59:
202:
20:
194:
111:
trial and execution for being "traitor". Before departing, de
Montigny opened fire at the Vietnamese port of Da Nang as a threatening warning to Tự Đức, calling for stopping the persecution. Furious, Tự Đức believed that these provocations were part of Christians' plots with foreign enemies. Feeling
180:
between France and
Vietnam was signed on 6 June 1862 which forced Tự Đức to liberalize his religious policies. He issued an edict in late 1862 which reverted and abolished all of his previous anti-Christian orders. Catholicism was officially recognized, and worshipers gained protection. Tự Đức then
49:
ever in history happened in
Vietnam, also was the last state-sponsored persecution of Catholic Christians in Vietnam, as a part of Tự Đức's efforts to eradicate every trace of Vietnamese Christianity. The persecution suddenly stopped in 1862 after a royal decree was passed by Tự Đức himself which
135:
After the French expeditionary army had invaded and seized Saigon in
February 1859, Tự Đức launched a new campaign against Catholic mandarins in the government. On 15 December, he issued a new edict which demoted all Catholic officials in the government, and immediately death sentenced for those
131:
condemned the Tạ Văn Phụng rebellion as foolish and forbade
Christians to join it. However, Tự Đức ordered Sampedro to be executed on 28 July because Tạ Văn Phụng was a Catholic. Ta Van Phung's forces later were said to be 200,000 strong. The rebellion lasted until 1865.
70:
The persecution began in 1848, the year of Tự Đức's inauguration. Accusing the
Catholic Christians of abandoning ancestor worship, Buddha, and practicing superstitions, and fearing that they would revolt against his rule, Tự Đức labeled the Catholics as
106:
to negotiate trade with
Vietnam, but Tự Đức ignored. The ship captain La Capricieuse previously had sent a letter to Tự Đức demanding free trade and religious freedom. At the same time, the court was going to had Christian high-ranking mandarin
112:
insecure, on 6 June the emperor issued a new edict to consolidate his policy over
Christianity. He forced all Christians to have weddings and funerals based on traditional Vietnamese rituals, including the worship of ancestors and spirits.
93:
In
September 1855, accusing Catholic sympathy of Le loyalists rebelled against his rule, Tự Đức ordered a new decree, all churches to be burned, all public Christian gatherings were banned, and all efforts were to destroy the
75:(heretics), and issued a nation-wide edict to forbid Catholicism. Missionaries were thrown onto the sea. Vietnamese priests had to denounce their faith, and they would face severe punishments and be tagged as
328:
123:
changed his name to Lê Duy Minh, proclaimed as the emperor of
Catholic Vietnam, and rallied Le loyalists against Tự Đức. Two Dominican priests joined his rebellion. In May, the Grand bishop
299:
396:
243:
418:
285:
439:
365:
271:
497:
512:
476:
386:
523:
343:
229:
314:
454:
411:
147:
On 5 August 1861, the worst persecution came to the Christians. The emperor issued a royal "dispersal" decree in order to eliminate Christianity at its root:
465:
86:
Two years later, on 21 March 1851, Tự Đức ordered a new edict against the Franciscans. Vietnamese priests who did not denounce their beliefs and trample the
487:
217:
Between 1848 and 1860, about 25 missionaries, 300 Vietnamese priests and 30,000 Christians died and were martyred in many ways, from suffering
993:
1222:
972:
957:
854:
895:
785:
128:
136:
high-ranking mandarins who refuted their faith. On 17 January 1860, Tự Đức issued another decree that he would not have the
1232:
58:
962:
1227:
751:
Lives of Four Martyrs of Tonkin: Who Belonged to the Dominican Province of the Holy Rosary in the Philippine Islands
1143:
937:
900:
197:
Portrait of Spanish Bishop Pedro Almat Bình, tried and beheaded by Vietnamese authority on 1 Nov 1861 in Hai Duong.
863:
182:
551:
537:
501:
289:
261:
90:
would face the same fates as European missionaries, being executed and cut into pieces and thrown onto rivers.
988:
932:
1133:
847:
1217:
428:
120:
108:
151:
Round up and relocate all Christians to non-Christian (Buddhist, Vietnamese folk religion,...) villages.
1158:
998:
967:
927:
176:
The situation began to change in the next year, as Tự Đức lost three southern provinces to France. The
952:
371:
124:
1163:
1043:
555:
1196:
1179:
1038:
1033:
222:
141:
43:
1184:
840:
177:
776:
Phan, Peter C. (2008), "Christianity in Indochina", in Stanley, Brian; Gilley, Sheridan (eds.),
116:
1028:
1013:
1148:
796:"Extortion and Exploitation in the Nguyễn Campaign against Catholicism in 1830s-1840s Vietnam"
832:
547:
206:
1003:
942:
8:
1153:
1023:
947:
533:
210:
103:
1008:
458:
404:
293:
257:
251:
237:
83:
last year, as Tự Đức shut down all contacts between his kingdom and the outside world.
39:
28:
1098:
1086:
914:
781:
527:
79:
on their cheeks. The persecution was seen as retaliatory for the French incursion on
1092:
35:
24:
1191:
890:
885:
778:
The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities C.1815-c.1914
354:
332:
318:
63:
1110:
1018:
443:
400:
375:
303:
275:
247:
233:
87:
1104:
826:
The Persecutions of Annam: A History of Christianity in Cochin China and Tonking
760:
Histoire des relations de la Chine avec l'Annam-Viêtnam du XVIe au XIXe siècle
516:
447:
379:
358:
347:
336:
322:
307:
265:
1067:
160:
Confiscate all lands owned by Christians and distribute them to non-Christians.
1138:
1211:
1080:
910:
279:
541:
505:
218:
99:
491:
480:
422:
46:
1116:
795:
154:
Supervision of every Christian by five non-Christians in every village.
34:
From 1849 to 1862, during the early years of the Vietnamese emperor
1074:
201:
50:
granted Catholicism legitimate freedom to practice and protection.
432:
469:
390:
80:
862:
807:
19:
694:
607:
780:, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 513–527,
185:, to France to study European technology and philosophy.
163:
All Christians are tagged in their cheeks with two words
157:
Destroy all Christian churches, villages and communities.
193:
706:
655:
643:
595:
568:
62:
Sculpture of Vietnamese martyrs at the Cha Tam Church,
213:. Tried and beheaded on 2 Feb 1851 in Cau Giay, Hanoi.
806:(2). Cambridge University Press: 311–328 – via
672:
670:
585:
583:
718:
619:
667:
631:
580:
815:Society for the Propagation of the Faith (1862).
682:
1209:
817:Annals of the Propagation of the Faith Volume 25
140:being free. In July, he banned and targeted the
414:, born 1798, executed on 26 May 1861, Đồng Hới.
848:
769:Christian work throughout the world: Volume 2
742:Manual of Universal Church History: Volume 3
479:, born 1790, died in prison on 2 May 1854,
468:, born 1830, executed on 13 February 1859,
421:, born 1802, executed on 13 February 1856,
855:
841:
457:, born 1832, executed on 6 December 1861,
823:
700:
661:
649:
613:
601:
574:
42:, the most intense, brutal and bloodiest
766:
748:
712:
200:
192:
57:
18:
757:
526:, born 1826, executed on 31 July 1859,
1210:
793:
515:, born 1840, executed on 22 May 1862,
490:, born 1815, executed on 3 July 1858,
431:, born 1808, executed on 22 May 1857,
389:, born 1826, executed on 28 May 1859,
346:, born 1792, executed on 3 June 1862,
292:, died in prison on 14 November 1861,
836:
739:
625:
246:(Valentín de Berriochoa), born 1827,
171:
775:
724:
676:
637:
589:
1019:French conquest of Northern Vietnam
1004:French conquest of Southern Vietnam
824:Shortland, John Rutherford (1875).
814:
688:
13:
973:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)
958:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)
800:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
53:
14:
1244:
1223:History of Catholicism in Vietnam
1127:Government, military, and economy
1009:French incursion on Tonkin (1873)
896:Vietnamese Civil War of 1789–1802
749:Cothonay, Marie Bertrand (1911).
115:In 1858, a Catholic bishop named
901:Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia
554:, executed on 2 February 1851,
504:, executed on 3 November 1860,
446:, executed on 13 January 1859,
403:, executed on 1 November 1861,
250:, executed on 1 November 1861,
236:, executed on 1 November 1861,
181:sent a Catholic intellectual,
1:
1059:Emperors and the royal family
994:Tự Đức's Catholic Persecution
733:
278:, executed on 11 March 1859,
98:(Christians). In early 1857,
1134:Government of Nguyen Vietnam
378:, executed on 28 July 1858,
306:, executed on 20 July 1857,
7:
1233:Anti-Catholicism in Vietnam
244:Valentín de Berriochoa Vinh
225:under the hands of Tự Đức.
10:
1249:
1159:Military of Nguyen Vietnam
999:French conquest of Vietnam
968:Cambodian rebellion (1840)
928:Cambodian rebellion (1820)
753:. P.J. Kennedy & Sons.
540:, executed on 1 May 1851,
368:, executed on 26 May 1861.
300:José María Díaz Sanjuro An
264:, executed on 1 May 1852,
188:
16:Anti-Christian persecution
1228:Persecution of Christians
1172:
1164:Economy of Nguyen Vietnam
1126:
1058:
1044:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
981:
933:Lao rebellion (1826–1828)
909:
878:
871:
758:Devéria, Gabriel (1880).
1173:Palaces & mausoleums
989:French incursion of 1847
963:Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion
938:Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion
740:Alzog, Johannes (1878).
562:
397:Jerónimo Hermosilla Vọng
223:death by a thousand cuts
142:Lovers of the Holy Cross
864:Nhà Nguyễn thời độc lập
372:Melchor García Sampedro
329:Vinh Sơn Phạm Văn Dương
286:Etienne-Théodore Cuénot
794:Ramsay, Jacob (2004).
767:Patridge, SW. (1868).
214:
198:
67:
31:
498:Pierre François Néron
204:
196:
61:
22:
1180:Imperial City of Huế
1068:House of Nguyen Phuc
1039:Treaty of Huế (1884)
1034:Treaty of Huế (1883)
943:Katip Sumat uprising
1192:Thien Tho Mausoleum
948:Ja Thak Wa uprising
703:, pp. 414–415.
616:, pp. 326–332.
534:Augustin Schoeffler
211:Diocese of Poitiers
104:Charles de Montigny
1218:Kingdom of Vietnam
1029:Battle of Thuận An
953:Lê Văn Khôi revolt
866:(1802–1884) topics
828:. Burns and Oates.
429:Michael Hồ Đình Hy
258:Jean-Louis Bonnard
215:
199:
172:End of persecution
121:Hải Dương Province
109:Michael Hồ Đình Hy
68:
38:(r. 1848–1883) of
32:
27:(r. 1848–1883) of
1205:
1204:
1054:
1053:
1014:Văn Thân movement
919:(1820–1847)
787:978-1-10742-370-1
744:. Clarke Company.
357:on 17 June 1862,
230:Pedro Almató Bình
125:Melchior Sampedro
1240:
920:
891:Tayson rebellion
876:
875:
857:
850:
843:
834:
833:
829:
820:
811:
790:
772:
763:
754:
745:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
665:
659:
653:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
578:
572:
548:Théophane Vénard
455:Nguyễn Duy Khang
419:Nguyễn Văn Hưởng
335:on 6 June 1862,
321:on 6 June 1862,
207:Théophane Vénard
183:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
178:Treaty of Saigon
64:Ho Chi Minh City
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:Khiêm Mausoleum
1168:
1122:
1050:
1024:Sino–French War
977:
921:
918:
905:
867:
861:
788:
736:
731:
723:
719:
711:
707:
699:
695:
687:
683:
675:
668:
660:
656:
648:
644:
636:
632:
624:
620:
612:
608:
600:
596:
588:
581:
573:
569:
565:
444:Dominican Order
440:Phạm Trọng Khảm
412:Đoàn Trinh Hoan
401:Dominican Order
376:Dominican Order
304:Dominican Order
276:Dominican Order
248:Dominican Order
234:Dominican Order
191:
174:
56:
54:The persecution
17:
12:
11:
5:
1246:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1144:Six Ministries
1141:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1062:
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1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
996:
991:
985:
983:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
922:
917:
907:
906:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
882:
880:
873:
869:
868:
860:
859:
852:
845:
837:
831:
830:
821:
812:
791:
786:
773:
764:
755:
746:
735:
732:
730:
729:
727:, p. 521.
717:
715:, p. 183.
705:
701:Shortland 1875
693:
681:
679:, p. 520.
666:
664:, p. 337.
662:Shortland 1875
654:
652:, p. 416.
650:Shortland 1875
642:
640:, p. 519.
630:
628:, p. 929.
618:
614:Shortland 1875
606:
604:, p. 287.
602:Shortland 1875
594:
592:, p. 518.
579:
577:, p. 277.
575:Shortland 1875
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
545:
531:
520:
513:Phạm Viết Ngôn
509:
495:
484:
477:Nguyễn Văn Lựu
473:
462:
451:
436:
426:
415:
408:
394:
383:
369:
366:Nguyễn Văn Đắc
362:
351:
340:
326:
311:
297:
283:
269:
255:
241:
190:
187:
173:
170:
169:
168:
161:
158:
155:
152:
55:
52:
44:anti-Christian
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1245:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:Meridian Gate
1183:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
984:
980:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
923:
916:
912:
908:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
881:
877:
874:
870:
865:
858:
853:
851:
846:
844:
839:
838:
835:
827:
822:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
789:
783:
779:
774:
770:
765:
761:
756:
752:
747:
743:
738:
737:
726:
721:
714:
713:Patridge 1868
709:
702:
697:
691:, p. 41.
690:
685:
678:
673:
671:
663:
658:
651:
646:
639:
634:
627:
622:
615:
610:
603:
598:
591:
586:
584:
576:
571:
567:
557:
553:
550:, born 1829,
549:
546:
543:
539:
536:, born 1822,
535:
532:
529:
525:
524:Đoàn Công Quí
521:
518:
514:
510:
507:
503:
500:, born 1818,
499:
496:
493:
489:
488:Phan Văn Minh
485:
482:
478:
474:
471:
467:
463:
460:
456:
452:
449:
445:
442:, born 1779,
441:
437:
434:
430:
427:
424:
420:
416:
413:
409:
406:
402:
399:, born 1800,
398:
395:
392:
388:
387:Trần Văn Hạnh
384:
381:
377:
374:, born 1821,
373:
370:
367:
363:
360:
356:
355:burn to death
352:
349:
345:
341:
338:
334:
333:burn to death
331:, born 1821,
330:
327:
324:
320:
319:burn to death
316:
315:Đinh Văn Dũng
312:
309:
305:
302:, born 1818,
301:
298:
295:
291:
288:, born 1802,
287:
284:
281:
277:
273:
270:
267:
263:
260:, born 1824,
259:
256:
253:
249:
245:
242:
239:
235:
232:, born 1830,
231:
228:
227:
226:
224:
220:
212:
208:
203:
195:
186:
184:
179:
166:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
143:
139:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
110:
105:
101:
97:
91:
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
65:
60:
51:
48:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
886:Nguyễn lords
825:
816:
803:
799:
777:
768:
762:. E. Leroux.
759:
750:
741:
720:
708:
696:
684:
657:
645:
633:
621:
609:
597:
570:
344:Vũ Văn Dương
219:decapitation
216:
175:
164:
146:
137:
134:
117:Tạ Văn Phụng
114:
100:Napoleon III
95:
92:
85:
76:
72:
69:
33:
1149:Viện cơ mật
1119:(1884–1885)
1113:(1883–1884)
1095:(1847–1883)
1089:(1841–1847)
1083:(1820–1841)
1077:(1802–1820)
272:Đỗ Đình Cẩm
167:(heretics).
47:persecution
1212:Categories
734:References
626:Alzog 1878
466:Lê Văn Lộc
353:Pedro Đa,
1111:Kiến Phúc
1087:Thiệu Trị
1081:Minh Mạng
915:Thiệu Trị
911:Minh Mạng
725:Phan 2008
677:Phan 2008
638:Phan 2008
590:Phan 2008
511:Lawrence
492:Vĩnh Long
481:Vĩnh Long
459:Hải Dương
423:Ninh Bình
417:Lawrence
405:Hải Dương
294:Bình Định
252:Hải Dương
238:Hải Dương
1154:Viceroys
1117:Hàm Nghi
1105:Hiệp Hòa
1075:Gia Long
689:SPF 1862
556:Cầu Giấy
528:Châu Đốc
517:Nam Định
448:Nam Định
438:Dominic
380:Nam Định
364:Matthew
359:Nam Định
348:Nam Định
337:Nam Định
323:Nam Định
308:Nam Định
280:Hưng Yên
266:Nam Định
23:Emperor
1139:Nội các
1099:Dục Đức
872:History
542:Sơn Tây
506:Sơn Tây
486:Philip
475:Joseph
453:Joseph
205:Bishop
189:Martyrs
40:Vietnam
29:Vietnam
1107:(1883)
1101:(1883)
1093:Tự Đức
913:&
784:
522:Pedro
470:Saigon
391:Saigon
313:Pedro
165:tả đạo
138:tả đạo
96:tả đạo
81:Danang
77:tả đạo
73:tả đạo
36:Tự Đức
25:Tự Đức
879:Early
808:JSTOR
563:Notes
464:Paul
410:John
385:Paul
342:Paul
209:from
102:sent
88:cross
982:Late
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