra
258:
254:
250:
240:
236:
207:
206:Jezero crater
203:
198:
196:
192:
186:
157:
153:
149:
148:
142:
138:
136:
132:
129:and parts of
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
93:
89:
84:
74:
46:
42:
37:
31:
26:
23:
20:Syrtis Major
5416:Solar System
5335:Life on Mars
5330:Flag of Mars
5271:Mars Society
5253:
5246:
5213:Terraforming
5208:Colonization
4978:Swift crater
4820:polar wander
4548:Terra Sabaea
4488:Arabia Terra
4197:Syrtis Major
4196:
4012:December 16,
4010:. Retrieved
4000:
3990:December 16,
3988:. Retrieved
3984:
3975:
3956:
3950:
3938:. Retrieved
3932:
3922:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3851:. Retrieved
3840:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3708:
3702:
3683:
3677:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3612:
3607:
3596:. Retrieved
3586:
3574:. Retrieved
3564:
3553:
3544:
3533:. Retrieved
3529:the original
3519:
3510:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3479:
3474:
3466:
3461:
3452:
3441:. Retrieved
3437:the original
3427:
3418:
3409:
3401:
3396:
3387:
3379:
3374:
3366:
3361:
3349:. Retrieved
3339:
3328:. Retrieved
3324:the original
3292:
3286:
3267:
3261:
3242:
3236:
3222:
3210:. Retrieved
3200:
3186:
3175:
3140:
3136:
3118:the original
3111:
3102:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3052:
3043:
3018:
3014:
2975:. Retrieved
2965:
2957:
2952:
2941:. Retrieved
2937:the original
2926:
2901:
2893:
2878:
2868:
2862:
2847:
2835:. Retrieved
2829:
2805:. Retrieved
2801:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2773:
2763:
2751:. Retrieved
2745:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2716:
2707:
2695:. Retrieved
2691:the original
2684:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2656:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2624:
2614:
2605:
2595:
2576:
2570:
2460:
2441:
2435:
2394:
2035:Margaritifer
1951:Syrtis Major
1950:
1943:
1361:, under the
1180:
1038:
1035:
1022:
964:
921:
874:Arnus Vallis
859:Arnus Vallis
853:
812:
575:South Africa
553:and breccia
548:
463:
435:, Colorado.
413:
400:
396:
381:
372:
333:
319:
303:
295:
283:
273:
257:Syrtis maior
256:
249:Syrtis Major
246:
199:
155:
145:
143:
139:
131:Terra Sabaea
116:
106:used by the
99:
97:
92:Isidis basin
65:15°N 292.5°W
5158:Exploration
5080:5261 Eureka
4748:Groundwater
4713:Composition
4538:Tempe Terra
4528:Quadrangles
4455:Circulation
4311:Phaethontis
4167:Lunae Palus
4073:Mare Boreum
3637:: 149–182.
3347:. PorterGeo
2781:20 November
2525:Ore genesis
2434:(See also:
2431:are noted.
2247: /
2219:quadrangles
2105:Phaethontis
1909:Lunae Palus
1783:Mare Boreum
1762: /
1728: /
1694: /
1571: /
384:Nili Fossae
290:. In 1840,
267:(classical
230: /
193:identified
180: /
68: /
44:Coordinates
5426:Categories
4815:Polar caps
4795:Mud cracks
4778:Meteorites
4763:Lava tubes
4698:Carbonates
4633:Labyrinthi
4508:Iani Chaos
4447:Atmosphere
4377:(features)
4365:(features)
4355:(features)
4345:(features)
4335:(features)
4325:(features)
4315:(features)
4303:(features)
4293:(features)
4283:(features)
4273:(features)
4263:(features)
4253:(features)
4243:(features)
4233:(features)
4221:(features)
4211:(features)
4201:(features)
4191:(features)
4181:(features)
4177:Oxia Palus
4171:(features)
4161:(features)
4151:(features)
4139:(features)
4129:(features)
4119:(features)
4109:(features)
4099:(features)
4089:(features)
4077:(features)
3849:. SpaceRef
3598:2012-08-04
3535:2009-03-19
3443:2010-06-11
3330:2010-11-13
2943:2007-09-07
2807:2018-11-19
2753:16 January
2725:17 January
2697:16 January
2664:18 January
2636:19 January
2563:References
2413:−8 km
2393:on NASA's
2387:elevations
2383:your mouse
1923:Oxia Palus
1559:77°31′08″E
1556:18°51′18″N
1079:Flammarion
855:Sand dunes
487:intrusions
471:molybdenum
421:New Mexico
304:Kaiser Sea
218:77°31′08″E
215:18°51′18″N
168:90°25′46″E
165:11°31′35″N
119:quadrangle
70:15; -292.5
22:quadrangle
5340:Sub-Earth
5323:Mythology
5276:Mars race
5043:Asteroids
4939:Astronomy
4910:Hesperian
4905:Amazonian
4877:Volcanism
4852:Spherules
4773:Marsquake
4728:Dichotomy
4643:by height
4638:Mountains
4438:Geography
4321:Thaumasia
4105:Acidalium
3853:20 August
3576:20 August
3555:Space.com
3482:: 3. 4-8.
3351:20 August
3212:20 August
3150:1402.1150
3054:Space.com
2977:20 August
2775:Space.com
2425:longitude
2409:0 km
2244:0°N 180°W
2119:Thaumasia
2077:Tyrrhenum
2007:Phoenicis
1759:90°N -0°E
1691:0°N 180°W
1541:Proposed
1183:Mariner 9
571:Vredefort
467:tellurium
423:; around
398:sources.
368:magnesium
348:volcanoes
269:Cyrenaica
247:The name
204:mission.
5376:Category
5240:Advocacy
5223:Missions
5166:Concepts
4995:Transits
4966:Monolith
4915:Noachian
4887:Yardangs
4783:on Earth
4743:Glaciers
4588:"Canals"
4580:features
4578:Physical
4361:Eridania
4249:Coprates
4229:Memnonia
4207:Amenthes
4147:Amazonis
4135:Cebrenia
3914:28580943
3669:29176917
2465:See also
2421:latitude
2381:. Hover
2175:Eridania
2021:Coprates
1993:Memnonia
1965:Amenthes
1881:Amazonis
1867:Cebrenia
1725:0°N -0°E
1177:Channels
429:Colorado
417:Shiprock
403:fumarole
378:Minerals
360:pyroxene
259:for the
156:Beagle 2
147:Beagle 2
56:292°30′W
5308:Fiction
5289:Related
5183:Landing
5178:Orbiter
5137:General
5106:2007 NS
5096:1999 UJ
5086:1998 VF
5075:Trojans
5062:2007 WD
5051:Impacts
5031:Mercury
4897:History
4857:Surface
4788:on Mars
4753:Gullies
4738:Geysers
4685:Geology
4675:Gravity
4670:Valleys
4623:Gullies
4613:Craters
4603:Catenae
4598:Canyons
4553:Tharsis
4498:Cydonia
4480:Regions
4470:Methane
4460:Climate
4341:Noachis
4279:Iapygia
4217:Elysium
4157:Tharsis
4095:Arcadia
4085:Diacria
3940:7 March
3905:5465386
3882:Bibcode
3820:Bibcode
3785:Bibcode
3762:4321529
3742:Bibcode
3660:5701759
3639:Bibcode
3615:. SEPM.
3155:Bibcode
3082:Bibcode
3074:Geology
3023:Bibcode
2837:6 March
2802:Gizmodo
2626:Twitter
2452:discuss
2377:of the
2258:equator
2249:0; -180
2147:Noachis
2063:Iapygia
2049:Sabaeus
1979:Elysium
1895:Tharsis
1811:Arcadia
1797:Diacria
1696:0; -180
1345:hollow.
1319:Hollows
1025:methane
1019:Methane
918:Streaks
563:erosion
356:olivine
344:granite
310:of the
306:(after
110:(USGS)
53:15°00′N
5402:Portal
5380:
5369:
5121:Comets
5016:Deimos
5011:Phobos
4973:Deimos
4956:Phobos
4660:Plains
4628:Mensae
4618:Fossae
4371:MC-30
4359:MC-29
4351:Hellas
4349:MC-28
4339:MC-27
4331:Argyre
4329:MC-26
4319:MC-25
4309:MC-24
4299:Aeolis
4297:MC-23
4287:MC-22
4277:MC-21
4267:MC-20
4257:MC-19
4247:MC-18
4237:MC-17
4227:MC-16
4215:MC-15
4205:MC-14
4195:MC-13
4187:Arabia
4185:MC-12
4175:MC-11
4165:MC-10
4155:MC-09
4145:MC-08
4133:MC-07
4125:Casius
4123:MC-06
4113:MC-05
4103:MC-04
4093:MC-03
4083:MC-02
4071:MC-01
3963:
3912:
3902:
3812:Icarus
3760:
3734:Nature
3715:
3690:
3667:
3657:
3299:
3274:
3249:
3021:(E2).
2914:
2628:&
2583:
2549:Vallis
2161:Hellas
2133:Argyre
2091:Aeolis
1937:Arabia
1853:Casius
1764:90; -0
1633:hi-res
1032:Layers
971:HiRISE
929:basalt
925:THEMIS
842:THEMIS
838:buttes
809:Buttes
613:HiRISE
551:faults
506:under
504:HiRISE
340:dacite
336:basalt
276:planet
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