Nguyễn dynasty - Knowledge

3818: 3421: 132: 17953: 5438: 3511: 4269: 6804: 5360: 6112: 5396: 1340: 195: 5344: 5384: 5372: 6357: 5408: 895: 6773: 4240: 3129: 3790: 4458: 6407: 223: 3491: 2092: 7442: 11736: 4224: 7553: 866: 6734: 1922: 4343:"), the Vietnamese term which often refers to China but now was taken by Gia Long to emphasis his Son of Heaven status and the devaluation of China. Following next decades, Confucianism and the Mandate of Heaven theory gradually lost their positions among the Vietnamese officials and intellectuals. When the fourth emperor, Tự Đức, ceded Southern Vietnam to France and called all Southern officials to give up arms, many ignored, disobeyed the Son of Heaven and continued to fight against invaders. Many dissents viewed him as surrendering and frightened of France. Rebellions against Tự Đức erupted every year from 1860 until he died in 1883. 2623: 3611: 11579: 5480: 2726: 949: 2635: 3307:(r. 1848–1883). Thiệu Trị or Prince Miên Tông, was the eldest son of Emperor Minh Mạng. His six-year reign showed a significant decrease in Catholic persecution. With the population growing fast from 6 million in the 1820s to 10 million in 1850, the attempts at agricultural self sufficiency were proving unworkable. Between 1802 and 1862, the court had faced 405 minor and large revolts of peasants, political dissents, ethnic minorities, Lê loyalists (people that were loyal to the old Lê Duy dynasty) across the country, this made responding to the challenge of European colonisers significantly more challenging. 17946: 184: 3225: 2205: 931: 913: 6845: 5179: 11477:, these agencies were tasked with keeping track of the seals, files, and chapters of their ministry. On duty of the Office of Ministry Seals Management were the correspondents of each individual ministry that received and distributed documents and records of a government agency. These two agencies usually had a few dozen officers who would import documents from their ministry. Usually the name of the ministry is directly attached to the seal agency's name, for example "Office of Civil Affairs Ministry Seals Management – Civil Affairs Ministry Officers on Duty" (吏印司吏直處, 3806: 5423: 3663: 3527: 3635: 4252: 6579:(清人). The Minh Hương were Chinese refugees that had migrated and settled down in Vietnam earlier during the 17th century, who married with Vietnamese women, had been substantially assimilated to local Kinh and Khmer populaces, and loyal to the Nguyen, compared to the Thanh nhân that recently arrived in Southern Vietnam, dominated the rice trade. During the reign of Minh Mạng, a restriction against the Thanh nhân was issued in 1827, Thanh nhân could not access to the state bureaucracy and had to be integrated into Kinh population like the Minh Hương. 11724: 3417:, who proclaimed himself to be a Lê prince, broke out in the north and escalated. Alongside the pretext of avenging the death of the missionaries the French invasion was designed to prove to Europe that France wasn't a second-rate power, and 'civilize' the area. In February 1861, French reinforcement and 70 warships led by General Vassoigne arrived and overwhelmed the Vietnamese strongholds. Facing the Alliance invasion and internal rebellion, Tự Đức chose to cede three Southern provinces to France in order to deal with the coinciding rebellion. 6677: 4375:, a Chinese geographer, reported that the bureaucrats in the Vietnamese court sat down and even felt free to search themselves for body lice during the court audiences. Gia Long once told the son of J.B. Chaigneau, one of his advisors, that the use of Son of Heaven in Vietnam was an "absurdity" and "at least in mixed Vietnamese–European Company." Once the young crown prince is chosen to succeed, his obligation is to be filial with parents, be well-educated in politics and classics, and internalize the morals and ethics of a ruler. 3583: 3386: 11693:), in Chinese symbolism (including Vietnamese symbolism) five-clawed dragons are symbols of an Emperor, while four-clawed dragons are seen as symbols or kings. To denote the high status of Emperor all monarchial robes, hats, and seals were adorned with five-clawed dragons and ordered the creation of new seals with five-clawed dragons as their seal knobs to showcase imperial legitimacy. Meanwhile, the wardrobes and other symbols of vassals and princes were adorned with four-clawed dragons symbolising their status as "kings". 11752: 3623: 852: 4212: 6825: 6816: 6661: 3567: 162: 3599: 6625: 4434: 4422: 3547: 6689: 3761: 2291: 6469: 3647: 6832: 6637: 3437: 6854: 2691:, who was responsible for French assistance, refused to provide it. Although the treaty was not implemented, de Behaine recruited French businessman who intended to trade in Vietnam and raised funds to assist Nguyễn Ánh. He spent fifteen thousand francs of his own money to purchase guns and warships. Cảnh and de Behaine returned to Gia Định in 1788 (after Nguyễn Ánh had recaptured it), followed by a ship with the war materiel. Frenchmen who were recruited included 13209:(Extracted from Truong Van Mon, "The Raja Praong Ritual: a Memory of the sea in Cham- Malay Relations", in Memory And Knowledge Of The Sea In South Asia, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Monograph Series 3, pp, 97–111. International Seminar on Maritime Culture and Geopolitics & Workshop on Bajau Laut Music and Dance", Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences and the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, 23–24/2008) 6749: 3679: 11631:). During the Nguyễn dynasty period the "Achievement of the State" typically consisted of two dragons surrounding a moon or two dragons surrounding a Taijitu, this symbol was commonly found on the caps of high-ranking mandarins. The two dragons surrounding the moon implies that the emperor, or "sovereign", (represented by the dragons) was also the head of state (represented by either the moon or a Yin-Yang symbol). During the period of French domination (法屬, 3394: 2526: 7361: 7512: 3752:. A peace negotiation between Vietnam and France was reached on 5 January 1874. France formally recognized Vietnam's full independence from China; France would pay off Vietnam's Spanish debts; French force returned Hanoi to the Vietnamese; the Vietnamese military in Hanoi had to disband and be reduced to a simple police force; total religious and trade freedom was ensured; Vietnam was compelled to recognise all six southern provinces as French territories. 112: 7066: 11388: 11375: 11338: 11325: 11312: 11291: 11273: 7477: 4470: 6549: 5118: 5468: 6761: 6384: 17939: 6513:

urbanization in the late 19th century. Many peasants left tenant farms and poured into cities, they were hired by French-owned factories. By 1880 the Vietnamese were estimated back then as high as 18 million people, while modern estimates by Angus Maddison have suggested a lower figure of 12.2 million people. Vietnam under the Nguyễn dynasty was always a multiethnic complex. Nearly 80% percent of the Empire's population were

4446: 7199: 7404: 7318: 7109: 5804: 6649: 6505: 3903:. The French were granted Bình Thuận; Đà Nẵng and Qui Nhơn were opened for trade; the ruling sphere of the Vietnamese monarchy was reduced to Central Vietnam while Northern Vietnam became a French Protectorate. In November, Emperor Hiệp Hòa and Trần Tiễn Thành were executed by Nguyễn Văn Tường and Tôn Thất Thuyết for their perceived pro-French sympathies. 14-year-old Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đăng was crowned as Emperor 7280: 3367:, who urged the emperor to reform and transform the Empire following the Western model and open Vietnam to the west. Despite their efforts the conservative Confucian bureaucrats and Tự Đức himself had a literal interest in such reforms. The economy remained largely agricultural, with 95% of the population living in rural areas, only mining offered potential to the modernist's dreams of a western-style state. 4391:. These moves incorporated French officials directly into the administrative structure of the Imperial Huế Court and further legitimized French rule in the legislative branch of the Nguyễn government. From this period onwards any imperial edicts issued by the Emperors of Đại Nam had to be confirmed by the Resident-Superior of Annam giving him both legislative and executive power over the Nguyễn government. 5772:) that supervising entire northern of the southern part of the kingdom. In 1803, Vietnam had 57 prefectures, 41 subprefectures, 201 districts, 4,136 cantons and 16,452 villages, and then by the 1840s its had been increased to 72 prefectures, 39 subprefectures and 283 districts, which an average 30,000 people per district. Cambodia had been absorbed into the Vietnamese administrative system, bore the name 7240: 3695: 6719: 3919:, which confirmed French dominion over Vietnam. On 31 May 1885, France appointed the first governor of all Vietnam. On 9 June 1885, Vietnam ceased to exist after 83 years as an independent state. The leader of the pro-war faction, Tôn Thất Thuyết and his supporters revolted against the French in July 1885, but were forced to retreat to the Laotian highlands with the young emperor 11466:

kinds of documents, which was compiled by the Cabinet of the Nguyễn dynasty in the year Minh Mạng 3 (1822). The various types of seals of the Nguyễn dynasty had different names based on their function, namely Bảo (寶), Tỷ (璽), Ấn (印), Chương (章), Ấn chương (印章), Kim bảo tỷ (金寶璽), Quan phòng (關防), Đồ ký (圖記), Kiềm ký (鈐記), Tín ký (信記), Ấn Ký (印記), Trưởng ký (長記), and Ký (記).

2797:Ánh began to reorganize a strong armed force in Siam. He left Siam (after thanking King Rama I), and returned to Vietnam. During the 1787 war between Nguyễn Huệ and Nguyễn Nhạc in northern Vietnam, Ánh recaptured the southern Vietnamese capital of Gia Định. Southern Vietnam had been ruled by the Nguyễns and they remained popular, especially with the ethnic Chinese. 2091: 11643:) was the sovereign over the Empire (the dragons), the Nguyễn Emperor now merely being the head of state (moon or Yin-Yang symbol). Moons also appeared on the shields of common Nguyễn dynasty soldiers representing the state, while soldiers of the imperial guards sometimes had shields depicting a red sun showcasing that they were a function of the empire. 2765:. Trịnh Bồng surrendered to the Lê and became a monk. Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh wanted to unify the country under Lê rule, and began to prepare the army to march south and attack the Tây Sơn. Huệ led the army, killed Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh, and captured the later Lê capital. The Lê imperial family were exiled to China, and the later Lê dynasty collapsed. 6479:, a prominent Catholic and reformist intellectual, launched an attack on Confucian structures in 1867 as decadent. He wrote to Tự Đức: "the evil that has been brought on China and on our country by the Confucian way of life." He criticized the court's Confucian education as dogmatic and unrealistic, promoted for his education reform. 3480:, in which he called to revise the 1862 treaty. In July 1864, another draft treaty was signed. France returned the three provinces to Vietnam, but still held control over three important cities Saigon, Mỹ Tho, and Thủ Dầu Một. In 1866, France convinced Tự Đức to hand over the southern provinces of Vĩnh Long, Hà Tiên, and Châu Đốc. 2562:. The alliance was largely victorious from July through November, and the Tây Sơn army retreated north. However, Emperor Nguyễn Huệ halted the retreat and counter-attacked the Siamese forces in December. In the decisive battle of Rạch Gầm–Xoài Mút, more than 20,000 Siamese soldiers died and the remainder retreated to Siam. 194: 2464:, leading to support by wealthy Chinese for Ánh. He returned to Giồng Lữ, defeated Admiral Nguyễn Học of the Tây Sơn and captured eighty battleships. Ánh then began a campaign to reclaim southern Vietnam, but Nguyễn Huệ deployed a naval force to the river and destroyed his navy. Ánh again escaped with his followers to 16261:"Admiring Dragons and Phoenixes on the Treasures of the Nguyen Dynasty. – This is also the name of the exhibition which is co-organized by the National Museum of History and Hue Monuments Conservation Center. The exhibition opening ceremony was on the morning of September 7 (7/9), at Hue Museum of Royal Antiquities" 16103:"Ấn triện đồng triều Nguyễn. – Ấn triện bằng đồng là loại liên quan đến uy quyền. Vua Nguyễn cấp ấn triện cho những bề tôi là để ban ủy quyền cho các bề tôi thay mặt vua cai trị dân. Nghiên cứu về ấn triện bằng đồng thời Nguyễn sẽ hiểu thêm về hệ thống quan chức triều Nguyễn cũng như nhiều vấn đề khác liên quan" 6445:(thanksgiving ritual) to heaven. In addition, the emperor believed that holy spirits and natural goddesses of his country can also make rain. In 1804, Gia Long built the Nam Hải Long Vương Temple (Temple of Southern Ocean Dragon King) in Thuận An, northeast of Hue in his faithfulness to the god of Thuận An ( 1142:. Vietnamese territory peaked in the history from 1834 to 1841. The empire also used to implement a strong assimilation policy against ethnic minority and suppress Christianity. Unlike their ancestors, the Nguyễn dynasty applied a closed country policy and harsh Confucianism until the French came. With the 3817: 6512:

Before the French conquest, the Vietnamese population was very sparse due to the agricultural backbones economy of the country. The population in 1802 was 6.5 million people and had only grown to 8 million by 1840. Rapid industrialization after the 1860s ushered in massive population growth and rapid

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During Gia Long's years, Catholicism was peacefully worshipped without any restriction. Began with Minh Mạng, who considered Christianity as a heterodox religion for its rejection of ancestor worship, the important belief of the Vietnamese monarchy. After reading the Bible (Old and New Testament), he

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By the late 1860s, pirates, bandits, and remnants of the Taiping rebellion in China, fled to Tonkin and turned Northern Vietnam into a hotbed for their raid activities. The Vietnamese state was too weak to fight against the pirates. These Chinese rebels eventually formed their own mercenary armies as

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Rama I, fearing the growing influence of the Tây Sơn dynasty in Cambodia and Laos, decided to dispatch his army against it. In Bangkok, Ánh began to recruit Vietnamese refugees in Siam to join his army (which totaled over 9,000). He returned to Vietnam and prepared his forces for the Tây Sơn campaign

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After the death of Emperor Tự Đức (and according to his will), Dục Đức ascended to the throne on 19 July 1883. He was dethroned and imprisoned three days later, after being accused of deleting a paragraph from Tự Đức's will. With no time to announce his dynastic title, his era name was named for his

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The Nguyễn dynasty viewed cultures that were "non-Chinese" as barbaric and called themselves the Central Kingdom (Trung Quốc, 中國). This includes the Han Chinese under the Qing dynasty who were viewed as "non-Chinese". As the Qing have caused the Chinese to not be "Han" anymore. Chinese were referred

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that ravaged and killed 200,000 people across the country. His reign mainly focused on centralizing and stabilizing the state, by abolishing the Viceroy system and implementing a new full bureaucracy-provincial-based administration. He also halted diplomacy with Europe, and cracked down on religious

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in 1636 as his residence and established the dominion of the Nguyễn lord in the southern part of the country. Although the Nguyễn and Trịnh lords ruled as de facto rulers in their respective lands, they paid official tribute to the Lê emperors in a ceremonial gesture, and recognize Lê dynasty as the

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In 1802 the Nguyen dynasty was recognized with an imperial pardon and tributary status. there was no doubt in anyone's mind that China was the superior and the tributary state the inferior. The Vietnamese kings clearly realized that they had to acknowledge China's suzerainty and become tributaries

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were forced to join public works in order to limit the influence of Buddhism and promote Confucianism as the sole dominant belief of the society. However, such embracing a Sinic Confucian culture among the Vietnamese populace whom lived amidst a Southeast Asian infrastructure, widening the distance

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While seeking to maximize the use of Indochina's natural resources and manpower to fight World War I, France cracked down on Vietnam's patriotic mass movements. Indochina (mainly Vietnam) had to provide France with 70,000 soldiers and 70,000 workers, who were forcibly drafted from villages to serve

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mounted an attack on the Red River Delta, but was soon driven back by the Vietnamese navy and suffered several losses. After the Napoleonic War and Gia Long's death, the British Empire renewed relations with Vietnam in 1822. During his reign, a system of roads connecting Hanoi, Hue, and Saigon with

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to France. The French were allowed to trade freely and control foreign trade in Vietnam. Vietnam had to build one ship per year which was similar to the French ship which brought aid and gave it to France. Vietnam was obligated to supply food and other aid to France when the French were at war with

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In 1782, Nguyễn Ánh escaped to Cambodia and the Tây Sơn seized southern Vietnam (now Cochinchina). They had discriminated against the ethnic Chinese, displeasing the Chinese-Vietnamese. That April, Nguyễn loyalists Tôn Thất Dụ, Trần Xuân Trạch, Trần Văn Tự and Trần Công Chương sent military support

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attacked and captured Gia Định from the sea and defeated the Nguyễn Lord forces. The Tây Sơn received widespread popular support as they presented themselves as champions of the Vietnamese people, who rejected any foreign influence and fought for the full reinstitution of the Lê dynasty. Hence, the

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inhabited the hills west of the Red River Delta, and although subordinate to the central authority, they were permitted to bear arms, a privilege not accorded to any other subjects of the court of Huế. The Tày and the Mang live in the northern highlands of Tonkin, both submitted to Huế court along

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besides making them replace skirts with trousers. Han Chinese Ming dynasty refugees numbering 3,000 came to Vietnam at the end of the Ming dynasty. They opposed the Qing dynasty and were fiercely loyal to the Ming dynasty. Vietnamese women married these Han Chinese refugees since most of them were

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On 18 August, French battleships began shelling Vietnamese positions in the Thuận An citadel. Two days later, at dawn, Courbet and the French marines landed on the shore. By the next morning, all Vietnamese defenses in Huế were overwhelmed by the French. Emperor Hiệp Hòa dispatched mandarin Nguyễn

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to the north to deal with these various problems but had to avoid all international attention, particularly from China. On 25 April 1882, Rivière took Hanoi without facing any resistance. Tự Đức informed the Chinese court that their tributary state was being attacked. In September 1882, 17 Chinese

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hit Vietnam, having travelled from India. The epidemic quickly spread out of control and killed 800,000 people (8–10% of Vietnam's 1847 population) across the Empire. Locusts plagued northern Vietnam in 1854, and a major rebellion in the following year damaged much of the Tonkin countryside. These

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as Commandery Princess of Cambodia. Cambodian officials were required to wear Vietnamese-style clothing, and govern in Vietnamese style. However the Vietnamese rule over Cambodia did not last long and proved draining to Vietnam's economy to maintain. Minh Mạng died in 1841, whilst a Khmer uprising

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of the Empire" and the "Achievement of the State" were identical to their Imperial Chinese counterparts, the "Achievement of the Empire" first appeared in Vietnam during the 11th century and were identical during the Later Lê and Nguyễn periods consisting of two Dragons surrounding a flaming sun,

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At that time, Nguyễn Huệ's influence became stronger in northern Vietnam; this made Emperor Nguyễn Nhạc of the Tây Sơn dynasty suspect Huệ's loyalty. The relationship between the brothers became tense, eventually leading to battle. Huệ had his army surround Nhạc's capital, at Quy Nhơn citadel, in

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The Nguyễn dynasty's seal are rich and diverse in types and had strict rules and laws that regulated their manipulation, management, and use. The common practice of using seals was clearly recorded in the book "Khâm định Đại Nam hội điển sự lệ" on how to use seals, how to place them, and on what

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Just two years after French recognition, Tự Đức sent an embassy to Qing China in 1876 and re-provoked the tributary relationship with the Chinese (the last mission was in 1849). In 1878, Vietnam renewed relations with Thailand. In 1880, Britain, Germany, and Spain were still debating the fate of

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the Vietnamese and sank many Vietnamese ships in Đà Nẵng, demanding the release of Lefèbvre. Angered by the incident, Thiệu Trị ordered all European documents in his palace to be smashed, and all European caught on Vietnamese land were to immediate execution. In autumn, two British warships of

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systems of both the Later Lê and Nguyễn dynasties were similar to those found in China during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The sun symbol as a flaming disc in Vietnam dates back to the 11th century and during the Nguyễn dynasty period this symbol was often depicted with pointed rays. The moon

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Japan for its notorious policies on Christians. Minh Mạng also was influenced by anti-Christian propaganda written by Vietnamese Confucian officials and literati, which described the mixing of men and women and liberal society among the Church. The most thing he worried about Christianity and

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and Ming dynasties which were learned by the Vietnamese, who saw themselves as sharing a civilization with the Qing. This event triggered a diplomatic disaster. The consequence was that non-"Han Chinese highland tribes" and other non-Vietnamese peoples living near (or in) Vietnam were called

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proposed a direct military campaign against Vietnam to revise the 1874 treaty. Because Tự Đức was too preoccupied to keep the French out of his Empire without directly engaging against them, he requested assistance from the Chinese court. In 1882, 30,000 Qing troops flooded into the northern

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Catholicism was writing texts that proved that Christianity was a means for Europeans to take over foreign countries. He also praised the anti-Christian policy in Japan. Churches were destroyed and many Christians were imprisoned. The persecution got intense during the reign of his grandson

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that killed roughly 8% of the country's population, while the countries isolationist policies damaged the economy. France and Spain declared war on Vietnam in September 1858. Faced with these industrialised powers, the hermit Nguyễn dynasty and its military crumbled, the alliance capturing

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The Nguyễn dynasty retained the bureaucratic and hierarchic system of previous dynasties. The emperor was the head of state who wielded absolute authority. Under the emperor was the Ministry of Interior (which worked on papers, imperial messages and recording) and four Grand Secretariats

4275: 16295:"Giải mã 'rồng 5 móng' của nhà Nguyễn. Để thể hiện tính độc lập giữa Hoàng đế Việt Nam và các nước láng giềng, Vua Gia Long đã có chỉ dụ về quy định các hình thêu, đúc rồng trên trang phục, đồ dùng của vua và hoàng thái tử chỉ được thêu rồng 5 móng, khác với rồng 4 móng của Trung Hoa" 14165:

Vol. 3, Issues 25–36. p. 233. 1996 "In 1834 the 'Vien Co Mat' (secret affairs institute) was set up for the first time in the feudal history of Vietnam, comprising four high-ranking mandarins. This was the key agency in the royal court, just besides the king, which was entitled to

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until it was crushed by the government forces in 1835. In January, he issued the first country-wide prohibition of Catholicism, and began persecuting Christians. 130 Christian missionaries, priests and church leaders were executed, dozens of churches were burned and destroyed.

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These burdens proved heavy since agriculture experienced natural disasters from 1914 to 1917. Lacking a unified nationwide organization, the vigorous Vietnamese national movement failed to use the difficulties France had as a result of the war to stage significant uprisings.

14190:, p. 757 Spencer C. Tucker – 2011 "At the capital of Hue, Minh Mang established the Noi Cac Vien (Grand Secretariat) and the Co Mat Vien (Privy Council). The rest of the bureaucracy was also re-organized with the creation of a nine-rank Mandarin corps. It was also under Minh 2828:) in the Battle of Thị Nại. They were victorious, capturing a large amount of Tây Sơn equipment. Quang Toản became unpopular due to his murders of generals and officials, leading to a decline in the army. In 1799, Ánh captured the citadel of Quy Nhơn. He seized the capital ( 11451:. It was a yellow flag with a single or three horizontal red stripes, sometimes in 1822, it was entirely blank yellow or white. The emperor's personal flag was a golden dragon spitting fire, surrounded by clouds, a silver moon, and a black crescent on a yellow background. 3063:

during the fifteenth-century golden age (1470–1497), as such he adopted a Confucian-bureaucratic government model, and sought unification with northern literati. To ensure stability over the unified kingdom, he placed two of his most loyal and Confucian-educated advisors,

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to protest against the executions of two Spanish Dominican missionaries. Seven months later, they sailed to the south to attack Saigon and the rich Mekong Delta. The Alliance troops held Saigon for two years, while a rebellion of Lê loyalists led by Catholic bishop Pedro

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of Catholics his grandfather had orchestrated. During Tự Đức's first twelve years, Vietnamese Catholics faced harsh persecution with 27 European missionaries, 300 Vietnamese priests and bishops, and 30,000 Vietnamese Christians executed and crucified from 1848 to 1860.

2019:, fears that his fate will be like his elder brother; therefore, he tried to escape the capital to avoid the purges. Later, he asks his sister, Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Bảo (the wife of Trịnh Kiểm) to ask Kiểm to appoint him to be the governor of far-south frontier of Đại Việt, 3347:, with his sentence being reduced to life imprisonment. Aware of the rise of Western influences in Asia, Tự Đức confirmed his grandfathers isolationist policy towards the European powers, prohibiting embassies, forbidding trade and contact with foreigners and renewing 4378:

After the 1884 Treaty of Huế was signed, the Nguyễn dynasty became two protectorates of France and the French installed their own administrators. Although the Emperors of the Nguyễn dynasty were still nominally in control of the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin, the

4268: 3158:, no Western advisors who had served Gia Long remained in Minh Mạng's court. The last French consul of Vietnam, Eugene Chaigneau, was never able to obtain audience with Minh Mạng. After he left, France ceased attempts at contact. In the next year he launched an anti- 2707:. A total of twenty people joined Ánh's army. The French purchased and supplied equipment and weaponry, reinforcing the defense of Gia Định, Vĩnh Long, Châu Đốc, Hà Tiên, Biên Hòa, Bà Rịa and training Ánh's artillery and infantry according to the European model. 3859:

denounced the three regents for their irregular handling of Tự Đức's succession. Tôn Thất Thuyết excoriated Phan Đình Phùng and sent him from the court to his home territory, where later he led a nationalist resistance movement against the French for ten years.

6301:(Chinese: 交領右衽). Although the Chinese-influenced trousers and tunic were mandated by the Nguyen government, skirts were worn in isolated north Vietnamese hamlets until the 1920s. Chinese style clothing was ordered for the Vietnamese military and bureaucrats by 2409:, who granted him exile and offered support in his struggle with the Tây Sơn. In April 1782 a Tây Sơn army invaded Cambodia, detained and forced Ang Eng to pay tribute, and demanded, that all Vietnamese nationals living in Cambodia were to return to Vietnam. 2820:, succeeded him as emperor of the Tây Sơn and was a poor leader. In 1793, Nguyễn Ánh began a campaign against Quang Toản. Due to conflict between officials of the Tây Sơn court, Quang Toản lost battle after battle. In 1797, Ánh and Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh attacked 6400:

between the population and the court far away. Buddhism was still prevalent in mainstream society and had its presence within the imperial palace. Empress mothers, queens, princess, and concubines were devout Buddhists, despite the patriarchal prohibition.

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in 1774. Its military had had considerable losses in manpower after a series of campaigns in Cambodia and proved unable to contain the revolt. By the end of the year, the Trịnh lords had formed an alliance with the Tây Sơn rebels and captured Huế in 1775.

6127:" (土). This indicates that during the beginning of the period of French domination the Vietnamese still maintained the "Hoa-Di distinction" while the indigenous peoples and the subjects of the Manchu Qing (Thanh) dynasty were viewed as "less civilised". 5437: 2204: 2587:

The war between the Nguyễn lord and the Tây Sơn dynasty forced Ánh to find more allies. His relationship with de Behaine improved, and support for an alliance with France increased. Before the request for Siamese military assistance, de Behaine was in

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coins were often depicted facing dexter (to the right), while during the Thiệu Trị period (1841–1847) and later these coins depicted dragons guardant (facing forwards). Dragons were considered to be one of the four sacred animals together with the

3832:. When news of Rivière's death reached France, there was immediate outcry and demands for a response. The French Parliament quickly voted for the conquest of Vietnam. Tens of thousands of French and Chinese reinforcements poured into the 6613:, in 1845. The first photos of the Vietnamese were taken by Fedor Jagor in November 1857 in Singapore. Due to the forbidden contact to foreigners, photography returned to Vietnam again during the French conquest and had shots taken by 6492:, when most of the state efforts were to annihilate Vietnamese Christianity. Unironically, even during the height of the anti-Catholic campaign, many Catholic scholars were still permitted to hold high positions in the imperial court. 3173:. He coercively fed lizard and pig meat to Cham Muslims and cow meat to Cham Hindus in violation of their religions to forcibly assimilate them to Vietnamese culture. The first Cham revolt for independence took place in 1833–1834 when 16799:

Sion. Eine Stimme in der Kirche für unsere Zeit. Eine rel. Zeitschrift ... eine Hausbibliothek für Geistliche und fromme katholische Familien. Hrsg. durch einen Verein von Katholiken u. red. von Thomas Wiser u. W. Reithmeier: Volume

6143:) to refer to the Vietnamese. According to the emperor, "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han customs." These policies were directed at the 4370:

title for "monarch" or " sovereign ruler") by the ordinary Vietnamese folks. The concept of a divine Son of Heaven has not been dogmatically practiced, and the monarch's divinity was not absolute due to the dual theory. For example,

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By the summer of 1781, Ánh's forces had grown to 30,000 soldiers, 80 battleships, three large ships and two Portuguese ships procured with the help of de Behaine. Ánh organized an unsuccessful ambush of the Tây Sơn base camps in the

3774:

provinces and occupied cities. The Black Flags had also been returning, together, collaborating with local Vietnamese officials and harassing French businesses. In March, the French responded by sending a second expedition led by

5359: 6495:

After an imperial edict in late 1862, Catholicism was officially recognized and worshipers of the faith obtained state protection. It is estimated that late-19th century Vietnam had about 600,000 to 700,000 Catholic Christians.

4402:) became a salaried employee of the Indochinese colonial structure, reducing their power to being only a civil servant of the Protectorate government. The Resident-Superior of Annam also took over the management of provincial 6564:

The Kinh people are distributed across the lowland of the country from Tonkin to Cochichina. The Chams live in central Vietnam and the Mekong Delta. The Hoa people particularly concentrated in urbanised areas such as Saigon,

2777:

to lead the military campaign into Vietnam. The campaign failed, and later on, the Qing recognized the Tây Sơn as the legitimate dynasty in Vietnam. However, with the death of Huệ (1792), the Tây Sơn dynasty began to weaken.

2542:

in June 1784, after which he captured Gia Định. Rama I nominated his nephew, Chiêu Tăng, as admiral the following month. The admiral led Siamese forces including 20,000 marine troops and 300 warships from the Gulf of Siam to

12902: 3891:

to French possession, and to accept a French résident in Huế who could demand imperial audiences. He sent an ultimatum to the regents that "The name Vietnam will no longer exist in history" if they did not comply with this.

3510: 14808: 6617:

during the French invasion of Da Nang (September 1858). Since the French seizure of Saigon in 1859, the city and southern Vietnam had been opening to foreigners, and photography entered Vietnam exclusively from France and

3185:) against the Vietnamese emperor. The rebellion failed to gain the support of the Cham elite and was quickly suppressed by the Vietnamese military. A second revolt began the following year, led by a Muslim clergy named 11678:(Sacred turtle). During the Nguyễn dynasty period the depiction of dragons in Vietnamese art reached their zenith and the quality and variety of Nguyễn dynasty dragons was much higher than those of earlier dynasties. 5395: 131: 2807:

In 1788 de Behaine and Ánh's son, Prince Cảnh, arrived in Gia Định with modern war equipment and more than twenty Frenchmen who wanted to join the army. The force was trained and strengthened with French assistance.

13185: 2066:; the Nguyễn clan, just like their Trịnh relatives in the north, recognize the authority of the Lê emperors over Đại Việt yet at the same time solely exercise political power over their own territory. The official 3490: 1902:

summoned those who were still loyal to the Lê emperor and formed a new army to begin another revolt against Mạc Đăng Dung. In 1539, the coalition returned to Đại Việt beginning their military campaign against the

4457: 3610: 2451:

Phạm Ngạn, who had a close relationship with Emperor Thái Đức, at Tham Lương bridge. Thái Đức, angry, thought that the ethnic Chinese had collaborated in the killing. He sacked the town of Cù lao (present-day

11660:

appeared on many state symbols during the Nguyễn dynasty period including on imperial edicts, coins, buildings, and the badges of the Imperial Guard. During the Minh Mạng period (1820–1841) dragons on silver

1537:

in the lower Yangtze basin and its people. From the third century BC the term was used for the non-Chinese populations of south and southwest China and northern Vietnam, with particular ethnic groups called

5343: 4048:

escaped from his palace to participate in an uprising of Vietnamese troops. The French were informed of the plan, and its leaders were arrested and executed. Duy Tân was deposed and exiled to the island of

5383: 14641: 14573: 3712:

had done and cooperated with local Vietnamese officials to interfere with French business interests. As France was looking to acquire Yunnan and Tonkin, when in 1873, a French merchant-adventurer named

3476:, even with their missionaries urging them to. To the Queen dowager, Từ Dụ, the court, and the people, the 1862 treaty was a national humiliation. Tự Đức once again sent a mission to the French Emperor 2023:(modern Quảng Bình to Quảng Nam provinces). Trịnh Kiểm, thinking of this proposal as an opportunity to remove the power and influence of Nguyễn Hoàng away from the capital city, agreed to the proposal. 11685:, or Gia Long 15 (1816), Emperor Gia Long instructed the court to create special clothes, hats, and seals for himself and the crown prince to denote independence from China. These regalia all depicted 2634: 3981:, confirmed Vietnam's status as French protectorates and severed Vietnam's tributary relationship with the Qing dynasty by requiring that all of Vietnam's foreign affairs be conducted through France. 3420: 6979:

Their succession practically is according to the law of primogeniture, but sometimes conflicted. The first succession conflict arose in 1816 when Gia Long was designing for an heir. His first prince

6111: 5371: 4223: 2385:, marched to Gia Định and occupied the city in December 1777. The Tây Sơn returned to Gia Định in February 1778 and recaptured the province. When Ánh approached with his army, the Tây Sơn retreated. 16015:"Vai trò và vị trí đóng dấu của các loại ấn trên tài liệu Châu bản triều Nguyễn. 10/01/2012 – Lượt xem: 931 – Trải qua các triều đại, ấn chương Việt Nam ngày càng phong phú về loại hình và hình thể" 5407: 18172: 222: 17052: 12170: 6441:(offering heaven for wind and rain during a drought) that the emperor and court officials perform for wishing heaven to rain down his kingdom. If the offer went successful, they had to conduct 16018: 16264: 19029: 6995:

were dragged by the ill-failing Emperor Thiệu Trị as a potential heir. At first, Thiệu Trị apparently chose Prince Hồng Bảo because he was older, but after hearing advice from two regents

6090:

This occurred after Vietnam had sent a delegate to Beijing, whereupon a diplomatic disaster caused Vietnam to view other "non-Chinese" as barbaric in much the same way as the Qing. By the

3089:

were constructed and finished. In 1812, Gia Long issued the Gia Long Code, which was instituted based on the Ch'ing Code of China, replaced the previous Thánh Tông's 1480 Code. In 1811, a

15021: 6964:, before they came to rule in south Vietnam from 1558 to 1777 and from 1780 to 1802, then became the ruling dynasty of the entire Vietnam. Traditionally, the family traces themselves to 2905:, and ethnic minorities, resulting in more than two hundred rebellions across the country during his twenty-one-year reign. He also further expanded Vietnamese imperialism in modern-day 3742: 13220: 4362:", which is borrowed from China) to demonstrate that the ruler was descended and commissioned by heaven to rule the kingdom. However, in most cases, Nguyen rulers were formally called 17855: 4071:

Nationalist sentiment intensified in Vietnam (especially during and after the First World War), but uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain concessions from the French. The

18149: 16931:

The Resources and Statistics of Nations Exhibiting the Geographical Position and Natural Resources, the Area and Population, the Political Statistics ... of All Countries · Volume 2

11505:– Where the main content of the seal (symbol or word) is engraved, this area is usually in the face down position. The stamp surface is often used up to engrave letters or drawings. 3828:

Backed by the Chinese army and prince Hoàng Kế Viêm, Liu Yongfu, and the Black Flags decided to attack Rivière. On 19 May 1883, the Black Flags ambushed and beheaded Rivière at the

14805: 5495:

When mandarins retired, they could receive one hundred to four hundred quan from the emperor. When they died, the imperial court provided twenty to two hundred quan for a funeral.

3789: 1146:, the Nguyễn dynasty was forced to give up sovereignty over parts of Southern Vietnam to France in 1862 and 1874, and after 1883 the Nguyễn dynasty only nominally ruled the French 5768:). Frequently, there were twelve governor-generals and eleven governors, although, in some periods, the Emperor would appoint a "commissioner in charge of patrolled borderlands" ( 17952: 4239: 12169:(in Vietnamese). Trung tâm Lưu trữ quốc gia I (National Archives Nr. 1, Hanoi) – Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước (State Records And Archives Management Department Of Việt Nam). 11700:

of the French protectorate of Annam would also consist of golden dragons with one being a sword per fess charged with a scroll inscribed with two Traditional Chinese characters

6996: 2302:

The 17th-century war between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn ended in an uneasy peace, with the two sides creating de facto separate states although both professed loyalty to the same

14601:(A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan). p. 14. Archived from 3484:, the governor of the three provinces immediately resigned. Without resistance, in 1867, the French annexed the provinces and turned their attention to the northern provinces. 6676: 2008: 3343:-the elder brother of Tự Đức, the primogeniture heir rebelled against Tự Đức on the day of his accession. This coup failed but he was spared execution on the intervention of 3048:) to Emperor Jiaqing as the countries name, this displeased the emperor who was disconcerted by such pretentions, and Nguyễn Phúc Ánh had to officially rename his kingdom as 2600:

of France for assistance; de Behaine agreed to coordinate an alliance between France and Vietnam, and Ánh gave him a letter to present at the French court. Ánh's oldest son,

2506:

agreed to ally with the Nguyễn lord and intervene militarily in Vietnam. Châu Văn Tiếp sent a secret letter to Ánh about the alliance. After meeting with Siamese generals at

8653: 3864: 9864: 8290: 6987:, the eldest son of Prince Cảnh, as the crown prince, while other support Prince Đảm (later Minh Mang). The second conflict was the 1847 succession when two young princes 2885:, it was one among three major Southeast Asian powers at the time. The emperor Gia Long was relatively friendly toward Western powers and Christianity. After his reign of 6803: 1878:. They attempted to restore the Lê dynasty to power, igniting an anti-Mạc rebellion, in favor of the loyalist cause. Both the Trịnh and Nguyễn clan again took up arms in 18438: 14089: 12256: 3729:, in late November the French and Lê loyalists opened fire at the Vietnamese citadel of Hanoi. Tự Đức immediately sent delegations to negotiate with Garnier, but Prince 3363:

In the 1850–70s, a new class of liberal intellectuals emerged in the court as persecution relaxed, many of them Catholics who had studied abroad in Europe, most notably

17242: 6772: 6413: 6406: 3324:. In 1847, Thiệu Trị had made peace with Siam, but the imprisonment of Dominique Lefebvre offered an excuse for French and British aggression. In April the French navy 2877:

to the north. The ruling Nguyễn emperors established and ran the first well-defined imperial administrative and bureaucratic system of Vietnam and annexed Cambodia and

18433: 3863:

To knock Vietnam out of the war, France decided to take a direct assault on the city of Huế. The French army split up itself into two parts: the smaller under General

3189:

with support from the old Cham royalty, highland people, and Vietnamese dissents. Minh Mạng mercilessly crushed the Ja Thak rebellion and executed the last Cham ruler

2749:

escaped to the north but got captured by the local people. He then committed suicide. After the Tây Sơn army returned to Quy Nhơn, subjects of the Trịnh lord restored

14119: 8411: 5413: 4002:. The spelling used in the Vietnamese transliteration is in fact Portuguese-based, because the French relied on a dictionary compiled earlier by a Portuguese cleric, 19072: 18372: 16564:——— (2004b), "The Nguyen dynasty's policy toward Chinese on the Water Frontier in the first half of the Nineteenth Century", in Nola, Cooke (ed.), 15319: 15280: 15175: 11442: 5800:, the Huế court imposed the co-existing tributary and quasi-bureaucratic governance system, while allowing these people to have their own local rulers and autonomy. 5504: 5422: 3216:

on the throne. The rebellion lasted for two years, gathering much support from Vietnamese Catholics, Khmers, Chinese merchants in Saigon, and even the Siamese ruler

16302: 15541: 19355: 15502: 15471: 6376:

and actively restricted Buddhism. Scholars, elites, and officials attacked Buddhist doctrines and criticized them as superstitious and useless. The third emperor,

11735: 11400: 8532: 19297: 12871: 6425:

Confucianism itself was the ideology of the Nguyen court, also provided the basic core of classical education and civil examination every year. Gia Long pursued

2377:

Pigneau de Behaine decided to support Ánh, who had declared himself heir to the Nguyễn lordship. A month later the Tây Sơn army under Nguyễn Huệ had returned to

1114:

and ruled the unified Vietnamese state independently from 1802 to 1883 before being a French protectorate. During the independence period, Nguyễn Vietnam was a

19516: 3472:. and war reparations were required to be sent to France. Despite the religious elements of this treaty, France would not intervene in the Christian revolt in 15619: 15570: 7023:(Thăng Long) to show the new unity of the country; the fourth, Tự Đức, means "Inheritance of Virtues"; the ninth, Đồng Khánh, means "Collective Celebration". 5522:

Each protectorate, besides having their own separated regional governments, was under patrol of one greater, powerful unit called Overlord of Citadel, or the

2046:

kingdom. This event of Nguyễn Hoàng leaving Thăng Long laid the foundation for the eventual fragmentation and division of Đại Việt later down the road as the

1525:

BC), and later as "越". At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang. In the early eighth century BC, a tribe on the middle

17741: 16110: 4211: 3875:, the sea gate of Hue on August 17. Harmand demanded the two regents Nguyễn Văn Tường and Tôn Thất Thuyết surrender Northern Vietnam, North-Central Vietnam ( 1339: 16045: 6286: 14596: 3076:

of Hanoi and Saigon. From 1780 to 1820, roughly 300 Frenchmen served Gia Long's court as officials. Seeing the French influence in Vietnam with alarm, the

16191: 3339:, or Prince Hồng Nhậm was Thiệu Trị's youngest son, well-educated in Confucian learning, he was crowned by minister and co-regent Trương Đăng Quế. Prince 2604:, was chosen to accompany de Behaine. Due to inclement weather, the voyage was postponed until December 1784. The group departed from Phú Quốc Island for 19456: 17885: 16188:"No royal seal left in Hue today. VietNamNet Bridge – It is a great regret that none of more than 100 seals of the Nguyen emperors are in Hue City today" 6356: 2924:(r. 1847–1883) would be assailed by serious problems that ultimately decimated the Vietnamese state. In the late 1840s, Vietnam was struck by the global 17595:

Nguyễn Quang Trung Tiến (1999). "Hệ quả cuộc cách mạng 1789 đối với tiến trình thâm nhập Việt Nam của chủ nghĩa tư bản Pháp và "tấn bi kịch Gia Long"".

17115:. Vol. Tập một: Tiền biên và Chính biên-Kỷ thứ nhất (từ 1558 đến 1819) (bản dịch của Viện Sử học Việt Nam ed.). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục. 14178:, p. 55 Mark W. McLeod – 1991 "... Minister of Public Office (Thuong thu Bo Lai) as well as his membership in the emperor's Privy Council (Co mat vien)" 14039: 11484:

Since the Nguyễn dynasty period seals have a fairly uniform shape (with or without a handle), the uniform description of these seals in Vietnamese are:

1233:

divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyễn Phúc rule, Nguyễn Vietnam became no longer a

17381: 11511:- The face of the seal, where other information about the seal is engraved, usually in the supine position. In the case of the flat-head pyramid seal ( 4144: 2761:, emperor of the Lê dynasty, wanted to regain power from the Trịnh. He summoned Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh, governor of Nghệ An, to attack the Trịnh lord at the 12166: 5807:

Map of 1883 Indochina Peninsula, shows three Vietnamese regions and client territories (Pays des Mois and Royme de Tran-ninh) of the Vietnamese Crown.

2998:

united Vietnam after a three-hundred-year division of the country. He celebrated his coronation at Huế on 1 June 1802 and proclaimed himself emperor (

2346:

elimination of the Nguyễn and Trinh lordships was considered a priority and all but one member of the Nguyễn family captured at Saigon were executed.

2015:, leader of the Trịnh clan, killed Nguyễn Uông, the eldest son of Kim in order to take over the control of the loyalist forces. The sixth son of Kim, 17664:

Weber, Nicholas (2011). "Securing and Developing the Southwestern Region: The Role of the Cham and Malay Colonies in Vietnam (18th–19th centuries)".

6733: 6426: 5479: 3984:

After this the Nguyễn dynasty only nominally ruled the two French protectorates. Annam and Tonkin were combined with Cochinchina and the neighboring

16014: 11469:

Seals in the Nguyễn dynasty were overseen by a pair of agencies referred to as the Office of Ministry Seals Management – Officers on Duty (印司 – 直處,

4251: 2769:

1787. Nhạc begged Huệ not to kill him, and they reconciled. In 1788, Lê emperor Lê Chiêu Thống fled to China and asked for military assistance. The

2062:

would rule (wielding actual political power). Meanwhile the descendants of the Nguyễn clan, through the bloodline of Nguyễn Hoàng would rule in the

19506: 18009: 16709: 16260: 6614: 4398:

took over the financial and property management duties of the Nguyễn dynasty's imperial court meaning that the Nguyễn dynasty Emperor (at the time

3247:

Minh Mạng also expanded his empire westward, putting central and southern Laos under Cam Lộ Province, and collided with his father's former ally –

2653: 3526: 3468:

the island of Poulo Condoræ would allow Catholicism, three ports would be open to French trade, and the sea opened to allow French expansion into

3143:

and fourth son of Emperor Gia Long. Educated in Confucian principles from youth, Minh Mạng became the Emperor of Vietnam in 1820, during a deadly

2622: 19491: 3101:

to seek support from Vietnam. Gia Long sent 13,000 men to Cambodia, successfully restoring his vassal to his throne, and beginning a more formal

2816:

After the fall of the citadel at Gia Định, Nguyễn Huệ prepared an expedition to reclaim it before his death on 16 September 1792. His young son,

15051: 15013: 11546:

In its 143 years of existence, the government of the Nguyễn dynasty had created more than 100 imperial seals. These imperial seals were made of

6344:

community. The imprisonment of missionaries who had illegally entered the country was the primary pretext for the French to invade (and occupy)

3018:) in the north. Gia Long prioritized the nation's defense and worked to avoid another civil war. He replaced the feudal system with a reformist 19282: 6417: 3622: 18134: 16042:"Seals of Nguyen Dynasty showcased. Around 140 seals of the Nguyen Dynasty are displayed at an exhibition which opened in Hanoi on October 12" 4140: 3566: 1265: 19065: 13228: 5454: 4136: 17521:

Koizomi, Junko (2015). "The 'Last' Friendship Exchanges between Siam and Vietnam, 1879–1882: Siam between Vietnam and France – and Beyond".

6976:. Grandsons of the emperor were Hoàng tôn. Daughters of the emperor were called Hoàng nữ, and always earned the title công chúa (princess). 19496: 19348: 19277: 7015:, which have meaning in Chinese and Vietnamese. For example, the first ruler's era name, Gia Long, is the combination of the old names for 6151:. Nguyễn Phúc Chu had referred to the Vietnamese as "Han people" in 1712, distinguishing them from the Chams. The Nguyễn lords established 6066: 17129: 12468: 2983:

between the Chinese Empire and the French Republic was signed on 9 June 1885 recognizing French dominion over Vietnam. All emperors after

1661:

in southern China. The Qing Emperor, therefore, decided to call the area "Việt Nam" or "Vietnam" instead. Between 1804 and 1813, the name

16641: 15136: 15081: 6660: 3333:

arrived in Đà Nẵng and attempted to force a commercial treaty on Vietnam, but the emperor refused. He died a few days later of apoplexy.

3077: 2720: 2397:

and his brother Nguyễn Huệ sent a naval force to attack Ánh. Ánh's army was defeated and he fled via Ba Giồng to Svay Rieng in Cambodia.

18014: 17446:

Cooke, Nola (2004). "Early Nineteenth-Century Vietnamese Catholics and Others in the Pages of the Annales de la Propagation de la Foi".

15214: 14991: 14729: 11751: 5757:) was the lowest administrative unit, which one respected person nominally took care of village administrative, which called lý trưởng. 3634: 3348: 3080:

sent two envoys to Gia Long in 1803 and 1804 to convince him to abandon his friendship with the French. In 1808, a British fleet led by

2963:

orchestrated the murders of three emperors in a year. This presented an opportunity to the French. The Huế court was forced to sign the

19466: 18743: 18708: 18331: 16886:——— (2004b), "The late 18th and early 19th-century Mekong Delta in the Regional Trade System", in Nola, Cooke (ed.), 15440: 12389:"Vietnam–Champa Relations and the Malay–Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries – The Vietnamese Victory over Champa in 1693" 7139: 3805: 5741:, in areas whereas having a significant population of ethnic minorities). Under prefecture and subprefecture, there was the district ( 19481: 18412: 17690: 16346: 14598:

Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese Hi story from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambod

12357: 4148: 2004: 1928: 3598: 425: 17292:

Vietnam and the Chinese model: a comparative study of Vietnamese and Chinese government in the first half of the nineteenth century

16807: 15393: 15305:

Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

14932:

Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

14276:

Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

6437:

in Vietnamese-script collections. The court rigidly imported these Chinese books from Chinese merchants. Confucian rituals such as

5335: 4387:. In 1897 the Resident-Superior was granted the power to appoint the Nguyễn dynasty Emperors and presided over the meetings of the 2489: 284: 12911:, p. 157, "...When my father Thế tổ Cao hoàng đế possessed An Nam, our kingdom was named the country of Great Việt Nam ...". 10286: 6984: 6624: 6325:"barbarian" by the Vietnamese imperial court. The essay distinguishes the Yi and Hua, and mentions Zhao Tuo, Wen, Shun and Taibo. 4018:

to Vietnam in the XVI Century, although it was the French who built most of the churches and established missions in the country.

2276: 19501: 19341: 19014: 18091: 17878: 14893: 4978:

Assistant Instructors and Librarians at Imperial and Hanlin Institutes, Assistant Directors of Boards and Courts, Circuit Censors

3170: 19024: 12305: 2456:), which had a large Chinese population, and ordered the oppression of the Chinese community to avenge their assistance to Ánh. 19511: 18357: 12282: 12252: 4993:

Secretaries & Tutors at Imperial & Hanlin Institutes, Secretaries and Registrars at Imperial Offices, Police Magistrate

4315:. The Gia Long Code in 1812 declared the Vietnamese monarch as the universal ruler of all Vietnam; using the Confucian concept 3582: 1596:

compiled around 239 BC. By the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, educated Vietnamese called themselves and their people as

137: 18671: 17479:

Dyt, Karynth (2015). "Calling for Wind and Rain" Rituals: Environment, Emotion, and Governance in Nguyễn Vietnam, 1802–1883".

14081: 12131: 2582: 19251: 18086: 18076: 17429: 17364: 17341: 17318: 17248: 17193: 17100: 17082: 17061: 17029: 17010: 16988: 16947: 16877: 16840: 16787: 16768: 16687: 16653: 16631: 16582: 16555: 16471: 16452: 16425: 16407: 16298: 16106: 15535: 15496: 15465: 15434: 15313: 15274: 15247: 15208: 15169: 15130: 14967: 14940: 14789: 14762: 14723: 14674: 14635: 14567: 13169: 12535: 12448: 12421: 12341: 7546:

Collaborated with the French, and was a political figurehead for French colonial rulers. Unpopular to the Vietnamese people.

4421: 4027: 3725:

arrived at Tonkin in November. Because local administrators had allied with the Black Flags and mistrusted of Hanoi governor

3662: 2787: 1257: 609: 17150: 16693: 16511: 15591: 10306: 5008:

Assistant Secretaries in Imperial Offices and Law Secretaries, Provincial Deputy Sub-Prefects, Buddhist & Taoist priests

3995:

French rule also reinforced ingredients that the Portuguese had already added to Vietnam's cultural stew: Catholicism and a

3965:. The terms were, however, considered overly harsh in French diplomatic circles and never ratified in France. The following 3546: 3128: 2893:

ruler; introducing a policy of isolationism which kept the country from the rest of the world for nearly 40 years until the

2663:

on behalf of Nguyễn Ánh. The treaty stipulated that France provide four frigates, 1,200 infantry troops, 200 artillery, 250

1252:

The Nguyễn dynasty remained the formal emperors of Annam and Tonkin within Indochina until the final stage of World War II.

19148: 19117: 19039: 18326: 18163: 16850:

Li, Tana (1994), "Rice Trade in the 18th and 19th Century Mekong Delta and Its Implication", in Aphornsuvan, Thanet (ed.),

15367: 14111: 11474: 11405: 5749:). Under district and canton, the bundle of hamlets around one common religious temple or social factor point, the village 4684: 4674: 4644: 4319:

to provide monarchs absolute power. Their reign and popular images were judged based on how prosperous the livelihood (民生,

4192: 3616:

A French naval gun, deployed on a dyke, supports a marine infantry attack on the Vietnamese positions at Gia Cuc (Gia Quất)

1751: 799: 18592: 18683: 18081: 16294: 5139: 4798: 4433: 4078:

For Vietnam, the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 was as decisive as the 1858 French seizure of Đà Nẵng. The

3769:

Vietnam, and the Chinese Embassy in Paris openly rejected the 1874 Franco-Vietnamese agreement. In Paris, Prime Minister

3747: 1882:

and revolted against the Mạc. However the initial rebellion failed and the loyalist forces had to fled to the kingdom of

1049: 18718: 18336: 11709: 10483: 6988: 3843:

was crowned as Emperor Dục Đức but was, however, imprisoned and executed after three days by the three powerful regents

3340: 19476: 19122: 18651: 17871: 17406: 17211: 16505: 15103: 14540: 10297: 6705: 6275:

speakers, replacing their traditional skirts. The Qing-influenced tunics and trousers were worn by the Vietnamese. The

4694: 3899:

On 25 September, two court officials, Trần Đình Túc and Nguyễn Trọng Hợp signed a twenty-seven-article treaty known as

2975:

was signed in 1884, France finished its annexation and partitioning of Vietnam into three constituent protectorates of

2439:

Qing and fled to Southeast Asia (including Vietnam). Many Han Chinese were welcomed by the Nguyễn lords to resettle in

1193:

and establishing their own imperial rule in the entire country in the early 19th century. The dynastic rule began with

1030: 17: 18901: 12875: 6636: 6095: 5930: 3166: 2840:, all of the members of the Tây Sơn was captured. Ánh then executed all the members of the Tây Sơn dynasty that year. 1894:(modern day Laos). The Lê loyalists under Lê Ninh, a descendant of the imperial family, escaped to Muang Phuan (today 1197:

ascending the throne in 1802, after ending the previous Tây Sơn dynasty. The Nguyễn dynasty was gradually absorbed by

19107: 17997: 17575: 17299: 17171: 16966: 16600: 16536: 16418:

Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics, Years 1–2012 Population, GDP at PPP, and GDP Per Capita. Volume 1, By Rank

16239: 14475: 11953: 11583: 11438: 10329: 5165: 4469: 4095: 4062: 3927:. Thuyết called up the nobility, loyalists and nationalists to arm for the resistance against the French occupation ( 3829: 3162:

propaganda campaign, denouncing the religion as "vicious" and full of "false teaching." In 1832 Minh Mạng turned the

3090: 342: 19138: 16161:"AP0678-Sogny-Marien. Titre : Hué, 1939 – Léon Sogny est élevé à la dignité nobiliaire de baron d'An Binh (12)" 16134:"AP0670-Sogny-Marien. Titre : Hué, 1939 – Léon Sogny est élevé à la dignité nobiliaire de baron d'An Binh (13)" 14465: 6688: 5147: 3646: 3278:

as the governor of the Cambodian province, expanding his forcible religious assimilation to the new territory. King

2762: 2272: 1533:, a term later used for peoples further south. Between the seventh and fourth centuries BC Yue/Việt referred to the 791: 19471: 18698: 18678: 18306: 18279: 18274: 18118: 15613: 15564: 7602: 5993: 5634: 4704: 4091: 4066: 3102: 1665:(full name) was used officially by Emperor Gia Long. In 1839, the name Vietnam was completely abolished by Emperor 18144: 17281:

Whitmore, John K.; Zottoli, Brian (2016), "The Emergence of the state of Vietnam", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),

16102: 14625: 14557: 11723: 7586: 6937: 5467: 4130: 3775: 1285: 692: 18918: 18384: 16041: 11460: 7172:

Thiệu Thiên Long Vận Chí Thiện Thuần Hiếu Khoan Minh Duệ Đoán Văn Trị Vũ Công Thánh Triết Chượng Chương Hoàng Đế

4340: 3985: 3678: 2656: 1814:

through one form or another. The clan's affiliations with the ruling elites dated back to the tenth century when

1635:(who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the Nguyễn dynasty. In the second year of his rule, he asked the 1242: 173: 19019: 18846: 18522: 18517: 17615: 17111: 16323: 16017:(in Vietnamese). Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước (State Records And Archives Management Department Of VietNam). 14602: 11776: 11303: 10533: 7849: 7117:

Thể Thiên Xương Vận Chí Hiếu Thuần Đức Văn Vũ Minh Đoán Sáng Thuật Đại Thành Hậu Trạch Phong Công Nhân Hoàng Đế

6968:(?–979), the first duke of Đại Việt. Princes and male descendants of Gia Long are called Hoàng Thân, while male 3364: 3032:

of the Qing Empire, with Gia Long receiving an imperial pardon and recognition as the ruler of Vietnam from the

1608:(Vietnamese people). However, this designation was for the Vietnamese themselves and not for the whole country. 17587: 16895:——— (2004c), "Ships and ship building in the Mekong delta, 1750–1840", in Nola, Cooke (ed.), 16730: 16187: 15341: 14870: 14826: 14491: 14279: 11903: 8658: 5143: 3356: 3144: 2359: 19292: 11578: 11499:– The handle for pressing the seal down on texts. In case the seal is shaped like a pyramid, there is no knob. 8295: 2801:, the youngest brother of Tây Sơn (who ruled southern Vietnam), could not defend the citadel and retreated to 2418: 19486: 18748: 18703: 18632: 18407: 18316: 18294: 14031: 7147: 6648: 3844: 3325: 1774:

However, in Vietnamese historiography, modern historians often refer to this period in Vietnamese history as

517: 19112: 17375: 10492: 9992: 7835: 7441: 6268: 3923:(Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Lịch.) Meanwhile the French installed his pro-French brother Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ as emperor 3912: 2323: 18908: 18289: 17919: 17832: 7074:

Khai Thiên Hoằng Đạo Lập Kỷ Thùy Thống Thần Văn Thánh Vũ Tuấn Đức Long Công Chí Nhân Đại Hiếu Cao Hoàng Đế

6839: 6760: 6312:, "On Distinguishing Barbarians", was based on the Qing sign "Vietnamese Barbarians' Hostel" (越夷會館) on the 3962: 3944: 3497: 2175: 2166: 2067: 1155: 1107: 920: 240: 38: 18989: 12253:"Ai là tể tướng đầu tiên trong lịch sử Việt Nam? (Who is the first prime minister in Vietnamese history?)" 9873: 7541: 6255:

were treated as Vietnamese since 1829. They were not allowed to go to China, and also not allowed to wear

4350:(黃帝, Sino-Vietnamese title for "Emperor") in the court while referring himself the first person honorific 3721:

government responded by sending out a new attack without talking with the Hue court. A French army led by

3052:

the next year to satisfy the emperor. The country was officially known as 'The (Great) Vietnamese state' (

2315: 18775: 18627: 18492: 18046: 17915: 16160: 16133: 11771: 9031: 7433: 7390: 6835: 4604: 3958: 3940: 3928: 3242: 2716: 2683:

left France for Pondicherry to wait for the military support promised by the treaty. However, due to the

2649: 1991:

on the throne. However, the Mạc at this point still controls most of the country, including the capital,

1151: 1139: 1043: 902: 19287: 18780: 15587:'Lost worlds' or 'lost causes'?: biodiversity conservation, forest management, and rural life in Vietnam 15566:'Lost worlds' or 'lost causes'?: biodiversity conservation, forest management, and rural life in Vietnam 10123: 8416: 6980: 6789: 4203: 3213: 3140: 2680: 2601: 1649:

in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. The Emperor refused because the name was related to

1308: 1166: 19169: 18876: 18866: 18738: 18688: 18622: 18587: 18572: 18552: 18284: 18101: 18041: 17546: 17471: 17421: 16833:

Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland

16679: 14903: 9715: 7000: 6302: 6290: 4380: 4331:, everything has to stay in its right order. Gia Long also perceived the ancient Chinese conception of 4034: 4015: 3376: 1304: 1143: 822: 18984: 18733: 18597: 18582: 14690: 12388: 9259: 7308: 7271: 7265: 7229:

Suppressed Đoàn Hữu Trưng's rebellion. Facing French invasions. Ceded Cochinchina to France after the

7151: 5961: 5688: 3888: 3848: 3197: 2960: 1619: 513: 19055: 18851: 18790: 18457: 18139: 18106: 17749: 15654: 15043: 11842: 9855: 9373: 7552: 6096:

Vietnamese culture by ceasing "barbarous" habits like cropping hair and ordering them to grow it long

6018: 5539: 5514:

During the reign of Gia Long, the kingdom was divided into twenty-three quasi-militant protectorates

5428: 4114: 3970: 3783:, Cao Bằng, Bac Ninh, and Thái Nguyên, under the pretext of defending against the French aggression. 3065: 2980: 2857:

period. During this period the Nguyễn dynasty's territories comprised the present-day territories of

2817: 2519: 2366:. With Tây Son search parties closing in, he kept on moving and eventually met the French missionary 528: 247: 18979: 18856: 18532: 18502: 17020:

Momoki, Shiro (2015), "The Vietnamese empire and its expansion, c. 980–1840", in Wade, Geoff (ed.),

16374: 8537: 6453:

ritual was performed. His successor, Minh Mạng, continued to build several temples dedicated to the

5729:

In 1831, Minh Mạng reorganised his kingdom by converting all these protectorates into 31 provinces (

3196:

In 1833, as Minh Mạng had been trying to take firm control over the six southern provinces, a large

19229: 19223: 19211: 18951: 18861: 18537: 18367: 18051: 17500:

Friedland, William H. (1977). "Community and Revolution in Modern Vietnam. Alexander B. Woodside".

17181: 16909: 14283: 14066: 11884: 11865: 11636: 11434: 9601: 7351: 6905: 6748: 6682:

Group of female musicians from Cochinchina to perform in the colonial exposition in Marseille, 1922

6434: 5128: 4476: 4445: 3966: 3954: 3916: 3900: 3700: 3465: 3320:, taking all local officials hostage with the demands that Thiệu Trị free imprisoned French bishop 3081: 2995: 2972: 2964: 2945: 2573:

in Thailand. The Siamese army escorted him back to Bangkok, and he was briefly exiled in Thailand.

1632: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1020: 666: 653: 362: 117: 18805: 18507: 17691:"The relationship between Nanyue and Annam in the ancient historical records of China and Vietnam" 17631:

Smith, R. B. (1974). "Politics and Society in Viet-Nam during the Early Nguyen Period (1802–62)".

7207:

Thể Thiên Hanh Vận Chí Thành Đạt Hiếu Thể Kiện Đôn Nhân Khiêm Cung Minh Lược Duệ Văn Anh Hoàng Đế

6553: 6348:. Like Qing China, a number of incidents involved other European nations during the 19th century. 4139:

and heavy setbacks in the war, the Japanese in a last ditch effort to gather support in Indochina

3457: 2515: 2327: 1854:'s vassal, Nguyễn Hoằng Dụ in a rebellion, emerged as the intermediate victor and established the 1225:

gave France access to Vietnamese ports and increased control of its foreign affairs. Finally, the

19461: 19217: 19205: 18956: 18928: 18795: 18577: 18527: 18512: 18467: 18362: 16760: 14666:

Human Rights in Asia: A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions, France and the USA

14535:. Book collections on Project MUSE (illustrated ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 39. 11927: 6326: 5956: 5773: 5682: 5132: 3931:). The movement lasted for 11 years (1885–1896) and Thuyết was forced to exile in China in 1888. 3453: 3397: 3288: 3271: 2949: 2941: 2758: 2692: 2358:

escaped and with the help of the Vietnamese Catholic priest Paul Hồ Văn Nghị soon arrived at the

1218: 640: 358: 204: 152: 18617: 18612: 18557: 7360: 6429:. Confucian rituals and ideas were circulations based within ancient Confucian teaching such as 4850: 3856: 3414: 2546:

Province. In addition, more than 30,000 Siamese infantry troops crossed the Cambodian border to

1987:, this occurred after the loyalist's capture of Thanh Hoá province, reinstalling the Lê emperor 111: 19322: 18826: 18785: 18713: 18602: 18487: 18021: 17238: 12464: 11924:

Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents

11615: 6888: 6596: 6120: 5871: 5588: 4332: 4110: 4087: 4086:

invaded Vietnam on 22 September 1940, attempting to construct military bases to strike against

3839:

Tự Đức died on 17 July. Succession trouble temporarily paralyzed the court. One of his nephews

3730: 2948:

which gave France access to Vietnamese ports and increased control of its foreign affairs. The

2551: 2495: 2319: 1847: 1827: 1198: 547: 18841: 18341: 17945: 16548:

Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response

15303: 15264: 15159: 15120: 15073: 14930: 14781:

Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response

14779: 14754:

Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response

14752: 14715:

Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response

14664: 14532:

Southern Vietnam under the Reign of Minh Mang (1820–1841): Central Policies and Local Response

12649:

Nguyễn Khắc Thuần (2005), Danh tướng Việt Nam, tập 3, Việt Nam: Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục, tr. 195

12438: 12411: 12365: 12331: 9487: 9145: 6320:

Lý Văn Phức. It argued that the Qing did not subscribe to the neo-Confucianist texts from the

5350: 5187: 4388: 3224: 2280: 2073: 1201:

over the course of several decades in the latter half of the 19th century, beginning with the

183: 18831: 18449: 17735: 17204:

Vua Gia Long và người Pháp: khảo sát về ảnh hưởng của người Pháp trong giai đoạn triều Nguyễn

17070: 16998: 16976: 15525: 15198: 14983: 14957: 14713: 14530: 13159: 12440:

New Perspectives on the History and Historiography of Southeast Asia: Continuing Explorations

10670: 6718: 5543: 4654: 4517: 4403: 3205: 3069: 2825: 2390: 2187: 1823: 679: 258: 19302: 18477: 16868:——— (2004a), "The Water Frontier: In Introduction", in Nola, Cooke (ed.), 15486: 15455: 15424: 11705: 11686: 11533:

of An Bình" (安平男) in the year Bảo Đại 14 (保大拾肆年, 1939) he was also given a golden seal and a

6135:

of ethnic minorities became state policy. He claimed the legacy of Confucianism and China's

3321: 3085:

postal stations and inns was established, several canals connecting the Mekong River to the

2643:, the French priest who recruited armies for Nguyễn Ánh during Ánh's war against the Tây Sơn 2559: 2555: 2468:. Cambodia later cooperated with the Tây Sơn to destroy Ánh's force and made him retreat to 2031: 2000: 1908: 1879: 1810:

had long exerted substantial political influence and military power throughout early modern

1807: 1307:

in August 1945. This ended the 143-year rule of the Nguyễn dynasty and 384-year rule of the

19060: 18753: 18723: 18399: 17825: 16740: 16152: 16125: 14898: 11447:

The Nguyễn dynasty's national flag or the Imperial flag first appeared during the reign of

7403: 7230: 6557: 6340:, were opposed to French involvement in Vietnam, and tried to reduce the country's growing 6023: 5186:

Vietnam's monetary subunit was the quan (貫). One quan equaled 10 coins, equivalent to

4613: 4463:

Mandarin (left) in the traditional Áo tấc and mandarin (right) in the imperial court dress.

4346:

A dual theory of sovereignty existed in Vietnam. All the Nguyễn monarchs were addressed as

3425: 3380: 3264: 3256: 3020: 2894: 2837: 2660: 2307: 1503: 1202: 1190: 871: 625: 622: 606: 19430: 19307: 18246: 17698: 16340: 16008: 16006: 16004: 14691:"Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries" 11697: 11329: 10902: 8039: 7536: 7393:. Dethroned after one year, continuing his rebellion until captured in 1888 and exiled to 7317: 6380:, elevated Confucianism as the true religion and while regarding Buddhism as superstition. 3741:

to attack the French. Garnier was killed on 21 December by the Black Flag soldiers at the

2725: 1835: 1831: 8: 19415: 19272: 19143: 18800: 18728: 18693: 18562: 18417: 18311: 18228: 18096: 16327: 16077: 14627:

Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History

11526: 11316: 10714: 7956: 7527: 7424: 7159: 6960:(Nguyen Gia Mieu) had historically been founded in the 14th century in Gia Miêu village, 6857: 6116: 5523: 5191: 4504: 4367: 4293: 3999: 3924: 3868: 3796: 3501: 3429: 3186: 3094: 3053: 3007: 2999: 2984: 2956: 2734: 2700: 2672: 2371: 2331: 1693: 1583: 1493: 1412: 1366: 1099: 1087: 795: 350: 319: 212: 18836: 18607: 18462: 15401: 11473:), this is a term that refers to two agencies which were established within each of the 11212: 8916: 7279: 6894: 5789: 5038:

Secretaries in Offices of Assistant Governors, Salt Controllers & Transport Stations

4230: 3201: 2211: 2186:

tried to create the autonomous regime. They expanded their territory by making parts of

2171: 2112: 2098: 2082: 2070:

of the two families however, would not begin until 1627, the first war between the two.

2035: 2016: 1932: 1779: 1590:; "Hundred Yue/Viet"; ). The term Baiyue/Bách Việt first appeared in the book 19082: 18871: 18763: 18547: 18542: 18472: 17648: 17538: 17463: 16745:

Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel: Asia – Vol II: Southern and Western Asia

16619: 16362: 16001: 11982: 11611:

symbolised the state, the sun the empire, stars the sovereigns, and clouds the heaven.

7520:

Tự Đại Gia Vận Thánh Minh Thần Trí Nhân Hiếu Thành Kính Di Mô Thừa Liệt Tuyên Hoàng Đế

6965: 6961: 6844: 5946: 5881: 5671: 5578: 5098:

Prefectural Tax Collector, Deputy Jail Warden, Deputy Police Commissioner, Tax Examiner

4312: 4168: 4072: 3867:

stayed in Hanoi and waited for reinforcement from France while the French fleet led by

3718: 3589: 3461: 3330: 3155: 2889:

brought a new approach, he ruled for 21 years from 1820 to 1841, as a conservative and

2750: 2746: 2730: 2640: 2566: 2367: 2338: 2012: 1988: 1859: 1815: 1811: 1289: 1214: 884: 19435: 19395: 19077: 18567: 18252: 18204: 18066: 16940:

Print and Power: Confucianism, Communism, and Buddhism in the Making of Modern Vietnam

14907: 11342: 11066: 10692: 8097: 7942: 7573: 7260: 6875: 4156: 3840: 3694: 2051: 2042:, the territory which have been previously conquered during the 15th century from the 1862:, taking the throne for himself, effectively ending the once prosperous but declining 1673:

restored it on 11 March 1945 when declaring independence from France and founding the

1670: 1273: 696: 471: 19385: 18913: 18810: 18666: 18389: 18192: 18071: 18004: 17925: 17848: 17652: 17542: 17467: 17425: 17402: 17360: 17337: 17314: 17295: 17247:, vol. 2, Sài Gòn: Trung tâm Học liệu Xuất bản thuộc Bộ Giáo dục, archived from 17217: 17207: 17189: 17167: 17096: 17078: 17057: 17025: 17006: 16984: 16962: 16943: 16873: 16836: 16783: 16764: 16726: 16683: 16649: 16627: 16596: 16578: 16551: 16532: 16501: 16467: 16448: 16421: 16403: 15531: 15492: 15461: 15430: 15309: 15270: 15243: 15204: 15165: 15126: 14963: 14936: 14866: 14785: 14758: 14719: 14670: 14631: 14563: 14536: 14471: 13165: 12531: 12444: 12417: 12337: 11970: 11949: 11757: 11657: 11652: 11277: 10314: 8193: 7758: 7582: 7184: 6969: 6848: 6514: 6377: 6333: 6294: 6256: 6124: 5924: 5713: 4906: 4826:

Brigadiers of Artillery & Musketry, Brigadier of Scouts, Banner Division Colonel

4664: 4622: 4316: 4304: 4172: 4152: 4126: 4011: 4003: 3855:

succeeded on 30 July as Emperor Hiệp Hòa. The senior Censorate official of the court

3726: 3275: 3059:

Gia Long asserted that he was reviving the bureaucratic state that was built by King

2917: 2798: 2684: 2394: 2342: 2268: 1674: 1449: 1293: 1269: 1159: 404: 400: 390: 19390: 18482: 18198: 16675:

A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century

14662: 14063:

Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy

12278: 11881:

Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy

11862:

Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy

11295: 10500: 7824: 7219: 6337: 5941: 5919: 5708: 5665: 3040:. The envoys sent to China to acquire this recognition cited the ancient kingdom of 2921: 2738: 2355: 459: 19246: 18974: 18637: 18379: 18056: 18031: 17982: 17769: 17765: 17723: 17681: 17673: 17640: 17567: 17530: 17509: 17488: 17455: 17143:

The War in Tong-king:Why the French are in Tong-king, and what They are Doing There

17093:

Appetites and Aspirations in Vietnam: Food and Drink in the Long Nineteenth Century

17047: 16852:

An International Seminar on Thailand and her neighbours: Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia

16828: 12123: 11620: 11595: 11535: 7594: 7080: 6518: 6476: 6373: 6365: 6172:, "The Vietnamese and the barbarians must have clear borders"), distinguishing the 5851: 5760:

Two nearby provinces were combined into a pair. Every pair had a governor-general (

5613: 5603: 4395: 4279: 4229:

Nine-dragon Imperial Crown (Cửu Long thông thiên quan,九龍通天冠) influenced by Chinese

3989: 3948: 3533: 3445: 3385: 3311: 2976: 2937: 2882: 2770: 2704: 2696: 2668: 2457: 2440: 2220: 2183: 2107: 2027: 1801: 1555: 1547: 1457: 1320: 1246: 1210: 1186: 1111: 857: 411: 28: 19405: 18216: 11379: 11360: 11235: 10734: 7984: 7338: 5886: 5608: 4217:

Imperial seal , decorated with a dragon, and its imprint against a red background.

3904: 3154:

Minh Mạng shunned relations with the European powers. By 1824, after the death of

2116: 2039: 2020: 1978: 1592: 19420: 19333: 19099: 18768: 18758: 18234: 17987: 16673: 16495: 16243: 15585: 15237: 14860: 14812: 11807: 10880: 8025: 7462: 7344: 7224: 7037: 6819: 6571: 6566: 6341: 6240: 6152: 5178: 4399: 4164: 4083: 3978: 3974: 3908: 3833: 3722: 3709: 3557: 3481: 3299:

Over the next forty years, Vietnam was ruled by two further independent emperors

3033: 3029: 3010:

Gia Long (嘉隆). This title emphasized his rule from "Gia" Định region (modern-day

2754: 2570: 2330:(around modern-day Ho Chi Minh City) by sea before the arrival of Tây Sơn leader 2243: 2233: 2142: 2132: 2063: 2059: 2047: 1941: 1904: 1855: 1636: 1253: 787: 262: 19400: 19312: 19034: 18210: 16906:

Nguyen Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

16254: 16252: 15371: 11619:

while the "Achievement of the State" is known to have been used as early as the

6973: 6948: 6427:

Confucianism to create and maintain a conservative society and social structures

6200: 5983: 5856: 5836: 5598: 5560: 4996:

Bodyguards, Lieutenants of Artillery, Musketry & Scouts, Second Lieutenants

4632:

Banner Unit Lieutenant General, General-in-Chief, Provincial Commander-in-Chief

3852: 3780: 3685: 3669: 2593: 2477: 2469: 1819: 1613: 1561: 1440: 1422: 18301: 16096: 16094: 16092: 16090: 16088: 16086: 14141: 11591: 8774: 7093: 7003:, he revised the heir at last minute and choose Hồng Nhậm as the crown prince. 6815: 6272: 6091: 5821: 3996: 2832:) on 3 May 1801, and Quang Toản retreated north. On 20 July 1802, Ánh captured 2499: 2306:. After 100 years of domestic peace, the Nguyễn lords were confronted with the 1996: 1954: 1899: 1871: 1867: 1834:; she served as the official regent of Đại Việt for her son, the child emperor 1575: 1485: 1477: 809: 562: 336: 19189: 18497: 17727: 17644: 17571: 17459: 17221: 11948:. Economic History of Southeast Asia Project. Australian National University. 11782: 11704:(大南) and supported by a single Vietnamese dragon and the other being a golden 5876: 5781: 5583: 1707: 1417: 1158:(in Northern Vietnam). They later cancelled treaties with France and were the 1095: 1083: 997: 366: 19450: 19380: 19317: 18186: 18111: 17852: 17677: 16917: 16249: 14287: 14149: 11834: 11742: 11675: 11640: 10153: 7713: 7598: 7129: 6282: 6177: 6123:

referring to the ethnic groups as "Hán (-Vietnamese)" (漢), "Thanh" (清), and "

5978: 5936: 5861: 5718: 5619: 5530:(Viceroy of Northern Protectorates) in Hanoi, and southern protectorates had 4928:

Lieutenant Colonel of Artillery, Musketry & Scouts Captain, Police Major

4359: 4308: 3517: 3344: 3136: 3117: 3113: 3060: 2886: 2829: 2688: 2465: 2453: 2448: 2120: 2077: 1731: 1666: 1515: 1357: 1297: 1268:

in March 1945 and proclaimed independence for its constituent countries. The

1119: 938: 501: 323: 299: 286: 273: 228: 200: 199:

Vietnam at its greatest extent (1834–1841) under the latter reign of Emperor

17756:(1976). "The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence". 17283:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Part 2

16575:

Cult, Culture, and Authority : Princess Lieu Hanh in Vietnamese History

16486: 16083: 6538: 6483:

considered the Christianity religion irrational and ridiculous, and praised

6468: 5777: 5443:

Phục mạng ceremony when mandarin receive the edict from the Emperor in 1895.

4101:, who still retained the administration of the colony. During this time the 3760: 2543: 2382: 2303: 2229: 2128: 2055: 1950: 1875: 1863: 1851: 1498: 1453: 1174: 18061: 17992: 17492: 15488:

Legal Reforms in China and Vietnam: A Comparison of Asian Communist Regimes

15457:

Legal Reforms in China and Vietnam: A Comparison of Asian Communist Regimes

15426:

Legal Reforms in China and Vietnam: A Comparison of Asian Communist Regimes

15200:

Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: The Lands Below the Winds

11624: 11351: 11223: 8189: 7593:

in 1945, ending the Vietnamese monarchy. Installed as head of state of the

7099: 6922: 6824: 6583: 6534: 6530: 6484: 6430: 6321: 6231: 6204: 6192: 6173: 6132: 6003: 5951: 5914: 5898: 5866: 5846: 5841: 5797: 5785: 5676: 5640: 5593: 5572: 5566: 4160: 4098: 3957:

led to the rest of Vietnam becoming French protectorates, divided into the

3884: 3872: 3734: 3653: 3477: 3441: 3405: 3229: 3190: 3086: 3025: 2874: 2853:

In Vietnamese historiography, the independent period is referred to as the

2534: 2473: 2428: 2424: 2381:. Ánh seized the opportunity and quickly raised an army at his new base in 2363: 1999:, who had served as leader of the loyalists throughout the 12 years of the 1640: 1380: 1277: 1261: 1238: 1147: 1135: 784: 577: 253: 244: 19256: 17555: 16236: 15239:

Searching for Vietnam: Selected Writings on Vietnamese Culture and Society

11539:(金牌) with his noble title on it. The seal had the seal script inscription 7307:

Four-month emperor (30 July – 29 November 1883), poisoned by the order of

6587:

with taxes and tribute, but were allowed to have their hereditary chiefs.

5988: 5904: 5891: 5654: 5625: 4963:

Inner Deputy Supervisors of Instruction at Hanlin Institutes, Sub-Prefects

4283: 3876: 3573: 3436: 3282:

of Cambodia died in the next year and Ming Mang installed Chan's daughter

2955:

The last independent Nguyễn emperor of note was Tự Đức. Upon his death, a

1912: 1627:

carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in

19009: 18923: 17753: 16752: 16593:

The Tây Sơn uprising: society and rebellion in eighteenth-century Vietnam

16333: 15262: 12255:. Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations. 5 February 2014. 11623:

period and this early Trần version consists of two Dragons surrounding a

7143: 7051: 7032: 6926: 6831: 6606: 6602: 6542: 6522: 6277: 6227: 6136: 5972: 5909: 5793: 5659: 4106: 3880: 3779:

divisions (200,000 men) crossed the Sino-Vietnamese borders and occupied

3770: 3714: 3279: 3174: 3159: 3098: 2898: 2687:

and the abolition of the French monarchy, the treaty was never executed.

2609: 2589: 2432: 1887: 1534: 1511: 1206: 1115: 227:

Administrative divisions of Việt Nam in 1838 during the reign of Emperor

208: 19410: 18222: 17863: 17534: 17353:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

17022:

Asian Expansions: The Historical Experiences of Polity Expansion in Asia

16231: 16229: 12436: 11986: 11573: 11392: 10752: 7970: 7381: 6853: 6569:, and Hanoi. The Hoa people tended to be divided into two groups called 5733:). Each province had a series of smaller jurisdictions: the prefecture ( 3920: 3393: 2821: 2802: 2525: 2378: 17053:

The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam

16227: 16225: 16223: 16221: 16219: 16217: 16215: 16213: 16211: 16209: 15074:"The Ao Dai and I: A Personal Essay on Cultural Identity and Steampunk" 7155: 6526: 6317: 6208: 6144: 6100: 5968: 4171:, Bảo Đại abdicated on 25 August 1945 after the Viet Minh launched the 4079: 3934: 3738: 3360:

various crises weakened the empire's control over Tonkin considerably.

3270:

In 1834, the Vietnamese Crown fully annexed Cambodia and renamed it to

3037: 2952:

concluded the French annexation of Cochinchina that had begun in 1862.

2423:

Support for the Nguyễn lords by the Chinese Vietnamese began after the

573: 19425: 18240: 17377:

Việt sử: xứ đàng trong, 1558–1777. Cuộc nam-tié̂n của dân-tộc Việt-Nam

16400:

Pirates of Empire Colonisation and Maritime Violence in Southeast Asia

13186:"The Raja Praong Ritual: A Memory of the Sea in Cham- Malay Relations" 12525: 11387: 11374: 11337: 11324: 11311: 11290: 11272: 11044: 8083: 7497: 7162:, renamed the country Đại Nam (Great South), suppressed Christianity. 6248: 6245: 6219: 6216: 6188: 6185: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 4050: 4045: 2290: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1463: 1393: 1390: 1387: 18321: 18269: 17633:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

17609: 16464:

Imperial Bandits: Outlaws and Rebels in the China-Vietnam Borderlands

16012: 14959:

Globalization: A View by Vietnamese Consumers Through Wedding Windows

14470:(illustrated ed.). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 53, 111. 14026: 14024: 14022: 11667: 11567: 11495: 7590: 7350:

Eight-month emperor (2 December 1883 – 31 July 1884). Signing of the

6369: 6345: 4885: 4753: 4714: 4102: 3469: 3300: 2890: 2774: 2597: 2178:, after refusing to pay tax and tribute to the central government in 1658: 1241:

but a colony of France. In 1887, Cochinchina, Annam, Tonkin, and the

1122:. During its existence, the empire directly expanded into modern-day 16206: 15345: 14495: 7192:

Carried out policies of isolationism. Pulling troops from Cambodia.

5117: 3169:

into a Vietnamese province, the final conquest in a long history of

2729:

Vietnam at the end of the 18th century. The Tây Sơn army, including

2507: 19375: 19153: 18180: 17513: 17356: 17333: 12914: 12413:

The Making of South East Asia (RLE Modern East and South East Asia)

11975:

Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies

11803: 11662: 11628: 11607: 11448: 10518: 9977: 7860: 7668: 7511: 7300: 7088: 7065: 7012: 6983:

died in 1802. As a result, two rival factions emerged, one support

6918: 6396: 6383: 6099:

soldiers and single men. They did not wear Manchu hairstyle unlike

5998: 5629: 4328: 3553: 3260: 3252: 3217: 3147: 2928: 2910: 2870: 2862: 2547: 1891: 1883: 1650: 1628: 1507: 1194: 1123: 977: 817: 813: 592: 444: 370: 354: 17695:

Honghe Prefecture Center for Vietnamese Studies, Honghe University

14019: 7505:

Rebelled against the French and exiled to Réunion Island in 1916.

7476: 5101:

Third Class Sergeant, Corporal, First & Second Class Privates

4728:

Banner Captain General, Commandants of Divisions, Brigade General

4143:, imprisoned their civil servants and proclaimed independence for 3456:

was signed, resulting in Vietnam losing three southern provinces;

3251:, in Vientiane and Cambodia. He backed the revolt of Laotian king 2494:

Following consecutive losses to the Tây Sơn, Ánh sent his general

2334:, whose forces defeated the Nguyễn garrison and seized Quảng Nam. 1826:

in 965. Another instance of their influences materializes through

18150:

Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

17938: 17836: 17796: 16076:, Đỗ Văn Ninh, 2002, trang 327 mục 571. Hộ ấn ty, hộ trực xứ (in 14663:

Randall Peerenboom; Carole J. Petersen; Albert H.Y. Chen (2006).

14188:

The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and ...

11603: 7394: 6724: 6667: 6392: 6309: 6094:

the Vietnamese themselves were ordering Cambodian Khmer to adopt

6041: 5697: 5431:

under Ministry of Education of Nguyễn Dynasty (Học Bộ : 學部).

4384: 4372: 3537: 3409: 3315: 3283: 3073: 2925: 2881:

into its territories in the 1830s. Together with Chakri Siam and

2858: 2613: 2605: 2511: 2406: 1983:

In 1539, the Lê dynasty was restored in opposition to the Mạc in

1654: 1530: 1526: 1062: 1001: 967: 385: 277: 16163:(in French). L'Association des Amis du Vieux Huế. Archived from 16136:(in French). L'Association des Amis du Vieux Huế. Archived from 6548: 5815:

Three regions and 31 provinces (encompassed modern-day Vietnam):

5803: 5365:

Ministry of Administration of Nguyễn Dynasty (Lại Bộ : 吏部).

5068:

Sub-director of Studies, Archivists in Office of Salt Controller

4033:

on the French battlefront. Vietnam also contributed 184 million

3097:, a Vietnamese tributary state, forcing the pro-Vietnamese King 18896: 12279:"The development of Le government in fifteenth century Vietnam" 11555: 11551: 11521:– A word used to indicate the impression of the seal on a text. 7016: 6992: 6740: 6610: 6489: 6313: 6053: 5825: 5535: 3628:

French warships deployed off the Thuận An forts, 18 August 1883

3473: 3336: 3304: 3209: 3163: 3041: 3011: 2968: 2933: 2902: 2878: 2664: 2530: 2503: 2461: 2436: 2253: 2195: 2151: 2043: 1963: 1567: 1551: 1539: 1469: 1433: 1131: 482: 378: 17784: 16821:

A Physical, Historical, Political, & Descriptive Geography

16480: 16299:

BẢO TÀNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA (VIETNAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY)

16164: 16137: 16107:

Bào Tàng Lich Sù Quóc Gia (Vietnam National Museum of History)

15484: 15453: 15422: 12717: 11839:

East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute

6289:. Chinese-influenced trousers and tunics were ordered by lord 6230:) during 19th-century Nguyễn rule. Since 1827, descendants of 4327:(rectification of names), according to the Confucian biblical 3132:Đại Nam (Nguyễn dynasty) under the reign of Emperor Minh Mạng. 2667:(African soldiers), and other equipment. Nguyễn Ánh ceded the 18010:

Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century

17656: 17523:

TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia

16288: 16286: 16284: 16282: 14082:"Vietname em 2015: os portugueses reemergem, 500 anos depois" 12056: 11671: 11563: 11530: 11529:. For example, after Léon Louis Sogny received the title of " 8180:- Emperors of the independent Vietnamese monarchy (1802–1883) 7270:

Three-day emperor (20–23 July 1883), deposed and poisoned by

7198: 7020: 6148: 6047: 5831: 4007: 3182: 3178: 3015: 2979:, and turned the Nguyễn into a vassal monarchy. Finally, the 2833: 2179: 1992: 1984: 1778:, or simply Vietnam to distinguish with the pre-19th century 1738:(大越南國, which means "Great Vietnam"), and it was shortened to 1624: 1543: 1349: 1178: 805: 374: 37:"Kingdom of Vietnam" redirects here. For other kingdoms, see 17122:

A smaller manual of modern geography. Physical and political

14815:. Văn hóa học, 21 February 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2015. 14445: 13402: 13366: 11602:

as the "Symbol of the Empire" and auspicious clouds and the

7108: 6504: 5416:, Minister of Justice of Nguyễn Dynasty (Hình Bộ : 刑部). 5206:): 400 quan; rice: 300 kg; per-capita tax: 70 quan 3428:

in 20/9/1863 for peace treaty negotiation, Head of legation

3287:

was in progress with Siamese support, putting an end to the

2616:

in February 1787, and Louis XVI agreed to meet them in May.

2612:, and Ánh moved his family to Bangkok. The group arrived in 2502:

rule, wanted to conquer Cambodia and southern Vietnam. King

2412: 2007:

period, was assassinated in 1545 by a captured Mạc general,

1818:

was appointed the first grand chancellor of the short-lived

17815: 17809: 17611:

War and trade: Siamese interventions in Cambodia, 1767–1851

16033: 15744: 14375: 14373: 13390: 12830: 12828: 11559: 11547: 7619: 6541:(called Thô then), and other ethnic minorities such as the 4921:

Provincial Advisor to Defense Command Lieutenant Governor (

4383:

gradually gained more influence over the imperial court in

4090:

in Southeast Asia. This led to a period of Indochina under

3389:

The Alliance (France-Spain) army capture of Saigon in 1859.

3248: 3112:

Gia Long died in 1819 and was succeeded by his fourth son,

3106: 2906: 2866: 2191: 1895: 1353: 1127: 973: 780: 17265:

Neue allgemeine geographische und statistische Ephemeriden

16279: 16258: 15816: 15756: 14298: 14296: 13551: 13517: 13515: 13513: 13344: 13342: 13001: 12965: 12953: 12783: 12104: 12044: 7239: 6391:

Building new Buddhist pagodas and temples were forbidden.

6293:

during the 18th century, replacing traditional Vietnamese

5776:

from 1834 to 1845. With areas having minority groups like

5550:

16 protectorates under joint-governance from the Viceroys.

3851:

and Tran Tien Thanh for unknown reasons. Tự Đức's brother

2745:

In 1786, Nguyễn Huệ led the army against the Trịnh lords;

1890:

allows them to establish an exiled loyalist government in

1280:

during the last months of the war and restored Vietnamese

17285:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 197–233 17108: 16959:

The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862–1874

16013:

Ths. Đoàn Thu Thủy – Nguyễn Thu Hường (10 January 2012).

15852: 15804: 15118: 14210: 14208: 14176:

The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention, 1862–1874

13767: 13719: 13683: 13659: 13221:"The Uprisings of Katip Sumat and Ja Thak Wa (1833–1835)" 13129: 13127: 13054: 13052: 12943: 12941: 12777: 12753: 12625: 12565: 12233: 11599: 7233:. Fought against French invasions of 1873 and 1882–1883. 6101:

later Chinese migrants to Vietnam during the Qing dynasty

5401:

Ministry of Public Works of Nguyễn Dynasty (Công Bộ: 工部).

3236: 2805:. The citadel of Gia Định was seized by the Nguyễn lords. 2781: 2710: 17666:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

17136:(1st ed.). Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh: Nhà Xuất bản Trẻ. 15991: 15989: 15987: 15876: 15780: 14510: 14433: 14421: 14409: 14397: 14385: 14370: 14358: 14346: 13911: 13563: 13438: 12825: 12221: 12167:"Người lao động Việt Nam được nghỉ ngày 1.5 từ bao giờ?" 12068: 6281:

was developed in the 1920s, when compact, close-fitting

6251:) by Nguyễn rulers, to distinguish with ethnic Chinese. 3969:

provided a softened version of the previous treaty. The

2987:

were chosen by the French, and only ruled symbolically.

2419:

Hoa people § Early immigration: 15th-18th centuries

1643:

to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' (

19298:

Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking

17594: 17556:""Confucianism" in Vietnam: A State of the Field Essay" 15972: 15888: 15840: 14656: 14308: 14293: 14256: 14244: 14232: 14220: 13947: 13923: 13887: 13875: 13863: 13851: 13755: 13743: 13707: 13623: 13599: 13510: 13378: 13354: 13339: 13025: 12815: 12813: 12800: 12798: 12706: 12700: 12015: 12013: 12011: 7470:

Exiled to Réunion Island due to anti-French activities

6666:

Group of musicians in Huế, 1919. They are sitting on a

4354:(he who give the order). They also used the concept of 2374:

in the Gulf of Thailand, both escaped Tây Sơn capture.

2097:

Map of Vietnam from 1569 to 1592 shows the division of

18380:

Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)

17294:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 16646:

Armies of the Nineteenth Century: Burma and Indo-China

16466:. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. 15936: 15924: 15912: 15900: 15768: 15696: 15684: 15634: 15263:

Jayne Werner; John K. Whitmore; George Dutton (2012).

15014:"#18 Transcultural Tradition of the Vietnamese Ao Dai" 14205: 13971: 13959: 13935: 13899: 13839: 13827: 13815: 13803: 13791: 13695: 13647: 13611: 13527: 13486: 13462: 13450: 13327: 13124: 13076: 13049: 13037: 12989: 12938: 12034: 12032: 12030: 12028: 11525:

Seals were also given to people after they received a

6106: 6076: 4245:

Imperial sword and hunting rifle of emperor Minh Mang.

3911:

in May 1884, on 6 June the French Ambassador in China

3604:

Turcos and fusiliers-marins at Bắc Ninh, 12 March 1884

3404:

In September 1858, Napoleon III orchestrated a Franco-

3177:, a Cham mullah who had just returned to Vietnam from 1617:) is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem 1044:

Emperor of Đại Nam/Emperor of Việt Nam/King of Vietnam

17714:

Meacham, William (1996). "Defining the Hundred Yue".

17005:. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press. 16757:

Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present

16100: 15984: 15960: 15948: 15828: 15792: 15720: 15618:. University of California Press. 2006. p. 317. 14559:

The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History

14193: 14007: 13995: 13983: 13779: 13731: 13671: 13575: 13539: 13498: 13474: 13426: 13414: 13255: 13243: 13088: 13013: 12926: 12890: 12465:"A Brief History of the Tay Son Movement (1771–1802)" 12185: 11998: 11996: 11574:

Sun, moon, auspicious clouds, and the Yin-Yang symbol

5538:. Two famously viceroys during Gia Long's reign were 4940:

Provincial Vice Education Commissioner of Guozijian (

4178:

This ended the 143-year reign of the Nguyễn dynasty.

3123: 2285: 1870:, the leader of the Nguyễn clan with his allies, the 17166:. Vol. 1 (part 2). Cambridge University Press. 16529:

The Last Emperors of Vietnam: from Tu Duc to Bao Dai

16069: 16067: 16065: 16063: 15864: 14112:"O jesuíta beirão a quem o Vietname deve o alfabeto" 13635: 13587: 13315: 13303: 13291: 13267: 13157: 13139: 13112: 13100: 13064: 12977: 12810: 12795: 12209: 12008: 3935:

French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin (1883–1945)

2967:

in September 1883, which formalised the handover of

2529:

Nguyễn Ánh (sitting, 2nd row) in audience with King

2498:

to Siam to request military assistance. Siam, under

2011:. Shortly after Nguyễn Kim's death, his son-in-law, 17716:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

16922:

Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945: Volume 10

16326:chính biên, trang 921 tập 1 NXB Giáo dục 2002. (in 16292: 15652: 15256: 12874:. Hue Monuments Conservation Centre. Archived from 12437:Michael Arthur Aung-Thwin; Kenneth R. Hall (2011). 12158: 12080: 12025: 8163:Simplified family tree of the Nguyen Phuc dynasty: 4105:, a communist resistance movement, developed under 2054:, establishing a unique political system where the 19363: 17614:(PhD thesis). University of Wollongong Australia. 17157:(in Vietnamese). Sài Gòn: Nhà xuất bản Văn Sử Học. 15732: 15672: 15416: 15301: 15108:. Michelin Travel Publications. 2002. p. 200. 14928: 14335: 14333: 14331: 14329: 14327: 14325: 14323: 12430: 12197: 12146: 12092: 11993: 11443:Flags of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units 5505:Flags of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units 5389:Ministry of Finance of Nguyễn Dynasty (Hộ Bộ: 戸部). 4915:Administration Commissioner of Trường Thọ palace ( 4075:greatly impacted 20th-century Vietnamese history. 3992:, of which they became administrative components. 3755: 3737:, had enlisted the Chinese Black Flags militia of 2198:in 1693 and ruled in an unbroken line until 1776. 1758:(南朝, Southern dynasty) on its official documents. 1430:(越南國) under the Nguyễn dynasty, is a variation of 1264:in 1940, but as the war seemed increasingly lost, 17740:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 17149: 17042:(in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Văn Học Publishing House. 16861:Việt Nam học kỷ yếu Hội thảo quốc tế lần thứ nhất 16185: 16060: 15708: 15583: 15562: 14806:Về lịch sử người Minh Hương và người Hoa ở Nam bộ 14268: 13279: 12694: 12682: 12658: 12637: 12577: 12513: 12489: 12306:"Confucian Constitutionalism in Imperial Vietnam" 8183: 8175: 8167: 6139:for Vietnam, and used the term "Han people" (漢人, 5485:Geography class in a colonial school. Hanoi, 1920 5234:): 150 quan; rice: 120 kg; tax: 20 quan 5227:): 180 quan; rice: 150 kg; tax: 30 quan 5220:): 250 quan; rice: 200 kg; tax: 50 quan 5213:): 300 quan; rice: 250 kg; tax: 60 quan 4410:) of the Government-General of French Indochina. 4300:), later renamed the Ministry of Secret Council. 2294:The cover of Tân Dân Tử's (1875–1955) 1930 book, 2262: 1972: 1185:independently ruled in southern territory as the 19448: 17263:Verlag d. Industrie-Comptoirs (Austria) (1827). 16780:Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation 16665:Progressive geography, adapted to junior classes 16039: 15523: 15161:A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads 11829: 11827: 5377:Ministry of Rites of Nguyễn Dynasty (Lễ Bộ: 禮部). 5241:): 120 quan; rice: 90 kg; tax: 16 quan 4413: 3640:The attack on the Thuận An forts, 20 August 1883 3294: 2510:, Ánh, thirty officials and some troops visited 1766:Westerners in the past often called the kingdom 1712: 1698: 1431: 1385: 1371: 85: 69: 53: 17280: 17276:. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 16436:The Works of Francis Maitland Balfour: Volume 3 16259:Story and photos: Dong Van (8 September 2018). 15295: 14922: 14858: 14777: 14750: 14711: 14320: 12920: 12544: 12526:Naval Intelligence Division (Anh Quốc) (2013). 12164: 11900:Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 1858–1954 7585:under Japanese occupation during World War II; 6329:and Woodside described Vietnam's Confucianism. 6119:-period text regarding the demographics of the 5534:(Viceroy of Gia Định Protectorates) resides in 5526:. For examples, the northern protectorates had 5255:): 60 quan; rice: 50 kg; tax: 10 quan 5248:): 80 quan; rice: 60 kg; tax: 14 quan 4966:Police Captain, Lieutenant or First Lieutenant 4427:Nguyễn dynasty mandarins in the imperial palace 4278:The visit of Bảo Đại to the ancestral tombs of 3907:. After achieving peace with China through the 3014:) in the far south to Thăng "Long" (modern-day 2273:Tây Sơn dynasty § Conquest of Nguyễn lords 1898:). During this exile, the Marquis of An Thanh, 1790: 19283:Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth 17909: 17688: 17508:(2). Chicago: University of Chicago: 520–521. 17396: 17313:. Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program. 17237: 16899:, Singapore University Press, pp. 119–135 16854:, Thammasat University Press, pp. 198–213 16246:by Hubert de Vries. Retrieved: 19 August 2021. 15235: 14555: 12765: 12723: 12670: 12386: 12110: 12062: 11897: 7412:Hoằng Liệt Thống Thiết Mẫn Huệ Thuần Hoàng Đế 6778:Model of a traditional ship in central Vietnam 6630:Early photograph of Fortress of Danang in 1845 6176:from the Vietnamese. Minh Mang implemented an 5473:Tailoring class in a colonial school in Hanoi. 5325:): 18 quan; rice: 16 kg; tax: 4 quan 5318:): 18 quan; rice: 16 kg; tax: 4 quan 5311:): 20 quan; rice: 18 kg; tax: 4 quan 5304:): 20 quan; rice: 18 kg; tax: 5 quan 5297:): 22 quan; rice: 20 kg; tax: 5 quan 5290:): 25 quan; rice: 20 kg; tax: 5 quan 5283:): 30 quan; rice: 22 kg; tax: 6 quan 5276:): 30 quan; rice: 25 kg; tax: 7 quan 5269:): 35 quan; rice: 30 kg; tax: 8 quan 5262:): 40 quan; rice: 43 kg; tax: 9 quan 3915:signed with Nguyen Van Tuong the Protectorate 3717:was intercepted by local Hanoi authority, the 2792: 2277:Trịnh–Nguyễn War § Conquest of Huế – 1775 2058:emperors would reign (as figureheads) yet the 19517:States and territories disestablished in 1945 19349: 19066:Confucian court examination system in Vietnam 17879: 17709:– via CNKI Journal Translation Project. 17607: 17415: 16872:, Singapore University Press, pp. 1–20, 15527:The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. – A.D. 907 15517: 14623: 14562:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 115–. 12409: 12336:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–. 12050: 11824: 11586:(嗣德通寶) coin depicting an imperial sun symbol. 5455:Confucian court examination system in Vietnam 5190:600. Officials received the following taxes ( 4951:Captain, Assistant Major in Princely Palaces 4323:) of the people and the Confucian concept of 3460:, Mỹ Tho, Biên Hòa which became the basis of 2400: 2160: 1644: 1559: 1461: 1134:through a continuation of the centuries-long 16890:, Singapore University Press, pp. 71–84 16723:Dragon Ascending: Vietnam and the Vietnamese 16568:, Singapore University Press, pp. 85–99 15556: 15530:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 41–. 15269:. Columbia University Press. pp. 295–. 15196: 15157: 15112: 12329: 11635:) these symbols could be interpreted as the 11491:– The geometric block, or body, of the seal. 6654:A Vietnamese noble posed for the photograph. 6180:policy for minority non-Vietnamese peoples. 4394:In the year 1898, the federal government of 4159:as its Emperor. The Empire of Vietnam was a 4117:, over one million people starved to death. 3811:Signing of the Treaty of Huế, 25 August 1883 2843: 2679:On 27 December 1787, Pigneau de Behaine and 2514:to meet Rama I in May 1784. The governor of 1841: 1669:. However, the Nguyễn dynasty under Emperor 1284:rule in Southern Vietnam. It ended with the 1213:followed; the occupied territory became the 1189:(1558–1777, 1780–1802) before defeating the 1118:in Southeast Asia, especially under Emperor 17069: 17037: 16975: 16812:A School Physical and Descriptive Geography 16179: 15308:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 117–. 14935:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 134–. 14771: 14744: 14705: 12971: 12959: 12729: 12601: 12589: 12583: 12550: 11760:are found everywhere in imperial buildings. 6642:The Nobility leaving the Imperial Citiadel. 5498: 5146:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4844:Senior Palace Administration Commissioner ( 4746:Grand coordinator and provincial governor ( 4260:(皇越律例), Code of law introduced by Gia Long. 4120: 2628:Signatures on the 1787 Treaty of Versailles 1205:in 1858 which led to the occupation of the 19457:States and territories established in 1802 19356: 19342: 18307:House of People's Representatives of Annam 17886: 17872: 17119: 16708: 16158: 16131: 15822: 15229: 14617: 13151: 12718:Đặng Việt Thủy & Đặng Thành Trung 2008 12613: 12519: 12403: 12323: 7326:Thiệu Đức Chí Hiếu Uyên Duệ Nghị Hoàng Đế 6802: 6372:, Gia Long was not a Buddhist. He adopted 4439:The imperial guards of the Nguyễn dynasty. 4181: 3212:, attempting to place Minh Mang's brother 3171:colonial conflict between Cham and Vietnam 2522:, advised Ánh against foreign assistance. 2337:In early 1777 a large Tây Sơn force under 2322:, where he left a garrison under co-ruler 1858:. He did this by deposing the Lê emperor, 1448:"), a name that can be traced back to the 1338: 221: 193: 178:Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ 19073:Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted 17893: 17748: 17499: 17201: 16827: 16481:Đặng Việt Thủy; Đặng Thành Trung (2008). 16101:Lan Phương (Tổng hợp) (14 October 2015). 15858: 15810: 15485:John Gillespie; Albert H.Y. Chen (2010). 15454:John Gillespie; Albert H.Y. Chen (2010). 15423:John Gillespie; Albert H.Y. Chen (2010). 15190: 15151: 14549: 13164:. Parkstone International. pp. 25–. 12834: 12789: 12735: 12501: 12227: 12074: 12019: 11939: 11937: 11898:Brocheux, Pierre; Hémery, Daniel (2011). 6285:were added to predecessor of the áo dài, 6211:by the Vietnamese, who called themselves 6044:, capital city, population (1880): 30,000 5329: 5166:Learn how and when to remove this message 4406:and was a member of the Supreme Council ( 4303:The Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty was an 3823:French propaganda painting in Hanoi, 1942 2648:On 28 November 1787, ,Behaine signed the 2565:Ánh, disillusioned with Siam, escaped to 2413:Chinese Vietnamese support for Nguyễn Ánh 1806:The Nguyễn clan, which originated in the 1653:'s Nanyue, which included the regions of 1266:Japan overthrew the French administration 719:557,000 km (215,000 sq mi) 19278:Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884 18135:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 17397:Knoblock, John; Riegel, Jeffrey (2001). 17289: 17206:(in Vietnamese). Nhà xuất bản Hồng Đức. 17140: 16928: 16818: 16806: 16671: 16493: 15894: 15882: 15846: 15786: 15653:Woodside; Kelley; Cooke (9 March 2016). 15164:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 285–. 14865:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 14516: 14451: 14439: 14427: 14415: 14403: 14391: 14379: 14364: 14352: 14314: 14302: 14250: 14238: 14226: 14214: 13408: 13372: 13348: 13082: 13031: 13007: 12759: 12711: 12676: 12561: 12559: 12495: 12303: 12239: 11968: 11577: 7389:Resisting against French rule under the 6547: 6503: 6467: 6382: 6355: 6110: 6067:Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884 6056:, major city, population (1880): 100,000 6050:, major city, population (1880): 120,000 5802: 5177: 3764:French victory in Thuận An, August 1883. 3759: 3576:by Aspirant Hautefeuille and his sailors 3435: 3419: 3392: 3384: 3223: 3127: 2971:to the French administration. After the 2811: 2724: 2524: 2289: 2174:and his successors started to engage in 1927:Map of Vietnam from 1540 to 1592 during 1795: 1734:'s, the official name of the empire was 19507:Former countries of the interwar period 19078:Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin 17713: 17597:Tạp chí Thông tin Khoa học và Công nghệ 17520: 17164:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia 17161: 17128: 16863:, Thế giới Publishing, pp. 141–150 16751: 16609: 16526: 16461: 16442: 16433: 16397: 15978: 15942: 15930: 15918: 15906: 15750: 15203:. Yale University Press. pp. 90–. 14818: 14594: 14262: 14060: 13977: 13953: 13941: 13929: 13893: 13881: 13869: 13857: 13845: 13833: 13821: 13809: 13797: 13773: 13761: 13749: 13725: 13713: 13701: 13689: 13665: 13653: 13629: 13617: 13605: 13521: 13456: 13396: 13384: 13360: 13333: 13133: 13118: 13058: 13043: 12995: 12947: 12858: 12741: 12631: 12507: 12416:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 175–. 12038: 11917: 11915: 11913: 11878: 11859: 11806:requested the name "Nam Việt", but the 6739:1884 drawing of a marriage ceremony in 6552:Children playing a traditional game in 6508:Traditional Pharmacy in Tonkin, Vietnam 4981:Gate Guard Lieutenants, Second Captain 4335:and in 1805 he confessed his Empire as 2550:Province. On 25 November 1784, Admiral 2483: 2003:(from 1533 to 1545) and throughout the 1162:for a short time until 25 August 1945. 14: 19492:Former countries in Vietnamese history 19449: 19030:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục 17553: 17262: 17180: 17090: 17046: 17019: 16997: 16956: 16942:. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. 16937: 16618: 16590: 16415: 16186:VietNamNet Bridge (10 February 2016). 15798: 15774: 15762: 15702: 15690: 15640: 15342:"有个国家居然视自己是中国, 清政府做了一件事, 刺激到崩溃_历史_万花镜" 15242:. Kyoto University Press. p. 64. 14955: 14644:from the original on 27 September 2023 14576:from the original on 27 September 2023 14492:"有个国家居然视自己是中国, 清政府做了一件事, 刺激到崩溃_历史_万花镜" 14463: 14140: 14118:(in European Portuguese). 4 May 2020. 14013: 14001: 13989: 13965: 13917: 13905: 13785: 13737: 13677: 13581: 13569: 13557: 13545: 13533: 13504: 13492: 13480: 13468: 13444: 13321: 13309: 13297: 13273: 13261: 13249: 13106: 13094: 13070: 13019: 12983: 12932: 12908: 12896: 12819: 12804: 12191: 11943: 11934: 6766:Tết new year holiday in temple Vietnam 6694:Judge and offender in the local trial. 5724: 4044:In May 1916, sixteen-year-old emperor 3237:War with Siam and invasion of Cambodia 3204:(an adopted son of the Saigon viceroy 3028:. The Nguyen dynasty was founded as a 2782:Franco–Nguyễn alliance against Tây Sơn 2711:Qing China–Lê alliance against Tây Sơn 2596:Island. Ánh asked him to contact King 2554:died in battle against the Tây Sơn in 1929:Southern and Northern Dynasties period 211:) and other polities under Vietnamese 34:Imperial dynasty in Vietnam, 1802–1945 19337: 19252:Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam 18087:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League 18077:History of Vietnam during World War I 17867: 17663: 17630: 17445: 17327: 17271: 16981:The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History 16777: 16739: 16662: 16640: 16563: 16545: 15995: 15966: 15954: 15870: 15834: 15429:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 6–. 14199: 13641: 13593: 13432: 13420: 13145: 12872:"Brief history of the Nguyen dynasty" 12619: 12595: 12571: 12556: 12259:from the original on 11 November 2017 12215: 12002: 11921: 11715: 11252: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11242: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11222: 11220: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11200: 11198: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11162: 11160: 11158: 11156: 11154: 11152: 11150: 11134: 11132: 11130: 11124: 11122: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11112: 11110: 11108: 11106: 11104: 11102: 11100: 11098: 11096: 11090: 11088: 11086: 11084: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11064: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11056: 11054: 11042: 11040: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11024: 11022: 11020: 11018: 11016: 11014: 11008: 11006: 11004: 11002: 11000: 10998: 10996: 10994: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10984: 10978: 10976: 10974: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10966: 10960: 10958: 10956: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10942: 10940: 10938: 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The name has also been found on 12 1411: 1276:was a nominally independent Japanese 418:under Japanese occupation (1940–1945) 17689:Shaofei, YE; Guoqing, Zhang (2016). 17618:from the original on 20 January 2021 17373: 17311:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches 17308: 17228: 17155:Lịch sử Nội Chiến Việt Nam 1771–1802 16916: 16720: 16572: 16040:english.cinet.vn (13 October 2011). 15119:Gary Yia Lee; Nicholas Tapp (2010). 15054:from the original on 4 February 2016 14994:from the original on 21 January 2016 14962:. University of Utah. pp. 34–. 14886: 14852: 14784:. SEAP Publications. pp. 137–. 14757:. SEAP Publications. pp. 136–. 14732:from the original on 20 January 2023 14528: 14467:Brother Enemy: The War After the War 14343:. Toronto, Canada, 2008. pp. 35–40. 14122:from the original on 31 October 2023 14092:from the original on 31 October 2023 12846: 12203: 12152: 12086: 11910: 11833: 7011:The following list is the emperors' 5336:Six Ministries of the Nguyễn dynasty 5144:adding citations to reliable sources 5111: 4675:Ministry of Justice (imperial China) 3291:and Vietnamese control of Cambodia. 2717:Tây Sơn dynasty § Qing invasion 2576: 2393:. In March 1782 the Tây Sơn emperor 1850:, after defeating and executing the 1514:and bronze inscriptions of the late 1452:of the second century BC. The term " 1047:Titles given by the Chinese empires: 19497:Former countries in Chinese history 17578:from the original on 27 August 2016 17478: 17384:from the original on 4 January 2024 17350: 17003:United States and Vietnam 1787–1941 16894: 16885: 16867: 16796: 16696:from the original on 4 January 2024 16612:The North American Review:Volume 52 16514:from the original on 4 January 2024 16293:Bee (baodatviet.vn) (3 June 2012). 16267:from the original on 19 August 2021 16263:. Thua Thien Hue Online Newspaper. 15738: 15726: 15714: 15678: 15622:from the original on 4 January 2024 15594:from the original on 4 January 2024 15573:from the original on 4 January 2024 15544:from the original on 4 January 2024 15505:from the original on 4 January 2024 15474:from the original on 4 January 2024 15443:from the original on 4 January 2024 15322:from the original on 4 January 2024 15283:from the original on 4 January 2024 15217:from the original on 4 January 2024 15178:from the original on 4 January 2024 15139:from the original on 4 January 2024 14824: 14718:. SEAP Publications. pp. 34–. 14032:"The conquest of Vietnam by France" 13285: 12471:from the original on 2 October 2020 12297: 12285:from the original on 2 October 2020 12165:Nguyễn Thu Hoài (21 January 2019). 12134:from the original on 31 August 2018 12098: 8172:- Lords of Cochinchina (1550s–1777) 7332:Nephew (son of Hiệp Hòa's brother) 6972:of previous Nguyen lords are named 6107:Vietnamisation of ethnic minorities 6077:Culture and cultural discrimination 5448: 5041:Assistant Major in Nobles' Palaces 4141:overthrew the French administration 4037:in loans and 336,000 tons of food. 3116:, who soon became known as Emperor 2897:. Minh Mạng tightened control over 2298:, depicted the exile of Nguyễn Ánh. 2281:Lê dynasty § Tây Sơn rebellion 1730:In 1839, under the rule of Emperor 174:Heirloom Seal of the Southern Realm 24: 18744:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845) 18709:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834) 17608:Rungswasdisab, Puangthong (1995). 17448:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 17330:Vietnam: a global studies handbook 17109:Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn (2007). 17056:, University of California Press, 16903: 16858: 16849: 16782:. University of California Press. 16349:from the original on 16 April 2021 15655:"Q. How Confucian is/was Vietnam?" 15024:from the original on 23 March 2010 14862:Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians 14079: 14042:from the original on 17 April 2019 13218: 11264: 7140:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834) 6783: 6472:Vietnamese Buddhist monks in Hanoi 6271:. Trousers were adopted by female 3370: 3139:was the younger brother of prince 3124:Rise and expansion under Minh Mạng 3109:seized northern Cambodia in 1814. 2990: 2286:The end of the Nguyễn lords' reign 2050:would solidify their power in the 25: 19528: 19467:1945 disestablishments in Vietnam 18806:Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets 18704:Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam 17998:Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam 17778: 16924:. University of California Press. 16716:. Nhà Xuất bản Văn hóa-Thông tin. 16489:: Nhà xuất bản Quân đội Nhân dân. 16305:from the original on 16 July 2022 16194:from the original on 16 July 2022 16113:from the original on 17 July 2022 16048:from the original on 16 July 2022 16021:from the original on 16 July 2022 15084:from the original on 7 March 2016 14630:. Berghahn Books. pp. 209–. 12173:from the original on 16 July 2022 11971:"Re-assessing the Nguyễn Dynasty" 11946:Southern Vietnam under the Nguyễn 11741:An Imperial seal made during the 11439:List of flags of French Indochina 6316:residence of Nguyen diplomat and 5509: 5349:Privy Council of Nguyễn Dynasty ( 5026:City Gate Clerk, Sub-Lieutenants 4475:Mandarins kowtow in front of the 2788:Vietnamese Civil War of 1789–1802 1830:, the empress consort of emperor 1742:(大南, which means "Great South"). 1550:), etc., collectively called the 1510:"戉" for an axe (a homophone), in 157:("The Emperor Mounts His Throne") 19482:Vietnamese independence movement 19040:Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty 18679:Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia 18280:Court of Imperial Entertainments 18119:French Indochina in World War II 17951: 17944: 17937: 16317: 16159:Christophe (17 September 2013). 16132:Christophe (17 September 2013). 15646: 15606: 15386: 15368:"张明扬 : 历史上异域的中国梦 _ 腾讯 · 大家" 15360: 15334: 15122:Culture and Customs of the Hmong 15096: 15066: 15036: 15006: 14976: 14949: 14798: 14683: 14588: 14522: 14494:. 29 August 2016. Archived from 14484: 14457: 14181: 14169: 14156: 14134: 14104: 14073: 14054: 12358:"A Glimpse of Vietnam's History" 11944:Li, Tana; Reid, Anthony (1993). 11750: 11734: 11722: 11386: 11373: 11336: 11323: 11310: 11289: 11271: 7551: 7510: 7475: 7440: 7402: 7359: 7316: 7278: 7238: 7197: 7107: 7064: 6852: 6843: 6830: 6823: 6814: 6771: 6759: 6747: 6732: 6717: 6687: 6675: 6659: 6647: 6635: 6623: 6517:, whom language belonged to the 6457:(Rainmaking god) and altars for 6405: 5478: 5466: 5436: 5421: 5406: 5394: 5382: 5370: 5358: 5342: 5116: 4900:Junior Court of Imperial Seals ( 4557:Left Right Imperial Clan Court ( 4468: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4267: 4250: 4238: 4222: 4210: 4193:Government of the Nguyễn dynasty 4067:French Indochina in World War II 3816: 3804: 3788: 3693: 3677: 3661: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3588:French attack on the citadel of 3581: 3565: 3545: 3525: 3509: 3500:on 17 February 1859, painted by 3489: 3259:against the Siamese, and seized 2633: 2621: 2405:Ánh met with the Cambodian King 2203: 2194:, captured the last vestiges of 2090: 2030:, emperor of the newly-restored 1920: 1154:(in Central Vietnam) as well as 947: 929: 911: 893: 864: 850: 182: 159: 130: 110: 19240:Orders, decorations, and medals 18684:Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812) 18672:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh 17075:Philip's Atlas of World History 17024:, Routledge, pp. 144–166, 16904:——— (2018) . 16342:Hymnes et pavillons d'Indochine 15590:. Yale University. p. 67. 15569:. Yale University. p. 67. 15266:Sources of Vietnamese Tradition 15048:Fashion-hjistory.lovetoknow.com 13212: 13203: 13178: 12864: 12852: 12840: 12771: 12747: 12688: 12664: 12652: 12643: 12607: 12483: 12457: 12380: 12350: 12271: 12245: 12116: 11796: 11681:In the third month of the year 11606:as "Symbols of the State". The 7254:Nephew (adopted son of Tự Đức) 6267:The Nguyễn dynasty popularized 5546:(Saigon). By 1802, these were: 4838:Junior Head of Six Ministries ( 4797:State Auxiliary Academician of 4056: 4014:were also the ones who brought 3799:and Harmand at Huế, August 1883 3756:End of independence (1874–1885) 3274:. Minh Mạng placed the general 3228:Execution of French missionary 2959:crisis followed, as the regent 2583:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh 2447:to Ánh. The Nguyễn army killed 2443:and set up business and trade. 2326:. He fled further south to the 2210:Map of Vietnam from 1627 shows 2005:Northern and Southern dynasties 1874:remained fiercely loyal to the 1243:French Protectorate of Cambodia 804:Silver and gold cash coins and 19502:1802 establishments in Vietnam 19365:Emperors of the Nguyễn dynasty 18890:Special administrative regions 17785:homepage of The Nguyễn Dynasty 17770:10.1080/02549948.1976.11731121 17588:University of California Press 17416:Yue Hashimoto, Oi-kan (1972). 17188:, Cambridge University Press, 16859:——— (2002), 16835:. Cambridge University Press. 16819:——— (1881). 16595:. University of Hawaii Press. 16577:, University of Hawaii Press, 16402:, Cambridge University Press, 14280:Harvard University Asia Center 12778:Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn 2007 12754:Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn 2007 12626:Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn 2007 12566:Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn 2007 11962: 11904:University of California Press 11891: 11872: 11853: 11729:Flag of Nguyễn period Vietnam. 8158: 6706:Military of the Nguyễn dynasty 6590: 5518:and four military departments 4451:Eunuchs of the Nguyễn dynasty. 4307:, which means he was both the 4151:and Vietnam, which became the 4021: 3310:In 1845, the American warship 2763:Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long 2360:Paris Foreign Missions Society 2263:Tây Sơn–Nguyễn war (1771–1802) 1973:Nguyễn's dominion in the south 1761: 1713: 1612: 1439: 1421: 1386: 1245:were grouped together to form 412:French colonial administration 13: 1: 19512:Tributaries of Imperial China 18749:Bombardment of Tourane (1847) 18317:Imperial Household Department 18295:Office of the National Altars 18015:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution 17916:French protectorates of Annam 17841:1 June 1802 – 30 August 1945 17730:(inactive 17 September 2024). 17560:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 17502:American Journal of Sociology 17481:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 17401:. Stanford University Press. 17290:Woodside, Alexander (1988) . 16591:Dutton, George Edson (2006). 16416:Avakov, Alexander V. (2015), 15615:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 14956:Nguyen, Thuc-Doan T. (2008). 14163:Vietnam Law & Legal Forum 13158:Jean-François Hubert (2012). 12921:Whitmore & Zottoli (2016) 11817: 11515:), the flat head is the back. 7589:and transferred power to the 6836:French protectorates of Annam 6499: 6013:Client/dependent territories: 5700:, directly ruled by Gia Long. 4807:Court Auxiliary Academician ( 4785:Administration Commissioner ( 4779:Senior Head of 6 Ministries ( 4414:Civil service and bureaucracy 4186: 4063:1940–1946 in French Indochina 3988:in 1887 to form the Union of 3295:Decline of the Nguyễn dynasty 3105:for the next 30 years, while 2592:and Ánh asked him to come to 2535:Phra Thinang Amarin Winitchai 2115:was appointed as governor of 1631:that dates to 1558. In 1802, 1519: 122: 18820:Prominent military personnel 18776:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương 18290:Court of Imperial Sacrifices 17231:Annam and its minor currency 17141:Staunton, Sidney A. (1884). 16462:Bradley, Camp Davis (2016). 16445:Early Photography in Vietnam 14669:. Routledge. pp. 474–. 12707:Nguyễn Quang Trung Tiến 1999 12443:. Routledge. pp. 158–. 12311:. National Taiwan University 4567:Three Vice-Ducal Ministers ( 4094:with the cooperation of the 3973:, which reaffirmed the 1884 3945:Tonkin (French protectorate) 3871:and Jules Harmand sailed to 3498:Charles Rigault de Genouilly 2733:, ruled the north (purple); 2176:rivalry with the Trịnh lords 1791:Background and establishment 1745: 1506:was first written using the 1215:French colony of Cochinchina 1110:, which was preceded by the 454:1847–1883 (last independent) 39:List of Vietnamese dynasties 7: 18902:Principality of Thuận Thành 18385:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty 17439: 17380:(in Vietnamese). Xuân thu. 17186:A History of the Vietnamese 17134:Lịch sử Khẩn Hoang Miền Nam 17112:Đại Nam thực lục chính biên 16983:. Oxford University Press. 16398:Amirell, Stefan E. (2019), 15302:Alexander Woodside (1971). 15125:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 138–. 14929:Alexander Woodside (1971). 14274:Alexander Barton Woodside: 12333:A History of the Vietnamese 11772:List of monarchs of Vietnam 11765: 11513:ấn triện hình tháp đầu bằng 11461:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty 7138:Annexed Cambodia after the 7006: 6699: 6449:), the place where most of 6351: 6155:after 1790. Gia Long said, 4791:Surveillance Commissioner ( 4006:. Due to their presence in 3941:Annam (French protectorate) 3355:In the late 1840s, another 3167:Principality of Thuận Thành 3120:(r. 1820–1841) of Vietnam. 2936:in early 1859. A series of 2848: 2793:Nguyễn Ánh's counter-attack 2654:Minister of Foreign Affairs 2490:Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút 2460:had previously occurred in 2190:as a protectorate, invaded 1604:, which combined to become 1130:and ended the existence of 680:Declaration of Independence 10: 19533: 19170:French Indochinese piastre 18739:Cambodian rebellion (1840) 18689:Cambodian rebellion (1820) 18285:Court of the Imperial Stud 18102:Communist Party of Vietnam 18042:French conquest of Vietnam 17933: 17547:Cambridge University Press 17472:Cambridge University Press 17422:Cambridge University Press 17328:Woods, L. Shelton (2002). 17162:Tarling, Nicholas (1999). 16938:McHale, Frederick (2008). 16680:Cambridge University Press 16672:Holcombe, Charles (2017). 16546:Choi, Byung Wook (2004a), 16385: 16074:Từ điển chức quan Việt Nam 15659:Cindyanguyen.wordpress.com 15584:Pamela D. McElwee (2003). 15563:Pamela D. McElwee (2003). 15491:. Routledge. pp. 6–. 15460:. Routledge. pp. 6–. 14904:Chinese Culture University 14595:Zottoli, Brian A. (2011). 14088:(in European Portuguese). 14061:Eastman, Lloyd E. (1967). 12530:. Routledge. p. 176. 12111:Shaofei & Guoqing 2016 12063:Knoblock & Riegel 2001 11879:Eastman, Lloyd E. (1967). 11860:Eastman, Lloyd E. (1967). 11650: 11646: 11598:, the Vietnamese used the 11458: 11432: 11423: 10741:r. December 1883–July 1884 7615: 7578:Cimetière de Passy, France 6787: 6710: 6703: 6594: 6387:Church of Sơn Tây in 1884. 6262: 6071: 6064: 6060: 5696:4 departments surrounding 5502: 5490: 5452: 5333: 4381:Resident-Superior of Annam 4201: 4197: 4190: 4124: 4115:famine in northern Vietnam 4113:support. During 1944–1945 4060: 4025: 3938: 3913:Jules Patenôtre des Noyers 3377:French conquest of Vietnam 3374: 3240: 2785: 2721:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa 2714: 2676:other East Asian nations. 2580: 2569:in April 1785 and then to 2487: 2435:refused to live under the 2416: 2401:Nguyễn–Cambodian agreement 2266: 2164: 2161:Nguyễn-Trịnh confrontation 1976: 1799: 1785: 1680: 1325: 1318: 1144:French conquest of Vietnam 823:French Indochinese piastre 36: 26: 19477:Former monarchies of Asia 19371: 19265: 19239: 19198: 19182: 19162: 19131: 19098: 19091: 19048: 19002: 18967: 18944: 18937: 18889: 18819: 18659: 18650: 18447: 18426: 18400:Provincial administration 18398: 18350: 18263:Ministries & agencies 18262: 18171: 18162: 18140:Vietnamese famine of 1945 18127: 18030: 17967: 17960: 17902: 17843: 17830: 17822: 17792: 17728:10.7152/bippa.v15i0.11537 17645:10.1017/S0035869X00131995 17572:10.1525/vs.2006.1.1-2.314 17460:10.1017/S0022463404000141 17120:Richardson, John (1880). 17091:Peters, Erica J. (2012), 16500:(4 ed.). Routledge. 16434:Balfour, Francis (1884). 16190:. VietNam Breaking News. 16044:. VietNam Breaking News. 15524:Charles Holcombe (2001). 14529:Choi, Byung Wook (2018). 11843:Columbia University Press 11785:, official of the dynasty 11174: 11172: 11170: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11128: 11126: 10982: 10980: 10964: 10962: 10818: 10816: 10800: 10798: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10651: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10625: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10579: 10577: 10555: 10553: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10435: 10433: 10431: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10411: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10399: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10371: 10369: 10353: 10351: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10261: 10259: 10257: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10235: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10225: 10219: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10211: 10209: 10207: 10205: 10189: 10187: 10110: 10108: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10098: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10064: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10048: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10032: 9931: 9929: 9919: 9917: 9828: 9826: 9824: 9822: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9810: 9796: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9772: 9660: 9658: 9546: 9544: 9432: 9430: 9318: 9316: 9204: 9202: 9090: 9088: 8976: 8974: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8855: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8831: 8719: 8717: 8598: 8596: 8477: 8475: 8356: 8354: 8235: 8233: 8154:Years are reigning years. 8093: 8079: 8035: 8021: 7980: 7966: 7952: 7938: 7856: 7848: 7834: 7820: 7754: 7709: 7664: 7397:until his death in 1943. 7294:Uncle (son of Thiệu Trị) 6944: 6932: 6914: 6881: 6871: 6863: 6810: 6801: 6796: 6605:of Vietnam were taken by 5624:Vĩnh Thanh (later became 5011:Deputy Police Lieutenant 4872:Banner Brigade Commander 4859:Court of Imperial Seals ( 4135:In March 1945, after the 3896:Thượng Bắc to negotiate. 3830:Second Battle of Cầu Giấy 3424:Vietnamese delegation to 3103:occupation of the country 2981:Treaty of Tientsin (1885) 2844:Imperial rule (1802–1883) 2737:the middle (yellow), and 2354:In 1775, the 13-year-old 1866:. Nguyễn Hoằng Dụ's son, 1842:Lê dynasty's loyal vassal 1706: 1699: 1692: 1687: 1645: 1560: 1462: 1409:Vietnamese pronunciation: 1379: 1372: 1365: 1337: 1332: 1068: 1058: 1036: 1026: 1016: 1008: 992: 987: 963: 829: 776: 772: 762: 752: 742: 732: 728: 723: 715: 710: 706: 689: 676: 663: 650: 637: 619: 603: 587: 583: 569: 557: 553: 541: 537: 527: 523: 507: 495: 491: 481: 477: 465: 450: 440:• 1802–1820 (first) 438: 434: 424: 396: 384: 331: 315: 269: 236: 220: 192: 171: 146: 106: 101: 86: 70: 54: 48: 18938:Palaces & mausoleums 18719:Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion 18699:Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion 18275:Court of Judicial Review 18052:Great Hanoi Rat Massacre 17678:10.1163/156852011X614037 17554:Kelley, Liam C. (2006). 16957:McLeod, Mark W. (1991). 16910:Cornell University Press 16778:Keith, Charlers (2012). 16663:Hiley, Richard (1848) . 16610:Everett, Edward (1841). 16494:Chandler, David (2018). 16390: 15394:"越南名儒李文馥-龙文,乡贤,名儒-龙文新闻网" 14859:Leo Suryadinata (1997). 14827:"越南的明鄉人與華人移民的族群認同與本土化差異" 14778:Choi Byung Wook (2004). 14751:Choi Byung Wook (2004). 14712:Choi Byung Wook (2004). 14284:Harvard University Press 14067:Harvard University Press 11969:Lockhart, Bruce (2001). 11930:. pp. 157–158, 160. 11922:Lebra, Joyce C. (1975). 11885:Harvard University Press 11866:Harvard University Press 11789: 11637:French National Assembly 11454: 11435:List of flags of Vietnam 11428: 8203:Nguyễn Phúc family tree 8141: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7456:Cousin (son of Dục Đức) 7154:. Annexed the remaining 6435:Spring and Autumn Annals 6269:Qing-influenced clothing 6207:) were used to refer to 6131:Under emperor Minh Mạng 5532:Gia Định thành Tổng trấn 5499:Administrative divisions 5107: 4942:Quốc tử giám phó Đốc học 4894:Head of six ministries ( 4740:6 Ministerial Advisors ( 4695:Ministry of Public Works 4121:Empire of Vietnam (1945) 3408:bombardment and invaded 3036:for recognizing Chinese 2940:followed with first the 2916:Minh Mạng's successors, 1314: 1207:southern area of Vietnam 467:• 1926–1945 (last) 241:Internal imperial system 19472:Nguyen dynasty emperors 19293:Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi 19025:Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí 18909:Principality of Hà Tiên 18468:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau 18082:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội 17274:A Voyage to Cochinchina 16929:McGregor, John (1834). 16797:Kollman (pub.) (1846). 16761:Oxford University Press 16527:Chapuis, Oscar (2000). 16483:54 vị Hoàng đế Việt Nam 16443:Bennett, Terry (2020). 15236:A. Terry Rambo (2005). 14902:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 14836:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 14811:8 December 2015 at the 14556:Norman G. Owen (2005). 14036:Encyclopædia Britannica 11928:Oxford University Press 11779:– served Emperor Tự Đức 10525:r. August–December 1883 7386:Thonac Cemetery, France 5648:7 Central protectorates 4767:Major General, Colonel 4182:National administration 3971:1885 Treaty of Tientsin 3398:Treaty of Saigon (1862) 3243:Siamese–Vietnamese wars 2950:Treaty of Saigon (1874) 2895:French invasion in 1858 2873:to the west and Manchu 2855:Nhà Nguyễn thời độc lập 2693:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau 2370:. By retreating to the 2038:to the lordship of the 1838:between 1442 and 1453. 1140:Siamese–Vietnamese wars 316:Official languages 19323:Vietnamese nationalism 19015:Đại Nam nhất thống chí 18786:Pacification of Tonkin 18714:Nduai Kabait rebellion 18092:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng 18032:French protectorate(s) 17493:10.1525/vs.2015.10.2.1 17418:Phonology of Cantonese 17399:The Annals of Lü Buwei 17351:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). 16977:Mikaberidze, Alexander 16624:Vietnam: A New History 16242:16 August 2021 at the 14984:"Angelasancartier.net" 14906:. 1983. Archived from 14624:A. Dirk Moses (2008). 14464:Chanda, Nayan (1986). 14341:Trung Kỳ Dân biến 1908 12695:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973 12683:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973 12659:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973 12638:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973 12578:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973 12514:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973 12490:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973 12410:George Coedes (2015). 12124:"韩周敬: 越南阮朝嘉、明时期国号问题析论" 11868:. pp. 34–40, 201. 11698:national coats of arms 11587: 8192:and Tonkin/Emperor of 7564:Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 7210:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm 7175:Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông 6754:Elephant parade in Huế 6597:Photography in Vietnam 6561: 6509: 6473: 6388: 6364:Although the previous 6361: 6128: 5808: 5737:), the subprefecture ( 5556:Sơn Nam Thượng (Hanoi) 5330:Political organization 5195: 5183: 5086:Second Class Sergeant 4917:Cai bạ cung Trường Thọ 4902:Thượng bảo thiếu Khanh 4742:Lục bộ Tả Hữu Tham tri 4297: 3986:Cambodian protectorate 3959:Protectorates of Annam 3765: 3449: 3440:Vietnamese mission to 3433: 3401: 3390: 3233: 3133: 3056:: Đại Việt Nam quốc), 3003: 2742: 2538: 2299: 1931:shows the division of 1587: 1546:, Luoyue (Vietnamese: 1497: 1444:; literally "Southern 1432: 1103: 1091: 790:(denominated in phần, 19056:Imperial Academy, Huế 19003:Society & culture 18427:French administration 18332:Ministry of Education 18145:Abdication of Bảo Đại 17374:Phan, Khoang (1985). 17309:Wilcox, Wynn (2010). 17233:. Noronha & Sons. 17071:O'Brien, Patrick Karl 17040:Việt sử xứ Đàng Trong 16961:. New York: Praeger. 16725:. Arcade Publishing. 16550:, SEAP Publications, 16497:A History of Cambodia 16447:. Renaissance Books. 16420:, Algora Publishing, 15197:Anthony Reid (1990). 15158:Anthony Reid (2015). 15044:"Ao Dai – LoveToKnow" 12330:K. W. Taylor (2013). 12020:Norman & Mei 1976 11581: 11479:Lại Ấn ty Lại Trực xứ 10307:Nguyễn Phúc Miên Định 10298:Nguyễn Phúc Miên Thẩm 7488:Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San 7372:Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Lịch 7329:Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đăng 7291:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Dật 7251:Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Chân 7102:and unified Vietnam. 6938:Abdication of Bảo Đại 6551: 6507: 6471: 6386: 6359: 6297:derived from Chinese 6234:refugees were called 6226:(漢人 referring to the 6114: 5811:In 1832, there were: 5806: 5429:Imperial Academy, Huế 5334:Further information: 5293:Seventh junior rank ( 5286:Seventh senior rank ( 5181: 5071:First Class Sergeant 5031:Seventh junior rank ( 5016:Seventh senior rank ( 4819:Provincial governor ( 4803:Thị trung Trực học sĩ 4655:Ministry of Personnel 4518:Three Ducal Ministers 4131:Abdication of Bảo Đại 4053:in the Indian Ocean. 3763: 3684:French troops attack 3496:Capture of Saigon by 3439: 3432:(first row, middle) . 3423: 3396: 3388: 3375:Further information: 3227: 3181:declared a holy war ( 3131: 3082:William O'Bryen Drury 2942:1862 Treaty of Saigon 2812:Defeat of the Tây Sơn 2728: 2715:Further information: 2581:Further information: 2528: 2293: 2267:Further information: 1796:Origin of Nguyễn clan 1319:Further information: 1296:by the anti-colonial 1286:abdication of Bảo Đại 1219:1862 Treaty of Saigon 1031:Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 27:For the surname, see 19487:Vietnamese dynasties 19288:House of Nguyễn Phúc 19061:Imperial examination 18952:Imperial City of Huế 18796:Vue Pa Chay's revolt 18791:Thái Nguyên uprising 18781:Yên Thế Insurrection 18754:Cochinchina campaign 17272:White, John (1824). 17038:Phan Khoang (2001). 16829:Lieberman, Victor B. 16814:. Oxford University. 16721:Kamm, Henry (1996). 16667:. Oxford University. 15374:on 16 September 2016 15018:Beyondvictoriana.com 14988:angelasancartier.net 14899:Chinese Encyclopedia 14840:(4). 國立成功大學越南研究中心: 8 12923:, pp. 200, 226. 12387:Danny Wong Tze Ken. 11845:. pp. 101–102. 10534:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Cai 10484:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo 10330:Nguyễn Phúc Miên Bửu 10287:Nguyễn Phúc Mỹ Đường 7612:residential palace. 7523:Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo 7453:Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Lân 7432:Suppress Hàm Nghi's 7352:Treaty of Huế (1884) 7288:Văn Lãng Quận Vương 7231:Cochinchina campaign 6989:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo 6985:Nguyễn Phúc Mỹ Đường 6958:House of Nguyễn Phúc 6790:House of Nguyễn Phúc 6727:city drawing in 1875 6521:, and the rest were 6332:Emperors Minh Mạng, 5307:Eighth junior rank ( 5300:Eighth senior rank ( 5251:Fourth junior rank ( 5244:Fourth senior rank ( 5223:Second junior rank ( 5216:Second senior rank ( 5182:Nguyễn dynasty coins 5140:improve this section 5061:Eighth junior rank ( 5046:Eighth senior rank ( 4933:Fourth junior rank ( 4890:Quốc tử giám Đốc học 4877:Fourth senior rank ( 4809:Trực học sĩ các điện 4762:Tả Hữu Phó đô ngự sử 4733:Second junior rank ( 4637:Second senior rank ( 4627:Thị trung Đại học sĩ 4614:House of Councillors 4204:House of Nguyễn Phúc 4137:liberation of France 3853:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Dật 3466:Treaty of Huế (1863) 3381:Cochinchina campaign 3021:Doctrine of the Mean 2861:and parts of modern 2773:of the Qing ordered 2757:) as the next lord. 2661:Palace of Versailles 2650:Treaty of Versailles 2484:Nguyễn–Siam alliance 1504:Early Middle Chinese 1356:produced during the 1309:House of Nguyễn Phúc 1262:French collaboration 1231:1884 Treaties of Huế 1203:Cochinchina campaign 1173:subordinates of the 1167:House of Nguyễn Phúc 19273:Domain of the Crown 19163:Colonial currencies 19118:Khải Định Thông Bảo 18975:Thien Tho Mausoleum 18729:Ja Thak Wa uprising 18724:Katip Sumat's Jihad 18694:Ja Lidong rebellion 18312:Imperial Clan Court 18097:Le Travail movement 17968:Sovereign Việt Nam 17535:10.1017/trn.2015.18 16620:Goscha, Christopher 16573:Dror, Olga (2007), 16531:. Greenwood Press. 16345:(in French). 1941. 16237:Armorial of Vietnam 15765:, pp. 421–422. 15753:, pp. 305–306. 15080:. 20 October 2010. 14454:, pp. 238–239. 14069:. pp. 200–201. 13560:, pp. 436–437. 13411:, pp. 159–163. 13399:, pp. 283–288. 13375:, pp. 152–153. 12766:Trần Trọng Kim 1971 12671:Trần Trọng Kim 1971 11887:. pp. 123–124. 11687:five-clawed dragons 11674:(Unicorn), and the 10474:Nguyễn Phúc Tăng Du 8932:Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Bảo 7415:Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ 7160:Ja Thak Wa uprising 6858:Domain of the Crown 6820:Nam Hà / Đàng Trong 5725:Minh Mạng and later 5528:Bắc thành Tổng trấn 5321:Ninth junior rank ( 5314:Ninth senior rank ( 5279:Sixth junior rank ( 5272:Sixth senior rank ( 5265:Fifth junior rank ( 5258:Fifth senior rank ( 5237:Third junior rank ( 5230:Third senior rank ( 5209:First junior rank ( 5202:First senior rank ( 5091:Ninth junior rank ( 5076:Ninth senior rank ( 5001:Sixth junior rank ( 4986:Sixth senior rank ( 4971:Fifth junior rank ( 4956:Fifth senior rank ( 4831:Third junior rank ( 4813:Court academician ( 4772:Third senior rank ( 4705:Ministry of Defense 4685:Ministry of Finance 4597:First junior rank ( 4550:First senior rank ( 4538:* Grand Protector ( 4526:* Grand Preceptor ( 4505:Imperial Clan Court 4092:Japanese occupation 3917:Treaty of Patenôtre 3889:Bình Thuận Province 3701:Capture of Hưng Hóa 3520:(16 December 1861). 3502:Antoine Morel-Fatio 3303:(r. 1841–1847) and 3095:Kingdom of Cambodia 2973:Treaty of Patenôtre 2920:(r. 1841–1847) and 2701:Olivier de Puymanel 1694:Vietnamese alphabet 1413:[viə̀tnaːm] 1367:Vietnamese alphabet 1346:Việt Nam Nguyên Bảo 667:Protectorate Treaty 654:End of independence 591:Coronation of lord 296: / 213:sphere of influence 19083:Tonkin Free School 18919:Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá 18764:Garnier Expedition 18734:Lê Văn Khôi revolt 18493:Michael Hồ Đình Hy 18473:Jean Marie Despiau 17849:Monarchy abolished 17701:on 16 October 2018 17202:Thụy Khuê (2017). 17095:, AltaMira Press, 16897:The Water Frontier 16888:The Water Frontier 16870:The Water Frontier 16566:The Water Frontier 14146:Vietnam: A History 14080:Zeller, João van. 13010:, pp. 46, 48. 12972:Mikaberidze (2020) 12960:Mikaberidze (2020) 12878:on 7 February 2019 12861:, pp. 245–246 12780:, pp. 207–211 12685:, pp. 182–183 12592:, pp. 522–523 12580:, pp. 110–111 12504:, pp. 140–142 12467:. EnglishRainbow. 12368:on 21 October 2009 12051:Yue Hashimoto 1972 11716:Gallery of symbols 11706:five-clawed dragon 11588: 11541:An Bình Nam chi ấn 10699:r. 20–23 July 1883 10493:Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Y 9032:Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên 7434:Cần Vương movement 7391:Cần Vương movement 7158:kingdom after the 7152:Lê Văn Khôi revolt 6970:lineal descendants 6962:Thanh Hóa Province 6902:Emperor of Đại Nam 6899:Emperor of Vietnam 6562: 6510: 6474: 6389: 6362: 6129: 5809: 5774:Tây Thành Province 5764:) and a governor ( 5460:Colonial education 5184: 4923:Tham hiệp các trấn 4821:Hiệp trấn các trấn 4585:* Vice Protector ( 4573:* Vice Preceptor ( 4499:Bậc trên nhất phẩm 4497:Upper first rank ( 4492:Military position 4313:head of government 4258:Hoàng Việt luật lệ 4169:Surrender of Japan 4073:Russian Revolution 3967:1884 Treaty of Huế 3955:1883 Treaty of Huế 3929:Cần Vương movement 3901:Harmand Convention 3841:Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Ái 3766: 3743:Battle of Cầu Giấy 3719:French Cochinchina 3656:, 16 December 1883 3540:), September 1858. 3462:French Cochinchina 3452:In June 1862, the 3450: 3434: 3402: 3391: 3322:Dominique Lefèbvre 3289:Tây Thành province 3272:Tây Thành Province 3234: 3156:Jean Marie Despiau 3134: 2965:Harmand Convention 2946:1863 Treaty of Huế 2743: 2741:the south (green). 2641:Pigneau de Behaine 2560:Vĩnh Long Province 2556:Mang Thít District 2539: 2368:Pigneau de Behaine 2350:Nguyễn Ánh escapes 2320:Quảng Nam province 2318:fled south to the 2300: 2076:chose the city of 1880:Thanh Hóa province 1812:Vietnamese history 1808:Thanh Hóa Province 1611:The form Vietnam ( 1333:Country of Vietnam 1290:surrender of Japan 1258:occupied Indochina 1223:1863 Treaty of Huế 1108:Vietnamese dynasty 327:French (from 1884) 300:16.467°N 107.600°E 18:Kingdom of Vietnam 19444: 19443: 19331: 19330: 19178: 19177: 19123:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo 18998: 18997: 18914:Sip Song Chau Tai 18885: 18884: 18877:Trương Minh Giảng 18867:Nguyễn Tri Phương 18811:August Revolution 18646: 18645: 18623:Trương Minh Giảng 18573:Nguyễn Tri Phương 18390:Vietnamese dragon 18158: 18157: 18072:Hanoi Poison Plot 18022:Văn Thân movement 18005:Citadel of Saigon 17926:Empire of Vietnam 17862: 17861: 17431:978-0-521-08442-0 17366:978-1-57607-770-2 17343:978-1-57607-416-9 17320:978-0-877-27782-8 17251:on 27 August 2018 17229:Toda, Ed (1882). 17195:978-0-520-07417-0 17151:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 17145:. Cupples, Upham. 17102:978-0-759-12075-4 17084:978-0-54008-867-6 17063:978-0-520-03954-4 17031:978-0-41558-995-6 17012:978-0-788-10810-5 16990:978-0-199-39406-7 16949:978-0-82484-304-5 16879:978-0-74253-082-9 16842:978-0-521-80496-7 16789:978-0-52027-247-7 16770:978-0-19005-379-6 16689:978-11071-1-873-7 16655:978-1-90154-306-3 16648:. Foundry Books. 16633:978-0-46509-436-3 16584:978-0-8248-2972-8 16557:978-1-501-71952-3 16485:(in Vietnamese). 16473:978-0-295-74205-2 16454:978-19129-6-104-7 16427:978-1-62894-101-2 16409:978-1-108-63682-7 16297:(in Vietnamese). 16105:(in Vietnamese). 15823:Richardson (1880) 15729:, pp. 12–13. 15537:978-0-8248-2465-5 15498:978-1-136-97842-5 15467:978-1-136-97843-2 15436:978-0-203-85269-9 15404:on 8 October 2016 15348:on 29 August 2016 15315:978-0-674-93721-5 15276:978-0-231-51110-0 15249:978-1-920901-05-9 15210:978-0-300-04750-9 15171:978-0-631-17961-0 15132:978-0-313-34527-2 15020:. 14 March 2010. 14969:978-0-549-68091-8 14942:978-0-674-93721-5 14804:Nguyễn Đức Hiệp. 14791:978-0-87727-138-3 14764:978-0-87727-138-3 14725:978-0-87727-138-3 14676:978-1-134-23881-1 14637:978-1-84545-452-4 14569:978-0-8248-2890-5 14498:on 29 August 2016 13920:, pp. 69–70. 13776:, pp. 55–61. 13728:, pp. 63–64. 13692:, pp. 50–51. 13668:, pp. 48–49. 13572:, pp. 38–39. 13447:, pp. 42–44. 13171:978-1-78042-964-9 13161:The Art of Champa 12792:, pp. 30–31. 12537:978-1-136-20911-6 12450:978-1-136-81964-3 12423:978-1-317-45094-8 12343:978-0-521-87586-8 12242:, pp. 10–11. 11906:. pp. 78–81. 11653:Vietnamese dragon 11262: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11240: 11228: 11218: 11074: 11052: 10910: 10888: 10760: 10742: 10722: 10700: 10526: 10508: 10322: 10161: 9993:Nguyễn Phúc Dương 9985: 9874:Nguyễn Phúc Thuần 9716:Nguyễn Phúc Khoát 8194:Empire of Vietnam 8145: 8144: 7609: 7608: 7583:Empire of Vietnam 7343:Bồi Lăng (within 7150:. Suppressed the 7001:Nguyễn Tri Phương 6954: 6953: 6849:Empire of Vietnam 6393:Buddhist clergies 6303:Nguyễn Phúc Khoát 6291:Nguyễn Phúc Khoát 6203:referring to the 6191:referring to the 6121:Hưng Hóa Province 5176: 5175: 5168: 5105: 5104: 4907:Grand Secretaries 4851:Chargé d'affaires 4846:Cai bạ Chính dinh 4665:Ministry of Rites 4623:Grand Secretariat 4563:Tả Hữu tôn chính" 4408:Conseil supérieur 4317:Mandate of Heaven 4231:Yishan guan (翼善冠) 4173:August Revolution 4153:Empire of Vietnam 4127:Empire of Vietnam 4004:Francisco de Pina 3727:Nguyễn Tri Phương 3276:Trương Minh Giảng 3093:broke out in the 2818:Nguyễn Quang Toản 2685:French Revolution 2577:French assistance 2516:Gia Định Province 2328:Gia Định Province 2324:Nguyễn Phúc Dương 2316:Nguyễn Phúc Thuần 2308:Tây Sơn rebellion 2296:Gia Long tẩu quốc 2252: Kingdom of 2150: Kingdom of 1962: Kingdom of 1953:under command of 1750:During the 1930s 1736:Đại Việt Nam Quốc 1728: 1727: 1688:Empire of Đại Nam 1675:Empire of Vietnam 1401: 1400: 1294:August Revolution 1270:Empire of Vietnam 1160:Empire of Vietnam 1076: 1075: 983: 982: 959: 958: 955: 954: 877: 876: 509:• 1884–1885 497:• 1818–1820 401:Absolute monarchy 351:Mahayana Buddhism 164: 78:(1804–1839; 1945) 16:(Redirected from 19524: 19358: 19351: 19344: 19335: 19334: 19108:Tự Đức Thông Bảo 19096: 19095: 19020:Đại Nam thực lục 18942: 18941: 18852:Nguyễn Văn Thành 18847:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức 18660:Battles and wars 18657: 18656: 18638:Philippe Vannier 18633:Nguyễn Văn Tường 18523:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức 18518:Nguyễn Trường Tộ 18458:Bạch Xuân Nguyên 18434:Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ 18373:Provincial flags 18169: 18168: 18057:Hanoi Exhibition 18035:(Pháp thuộc, 法屬) 17965: 17964: 17955: 17948: 17941: 17888: 17881: 17874: 17865: 17864: 17823:Preceded by 17790: 17789: 17773: 17758:Monumenta Serica 17745: 17739: 17731: 17710: 17708: 17706: 17697:. Archived from 17685: 17682:Brill Publishers 17660: 17627: 17625: 17623: 17604: 17591: 17585: 17583: 17566:(1–2): 314–370. 17550: 17517: 17496: 17475: 17435: 17412: 17393: 17391: 17389: 17370: 17347: 17324: 17305: 17286: 17277: 17268: 17259: 17258: 17256: 17244:Việt Nam sử lược 17234: 17225: 17198: 17177: 17158: 17146: 17137: 17125: 17116: 17105: 17087: 17066: 17043: 17034: 17016: 16994: 16972: 16953: 16934: 16925: 16913: 16900: 16891: 16882: 16864: 16855: 16846: 16824: 16815: 16803: 16793: 16774: 16748: 16736: 16717: 16705: 16703: 16701: 16668: 16659: 16637: 16615: 16606: 16587: 16569: 16560: 16542: 16523: 16521: 16519: 16490: 16477: 16458: 16439: 16430: 16412: 16379: 16378: 16372: 16368: 16366: 16358: 16356: 16354: 16337: 16331: 16324:Đại Nam thực lục 16321: 16315: 16314: 16312: 16310: 16290: 16277: 16276: 16274: 16272: 16256: 16247: 16235:De Rode Leeuw – 16233: 16204: 16203: 16201: 16199: 16183: 16177: 16176: 16174: 16172: 16167:on 26 March 2022 16156: 16150: 16149: 16147: 16145: 16129: 16123: 16122: 16120: 16118: 16098: 16081: 16071: 16058: 16057: 16055: 16053: 16037: 16031: 16030: 16028: 16026: 16010: 15999: 15993: 15982: 15976: 15970: 15964: 15958: 15952: 15946: 15940: 15934: 15928: 15922: 15916: 15910: 15904: 15898: 15892: 15886: 15880: 15874: 15868: 15862: 15859:Lieberman (2003) 15856: 15850: 15844: 15838: 15832: 15826: 15820: 15814: 15811:Lieberman (2003) 15808: 15802: 15796: 15790: 15784: 15778: 15772: 15766: 15760: 15754: 15748: 15742: 15736: 15730: 15724: 15718: 15712: 15706: 15700: 15694: 15688: 15682: 15676: 15670: 15669: 15667: 15665: 15650: 15644: 15638: 15632: 15631: 15629: 15627: 15610: 15604: 15603: 15601: 15599: 15582: 15580: 15578: 15560: 15554: 15553: 15551: 15549: 15521: 15515: 15514: 15512: 15510: 15483: 15481: 15479: 15452: 15450: 15448: 15420: 15414: 15413: 15411: 15409: 15400:. Archived from 15390: 15384: 15383: 15381: 15379: 15370:. Archived from 15364: 15358: 15357: 15355: 15353: 15344:. Archived from 15338: 15332: 15331: 15329: 15327: 15299: 15293: 15292: 15290: 15288: 15260: 15254: 15253: 15233: 15227: 15226: 15224: 15222: 15194: 15188: 15187: 15185: 15183: 15155: 15149: 15148: 15146: 15144: 15116: 15110: 15109: 15100: 15094: 15093: 15091: 15089: 15070: 15064: 15063: 15061: 15059: 15040: 15034: 15033: 15031: 15029: 15010: 15004: 15003: 15001: 14999: 14980: 14974: 14973: 14953: 14947: 14946: 14926: 14920: 14919: 14917: 14915: 14890: 14884: 14883: 14881: 14879: 14856: 14850: 14849: 14847: 14845: 14831: 14822: 14816: 14802: 14796: 14795: 14775: 14769: 14768: 14748: 14742: 14741: 14739: 14737: 14709: 14703: 14702: 14700: 14698: 14687: 14681: 14680: 14660: 14654: 14653: 14651: 14649: 14621: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14610: 14592: 14586: 14585: 14583: 14581: 14553: 14547: 14546: 14526: 14520: 14514: 14508: 14507: 14505: 14503: 14488: 14482: 14481: 14461: 14455: 14449: 14443: 14437: 14431: 14425: 14419: 14413: 14407: 14401: 14395: 14389: 14383: 14377: 14368: 14362: 14356: 14350: 14344: 14339:Trần Gia Phụng. 14337: 14318: 14312: 14306: 14300: 14291: 14272: 14266: 14260: 14254: 14248: 14242: 14236: 14230: 14224: 14218: 14212: 14203: 14197: 14191: 14185: 14179: 14173: 14167: 14160: 14154: 14153: 14138: 14132: 14131: 14129: 14127: 14108: 14102: 14101: 14099: 14097: 14077: 14071: 14070: 14058: 14052: 14051: 14049: 14047: 14028: 14017: 14011: 14005: 13999: 13993: 13987: 13981: 13975: 13969: 13963: 13957: 13951: 13945: 13939: 13933: 13927: 13921: 13915: 13909: 13903: 13897: 13891: 13885: 13879: 13873: 13867: 13861: 13855: 13849: 13843: 13837: 13831: 13825: 13819: 13813: 13807: 13801: 13795: 13789: 13783: 13777: 13771: 13765: 13759: 13753: 13747: 13741: 13735: 13729: 13723: 13717: 13711: 13705: 13699: 13693: 13687: 13681: 13675: 13669: 13663: 13657: 13651: 13645: 13639: 13633: 13627: 13621: 13615: 13609: 13603: 13597: 13591: 13585: 13579: 13573: 13567: 13561: 13555: 13549: 13543: 13537: 13531: 13525: 13519: 13508: 13502: 13496: 13490: 13484: 13478: 13472: 13466: 13460: 13454: 13448: 13442: 13436: 13430: 13424: 13418: 13412: 13406: 13400: 13394: 13388: 13382: 13376: 13370: 13364: 13358: 13352: 13346: 13337: 13331: 13325: 13319: 13313: 13307: 13301: 13295: 13289: 13283: 13277: 13271: 13265: 13259: 13253: 13247: 13241: 13240: 13238: 13236: 13227:. Archived from 13216: 13210: 13207: 13201: 13200: 13198: 13196: 13182: 13176: 13175: 13155: 13149: 13143: 13137: 13131: 13122: 13116: 13110: 13104: 13098: 13092: 13086: 13080: 13074: 13068: 13062: 13056: 13047: 13041: 13035: 13029: 13023: 13017: 13011: 13005: 12999: 12993: 12987: 12981: 12975: 12969: 12963: 12957: 12951: 12945: 12936: 12930: 12924: 12918: 12912: 12906: 12900: 12894: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12883: 12868: 12862: 12856: 12850: 12844: 12838: 12835:Lieberman (2003) 12832: 12823: 12817: 12808: 12802: 12793: 12790:Lieberman (2003) 12787: 12781: 12775: 12769: 12763: 12757: 12751: 12745: 12744:, pp. 54–55 12739: 12733: 12730:Phan Khoang 2001 12727: 12721: 12715: 12709: 12704: 12698: 12692: 12686: 12680: 12674: 12668: 12662: 12656: 12650: 12647: 12641: 12635: 12629: 12623: 12617: 12611: 12605: 12602:Phan Khoang 2001 12599: 12593: 12590:Phan Khoang 2001 12587: 12581: 12575: 12569: 12563: 12554: 12551:Phan Khoang 2001 12548: 12542: 12541: 12523: 12517: 12511: 12505: 12499: 12493: 12487: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12476: 12461: 12455: 12454: 12434: 12428: 12427: 12407: 12401: 12400: 12398: 12396: 12384: 12378: 12377: 12375: 12373: 12364:. Archived from 12354: 12348: 12347: 12327: 12321: 12320: 12318: 12316: 12310: 12301: 12295: 12294: 12292: 12290: 12275: 12269: 12268: 12266: 12264: 12249: 12243: 12237: 12231: 12228:Lieberman (2003) 12225: 12219: 12213: 12207: 12201: 12195: 12189: 12183: 12182: 12180: 12178: 12162: 12156: 12150: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12139: 12120: 12114: 12108: 12102: 12096: 12090: 12084: 12078: 12075:Lieberman (2003) 12072: 12066: 12060: 12054: 12048: 12042: 12036: 12023: 12017: 12006: 12000: 11991: 11990: 11966: 11960: 11959: 11941: 11932: 11931: 11919: 11908: 11907: 11895: 11889: 11888: 11876: 11870: 11869: 11857: 11851: 11850: 11831: 11811: 11800: 11777:Nguyễn Trường Tộ 11754: 11738: 11726: 11584:Tự Đức Thông Bảo 11409: 11390: 11377: 11340: 11327: 11314: 11293: 11275: 11238: 11226: 11216: 11213:Georges Vĩnh San 11072: 11050: 10908: 10886: 10758: 10740: 10720: 10698: 10524: 10506: 10320: 10159: 10124:Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh 9983: 9865:Nguyễn Phúc Hiệu 9856:Nguyễn Phúc Luân 9374:Nguyễn Phúc Thái 8662: 8541: 8420: 8299: 8291:Nguyễn Công Duẩn 8209: 8208: 8200: 8199: 8187: 8186: 8179: 8178: 8171: 8170: 7836:Thoại Thái Vương 7620: 7595:State of Vietnam 7555: 7514: 7479: 7450:Hoài Trạch Công 7444: 7406: 7375:Younger brother 7363: 7320: 7282: 7242: 7201: 7120:Nguyễn Phúc Đảm 7111: 7077:Nguyễn Phúc Ánh 7068: 7026: 7025: 6981:Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh 6856: 6847: 6834: 6827: 6818: 6806: 6794: 6793: 6775: 6763: 6751: 6736: 6721: 6691: 6679: 6663: 6651: 6639: 6627: 6558:Nghệ An province 6519:Vietic languages 6477:Nguyễn Trường Tộ 6461:(Cloud God) and 6416:The panorama of 6409: 6374:Neo-Confucianism 6257:the Manchu queue 6157:"Hán di hữu hạn" 5540:Nguyễn Văn Thành 5482: 5470: 5449:Education system 5440: 5425: 5410: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5346: 5171: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5151: 5120: 5112: 4723:Tả Hữu Đô ngự sử 4605:Council of State 4483: 4482: 4472: 4460: 4448: 4436: 4424: 4396:French Indochina 4305:absolutist ruler 4271: 4254: 4242: 4226: 4214: 4109:from 1941, with 4096:collaborationist 3990:French Indochina 3949:French Indochina 3845:Nguyễn Văn Tường 3820: 3808: 3792: 3751: 3697: 3681: 3665: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3601: 3585: 3569: 3549: 3534:Siege of Tourane 3532:French warships 3529: 3513: 3493: 3474:Northern Vietnam 3454:Treaty of Saigon 3446:Tuileries Palace 3365:Nguyễn Trường Tộ 3357:cholera outbreak 3312:USS Constitution 3141:Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh 3066:Nguyễn Văn Thành 2977:French Indochina 2938:unequal treaties 2826:Phú Yên Province 2771:Qianlong Emperor 2705:Jean-Marie Dayot 2697:Philippe Vannier 2681:Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh 2637: 2625: 2602:Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh 2537:, Bangkok, 1782. 2520:Nguyễn Văn Thành 2458:Ethnic cleansing 2441:Southern Vietnam 2391:Phú Yên province 2251: 2241: 2227: 2218: 2207: 2167:Trịnh–Nguyễn War 2149: 2140: 2126: 2105: 2101:between land of 2094: 1961: 1948: 1939: 1924: 1911:, capturing the 1864:later Lê dynasty 1772:Annamite Empire. 1724: 1723: 1702: 1701: 1685: 1684: 1648: 1647: 1616: 1565: 1564: 1529:were called the 1524: 1521: 1467: 1466: 1443: 1437: 1425: 1415: 1410: 1397: 1396: 1375: 1374: 1342: 1330: 1329: 1321:Names of Vietnam 1247:French Indochina 1211:unequal treaties 985: 984: 951: 950: 933: 932: 915: 914: 897: 896: 881: 880: 868: 867: 854: 853: 847: 846: 831: 830: 808:(denominated in 641:Treaty of Saigon 633: 632:1 September 1858 595: 518:Nguyễn Văn Tường 455: 311: 310: 308: 307: 306: 301: 297: 294: 293: 292: 289: 225: 197: 186: 166: 165: 134: 124: 114: 96: 95: 90: 89: 88: 80: 79: 74: 73: 72: 64: 63: 58: 57: 56: 46: 45: 29:Nguyen (surname) 21: 19532: 19531: 19527: 19526: 19525: 19523: 19522: 19521: 19447: 19446: 19445: 19440: 19367: 19362: 19332: 19327: 19261: 19235: 19194: 19174: 19158: 19127: 19087: 19044: 18994: 18980:Khiêm Mausoleum 18963: 18933: 18881: 18862:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn 18842:Nguyễn Cư Trinh 18815: 18769:Sino-French War 18759:Tonkin campaign 18642: 18598:Tôn Thất Thuyết 18583:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 18568:Phan Thanh Liêm 18563:Phan Thanh Giản 18558:Phan Đình Phùng 18538:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn 18443: 18439:Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ 18422: 18394: 18346: 18258: 18154: 18128:Japanese period 18123: 18034: 18026: 17975: 17973: 17971: 17969: 17956: 17950: 17949: 17943: 17942: 17936: 17935: 17931: 17910:Sovereign state 17898: 17892: 17858: 17851: 17840: 17828: 17826:Tây Sơn dynasty 17818: 17812: 17808:Founding year: 17806: 17801: 17781: 17776: 17733: 17732: 17704: 17702: 17621: 17619: 17581: 17579: 17442: 17432: 17409: 17387: 17385: 17367: 17344: 17321: 17302: 17254: 17252: 17214: 17196: 17174: 17103: 17085: 17064: 17032: 17013: 16991: 16969: 16950: 16880: 16843: 16808:Johnston, A. K. 16790: 16771: 16733: 16699: 16697: 16690: 16656: 16634: 16626:. Basic Books. 16603: 16585: 16558: 16539: 16517: 16515: 16508: 16474: 16455: 16428: 16410: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16382: 16370: 16369: 16360: 16359: 16352: 16350: 16339: 16338: 16334: 16322: 16318: 16308: 16306: 16291: 16280: 16270: 16268: 16257: 16250: 16244:Wayback Machine 16234: 16207: 16197: 16195: 16184: 16180: 16170: 16168: 16157: 16153: 16143: 16141: 16140:on 5 April 2022 16130: 16126: 16116: 16114: 16099: 16084: 16072: 16061: 16051: 16049: 16038: 16034: 16024: 16022: 16011: 16002: 15994: 15985: 15977: 15973: 15965: 15961: 15953: 15949: 15941: 15937: 15929: 15925: 15917: 15913: 15905: 15901: 15895:Staunton (1884) 15893: 15889: 15883:Woodside (1988) 15881: 15877: 15869: 15865: 15857: 15853: 15847:Staunton (1884) 15845: 15841: 15833: 15829: 15821: 15817: 15809: 15805: 15797: 15793: 15787:Johnston (1881) 15785: 15781: 15773: 15769: 15761: 15757: 15749: 15745: 15737: 15733: 15725: 15721: 15713: 15709: 15701: 15697: 15689: 15685: 15677: 15673: 15663: 15661: 15651: 15647: 15639: 15635: 15625: 15623: 15612: 15611: 15607: 15597: 15595: 15576: 15574: 15561: 15557: 15547: 15545: 15538: 15522: 15518: 15508: 15506: 15499: 15477: 15475: 15468: 15446: 15444: 15437: 15421: 15417: 15407: 15405: 15392: 15391: 15387: 15377: 15375: 15366: 15365: 15361: 15351: 15349: 15340: 15339: 15335: 15325: 15323: 15316: 15300: 15296: 15286: 15284: 15277: 15261: 15257: 15250: 15234: 15230: 15220: 15218: 15211: 15195: 15191: 15181: 15179: 15172: 15156: 15152: 15142: 15140: 15133: 15117: 15113: 15102: 15101: 15097: 15087: 15085: 15072: 15071: 15067: 15057: 15055: 15042: 15041: 15037: 15027: 15025: 15012: 15011: 15007: 14997: 14995: 14982: 14981: 14977: 14970: 14954: 14950: 14943: 14927: 14923: 14913: 14911: 14910:on 9 March 2021 14892: 14891: 14887: 14877: 14875: 14873: 14857: 14853: 14843: 14841: 14829: 14823: 14819: 14813:Wayback Machine 14803: 14799: 14792: 14776: 14772: 14765: 14749: 14745: 14735: 14733: 14726: 14710: 14706: 14696: 14694: 14689: 14688: 14684: 14677: 14661: 14657: 14647: 14645: 14638: 14622: 14618: 14608: 14606: 14605:on 7 March 2016 14593: 14589: 14579: 14577: 14570: 14554: 14550: 14543: 14527: 14523: 14517:Chandler (2018) 14515: 14511: 14501: 14499: 14490: 14489: 14485: 14478: 14462: 14458: 14452:Woodside (1988) 14450: 14446: 14440:Woodside (1988) 14438: 14434: 14428:Woodside (1988) 14426: 14422: 14416:Woodside (1988) 14414: 14410: 14404:Woodside (1988) 14402: 14398: 14392:Woodside (1988) 14390: 14386: 14380:Woodside (1988) 14378: 14371: 14365:Woodside (1988) 14363: 14359: 14353:Woodside (1988) 14351: 14347: 14338: 14321: 14315:Woodside (1988) 14313: 14309: 14303:Woodside (1988) 14301: 14294: 14273: 14269: 14261: 14257: 14251:Woodside (1988) 14249: 14245: 14239:Woodside (1988) 14237: 14233: 14227:Woodside (1988) 14225: 14221: 14215:Woodside (1988) 14213: 14206: 14198: 14194: 14186: 14182: 14174: 14170: 14161: 14157: 14142:Karnow, Stanley 14139: 14135: 14125: 14123: 14110: 14109: 14105: 14095: 14093: 14078: 14074: 14059: 14055: 14045: 14043: 14030: 14029: 14020: 14012: 14008: 14000: 13996: 13988: 13984: 13976: 13972: 13964: 13960: 13952: 13948: 13940: 13936: 13928: 13924: 13916: 13912: 13904: 13900: 13892: 13888: 13880: 13876: 13868: 13864: 13856: 13852: 13844: 13840: 13832: 13828: 13820: 13816: 13808: 13804: 13796: 13792: 13784: 13780: 13772: 13768: 13760: 13756: 13748: 13744: 13736: 13732: 13724: 13720: 13712: 13708: 13700: 13696: 13688: 13684: 13676: 13672: 13664: 13660: 13652: 13648: 13640: 13636: 13628: 13624: 13616: 13612: 13604: 13600: 13592: 13588: 13580: 13576: 13568: 13564: 13556: 13552: 13544: 13540: 13532: 13528: 13520: 13511: 13503: 13499: 13491: 13487: 13479: 13475: 13467: 13463: 13455: 13451: 13443: 13439: 13431: 13427: 13419: 13415: 13409:Chandler (2018) 13407: 13403: 13395: 13391: 13383: 13379: 13373:Chandler (2018) 13371: 13367: 13359: 13355: 13349:Woodside (1988) 13347: 13340: 13332: 13328: 13320: 13316: 13308: 13304: 13296: 13292: 13284: 13280: 13272: 13268: 13260: 13256: 13248: 13244: 13234: 13232: 13231:on 26 June 2015 13217: 13213: 13208: 13204: 13194: 13192: 13184: 13183: 13179: 13172: 13156: 13152: 13144: 13140: 13132: 13125: 13117: 13113: 13105: 13101: 13093: 13089: 13083:Woodside (1988) 13081: 13077: 13069: 13065: 13057: 13050: 13042: 13038: 13032:Woodside (1988) 13030: 13026: 13018: 13014: 13008:Woodside (1988) 13006: 13002: 12994: 12990: 12982: 12978: 12970: 12966: 12958: 12954: 12946: 12939: 12931: 12927: 12919: 12915: 12907: 12903: 12895: 12891: 12881: 12879: 12870: 12869: 12865: 12857: 12853: 12845: 12841: 12833: 12826: 12818: 12811: 12803: 12796: 12788: 12784: 12776: 12772: 12764: 12760: 12752: 12748: 12740: 12736: 12728: 12724: 12716: 12712: 12705: 12701: 12693: 12689: 12681: 12677: 12669: 12665: 12657: 12653: 12648: 12644: 12636: 12632: 12624: 12620: 12614:Huỳnh Minh 2006 12612: 12608: 12600: 12596: 12588: 12584: 12576: 12572: 12564: 12557: 12549: 12545: 12538: 12524: 12520: 12512: 12508: 12500: 12496: 12488: 12484: 12474: 12472: 12463: 12462: 12458: 12451: 12435: 12431: 12424: 12408: 12404: 12394: 12392: 12385: 12381: 12371: 12369: 12356: 12355: 12351: 12344: 12328: 12324: 12314: 12312: 12308: 12302: 12298: 12288: 12286: 12277: 12276: 12272: 12262: 12260: 12251: 12250: 12246: 12240:Holcombe (2017) 12238: 12234: 12226: 12222: 12214: 12210: 12202: 12198: 12190: 12186: 12176: 12174: 12163: 12159: 12151: 12147: 12137: 12135: 12122: 12121: 12117: 12109: 12105: 12097: 12093: 12085: 12081: 12073: 12069: 12061: 12057: 12049: 12045: 12037: 12026: 12018: 12009: 12001: 11994: 11967: 11963: 11956: 11942: 11935: 11920: 11911: 11896: 11892: 11877: 11873: 11858: 11854: 11832: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11814: 11808:Jiaqing Emperor 11801: 11797: 11792: 11768: 11761: 11755: 11746: 11739: 11730: 11727: 11718: 11655: 11649: 11576: 11471:Ấn ty – Trực xứ 11463: 11457: 11445: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11420: 11403: 11401:Prince Minh Đức 11304:Kiên Thái Vương 11267: 11265:Succession line 11071: 11049: 10907: 10885: 10759:r. July 1884–85 10757: 10739: 10719: 10697: 10523: 10505: 10319: 10158: 9982: 9718: 9604: 9602:Nguyễn Phúc Trú 9490: 9488:Nguyễn Phúc Chu 9376: 9262: 9260:Nguyễn Phúc Tần 9148: 9146:Nguyễn Phúc Lan 9034: 8777: 8663: 8656: 8654:Nguyễn Hoằng Dụ 8542: 8535: 8533:Nguyễn Văn Lang 8421: 8414: 8300: 8293: 8184: 8176: 8168: 8161: 8101: 8095: 8087: 8081: 8043: 8037: 8029: 8023: 7988: 7982: 7974: 7968: 7960: 7954: 7946: 7940: 7864: 7858: 7850:Kiên Thái Vương 7828: 7822: 7762: 7756: 7717: 7711: 7672: 7666: 7618: 7603:1955 referendum 7526:Cousin (son of 7309:Tôn Thất Thuyết 7272:Tôn Thất Thuyết 7038:Posthumous name 7029:Portrait/Photo 7019:(Gia Định) and 7009: 6997:Trương Đăng Quế 6851: 6842: 6829: 6822: 6792: 6786: 6784:Imperial family 6779: 6776: 6767: 6764: 6755: 6752: 6743: 6737: 6728: 6722: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6695: 6692: 6683: 6680: 6671: 6664: 6655: 6652: 6643: 6640: 6631: 6628: 6599: 6593: 6502: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6415: 6410: 6354: 6299:jiaoling youren 6265: 6109: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6063: 6031:Jarai chiefdoms 6010: 5753:or the commune 5745:), the canton ( 5727: 5693: 5645: 5512: 5507: 5501: 5493: 5486: 5483: 5474: 5471: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5444: 5441: 5432: 5426: 5417: 5411: 5402: 5399: 5390: 5387: 5378: 5375: 5366: 5363: 5354: 5347: 5338: 5332: 5288:Chánh thất phẩm 5204:Chánh nhất phẩm 5172: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5137: 5121: 5110: 5018:Chánh thất phẩm 4920: 4914: 4911:Đông các học sĩ 4905: 4899: 4893: 4865:General Staff ( 4864: 4858: 4849: 4843: 4818: 4815:Học sĩ các điện 4812: 4806: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4751: 4745: 4712: 4702: 4692: 4682: 4672: 4662: 4652: 4621: 4612: 4609:Tham chính viện 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4552:Chánh nhất phẩm 4537: 4532:* Grand Tutor ( 4531: 4525: 4516: 4479: 4477:Imperial palace 4473: 4464: 4461: 4452: 4449: 4440: 4437: 4428: 4425: 4416: 4298:Tứ trụ Đại thần 4289: 4288: 4287: 4277: 4272: 4261: 4255: 4246: 4243: 4234: 4227: 4218: 4215: 4206: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4184: 4165:Empire of Japan 4133: 4125:Main articles: 4123: 4069: 4061:Main articles: 4059: 4030: 4024: 3979:Sino-French War 3975:Tientsin Accord 3951: 3939:Main articles: 3937: 3909:Tientsin Accord 3857:Phan Đình Phùng 3849:Tôn Thất Thuyết 3834:Red River Delta 3824: 3821: 3812: 3809: 3800: 3793: 3758: 3745: 3723:Francis Garnier 3703: 3698: 3689: 3682: 3673: 3672:, 19 July 1883. 3666: 3657: 3652:The capture of 3650: 3641: 3638: 3629: 3626: 3617: 3614: 3605: 3602: 3593: 3586: 3577: 3572:The capture of 3570: 3561: 3558:Tonkin campaign 3550: 3541: 3530: 3521: 3516:Bombardment of 3514: 3505: 3494: 3482:Phan Thanh Giản 3430:Phan Thanh Giản 3383: 3373: 3371:French conquest 3349:the persecution 3297: 3245: 3239: 3208:) broke out in 3193:in early 1835. 3126: 3114:Nguyễn Phúc Đảm 3034:Jiaqing Emperor 3030:tributary state 2996:Nguyễn Phúc Ánh 2993: 2991:Gia Long period 2961:Tôn Thất Thuyết 2944:, and then the 2851: 2846: 2838:Tây Sơn dynasty 2814: 2806: 2795: 2790: 2784: 2723: 2713: 2644: 2638: 2629: 2626: 2585: 2579: 2492: 2486: 2421: 2415: 2403: 2372:Thổ Chu Islands 2352: 2288: 2283: 2265: 2258: 2256: 2249: 2247: 2239: 2237: 2225: 2223: 2216: 2208: 2169: 2163: 2156: 2154: 2147: 2145: 2138: 2136: 2124: 2110: 2103: 2095: 2074:Nguyễn Phúc Lan 2009:Dương Chấp Nhất 1981: 1975: 1968: 1966: 1959: 1957: 1946: 1944: 1937: 1925: 1844: 1804: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1764: 1748: 1683: 1637:Jiaqing Emperor 1620:Sấm Trạng Trình 1522: 1408: 1361: 1328: 1323: 1317: 1191:Tây Sơn dynasty 1106:) was the last 1054: 1050:King of Vietnam 1048: 1046: 1021:Nguyễn Phúc Ánh 976: 972: 970: 948: 942: 930: 924: 912: 906: 894: 888: 872:Tây Sơn dynasty 865: 851: 821: 803: 765: 755: 745: 735: 699: 682: 669: 656: 643: 631: 628: 612: 596: 590: 544: 514:Tôn Thất Thuyết 510: 498: 468: 456: 453: 441: 414: 349: 345: 341: 326: 322: 305:16.467; 107.600 304: 302: 298: 295: 290: 287: 285: 283: 282: 281: 263:Empire of Japan 257: 251: 232: 216: 187: 181: 179: 177: 167: 160: 156: 142: 141: 140: 135: 127: 126: 120: 115: 97: 93: 92: 91: 84: 83: 81: 77: 76: 75: 68: 67: 65: 61: 60: 59: 52: 51: 42: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19530: 19520: 19519: 19514: 19509: 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19474: 19469: 19464: 19462:Nguyen dynasty 19459: 19442: 19441: 19439: 19438: 19433: 19428: 19423: 19418: 19413: 19408: 19403: 19398: 19393: 19388: 19383: 19378: 19372: 19369: 19368: 19361: 19360: 19353: 19346: 19338: 19329: 19328: 19326: 19325: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19303:Thoại Hà Canal 19300: 19295: 19290: 19285: 19280: 19275: 19269: 19267: 19263: 19262: 19260: 19259: 19254: 19249: 19243: 19241: 19237: 19236: 19234: 19233: 19227: 19221: 19215: 19209: 19202: 19200: 19196: 19195: 19193: 19192: 19186: 19184: 19180: 19179: 19176: 19175: 19173: 19172: 19166: 19164: 19160: 19159: 19157: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19135: 19133: 19132:Currency units 19129: 19128: 19126: 19125: 19120: 19115: 19113:Tự Đức Bảo Sao 19110: 19104: 19102: 19093: 19089: 19088: 19086: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19069: 19068: 19058: 19052: 19050: 19046: 19045: 19043: 19042: 19037: 19032: 19027: 19022: 19017: 19012: 19006: 19004: 19000: 18999: 18996: 18995: 18993: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18971: 18969: 18965: 18964: 18962: 18961: 18960: 18959: 18948: 18946: 18939: 18935: 18934: 18932: 18931: 18929:Trấn Tây Thành 18926: 18921: 18916: 18911: 18906: 18905: 18904: 18893: 18891: 18887: 18886: 18883: 18882: 18880: 18879: 18874: 18869: 18864: 18859: 18857:Nguyễn Văn Tồn 18854: 18849: 18844: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18823: 18821: 18817: 18816: 18814: 18813: 18808: 18803: 18801:Yên Bái mutiny 18798: 18793: 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18772: 18771: 18766: 18756: 18751: 18746: 18741: 18736: 18731: 18726: 18721: 18716: 18711: 18706: 18701: 18696: 18691: 18686: 18681: 18676: 18675: 18674: 18663: 18661: 18654: 18648: 18647: 18644: 18643: 18641: 18640: 18635: 18630: 18628:Trương Tấn Bửu 18625: 18620: 18615: 18610: 18605: 18603:Trần Trọng Kim 18600: 18595: 18590: 18588:Thoại Ngọc Hầu 18585: 18580: 18578:Thân Văn Nhiếp 18575: 18570: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18553:Phạm Thận Duật 18550: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18533:Nguyễn Văn Tồn 18530: 18528:Nguyễn Văn Tâm 18525: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18490: 18485: 18480: 18478:Hoàng Cao Khải 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18454: 18452: 18445: 18444: 18442: 18441: 18436: 18430: 18428: 18424: 18423: 18421: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18404: 18402: 18396: 18395: 18393: 18392: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18376: 18375: 18365: 18360: 18354: 18352: 18348: 18347: 18345: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18329: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18298: 18297: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18266: 18264: 18260: 18259: 18257: 18256: 18250: 18244: 18238: 18232: 18226: 18220: 18214: 18208: 18202: 18196: 18190: 18184: 18177: 18175: 18166: 18160: 18159: 18156: 18155: 18153: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18131: 18129: 18125: 18124: 18122: 18121: 18116: 18115: 18114: 18109: 18099: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18049: 18044: 18038: 18036: 18028: 18027: 18025: 18024: 18019: 18018: 18017: 18007: 18002: 18001: 18000: 17990: 17985: 17979: 17977: 17974:thời độc lập, 17962: 17958: 17957: 17934: 17932: 17930: 17929: 17923: 17913: 17906: 17904: 17900: 17899: 17895:Nguyễn dynasty 17891: 17890: 17883: 17876: 17868: 17860: 17859: 17847: 17842: 17829: 17824: 17820: 17819: 17813: 17807: 17804:Nguyễn dynasty 17802: 17793: 17788: 17787: 17780: 17779:External links 17777: 17775: 17774: 17746: 17711: 17686: 17672:(5): 739–772. 17661: 17639:(2): 153–169. 17628: 17605: 17592: 17551: 17529:(1): 131–164. 17518: 17514:10.1086/226584 17497: 17476: 17454:(2): 261–285. 17441: 17438: 17437: 17436: 17430: 17413: 17408:978-0804733540 17407: 17394: 17371: 17365: 17348: 17342: 17325: 17319: 17306: 17300: 17287: 17278: 17269: 17260: 17239:Trần Trọng Kim 17235: 17226: 17213:978-6049517655 17212: 17199: 17194: 17178: 17172: 17159: 17147: 17138: 17126: 17124:. John Murray. 17117: 17106: 17101: 17088: 17083: 17067: 17062: 17048:Popkin, Samuel 17044: 17035: 17030: 17017: 17011: 16999:Miller, Robert 16995: 16989: 16973: 16967: 16954: 16948: 16935: 16926: 16918:Marr, David G. 16914: 16901: 16892: 16883: 16878: 16865: 16856: 16847: 16841: 16825: 16823:. E. Stanford. 16816: 16804: 16794: 16788: 16775: 16769: 16749: 16747:. E. Stanford. 16737: 16731: 16718: 16706: 16688: 16669: 16660: 16654: 16638: 16632: 16616: 16607: 16601: 16588: 16583: 16570: 16561: 16556: 16543: 16537: 16524: 16507:978-0429964060 16506: 16491: 16478: 16472: 16459: 16453: 16440: 16431: 16426: 16413: 16408: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16381: 16380: 16332: 16316: 16278: 16248: 16205: 16178: 16151: 16124: 16082: 16059: 16032: 16000: 15998:, p. 197. 15983: 15981:, p. 214. 15979:Kiernan (2019) 15971: 15969:, p. 155. 15959: 15957:, p. 154. 15947: 15943:Bennett (2020) 15935: 15931:Bennett (2020) 15923: 15919:Bennett (2020) 15911: 15907:Bennett (2020) 15899: 15887: 15885:, p. 272. 15875: 15863: 15861:, p. 430. 15851: 15839: 15837:, p. 272. 15827: 15825:, p. 159. 15815: 15813:, p. 433. 15803: 15791: 15789:, p. 322. 15779: 15777:, p. 136. 15767: 15755: 15751:Kiernan (2019) 15743: 15731: 15719: 15707: 15705:, p. 343. 15695: 15693:, p. 349. 15683: 15671: 15645: 15643:, p. 325. 15633: 15605: 15555: 15536: 15516: 15497: 15466: 15435: 15415: 15385: 15359: 15333: 15314: 15294: 15275: 15255: 15248: 15228: 15209: 15189: 15170: 15150: 15131: 15111: 15095: 15065: 15035: 15005: 14975: 14968: 14948: 14941: 14921: 14885: 14871: 14851: 14817: 14797: 14790: 14770: 14763: 14743: 14724: 14704: 14693:. 17 June 2004 14682: 14675: 14655: 14636: 14616: 14587: 14568: 14548: 14542:978-1501719523 14541: 14521: 14519:, p. 153. 14509: 14483: 14476: 14456: 14444: 14442:, p. 148. 14432: 14430:, p. 244. 14420: 14418:, p. 146. 14408: 14406:, p. 147. 14396: 14394:, p. 145. 14384: 14382:, p. 143. 14369: 14367:, p. 142. 14357: 14355:, p. 141. 14345: 14319: 14307: 14292: 14267: 14265:, p. 303. 14263:Kiernan (2019) 14255: 14243: 14231: 14219: 14204: 14202:, p. 295. 14192: 14180: 14168: 14155: 14152:. p. 162. 14133: 14103: 14072: 14053: 14018: 14006: 13994: 13982: 13978:Chapuis (2000) 13970: 13968:, p. 475. 13958: 13956:, p. 107. 13954:Bradley (2016) 13946: 13942:Chapuis (2000) 13934: 13932:, p. 319. 13930:Kiernan (2019) 13922: 13910: 13908:, p. 474. 13898: 13896:, p. 106. 13894:Bradley (2016) 13886: 13884:, p. 194. 13882:Amirell (2019) 13874: 13872:, p. 191. 13870:Amirell (2019) 13862: 13860:, p. 102. 13858:Bradley (2016) 13850: 13846:Chapuis (2000) 13838: 13834:Bradley (2016) 13826: 13822:Chapuis (2000) 13814: 13810:Chapuis (2000) 13802: 13798:Chapuis (2000) 13790: 13778: 13774:Chapuis (2000) 13766: 13764:, p. 180. 13762:Amirell (2019) 13754: 13752:, p. 179. 13750:Amirell (2019) 13742: 13730: 13726:Bradley (2016) 13718: 13716:, p. 174. 13714:Amirell (2019) 13706: 13702:Chapuis (2000) 13694: 13690:Chapuis (2000) 13682: 13670: 13666:Chapuis (2000) 13658: 13654:Bradley (2016) 13646: 13634: 13632:, p. 169. 13630:Amirell (2019) 13622: 13618:Chapuis (2000) 13610: 13608:, p. 305. 13606:Kiernan (2019) 13598: 13586: 13574: 13562: 13550: 13538: 13536:, p. 435. 13526: 13524:, p. 290. 13522:Kiernan (2019) 13509: 13497: 13495:, p. 434. 13485: 13473: 13471:, p. 433. 13461: 13457:Chapuis (2000) 13449: 13437: 13435:, p. 163. 13425: 13423:, p. 175. 13413: 13401: 13397:Kiernan (2019) 13389: 13387:, p. 286. 13385:Kiernan (2019) 13377: 13365: 13363:, p. 285. 13361:Kiernan (2019) 13353: 13351:, p. 249. 13338: 13336:, p. 283. 13334:Kiernan (2019) 13326: 13314: 13302: 13290: 13278: 13266: 13264:, p. 420. 13254: 13252:, p. 419. 13242: 13211: 13202: 13177: 13170: 13150: 13148:, p. 141. 13138: 13136:, p. 279. 13134:Kiernan (2019) 13123: 13119:Chapuis (2000) 13111: 13099: 13097:, p. 418. 13087: 13075: 13063: 13061:, p. 277. 13059:Kiernan (2019) 13048: 13046:, p. 276. 13044:Kiernan (2019) 13036: 13034:, p. 248. 13024: 13022:, p. 401. 13012: 13000: 12998:, p. 274. 12996:Kiernan (2019) 12988: 12976: 12974:, p. 488. 12964: 12962:, p. 487. 12952: 12950:, p. 273. 12948:Kiernan (2019) 12937: 12935:, p. 400. 12925: 12913: 12901: 12899:, p. 398. 12889: 12863: 12851: 12839: 12837:, p. 427. 12824: 12809: 12794: 12782: 12770: 12758: 12746: 12734: 12722: 12710: 12699: 12687: 12675: 12663: 12651: 12642: 12630: 12618: 12606: 12594: 12582: 12570: 12555: 12543: 12536: 12518: 12506: 12502:Thụy Khuê 2017 12494: 12482: 12456: 12449: 12429: 12422: 12402: 12379: 12349: 12342: 12322: 12304:Bui Ngoc Son. 12296: 12270: 12244: 12232: 12230:, p. 187. 12220: 12218:, p. 350. 12208: 12196: 12194:, p. 298. 12184: 12157: 12145: 12115: 12103: 12101:, p. 932. 12091: 12089:, p. 510. 12079: 12077:, p. 405. 12067: 12065:, p. 510. 12055: 12043: 12024: 12007: 11992: 11961: 11954: 11933: 11909: 11890: 11871: 11852: 11835:Kang, David C. 11822: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11813: 11812: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11787: 11786: 11780: 11774: 11767: 11764: 11763: 11762: 11756: 11749: 11747: 11740: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11721: 11717: 11714: 11651:Main article: 11648: 11645: 11639:(that is: the 11592:Imperial China 11575: 11572: 11523: 11522: 11516: 11506: 11500: 11492: 11475:Six Ministries 11459:Main article: 11456: 11453: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11419: 11418: 11417: 11416: 11415: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11384: 11371: 11370: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11366: 11365: 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9948: 9946: 9944: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9721: 9719: 9713: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9149: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8205: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8188:- Emperors of 8181: 8173: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8103: 8092: 8089: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8045: 8034: 8031: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7979: 7976: 7965: 7962: 7951: 7948: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7855: 7852: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7833: 7830: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7719: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7617: 7614: 7607: 7606: 7579: 7576: 7571: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7548: 7547: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7531: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7472: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7460: 7459:1889–1907 (10) 7457: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7437: 7436: 7430: 7427: 7422: 7419: 7418:Older brother 7416: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7399: 7398: 7387: 7384: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7356: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7313: 7312: 7305: 7303: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7275: 7274: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7235: 7234: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7214: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7202: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7136: 7133: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7115: 7112: 7104: 7103: 7096: 7094:Thiên Thọ lăng 7091: 7086: 7083: 7078: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7061: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7042:Personal name 7040: 7035: 7030: 7008: 7005: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6945:Cadet branches 6942: 6941: 6934: 6930: 6929: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6906:Chief of State 6903: 6900: 6897: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6828:Nguyễn dynasty 6812: 6808: 6807: 6799: 6798: 6788:Main article: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6746: 6744: 6738: 6731: 6729: 6723: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6704:Main article: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6674: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6622: 6615:Paul Berranger 6595:Main article: 6592: 6589: 6545:, Jarai, Dao. 6529:(Han people), 6501: 6498: 6465:(Thunder God). 6412: 6411: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6368:were faithful 6353: 6350: 6264: 6261: 6209:ethnic Chinese 6108: 6105: 6092:Nguyễn dynasty 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6065:Main article: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6021: 6019:Luang Phrabang 6015: 6014: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5662: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5622: 5617: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5569: 5564: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5511: 5510:Under Gia Long 5508: 5503:Main article: 5500: 5497: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5453:Main article: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5420: 5418: 5412: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5357: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5319: 5316:Chánh cửu phẩm 5312: 5305: 5302:Chánh bát phẩm 5298: 5295:Tòng thất phẩm 5291: 5284: 5277: 5274:Chánh lục phẩm 5270: 5263: 5260:Chánh ngũ phẩm 5256: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5232:Chánh tam phẩm 5228: 5221: 5218:Chánh nhị phẩm 5214: 5211:Tòng nhất phẩm 5207: 5196:thuế đầu người 5174: 5173: 5156:September 2018 5124: 5122: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078:Chánh cửu phẩm 5073: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5058: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5048:Chánh bát phẩm 5043: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033:Tòng thất phẩm 5028: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5006: 4998: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988:Chánh lục phẩm 4983: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958:Chánh ngũ phẩm 4953: 4952: 4949: 4938: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4896:Thiếu thiêm sự 4882: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4840:Thiếu thiêm sự 4836: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4781:Chánh thiêm sự 4777: 4774:Chánh tam phẩm 4769: 4768: 4765: 4738: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4642: 4639:Chánh nhị phẩm 4634: 4633: 4630: 4618:Tham Nghị viện 4602: 4599:Tòng nhất phẩm 4594: 4593: 4590: 4579:* Vice Tutor ( 4555: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4502: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4489:Civil position 4487: 4481: 4480: 4474: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4341:Middle Kingdom 4274: 4273: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4256: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4237: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4209: 4202:Main article: 4199: 4196: 4191:Main article: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4122: 4119: 4058: 4055: 4026:Main article: 4023: 4020: 3977:and ended the 3936: 3933: 3869:Amédée Courbet 3826: 3825: 3822: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3803: 3801: 3797:Amédée Courbet 3794: 3787: 3757: 3754: 3733:, governor of 3705: 3704: 3699: 3692: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3596: 3594: 3587: 3580: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3562: 3551: 3544: 3542: 3531: 3524: 3522: 3515: 3508: 3506: 3495: 3488: 3372: 3369: 3331:Sir John Davis 3296: 3293: 3241:Main article: 3238: 3235: 3125: 3122: 3078:British Empire 2992: 2989: 2883:Konbaung Burma 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2813: 2810: 2794: 2791: 2786:Main article: 2783: 2780: 2759:Lê Chiêu Thống 2712: 2709: 2673:Côn Sơn Island 2646: 2645: 2639: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2620: 2608:and thence to 2578: 2575: 2567:Thổ Chu Island 2488:Main article: 2485: 2482: 2414: 2411: 2402: 2399: 2351: 2348: 2287: 2284: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2248: 2238: 2224: 2215: 2209: 2202: 2165:Main article: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2146: 2137: 2123: 2102: 2096: 2089: 2081:legitimacy of 1977:Main article: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1958: 1945: 1936: 1926: 1919: 1843: 1840: 1828:Nguyễn Thị Anh 1822:under emperor 1800:Main article: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1776:Nguyễn Vietnam 1763: 1760: 1754:used the name 1752:its government 1747: 1744: 1726: 1725: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1682: 1679: 1606:người Việt Nam 1576:Cantonese Yale 1478:Cantonese Yale 1399: 1398: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1343: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1324: 1316: 1313: 1288:following the 1272:under Emperor 1209:. A series of 1080:Nguyễn dynasty 1074: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1052: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1005: 994: 990: 989: 981: 980: 965: 961: 960: 957: 956: 953: 952: 945: 935: 934: 927: 917: 916: 909: 899: 898: 891: 878: 875: 874: 869: 861: 860: 855: 843: 842: 837: 827: 826: 778: 774: 773: 770: 769: 766: 763: 760: 759: 756: 753: 750: 749: 746: 743: 740: 739: 736: 733: 730: 729: 726: 725: 721: 720: 717: 713: 712: 708: 707: 704: 703: 702:25 August 1945 700: 690: 687: 686: 683: 677: 674: 673: 670: 664: 661: 660: 659:25 August 1883 657: 651: 648: 647: 644: 638: 635: 634: 629: 620: 617: 616: 613: 604: 601: 600: 597: 588: 585: 584: 581: 580: 571: 570:Historical era 567: 566: 563:rule by decree 559: 555: 554: 551: 550: 548:Trần Trọng Kim 545: 542: 539: 538: 535: 534: 531: 529:Prime Minister 525: 524: 521: 520: 511: 508: 505: 504: 499: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 485: 479: 478: 475: 474: 469: 466: 463: 462: 457: 451: 448: 447: 442: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 422: 421: 420: 419: 416: 405:modern cabinet 398: 394: 393: 388: 382: 381: 337:State ideology 333: 329: 328: 317: 313: 312: 271: 267: 266: 238: 234: 233: 226: 218: 217: 198: 190: 189: 169: 168: 158: 144: 143: 136: 129: 128: 116: 109: 108: 107: 104: 103: 99: 98: 50:Đại Việt Quốc 49: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19529: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19454: 19452: 19437: 19434: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19417: 19414: 19412: 19409: 19407: 19404: 19402: 19399: 19397: 19394: 19392: 19389: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19379: 19377: 19374: 19373: 19370: 19366: 19359: 19354: 19352: 19347: 19345: 19340: 19339: 19336: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19308:Vĩnh Tế Canal 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19274: 19271: 19270: 19268: 19264: 19258: 19255: 19253: 19250: 19248: 19245: 19244: 19242: 19238: 19231: 19228: 19225: 19222: 19219: 19216: 19213: 19210: 19207: 19204: 19203: 19201: 19197: 19191: 19188: 19187: 19185: 19181: 19171: 19168: 19167: 19165: 19161: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19136: 19134: 19130: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19106: 19105: 19103: 19101: 19097: 19094: 19090: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19067: 19064: 19063: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19053: 19051: 19047: 19041: 19038: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19008: 19007: 19005: 19001: 18991: 18990:Ứng Mausoleum 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18972: 18970: 18966: 18958: 18957:Meridian Gate 18955: 18954: 18953: 18950: 18949: 18947: 18943: 18940: 18936: 18930: 18927: 18925: 18922: 18920: 18917: 18915: 18912: 18910: 18907: 18903: 18900: 18899: 18898: 18895: 18894: 18892: 18888: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18872:Phan Văn Thúy 18870: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18827:Hoàng Kế Viêm 18825: 18824: 18822: 18818: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18761: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18720: 18717: 18715: 18712: 18710: 18707: 18705: 18702: 18700: 18697: 18695: 18692: 18690: 18687: 18685: 18682: 18680: 18677: 18673: 18670: 18669: 18668: 18665: 18664: 18662: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18649: 18639: 18636: 18634: 18631: 18629: 18626: 18624: 18621: 18619: 18616: 18614: 18611: 18609: 18606: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18593:Tôn Thất Đính 18591: 18589: 18586: 18584: 18581: 18579: 18576: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18543:Phan Văn Thúy 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18513:Ngô Đình Khôi 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18503:Ngô Đình Diệm 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18489: 18488:Hoàng Kế Viêm 18486: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18455: 18453: 18451: 18446: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18431: 18429: 18425: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18405: 18403: 18401: 18397: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18374: 18371: 18370: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18363:Đăng đàn cung 18361: 18359: 18356: 18355: 18353: 18349: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18296: 18293: 18292: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18267: 18265: 18261: 18254: 18251: 18248: 18245: 18242: 18239: 18236: 18233: 18230: 18227: 18224: 18221: 18218: 18215: 18212: 18209: 18206: 18203: 18200: 18197: 18194: 18191: 18188: 18185: 18182: 18179: 18178: 18176: 18174: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18161: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18132: 18130: 18126: 18120: 18117: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18105: 18104: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18045: 18043: 18040: 18039: 18037: 18033: 18029: 18023: 18020: 18016: 18013: 18012: 18011: 18008: 18006: 18003: 17999: 17996: 17995: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17980: 17978: 17966: 17963: 17959: 17954: 17947: 17940: 17927: 17924: 17921: 17917: 17914: 17911: 17908: 17907: 17905: 17901: 17896: 17889: 17884: 17882: 17877: 17875: 17870: 17869: 17866: 17857: 17854: 17850: 17846: 17839: 17838: 17834: 17827: 17821: 17817: 17811: 17805: 17800: 17798: 17791: 17786: 17783: 17782: 17771: 17767: 17763: 17759: 17755: 17751: 17750:Norman, Jerry 17747: 17743: 17737: 17729: 17725: 17721: 17717: 17712: 17700: 17696: 17692: 17687: 17683: 17679: 17675: 17671: 17667: 17662: 17658: 17654: 17650: 17646: 17642: 17638: 17634: 17629: 17617: 17613: 17612: 17606: 17602: 17598: 17593: 17589: 17577: 17573: 17569: 17565: 17561: 17557: 17552: 17548: 17544: 17540: 17536: 17532: 17528: 17524: 17519: 17515: 17511: 17507: 17503: 17498: 17494: 17490: 17486: 17482: 17477: 17473: 17469: 17465: 17461: 17457: 17453: 17449: 17444: 17443: 17433: 17427: 17423: 17419: 17414: 17410: 17404: 17400: 17395: 17383: 17379: 17378: 17372: 17368: 17362: 17358: 17354: 17349: 17345: 17339: 17335: 17331: 17326: 17322: 17316: 17312: 17307: 17303: 17301:0-674-93721-X 17297: 17293: 17288: 17284: 17279: 17275: 17270: 17266: 17261: 17250: 17246: 17245: 17240: 17236: 17232: 17227: 17223: 17219: 17215: 17209: 17205: 17200: 17197: 17191: 17187: 17183: 17179: 17175: 17173:0-521-66370-9 17169: 17165: 17160: 17156: 17152: 17148: 17144: 17139: 17135: 17131: 17127: 17123: 17118: 17114: 17113: 17107: 17104: 17098: 17094: 17089: 17086: 17080: 17076: 17072: 17068: 17065: 17059: 17055: 17054: 17049: 17045: 17041: 17036: 17033: 17027: 17023: 17018: 17014: 17008: 17004: 17000: 16996: 16992: 16986: 16982: 16978: 16974: 16970: 16968:0-275-93562-0 16964: 16960: 16955: 16951: 16945: 16941: 16936: 16932: 16927: 16923: 16919: 16915: 16911: 16907: 16902: 16898: 16893: 16889: 16884: 16881: 16875: 16871: 16866: 16862: 16857: 16853: 16848: 16844: 16838: 16834: 16830: 16826: 16822: 16817: 16813: 16809: 16805: 16801: 16795: 16791: 16785: 16781: 16776: 16772: 16766: 16762: 16758: 16754: 16750: 16746: 16742: 16738: 16734: 16728: 16724: 16719: 16715: 16711: 16707: 16695: 16691: 16685: 16681: 16677: 16676: 16670: 16666: 16661: 16657: 16651: 16647: 16643: 16639: 16635: 16629: 16625: 16621: 16617: 16613: 16608: 16604: 16602:0-8248-2984-0 16598: 16594: 16589: 16586: 16580: 16576: 16571: 16567: 16562: 16559: 16553: 16549: 16544: 16540: 16538:0-313-31170-6 16534: 16530: 16525: 16513: 16509: 16503: 16499: 16498: 16492: 16488: 16484: 16479: 16475: 16469: 16465: 16460: 16456: 16450: 16446: 16441: 16437: 16432: 16429: 16423: 16419: 16414: 16411: 16405: 16401: 16396: 16395: 16376: 16364: 16348: 16344: 16343: 16336: 16329: 16325: 16320: 16304: 16300: 16296: 16289: 16287: 16285: 16283: 16266: 16262: 16255: 16253: 16245: 16241: 16238: 16232: 16230: 16228: 16226: 16224: 16222: 16220: 16218: 16216: 16214: 16212: 16210: 16193: 16189: 16182: 16166: 16162: 16155: 16139: 16135: 16128: 16112: 16108: 16104: 16097: 16095: 16093: 16091: 16089: 16087: 16079: 16075: 16070: 16068: 16066: 16064: 16047: 16043: 16036: 16020: 16016: 16009: 16007: 16005: 15997: 15992: 15990: 15988: 15980: 15975: 15968: 15963: 15956: 15951: 15945:, p. 24. 15944: 15939: 15933:, p. 20. 15932: 15927: 15921:, p. 18. 15920: 15915: 15909:, p. 15. 15908: 15903: 15897:, p. 38. 15896: 15891: 15884: 15879: 15873:, p. 85. 15872: 15867: 15860: 15855: 15849:, p. 37. 15848: 15843: 15836: 15831: 15824: 15819: 15812: 15807: 15801:, p. 28. 15800: 15799:Avakov (2015) 15795: 15788: 15783: 15776: 15775:Popkin (1979) 15771: 15764: 15763:Taylor (2013) 15759: 15752: 15747: 15741:, p. 14. 15740: 15735: 15728: 15723: 15716: 15711: 15704: 15703:Kelley (2006) 15699: 15692: 15691:Kelley (2006) 15687: 15681:, p. 15. 15680: 15675: 15660: 15656: 15649: 15642: 15637: 15621: 15617: 15616: 15609: 15593: 15589: 15588: 15572: 15568: 15567: 15559: 15543: 15539: 15533: 15529: 15528: 15520: 15504: 15500: 15494: 15490: 15489: 15473: 15469: 15463: 15459: 15458: 15442: 15438: 15432: 15428: 15427: 15419: 15403: 15399: 15395: 15389: 15373: 15369: 15363: 15347: 15343: 15337: 15321: 15317: 15311: 15307: 15306: 15298: 15282: 15278: 15272: 15268: 15267: 15259: 15251: 15245: 15241: 15240: 15232: 15216: 15212: 15206: 15202: 15201: 15193: 15177: 15173: 15167: 15163: 15162: 15154: 15138: 15134: 15128: 15124: 15123: 15115: 15107: 15106: 15099: 15083: 15079: 15075: 15069: 15053: 15049: 15045: 15039: 15023: 15019: 15015: 15009: 14993: 14989: 14985: 14979: 14971: 14965: 14961: 14960: 14952: 14944: 14938: 14934: 14933: 14925: 14909: 14905: 14901: 14900: 14895: 14889: 14874: 14868: 14864: 14863: 14855: 14839: 14835: 14828: 14821: 14814: 14810: 14807: 14801: 14793: 14787: 14783: 14782: 14774: 14766: 14760: 14756: 14755: 14747: 14731: 14727: 14721: 14717: 14716: 14708: 14692: 14686: 14678: 14672: 14668: 14667: 14659: 14643: 14639: 14633: 14629: 14628: 14620: 14604: 14600: 14599: 14591: 14575: 14571: 14565: 14561: 14560: 14552: 14544: 14538: 14534: 14533: 14525: 14518: 14513: 14497: 14493: 14487: 14479: 14477:9780151144204 14473: 14469: 14468: 14460: 14453: 14448: 14441: 14436: 14429: 14424: 14417: 14412: 14405: 14400: 14393: 14388: 14381: 14376: 14374: 14366: 14361: 14354: 14349: 14342: 14336: 14334: 14332: 14330: 14328: 14326: 14324: 14317:, p. 11. 14316: 14311: 14305:, p. 10. 14304: 14299: 14297: 14289: 14288:Cambridge, MA 14285: 14281: 14277: 14271: 14264: 14259: 14253:, p. 19. 14252: 14247: 14241:, p. 18. 14240: 14235: 14229:, p. 14. 14228: 14223: 14216: 14211: 14209: 14201: 14196: 14189: 14184: 14177: 14172: 14164: 14159: 14151: 14150:Penguin Books 14147: 14143: 14137: 14121: 14117: 14113: 14107: 14091: 14087: 14083: 14076: 14068: 14064: 14057: 14041: 14037: 14033: 14027: 14025: 14023: 14016:, p. 93. 14015: 14014:Goscha (2016) 14010: 14004:, p. 90. 14003: 14002:Goscha (2016) 13998: 13992:, p. 91. 13991: 13990:Goscha (2016) 13986: 13980:, p. 71. 13979: 13974: 13967: 13966:Taylor (2013) 13962: 13955: 13950: 13944:, p. 67. 13943: 13938: 13931: 13926: 13919: 13918:Goscha (2016) 13914: 13907: 13906:Taylor (2013) 13902: 13895: 13890: 13883: 13878: 13871: 13866: 13859: 13854: 13848:, p. 66. 13847: 13842: 13836:, p. 90. 13835: 13830: 13824:, p. 65. 13823: 13818: 13812:, p. 63. 13811: 13806: 13800:, p. 61. 13799: 13794: 13788:, p. 67. 13787: 13786:Goscha (2016) 13782: 13775: 13770: 13763: 13758: 13751: 13746: 13740:, p. 66. 13739: 13738:Goscha (2016) 13734: 13727: 13722: 13715: 13710: 13704:, p. 53. 13703: 13698: 13691: 13686: 13680:, p. 65. 13679: 13678:Goscha (2016) 13674: 13667: 13662: 13656:, p. 50. 13655: 13650: 13644:, p. 49. 13643: 13638: 13631: 13626: 13620:, p. 87. 13619: 13614: 13607: 13602: 13596:, p. 47. 13595: 13590: 13584:, p. 60. 13583: 13582:Goscha (2016) 13578: 13571: 13570:McLeod (1991) 13566: 13559: 13558:Taylor (2013) 13554: 13548:, p. 39. 13547: 13546:McLeod (1991) 13542: 13535: 13534:Taylor (2013) 13530: 13523: 13518: 13516: 13514: 13507:, p. 59. 13506: 13505:Goscha (2016) 13501: 13494: 13493:Taylor (2013) 13489: 13483:, p. 35. 13482: 13481:McLeod (1991) 13477: 13470: 13469:Taylor (2013) 13465: 13459:, p. 47. 13458: 13453: 13446: 13445:Miller (1990) 13441: 13434: 13429: 13422: 13417: 13410: 13405: 13398: 13393: 13386: 13381: 13374: 13369: 13362: 13357: 13350: 13345: 13343: 13335: 13330: 13324:, p. 56. 13323: 13322:Goscha (2016) 13318: 13312:, p. 31. 13311: 13310:McLeod (1991) 13306: 13300:, p. 57. 13299: 13298:Goscha (2016) 13294: 13288:, p. 12. 13287: 13282: 13276:, p. 30. 13275: 13274:McLeod (1991) 13270: 13263: 13262:Goscha (2016) 13258: 13251: 13250:Goscha (2016) 13246: 13230: 13226: 13222: 13215: 13206: 13191: 13187: 13181: 13173: 13167: 13163: 13162: 13154: 13147: 13142: 13135: 13130: 13128: 13120: 13115: 13109:, p. 45. 13108: 13107:Goscha (2016) 13103: 13096: 13095:Taylor (2013) 13091: 13085:, p. 37. 13084: 13079: 13073:, p. 24. 13072: 13071:McLeod (1991) 13067: 13060: 13055: 13053: 13045: 13040: 13033: 13028: 13021: 13020:Taylor (2013) 13016: 13009: 13004: 12997: 12992: 12986:, p. 49. 12985: 12984:Goscha (2016) 12980: 12973: 12968: 12961: 12956: 12949: 12944: 12942: 12934: 12933:Taylor (2013) 12929: 12922: 12917: 12910: 12909:Momoki (2015) 12905: 12898: 12897:Taylor (2013) 12893: 12877: 12873: 12867: 12860: 12855: 12848: 12843: 12836: 12831: 12829: 12822:, p. 71. 12821: 12820:Goscha (2016) 12816: 12814: 12807:, p. 70. 12806: 12805:Goscha (2016) 12801: 12799: 12791: 12786: 12779: 12774: 12768:, p. 155 12767: 12762: 12756:, p. 203 12755: 12750: 12743: 12738: 12732:, p. 519 12731: 12726: 12720:, p. 279 12719: 12714: 12708: 12703: 12697:, p. 183 12696: 12691: 12684: 12679: 12673:, p. 111 12672: 12667: 12661:, p. 178 12660: 12655: 12646: 12640:, p. 124 12639: 12634: 12628:, p. 195 12627: 12622: 12616:, p. 143 12615: 12610: 12604:, p. 517 12603: 12598: 12591: 12586: 12579: 12574: 12568:, p. 188 12567: 12562: 12560: 12553:, p. 508 12552: 12547: 12539: 12533: 12529: 12522: 12515: 12510: 12503: 12498: 12491: 12486: 12470: 12466: 12460: 12452: 12446: 12442: 12441: 12433: 12425: 12419: 12415: 12414: 12406: 12391:. web archive 12390: 12383: 12367: 12363: 12359: 12353: 12345: 12339: 12335: 12334: 12326: 12307: 12300: 12284: 12280: 12274: 12258: 12254: 12248: 12241: 12236: 12229: 12224: 12217: 12212: 12206:, p. 41. 12205: 12200: 12193: 12192:Verlag (1827) 12188: 12172: 12168: 12161: 12155:, p. 46. 12154: 12149: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12119: 12112: 12107: 12100: 12095: 12088: 12083: 12076: 12071: 12064: 12059: 12052: 12047: 12040: 12035: 12033: 12031: 12029: 12021: 12016: 12014: 12012: 12005:, p. 38. 12004: 11999: 11997: 11988: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11965: 11957: 11955:981-3016-69-8 11951: 11947: 11940: 11938: 11929: 11925: 11918: 11916: 11914: 11905: 11901: 11894: 11886: 11882: 11875: 11867: 11863: 11856: 11849: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11830: 11828: 11823: 11809: 11805: 11799: 11795: 11784: 11781: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11759: 11758:Dragon motifs 11753: 11748: 11744: 11737: 11732: 11725: 11720: 11719: 11713: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11694: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11679: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11658:Dragon motifs 11654: 11644: 11642: 11641:French people 11638: 11634: 11630: 11627:(a symbol of 11626: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11585: 11580: 11571: 11569: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11544: 11542: 11538: 11537: 11532: 11528: 11520: 11517: 11514: 11510: 11507: 11504: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11493: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11452: 11450: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11411: 11407: 11402: 11398: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11389: 11385: 11383: 11381: 11376: 11372: 11364: 11362: 11357: 11355: 11353: 11350:Crown Prince 11348: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11339: 11335: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11326: 11322: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11313: 11309: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11292: 11288: 11287: 11286: 11285: 11281: 11279: 11274: 11270: 11269: 11255: 11237: 11225: 11214: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11168: 11166: 11165: 11148: 11146: 11138: 11136: 11095: 11093: 11069: 11068: 11047: 11046: 11013: 11011: 10931: 10929: 10905: 10904: 10883: 10882: 10849: 10847: 10767: 10765: 10755: 10754: 10737: 10736: 10717: 10716: 10695: 10694: 10672: 10662: 10659: 10649: 10647: 10633: 10631: 10630: 10623: 10613: 10611: 10597: 10595: 10544: 10542: 10535: 10521: 10520: 10503: 10502: 10494: 10485: 10466: 10463: 10453: 10451: 10439: 10437: 10429: 10427: 10417: 10415: 10414: 10409: 10387: 10385: 10367: 10365: 10342: 10340: 10331: 10317: 10316: 10308: 10299: 10288: 10278: 10275: 10265: 10263: 10255: 10253: 10243: 10241: 10240: 10233: 10223: 10221: 10203: 10201: 10178: 10176: 10156: 10155: 10125: 10115: 10112: 10082: 10080: 10079: 10062: 10046: 10044: 10030: 10028: 10019: 10017: 9994: 9980: 9979: 9954: 9952: 9894: 9892: 9875: 9866: 9857: 9833: 9830: 9820: 9818: 9808: 9807: 9794: 9774: 9749: 9747: 9717: 9693: 9691: 9635: 9633: 9603: 9579: 9577: 9521: 9519: 9489: 9465: 9463: 9407: 9405: 9375: 9351: 9349: 9293: 9291: 9261: 9237: 9235: 9179: 9177: 9147: 9123: 9121: 9065: 9063: 9033: 9009: 9007: 8951: 8949: 8918: 8894: 8891: 8881: 8879: 8869: 8868: 8853: 8833: 8808: 8806: 8776: 8752: 8750: 8694: 8692: 8660: 8655: 8631: 8629: 8573: 8571: 8539: 8534: 8510: 8508: 8452: 8450: 8418: 8413: 8412:Nguyễn Văn Lỗ 8389: 8387: 8331: 8329: 8297: 8292: 8268: 8266: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8202: 8201: 8195: 8191: 8182: 8174: 8166: 8165: 8164: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8099: 8090: 8086: 8085: 8072: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8041: 8032: 8028: 8027: 8014: 7992: 7987: 7986: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7963: 7959: 7958: 7949: 7945: 7944: 7931: 7896: 7868: 7863: 7862: 7853: 7851: 7839: 7837: 7831: 7827: 7826: 7819: 7786: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7760: 7741: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7715: 7696: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7651: 7621: 7613: 7604: 7600: 7599:Ngo Dinh Diem 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7248:Huệ Hoàng Đế 7247: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7148:Lao rebellion 7145: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7098:Defeated the 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6791: 6774: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6750: 6745: 6742: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6707: 6690: 6685: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6657: 6650: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6626: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6588: 6585: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6559: 6555: 6550: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6497: 6493: 6491: 6486: 6480: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6447:Thần Thuận An 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6385: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6358: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6270: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6178:acculturation 6175: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6104: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6068: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6036:Chief cities: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5805: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664:Quảng Nghĩa ( 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5506: 5496: 5481: 5476: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5385: 5380: 5373: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5324: 5323:Tòng cửu phẩm 5320: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5309:Tòng bát phẩm 5306: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5281:Tòng lục phẩm 5278: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5267:Tòng ngũ phẩm 5264: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5246:Chánh tứ phẩm 5243: 5240: 5239:Tòng tam phẩm 5236: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5225:Tòng nhị phẩm 5222: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5180: 5170: 5167: 5159: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5125:This section 5123: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5093:Tòng cửu phẩm 5090: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5063:Tòng bát phẩm 5060: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5003:Tòng lục phẩm 5000: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4973:Tòng ngũ phẩm 4970: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4880: 4879:Chánh tứ phẩm 4876: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4862: 4861:Thượng bảo tự 4856: 4852: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4833:Tòng tam phẩm 4830: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4752:Supreme Vice- 4749: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4735:Tòng nhị phẩm 4732: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4513:Tôn nhân lệnh 4510: 4509:Tông Nhân Phủ 4506: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4459: 4454: 4447: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4360:Son of Heaven 4357: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4309:head of state 4306: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4259: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4194: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4088:Allied forces 4085: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4036: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3819: 3814: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3777: 3776:Henri Rivière 3772: 3762: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3731:Hoàng Kế Viêm 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3702: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3061:Lê Thánh Tông 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3044:(Vietnamese: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2789: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2689:Thomas Conway 2686: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2642: 2636: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2571:Ko Kut Island 2568: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2552:Châu Văn Tiếp 2549: 2545: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496:Châu Văn Tiếp 2491: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2449:grand admiral 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2427:replaced the 2426: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2314:Nguyễn lord, 2312: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2292: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2255: 2246:as rump state 2245: 2235: 2231: 2222: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2153: 2144: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1989:Lê Trang Tông 1986: 1980: 1965: 1956: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1886:, where king 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860:Lê Cung Hoàng 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848:Mạc Đăng Dung 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663:Việt Nam Quốc 1660: 1656: 1652: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1593:Lüshi Chunqiu 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1517: 1516:Shang dynasty 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450:Triệu dynasty 1447: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1428:Việt Nam Quốc 1424: 1419: 1414: 1406: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1373:Nước Việt Nam 1370: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1348:(越南元寶), gold 1347: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1322: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1148:protectorates 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 979: 975: 969: 966: 964:Today part of 962: 946: 944: 943:North Vietnam 941: 937: 936: 928: 926: 923: 919: 918: 910: 908: 905: 901: 900: 892: 890: 887: 883: 882: 879: 873: 870: 863: 862: 859: 856: 849: 848: 845: 844: 841: 838: 836: 833: 832: 828: 824: 819: 815: 811: 807: 801: 797: 793: 789: 786: 782: 779: 775: 771: 767: 761: 757: 751: 747: 741: 737: 731: 727: 722: 718: 714: 709: 705: 701: 698: 694: 688: 685:11 March 1945 684: 681: 675: 671: 668: 662: 658: 655: 649: 645: 642: 636: 630: 627: 624: 618: 614: 611: 608: 602: 598: 594: 586: 582: 579: 575: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 549: 546: 540: 536: 532: 530: 526: 522: 519: 515: 512: 506: 503: 500: 494: 490: 486: 484: 480: 476: 473: 470: 464: 461: 458: 449: 446: 443: 437: 433: 429: 427: 423: 417: 413: 409: 408: 406: 402: 399: 395: 392: 389: 387: 383: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 363:Folk religion 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 338: 334: 330: 325: 321: 318: 314: 309: 279: 275: 272: 268: 264: 260: 255: 249: 246: 242: 239: 235: 230: 224: 219: 214: 210: 206: 202: 196: 191: 185: 176: 175: 170: 155: 154: 153:Đăng đàn cung 149: 145: 139: 133: 119: 113: 105: 100: 66:Việt Nam Quốc 47: 44: 40: 30: 19: 19364: 19266:Other topics 18985:An Mausoleum 18832:Lê Văn Duyệt 18667:Tây Sơn wars 18613:Đặng Huy Trứ 18608:Trần Cao Vân 18508:Ngô Đình Khả 18463:Cao Xuân Dục 18358:Coat of arms 18322:Quốc Tử Giám 18302:Hàn lâm viện 18107:Phú Riềng Đỏ 17983:Nguyễn lords 17972:(Nhà Nguyễn 17894: 17844: 17831: 17814:Deposition: 17803: 17794: 17761: 17757: 17754:Mei, Tsu-lin 17736:cite journal 17719: 17715: 17703:. Retrieved 17699:the original 17694: 17680:– via 17669: 17665: 17655:– via 17636: 17632: 17620:. Retrieved 17610: 17600: 17596: 17586:– via 17580:. Retrieved 17563: 17559: 17545:– via 17526: 17522: 17505: 17501: 17484: 17480: 17470:– via 17451: 17447: 17417: 17398: 17386:. Retrieved 17376: 17352: 17329: 17310: 17291: 17282: 17273: 17264: 17253:, retrieved 17249:the original 17243: 17230: 17203: 17185: 17182:Taylor, K.W. 17163: 17154: 17142: 17133: 17121: 17110: 17092: 17077:, Philip's, 17074: 17051: 17039: 17021: 17002: 16980: 16958: 16939: 16930: 16921: 16905: 16896: 16887: 16869: 16860: 16851: 16832: 16820: 16811: 16798: 16779: 16756: 16753:Kiernan, Ben 16744: 16741:Keane, A. H. 16722: 16714:Gia Định xưa 16713: 16698:. Retrieved 16674: 16664: 16645: 16623: 16611: 16592: 16574: 16565: 16547: 16528: 16516:. Retrieved 16496: 16482: 16463: 16444: 16435: 16417: 16399: 16351:. Retrieved 16341: 16335: 16319: 16307:. Retrieved 16269:. Retrieved 16196:. Retrieved 16181: 16169:. Retrieved 16165:the original 16154: 16142:. Retrieved 16138:the original 16127: 16115:. Retrieved 16073: 16050:. Retrieved 16035: 16023:. Retrieved 15996:Heath (2003) 15974: 15967:Smith (1974) 15962: 15955:Smith (1974) 15950: 15938: 15926: 15914: 15902: 15890: 15878: 15871:Choi (2004b) 15866: 15854: 15842: 15835:Keane (1896) 15830: 15818: 15806: 15794: 15782: 15770: 15758: 15746: 15734: 15722: 15717:, p. 4. 15710: 15698: 15686: 15674: 15662:. Retrieved 15658: 15648: 15636: 15624:. Retrieved 15614: 15608: 15596:. Retrieved 15586: 15575:. Retrieved 15565: 15558: 15546:. Retrieved 15526: 15519: 15507:. Retrieved 15487: 15476:. Retrieved 15456: 15445:. Retrieved 15425: 15418: 15406:. Retrieved 15402:the original 15397: 15388: 15376:. Retrieved 15372:the original 15362: 15350:. Retrieved 15346:the original 15336: 15324:. Retrieved 15304: 15297: 15285:. Retrieved 15265: 15258: 15238: 15231: 15219:. Retrieved 15199: 15192: 15180:. Retrieved 15160: 15153: 15141:. Retrieved 15121: 15114: 15104: 15098: 15086:. Retrieved 15077: 15068: 15056:. Retrieved 15047: 15038: 15026:. Retrieved 15017: 15008: 14996:. Retrieved 14987: 14978: 14958: 14951: 14931: 14924: 14912:. Retrieved 14908:the original 14897: 14888: 14876:. Retrieved 14861: 14854: 14842:. Retrieved 14837: 14833: 14825:蔣為文 (2013). 14820: 14800: 14780: 14773: 14753: 14746: 14734:. Retrieved 14714: 14707: 14695:. Retrieved 14685: 14665: 14658: 14646:. Retrieved 14626: 14619: 14607:. Retrieved 14603:the original 14597: 14590: 14578:. Retrieved 14558: 14551: 14531: 14524: 14512: 14500:. Retrieved 14496:the original 14486: 14466: 14459: 14447: 14435: 14423: 14411: 14399: 14387: 14360: 14348: 14340: 14310: 14275: 14270: 14258: 14246: 14234: 14222: 14217:, p. 9. 14200:Keane (1896) 14195: 14187: 14183: 14175: 14171: 14162: 14158: 14145: 14136: 14124:. Retrieved 14115: 14106: 14094:. Retrieved 14085: 14075: 14062: 14056: 14044:. Retrieved 14035: 14009: 13997: 13985: 13973: 13961: 13949: 13937: 13925: 13913: 13901: 13889: 13877: 13865: 13853: 13841: 13829: 13817: 13805: 13793: 13781: 13769: 13757: 13745: 13733: 13721: 13709: 13697: 13685: 13673: 13661: 13649: 13642:Keith (2012) 13637: 13625: 13613: 13601: 13594:Keith (2012) 13589: 13577: 13565: 13553: 13541: 13529: 13500: 13488: 13476: 13464: 13452: 13440: 13433:Heath (2003) 13428: 13421:Heath (2003) 13416: 13404: 13392: 13380: 13368: 13356: 13329: 13317: 13305: 13293: 13281: 13269: 13257: 13245: 13233:. Retrieved 13229:the original 13224: 13219:Dharma, Po. 13214: 13205: 13193:. Retrieved 13189: 13180: 13160: 13153: 13146:Choi (2004a) 13141: 13121:, p. 4. 13114: 13102: 13090: 13078: 13066: 13039: 13027: 13015: 13003: 12991: 12979: 12967: 12955: 12928: 12916: 12904: 12892: 12880:. Retrieved 12876:the original 12866: 12859:Tarling 1999 12854: 12849:, p. 83 12842: 12785: 12773: 12761: 12749: 12742:Sơn Nam 2009 12737: 12725: 12713: 12702: 12690: 12678: 12666: 12654: 12645: 12633: 12621: 12609: 12597: 12585: 12573: 12546: 12527: 12521: 12516:, p. 91 12509: 12497: 12492:, p. 89 12485: 12473:. Retrieved 12459: 12439: 12432: 12412: 12405: 12393:. Retrieved 12382: 12370:. Retrieved 12366:the original 12361: 12352: 12332: 12325: 12313:. Retrieved 12299: 12287:. Retrieved 12273: 12261:. Retrieved 12247: 12235: 12223: 12216:Hiley (1848) 12211: 12199: 12187: 12175:. Retrieved 12160: 12148: 12136:. Retrieved 12127: 12118: 12106: 12094: 12082: 12070: 12058: 12053:, p. 1. 12046: 12039:Meacham 1996 11978: 11974: 11964: 11945: 11926:. New York: 11923: 11899: 11893: 11880: 11874: 11861: 11855: 11846: 11838: 11798: 11701: 11695: 11690: 11682: 11680: 11668:Phượng hoàng 11656: 11632: 11625:lotus flower 11621:Trần dynasty 11613: 11589: 11545: 11540: 11534: 11524: 11518: 11512: 11508: 11502: 11494: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11470: 11468: 11464: 11446: 11399: 11391: 11378: 11358: 11349: 11341: 11328: 11315: 11302: 11294: 11276: 11065: 11043: 10901: 10887:r. 1889–1907 10879: 10751: 10733: 10713: 10691: 10517: 10499: 10313: 10152: 9976: 8917:Nguyễn Hoàng 8190:French Annam 8162: 8147: 8146: 8096: 8082: 8038: 8024: 7983: 7969: 7955: 7941: 7859: 7823: 7757: 7712: 7667: 7610: 7597:, ousted by 7581:Head of the 7570:1926–45 (13) 7533:1916–25 (12) 7494:1907–16 (11) 7132:(Minh Mạng) 7081:Nguyễn lords 7010: 6978: 6957: 6955: 6923:Confucianism 6600: 6584:Mường people 6581: 6576: 6570: 6563: 6511: 6494: 6481: 6475: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6431:The Analects 6424: 6390: 6366:Nguyễn lords 6363: 6331: 6307: 6298: 6295:áo tràng vạt 6276: 6273:White H'mong 6266: 6252: 6239: 6235: 6232:Ming dynasty 6223: 6212: 6205:Tang dynasty 6197:"Đường nhân" 6196: 6193:Qing dynasty 6182:"Thanh nhân" 6181: 6156: 6140: 6133:sinicisation 6130: 6087: 6084:"Thanh nhân" 6083: 6080: 5929: 5810: 5786:Hmong people 5770:kinh lược sứ 5769: 5765: 5761: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5728: 5637:(Tiền Giang) 5559:Sơn Nam Hạ ( 5544:Lê Văn Duyệt 5542:(Hanoi) and 5531: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5513: 5494: 5414:Tôn Thất Đàn 5322: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5253:Tòng tứ phẩm 5252: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5185: 5162: 5153: 5138:Please help 5126: 5092: 5077: 5062: 5047: 5032: 5017: 5002: 4987: 4972: 4957: 4946:Tuyên phủ sứ 4945: 4944:), Prefect ( 4941: 4935:Tòng tứ phẩm 4934: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4878: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4845: 4839: 4832: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4773: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4741: 4734: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4698: 4688: 4678: 4668: 4658: 4648: 4645:6 ministries 4638: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4598: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4559:Tôn nhân phủ 4558: 4551: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4407: 4393: 4377: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4345: 4336: 4324: 4320: 4302: 4290: 4257: 4177: 4167:. After the 4161:puppet state 4134: 4099:Vichy French 4077: 4070: 4057:World War II 4043: 4039: 4031: 3994: 3983: 3952: 3898: 3894: 3862: 3838: 3827: 3767: 3706: 3478:Napoleon III 3451: 3444:'s court at 3442:Napoleon III 3415:Tạ Văn Phụng 3406:Spanish army 3403: 3362: 3354: 3335: 3316: 3309: 3298: 3269: 3246: 3230:Pierre Borie 3206:Lê Văn Duyệt 3195: 3191:Po Phaok The 3153: 3151:minorities. 3135: 3111: 3087:Gulf of Siam 3070:Lê Văn Duyệt 3058: 3049: 3045: 3026:Confucianism 3019: 3006:), with the 2994: 2954: 2915: 2875:Qing dynasty 2869:, bordering 2854: 2852: 2836:and end the 2815: 2796: 2767: 2744: 2678: 2671:estuary and 2652:with French 2647: 2586: 2564: 2540: 2493: 2445: 2429:Ming dynasty 2425:Qing dynasty 2422: 2404: 2387: 2376: 2353: 2336: 2313: 2301: 2295: 2269:Tây Sơn wars 2184:Nguyễn lords 2172:Nguyễn Hoàng 2170: 2135:'s authority 2113:Nguyễn Hoàng 2072: 2036:Nguyễn Hoàng 2025: 2017:Nguyễn Hoàng 1982: 1845: 1836:Lê Nhân Tông 1832:Lê Thái Tông 1824:Đinh Bộ Lĩnh 1820:Đinh dynasty 1805: 1802:Nguyễn lords 1775: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1755: 1749: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1700:Đại Nam Quốc 1662: 1641:Qing dynasty 1618: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1582:; 1579: 1574:; 1571: 1566:; 1554:(Bách Việt, 1535:State of Yue 1492:; 1489: 1484:; 1481: 1476:; 1473: 1468:; 1445: 1427: 1404: 1402: 1345: 1300: 1281: 1278:puppet state 1251: 1234: 1187:Nguyễn lords 1182: 1170: 1164: 1112:Nguyễn lords 1104:triều Nguyễn 1079: 1077: 1012:19th century 939: 921: 903: 885: 858:Nguyễn lords 840:Succeeded by 839: 834: 818:lạng / lượng 785:copper-alloy 764:• 1942 754:• 1890 744:• 1858 734:• 1830 615:20 July 1802 578:World War II 543:• 1945 359:Christianity 346: 335: 259:Puppet state 254:protectorate 215:(light red). 203:, including 172: 151: 147: 138:Coat of arms 82:Đại Nam Quốc 43: 18837:Lê Văn Khôi 18618:Trương Định 18342:Viện cơ mật 18255:(1925–1945) 18249:(1916–1925) 18243:(1907–1916) 18237:(1889–1907) 18231:(1885–1889) 18225:(1884–1885) 18219:(1883–1884) 18201:(1847–1883) 18195:(1841–1847) 18189:(1820–1841) 18183:(1802–1820) 18067:Duy Tân Hội 17922:(1883–1945) 17912:(1802–1883) 17797:Royal house 17764:: 274–301. 17705:9 September 17487:(2): 1–42. 17388:9 September 16371:|work= 15664:19 November 15641:Kelley 2006 15408:19 November 15088:19 November 15058:19 November 15028:19 November 14998:19 November 14697:19 November 14648:18 November 14580:18 November 14290:1988, S. 10 13190:Cham Unesco 12204:Toda (1882) 12153:Toda (1882) 11981:(1): 9–53. 11708:positioned 11691:rồng 5 móng 11670:(Phoenix), 11616:Achievement 11596:Royal Korea 11527:noble title 11410:(1910–1990) 11404: [ 11395:(1871–1944) 11382:(1869–1884) 11363:(1943–2017) 11354:(1936–2007) 11345:(1913–1997) 11332:(1885–1925) 11319:(1864–1889) 11306:(1845–1876) 11298:(1829–1883) 11280:(1801–1847) 11239:(1944–2017) 11227:(1934–2007) 8925:Nguyễn Uông 8657: [ 8536: [ 8415: [ 8294: [ 8196:(1885–1945) 8159:Family tree 7421:1885–89 (9) 7378:1884–85 (8) 7335:1883–84 (7) 7216:1847–83 (4) 7181:1841–47 (3) 7144:Muang Phuan 7126:1820–41 (2) 7085:1802–20 (1) 7052:Regnal name 7033:Temple name 6927:Catholicism 6893:Emperor of 6872:Final ruler 6607:Jules Itier 6603:photographs 6591:Photography 6318:Hoa Chinese 6287:áo ngũ thân 6228:Han dynasty 6149:hill tribes 6137:Han dynasty 5973:Cochinchina 5877:Tuyên Quang 5852:Thái Nguyên 5616:or Phiên An 5604:Thái Nguyên 5584:Tuyên Quang 5351:Cơ Mật Viện 4799:Secretariat 4758:Đô sát viện 4719:Đô sát viện 4389:Viện cơ mật 4286:, 4/11/1932 4280:Nguyễn Clan 4107:Ho Chi Minh 4022:World War I 4016:Catholicism 3997:Latin-based 3771:Jules Ferry 3746: [ 3715:Jean Dupuis 3710:Black Flags 3668:Capture of 3556:during the 3552:Capture of 3280:Ang Chan II 3265:Savannakhet 3214:Prince Cảnh 3202:Lê Văn Khôi 3175:Katip Sumat 3160:Catholicism 3099:Ang Chan II 3091:coup d'état 3024:, based on 2899:Catholicism 2755:Trịnh Giang 2735:Nguyễn Nhạc 2657:Armand Marc 2610:Pondicherry 2590:Chanthaburi 2433:Han Chinese 2332:Nguyễn Nhạc 2143:Mạc dynasty 2108:Nguyễn clan 2060:Trịnh lords 2028:Lê Anh Tông 1942:Mạc dynasty 1888:Photisarath 1856:Mạc dynasty 1762:Other names 1523: 1200 1512:oracle bone 1303:led by the 1116:great power 1027:Final ruler 889:Cochinchina 835:Preceded by 825:(from 1885) 672:6 June 1884 646:5 June 1862 599:1 June 1802 558:Legislature 415:(1883–1945) 303: / 256:(1883–1945) 250:(1802–1883) 209:direct rule 188:(1846–1945) 125:1920s–1945) 94:(1839–1945) 62:(1802–1804) 19451:Categories 19421:Thành Thái 19416:Đồng Khánh 19100:Cash coins 18548:Phạm Quỳnh 18483:Hoàng Diệu 18448:Prominent 18235:Thành Thái 18229:Đồng Khánh 18164:Government 17988:Đàng Trong 17722:: 93–100. 17255:28 October 17222:1079783921 16732:1559703067 16710:Huỳnh Minh 16642:Heath, Ian 16328:Vietnamese 16078:Vietnamese 15739:Dyt (2015) 15727:Dyt (2015) 15715:Dyt (2015) 15679:Dyt (2015) 14872:9813055502 14609:29 January 14126:31 October 14096:31 October 14086:Observador 14046:31 January 13286:Li (2004a) 13225:Cham Today 12882:5 February 12528:Indo-China 12475:2 February 12395:2 February 12372:2 February 12315:2 February 12289:2 February 12263:5 February 12177:2 February 12003:Woods 2002 11818:References 11802:At first, 11633:Pháp thuộc 11433:See also: 11317:Đồng Khánh 11211:Bảo Ngọc ( 11073:r. 1925–45 11051:r. 1907–16 10909:r. 1916–25 10881:Thành Thái 10721:r. 1885–89 10715:Đồng Khánh 10507:r. 1848–83 10321:r. 1841–47 10160:r. 1820–41 9984:r. 1802–20 8775:Nguyễn Kim 8026:Thành Thái 7989:1883–1884 7957:Đồng Khánh 7601:after the 7528:Đồng Khánh 7517:Hoằng Tông 7463:Thành Thái 7425:Đồng Khánh 7345:Khiêm Lăng 7225:Khiêm Lăng 7189:Xương Lăng 7156:Panduranga 7146:after the 7142:. Annexed 6966:Nguyễn Bặc 6933:Deposition 6915:Traditions 6908:of Vietnam 6601:The first 6577:Thanh nhân 6572:Minh Hương 6500:Demography 6420:procession 6241:Minh Hương 6224:"Hán nhân" 6117:Đồng Khánh 5994:Định Tường 5962:Bình Thuận 5942:Quảng Ngãi 5931:Thừa Thiên 5920:Quảng Bình 5709:Quảng Bình 5689:Bình Thuận 5681:Bình Hoà ( 5666:Quảng Ngãi 5635:Định Tường 5571:Kinh Bắc ( 5192:Vietnamese 4400:Thành Thái 4368:Vietnamese 4339:(中國, "the 4337:Trung Quốc 4325:chính danh 4294:Vietnamese 4187:Government 4080:Axis power 4012:Portuguese 3925:Đồng Khánh 3739:Liu Yongfu 3314:landed in 3054:Vietnamese 3038:suzerainty 3000:Vietnamese 2985:Đồng Khánh 2957:succession 2751:Trịnh Bồng 2747:Trịnh Khải 2739:Nguyễn Ánh 2731:Nguyễn Huệ 2544:Kiên Giang 2472:, then to 2417:See also: 2383:Long Xuyên 2356:Nguyễn Ánh 2339:Nguyễn Huệ 2304:Lê dynasty 2236:'s control 2234:Trịnh clan 2230:Lê dynasty 2133:Trịnh clan 2129:Lê dynasty 2048:Trịnh clan 2034:appointed 2032:Lê dynasty 2013:Trịnh Kiểm 2001:Lê–Mạc War 1997:Nguyễn Kim 1993:Thăng Long 1985:Thăng Long 1955:Nguyễn Kim 1951:Lê dynasty 1900:Nguyễn Kim 1876:Lê dynasty 1872:Trịnh clan 1868:Nguyễn Kim 1852:Lê dynasty 1816:Nguyễn Bặc 1633:Nguyễn Ánh 1598:người Việt 1584:Vietnamese 1494:Vietnamese 1486:Wade–Giles 1305:communists 1239:Qing China 1237:vassal of 1221:, and the 1175:Lê dynasty 1100:Vietnamese 1092:Nhà Nguyễn 1088:Vietnamese 1069:Deposition 788:cash coins 768:25,552,000 758:14,752,000 748:12,031,000 738:10,500,000 724:Population 693:Abdication 593:Nguyễn Ánh 574:Modern era 410:under the 397:Government 391:Vietnamese 386:Demonym(s) 320:Vietnamese 118:Court flag 19431:Khải Định 19406:Kiến Phúc 19386:Thiệu Trị 19381:Minh Mạng 19318:Việt gian 19257:Kim Khánh 19190:Hương ước 19049:Education 18924:Trấn Ninh 18450:mandarins 18418:Tổng Trấn 18270:Censorate 18247:Khải Định 18217:Kiến Phúc 18193:Thiệu Trị 18187:Minh Mạng 18112:Việt Minh 18047:Cần Vương 17970:/ Đại Nam 17653:155581972 17622:16 August 17543:163196181 17468:153524504 16755:(2019) . 16644:(2003) . 16373:ignored ( 16363:cite book 16271:19 August 15626:4 October 15598:4 October 15577:4 October 15548:4 October 15447:4 October 15326:4 October 15287:21 August 15221:21 August 15182:21 August 15143:21 August 14116:www.dn.pt 12847:Kamm 1996 12362:geocities 12138:31 August 12087:Phan 1985 11743:Minh Mạng 11582:A silver 11568:meteorite 11543:(安平男之印). 11380:Kiến Phúc 11361:Bảo Thăng 11330:Khải Định 11278:Thiệu Trị 11236:Bảo Thăng 11217:(b. 1933) 10903:Khải Định 10735:Kiến Phúc 10315:Thiệu Trị 10154:Minh Mạng 8102:1926–1945 8088:1907–1916 8044:1916–1925 8040:Khải Định 8030:1889–1907 7985:Kiến Phúc 7975:1884–1885 7961:1885–1889 7829:1847–1883 7763:1841–1847 7759:Thiệu Trị 7718:1820–1840 7714:Minh Mệnh 7673:1802–1819 7591:Viet Minh 7587:abdicated 7537:Khải Định 7409:Cảnh Tông 7339:Kiến Phúc 7323:Giản Tông 7245:Cung Tông 7185:Thiệu Trị 7135:Hiếu Lăng 7130:Minh Mệnh 7013:era names 6993:Hồng Nhậm 6889:Quảng Nam 6575:(明鄉) and 6378:Thiệu Trị 6370:Buddhists 6346:Indochina 6334:Thiệu Trị 6253:Minh nhân 6236:Minh nhân 6213:"Hán dân" 5989:Vĩnh Long 5957:Khánh Hoà 5947:Bình Định 5937:Quảng Nam 5925:Quảng Trị 5905:Thanh Hoá 5892:Ninh Bình 5887:Quảng Yên 5882:Hải Dương 5719:Quảng Nam 5714:Quảng Trị 5705:Quảng Đức 5683:Khánh Hoà 5672:Bình Định 5655:Thanh Hoá 5626:Vĩnh Long 5609:Quảng Yên 5579:Hải Dương 5127:does not 4886:Guozijian 4867:Tham quân 4754:Censorate 4715:Censorate 4587:Thiếu bảo 4581:Thiếu phó 4569:Tam Thiếu 4404:mandarins 4366:(𪼀, the 4284:Thanh Hóa 4103:Viet Minh 3905:Kiến Phúc 3877:Thanh Hoá 3688:fortress. 3590:Hải Dương 3574:Ninh Bình 3470:Kampuchea 3464:. In the 3301:Thiệu Trị 3267:in 1827. 3257:Vientiane 3198:rebellion 3137:Minh Mạng 3118:Minh Mạng 2918:Thiệu Trị 2891:Confucian 2887:Minh Mạng 2824:(then in 2799:Nguyễn Lữ 2775:Sun Shiyi 2598:Louis XVI 2466:Hậu Giang 2343:Nguyễn Lữ 2121:Quảng Nam 2117:Thuận Hóa 2040:Thuận Hóa 2026:In 1558, 2021:Thuận Hóa 1979:Thuận Hóa 1915:in 1543. 1909:Thanh Hóa 1846:In 1527, 1782:kingdom. 1756:Nam Triều 1746:Nam Triều 1732:Minh Mạng 1667:Minh Mạng 1659:Guangdong 1629:Hải Phòng 1602:người Nam 1588:Bách Việt 1580:Baak Yuet 1508:logograph 1456:" (Yue) ( 1426:), fully 1403:The name 1358:Minh Mạng 1298:Việt Minh 1120:Minh Mạng 1059:Estate(s) 996:State of 502:Minh Mạng 407:in 1945) 347:Minority: 332:Religion 248:tributary 229:Minh Mạng 201:Minh Mạng 180:大南受天永命傳國璽 102:1802–1945 19411:Hàm Nghi 19401:Hiệp Hòa 19376:Gia Long 19313:Tôn Thất 19199:Treaties 19092:Currency 19035:Khăn vấn 18652:Military 18413:Tuần phủ 18223:Hàm Nghi 18211:Hiệp Hòa 18181:Gia Long 18173:Emperors 17993:Nam tiến 17903:Overview 17856:declared 17853:Republic 17616:Archived 17582:9 August 17576:Archived 17440:Articles 17382:Archived 17357:ABC-CLIO 17334:ABC-CLIO 17241:(1971), 17184:(2013), 17153:(1973). 17132:(2009). 17073:(2007), 17050:(1979), 17001:(1990). 16979:(2020). 16920:(1981). 16831:(2003). 16810:(1880). 16743:(1896). 16712:(2006). 16694:Archived 16622:(2016). 16512:Archived 16347:Archived 16309:25 March 16303:Archived 16265:Archived 16240:Archived 16192:Archived 16171:24 March 16144:24 March 16111:Archived 16052:25 March 16046:Archived 16019:Archived 15620:Archived 15592:Archived 15571:Archived 15542:Archived 15509:9 August 15503:Archived 15478:9 August 15472:Archived 15441:Archived 15398:Lwxww.cn 15378:9 August 15352:9 August 15320:Archived 15281:Archived 15215:Archived 15176:Archived 15137:Archived 15082:Archived 15052:Archived 15022:Archived 14992:Archived 14834:台灣國際研究季刊 14809:Archived 14730:Archived 14642:Archived 14574:Archived 14502:25 April 14144:(1997). 14120:Archived 14090:Archived 14040:Archived 12469:Archived 12283:Archived 12257:Archived 12171:Archived 12132:Archived 12099:Ooi 2004 11987:40860771 11837:(2012). 11810:refused. 11804:Gia Long 11766:See also 11710:affronté 11696:The two 11689:(蠪𠄼𤔻, 11676:Linh quy 11629:Buddhism 11608:heraldic 11449:Gia Long 11393:Hàm Nghi 11352:Bảo Long 11224:Bảo Long 10753:Hàm Nghi 10671:Cường Để 10519:Hiệp Hòa 9978:Gia Long 7971:Hàm Nghi 7861:Hiệp Hoà 7669:Gia Long 7542:Ứng Lăng 7382:Hàm Nghi 7301:Hiệp Hòa 7297:1883 (6) 7257:1883 (5) 7204:Dực Tông 7114:Thánh Tổ 7089:Gia Long 7045:Lineage 7007:Emperors 6974:Tôn Thất 6949:Tôn Thất 6919:Buddhism 6895:Đại Việt 6887:Lord of 6700:Military 6554:Quỳ Châu 6485:Tokugawa 6463:Thần Sấm 6459:Thần Mây 6418:Nam Giao 6352:Religion 6342:Catholic 6308:An 1841 6238:(明人) or 6153:colonies 6141:Hán nhân 6028:Cambodia 6024:Vientine 5999:An Giang 5984:Gia Định 5979:Biên Hoà 5901:(Annam) 5899:Trung Kỳ 5872:Hưng Hoá 5862:Hưng Yên 5857:Nam Định 5847:Bắc Ninh 5842:Cao Bằng 5837:Lạng Sơn 5766:Tuần phủ 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