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In 1870–1875, the famous tar-player Mirza Sadiq Asad Oglu (1846–1902, the city Shusha) improved the main mugham musical instrument tar. For amplification of sound, Mirza Sadiq increased the number of strings, changed the number of frets, and added the fret Zabul for the better performance of mugham
517:
performed on tar were considered useful for headache, insomnia and melancholy, as well as for eliminating nervous and muscle spasms. Listening to this instrument was believed to induce a quiet and philosophical mood, compelling the listener to reflect upon life. Its solemn melodies were thought to
744:
Segah. He modernized the way of holding the tar: The player places it horizontally on the chest instead of the former
Iranian way of holding on the lap. This kind of Azerbaijani tar is widely used in the South Caucasus, Dagestan, Central Asia, Turkey, and other countries of the Middle East.
605:(16th cent.), Safavid Empire. The figure-eight shape resembles a tar, but only one side is covered with hide; on the tar, both sides of the instrument are covered in hide. Rubabs had a lower section covered with hide, and an upper, hollow section covered with wood.
728:
It remained essential to the
Azerbaijani genre known as muğam, which is performed by a trio consisting of Azerbaijani tar (distinct from the Persian variety), kəmənçe (spike fiddle), and a singer who also plays the frame drum (dəf) during instrumental
409:
are selected by the placing of the fingers of the left hand, with notes sometimes bent by a motion of the placed finger as in blues guitar. The addition of an un-plucked note as a trill on top of the plucked bass note is known in
Azerbaijani as
724:
Stephen Blum. Hearing of the Music of the Middle East : / Edited by
Virginia Danielson, Dwight Reynolds, Scott Marcus. — The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. — Taylor & Francis, 2017. — V. 6, The Middle East. — P. 8. — ISBN
374:(C, G, C), plus one "flying" bass string (wound in copper and tuned to G, an octave lower than the singing middle course) that runs outside the fingerboard and passes over an extension of the nut. Every String has its own
761:
The tar is a long necked lute from Iran. A similar shaped and named instrument is used in the
Caucasus states (i.e.Azeri tar /Caucasus tar). This instrument appeared in its present form in the middle of the eighteenth
740:
Suraya
Agayeva. Azerbaijan: History, Culture and Geography of Music : / Edited by Janet Sturman. — International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture. — SAGE Publications, 2019. — P. 294. — ISBN 978-1-4833-1774-8.
214:). This is in accordance with a practice common in Persian-speaking areas of distinguishing lutes on the basis of the number of strings originally employed. Beside the čārtār, these include the
440:
The
Azerbaijani tar—or the Caucasus, Caucasian or the "11-string tar"—is a related instrument with a slightly differing shape from the Persian tar, and was developed from around 1870 by
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576:
267:
It was revised into its current sound range in the 18th century and has since remained one of the most important musical instruments in Iran and the
Caucasus, particularly in
370:
It has three courses of double "singing" strings (each pair tuned in unison: the first two courses in plain steel, the third in wound copper), that are tuned root, fifth,
812:
Azeri art music is also played in other regions of the
Caucasus, especially among the Armenians, who have adopted the system of maqām and the instruments kamāṇča and tār.
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452:. These strings are all placed next to the main strings over the bridge and are fixed to a string-holder and the edge of the body, somewhat like the Indian
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444:. It has a different build and utilizes more strings. The Azerbaijani tar features one extra bass string on the side, on a raised
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known in
Persian/Azerbaijani as a mezrab/mizrab. That is held in the right hand and used in a combination of upstrokes (
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61:
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played tar on the original album, and Gaetan Schurrer can be seen playing one on the DVD of the 2006 production.
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and are tuned independently. The Persian tar used to have five strings. The sixth string was added to the tar by
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is achieved by using the fingernail to strike the string. This gives a more poignant 'scratching' sound.
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547:) were helpful for those who were identified with a choleric temperament or melancholic temperament.
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In 2012, the craftsmanship, tradition and performance of the tar in Azerbaijan was added to
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448:, and usually has two doubled resonance strings, held via small metal nuts halfway down the
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The instrument is held high on the breast, plucked at the centre of the body using a small
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Craftsmanship and performance art of the Tar, a long-necked string musical instrument
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who have adopted the mugham repertoire and its associated instruments (such as the
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The most easily identifiable feature is the double-bowl shaped body carved from
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343:. The Caucasian tar has 11 strings in five paired courses plus a bass drone.
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653:"Iran Chamber Society: Music of Iran: Iranian Traditional Music Instruments"
1995:
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In the Course of Performance: Studies in the World of Musical Improvisation
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rhythm strings. Overall, the Azerbaijani tar has 11 playing strings and 17
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wood, with a thin membrane covering the top. The membrane is of stretched
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family instrument, used by many cultures and countries including
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904:. Thewaroftheworlds.com (2007-08-16). Retrieved on 2013-01-01.
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460:. It is considered the national instrument of Azerbaijan.
382:. This string is today's fifth string of the Iranian tar.
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of different dimensions, adding to the decorative effect.
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798:. Atlas of Plucked Instruments. Retrieved on 2013-01-01.
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regions. The older and more complete name of the tār is
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running level to the membrane and ends in an elaborate
922:
Nay-Nava the Encyclopedia of Persian Music Instruments
839:
823:
902:
Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of The Worlds
558:
Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds
642:. Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved on 2013-01-01.
561:, in the section "Horsell Common and the Heat Ray".
1823:
365:
2299:
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881:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 30.
331:has twenty-five to twenty-eight adjustable gut
527:(11th century) recommends that when selecting
335:. The Persian tar has three double courses of
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142:'string') is a long-necked, waisted
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26:"Taar" redirects here. For other uses, see
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589:style) of a female musician playing a tar.
539:). He suggested that lower pitched tones (
518:cause a person to relax and fall asleep.
2313:Musical instruments of Georgia (country)
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503:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
431:
302:
294:
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2300:
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858:. Unesco.org. Retrieved on 2018-04-29.
756:musical instrument (Iranian tar); lute
508:
339:and a range of about two and one-half
2097:
1797:
1295:
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1278:
895:
785:Guide to key features of tar playing
774:Guide to key features of tar playing
486:coin (minted since 2006) and on the
279:. It is the favoured instrument for
494:banknote (also issued since 2006).
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132:
13:
846:. – Retrieved on 25 February 2010.
830:. – Retrieved on 25 February 2010.
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677:. Farhangsara.com. Archived from
319:-skin in the Persian tar, or the
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555:The tar features prominently in
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45:
2308:Azerbaijani musical instruments
1825:Azerbaijani musical instruments
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28:Trace amine-associated receptor
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366:The strings of the Persian tar
325:Azerbaijani (or Caucasian) tar
1:
1773:Azerbaijani traditional music
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85:
2323:Armenian musical instruments
2125:Armenian musical instruments
1904:Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)
701:"Oriental Instruments – Tar"
482:side of the Azerbaijani one-
428:Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)
210:frequently being shorted to
21:Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)
19:For another instrument, see
7:
2348:Iranian musical instruments
2343:Persian musical instruments
2318:Kurdish musical instruments
1323:Iranian musical instruments
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840:Central Bank of Azerbaijan
824:Central Bank of Azerbaijan
675:"History of Iranian Music"
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1777:Kurdish traditional music
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932:Persian Tar Audio Samples
551:Use in contemporary music
478:A tar is depicted on the
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1769:Afghan traditional music
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640:tar (musical instrument)
291:Physical characteristics
1785:Tajik traditional music
705:Orientalinstruments.com
601:Young man with Iranian
490:of the Azerbaijani one-
2133:Percussion instruments
1980:Percussion instruments
937:Medieval music therapy
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299:Front view of tar body
178:, and others near the
83:
842:. National currency:
826:. National currency:
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435:
307:Back view of tar body
306:
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1987:Auxiliary Percussion
1932:Woodwind instruments
828:New generation coins
808:Encyclopædia Iranica
758:. britishmuseum.org.
465:Encyclopædia Iranica
346:The long and narrow
248:“five string”), and
1853:Plucked instruments
1204:Related instruments
617:Music of Azerbaijan
509:Music & Healing
401:) and downstrokes (
358:with six/11 wooden
238:, “three string”),
93:Related instruments
41:
2338:Iranian inventions
2214:String instruments
1918:Struck instruments
1833:String instruments
725:978-1-351-54417-7.
681:on 28 January 2013
585:-era portrait (in
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2328:Necked bowl lutes
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917:About Persian Tar
888:978-0-226-57410-3
655:. Iranchamber.com
537:Four temperaments
463:According to the
273:Azerbaijani music
226:, “two string”),
200:چارتار or چهارتار
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55:String instrument
16:String Instrument
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202:), meaning in
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62:Classification
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2360:
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2288:
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2271:
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2250:
2248:
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2240:
2238:
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2225:
2223:
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2205:
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2200:
2197:
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2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
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2172:
2170:
2167:
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2162:
2158:
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2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
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2119:
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2112:
2107:
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2100:
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2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2063:
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2053:
2047:
2046:Qoltuq nagara
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
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2002:
1999:
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1994:
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1989:
1986:
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1981:
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1971:
1968:
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1929:
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1715:
1714:Dāyereh Zangī
1712:
1710:
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1700:
1697:
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1310:
1305:
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1298:
1297:
1294:
1284:
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1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:Manufacturers
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1242:
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1237:
1234:
1232:
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1189:
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1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
990:
987:
983:
979:
972:
967:
965:
960:
958:
953:
952:
949:
943:
942:Farabi School
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
927:Dariush Talai
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
903:
898:
890:
884:
880:
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874:
870:
864:
857:
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845:
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836:
829:
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820:
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809:
804:
797:
792:
786:
781:
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770:
763:
757:
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745:
737:
730:
721:
706:
702:
696:
680:
676:
670:
654:
648:
641:
636:
632:
623:
622:Music of Iran
620:
618:
615:
614:
604:
597:
592:
588:
584:
578:
573:
572:
566:
564:
563:George Fenton
560:
559:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:musical tones
526:
525:
519:
516:
506:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
434:
429:
419:
417:
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
393:
386:Modes of play
383:
381:
377:
373:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
305:
297:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:Persian music
265:
257:
253:
252:
241:
231:
230:
219:
218:
213:
209:
205:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
139:
130:
126:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
81:
76:
73:
72:Playing range
69:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
29:
22:
2241:
1996:Boyuk nagara
1674:
1528:
1494:Experimental
1441:
1430:Yaylı tambur
1334:
1250:Other topics
1176:Swedish lute
1119:
897:
877:
869:Nettl, Bruno
863:
851:
835:
819:
811:
803:
791:
780:
769:
760:
751:
742:
736:
727:
720:
708:. Retrieved
704:
695:
683:. Retrieved
679:the original
669:
657:. Retrieved
647:
635:
556:
554:
544:
540:
532:
522:
520:
512:
496:
477:
462:
439:
415:
411:
402:
398:
389:
380:Darvish Khan
369:
345:
310:
266:
255:
249:
239:
227:
215:
211:
207:
191:
187:
184:Central Asia
124:
122:
36:
2001:Cura nagara
1754:Zarbang Udu
796:Middle East
729:interludes.
360:tuning pegs
352:fingerboard
350:has a flat
329:fingerboard
321:pericardium
32:Taar (film)
2302:Categories
1671:Percussion
1566:Narmeh-ney
628:References
524:Qabusnameh
475:and tar).
412:lal barmaq
376:tuning peg
168:Tajikistan
156:Uzbekistan
152:Azerbaijan
2199:Parkapzuk
1849:Kamancheh
1687:Auxiliary
1675:(Sāzhāy-e
1607:Nāy (Ney)
1602:Haft Band
1595:End-blown
1586:Ney anban
1506:Shurangiz
1357:Kamāncheh
1257:Composers
1146:Angélique
685:1 January
659:1 January
473:kamancheh
469:Armenians
275:uses the
2280:See also
2232:Kamancha
2071:See also
1525:Woodwind
1501:Sallāneh
1331:Stringed
1151:Archlute
1105:Shamisen
1055:Kutiyapi
875:(1998).
762:century.
710:20 April
611:See also
515:melodies
442:Sadigjan
395:plectrum
313:mulberry
271:, while
188:čahārtār
180:Caucasus
2247:Bağlama
2041:Laggutu
2021:Naqareh
1950:Balaban
1909:Choghur
1889:Shahrud
1844:Chagane
1719:Naqāreh
1650:Natural
1612:Sheypur
1576:Dozaleh
1556:Balaban
1539:Exposed
1459:Shahrud
1373:Plucked
1352:Ghazhak
1283:Commons
1267:Players
1226:Gittern
1216:Cittern
1191:Vihuela
1186:Theorbo
1171:Mandora
1166:Mandore
1090:Sanxian
1085:Sanshin
1045:Dramyin
844:1 manat
587:Safavid
569:Gallery
488:obverse
480:reverse
454:sitar's
341:octaves
337:strings
285:mughams
245:پنجتار
240:pančtār
204:Persian
196:Persian
164:Georgia
160:Armenia
140:
129:Persian
66:Plucked
2272:Bambir
2269:Pandir
2266:Tavigh
2257:Santur
2237:Kamani
2227:Barbat
2151:Dmblak
2083:Mugham
2062:Bülban
2031:Nagara
2016:Dümbek
1991:Bendir
1970:Miskal
1922:Santur
1739:Dammam
1627:Miskal
1571:Donali
1561:Karnay
1511:Sorāhi
1485:Santur
1478:Struck
1425:Tanbūr
1380:Barbat
1211:Citole
1181:Torban
1139:Europe
1130:Yueqin
1115:Tanbur
1075:Qinqin
1070:Qanbūs
1035:Dombra
1020:Barbat
992:Africa
885:
533:pardeh
505:list.
499:UNESCO
416:jirmag
372:octave
356:pegbox
327:. The
281:radifs
261:ششتار
256:šeštār
251:šaštār
235:سهتار
192:čārtār
176:Turkey
127:(from
108:Tanbur
100:Guitar
2262:Zagan
2222:Kanon
2204:Tulum
2189:Sring
2174:Zurna
2169:Duduk
2036:Spoon
2011:Davul
1960:Tütek
1955:Kaval
1945:Tulum
1940:Zurna
1914:Nuzhe
1899:Mugni
1884:Komuz
1862:Chang
1857:Kanun
1709:Dāvūl
1704:Dohol
1694:Darāy
1657:Nafir
1641:Brass
1622:Pisha
1617:Zurna
1581:Kaval
1551:Zurna
1546:Sornā
1469:Mugni
1420:Setār
1415:Nuzhe
1405:Robāb
1400:Qānūn
1395:Dotār
1385:Chang
1345:Bowed
1161:Kobza
1156:Cobza
1125:Veena
1110:Sitar
1100:Setar
1095:Sapeh
1080:Rubab
1050:Komuz
1040:Dutar
1004:Xalam
603:rubab
583:Qajar
492:manat
484:qəpik
458:tones
407:notes
392:brass
333:frets
229:setār
223:دوتار
217:dotār
208:čahār
116:Setar
112:Rebab
2184:Blul
2179:Shvi
2141:Dhol
1867:Çeng
1749:Zang
1744:Zarb
1734:Sanj
1390:Harp
1241:Laúd
1065:Pipa
1030:Biwa
1025:Bipa
1013:Asia
999:Goje
978:Lute
883:ISBN
712:2021
687:2013
661:2013
545:zeer
513:The
450:neck
348:neck
317:lamb
283:and
182:and
148:Iran
144:lute
138:lit.
123:The
30:and
2252:Oud
2242:Tar
2194:Pku
2146:Dap
2026:Kus
2006:Daf
1965:Ney
1894:Rud
1879:Saz
1729:Kūs
1699:Daf
1464:Rud
1442:Tār
1410:Sāz
1120:Tar
1060:Oud
541:bam
501:'s
446:nut
403:üst
399:alt
254:or
212:čār
190:or
174:),
133:تار
125:tar
104:Oud
40:Tar
2304::
1874:Ud
1454:Ūd
871:;
703:.
287:.
198::
166:,
162:,
158:,
154:,
150:,
135:,
131::
114:,
110:,
106:,
102:,
2117:e
2110:t
2103:v
1817:e
1810:t
1803:v
1315:e
1308:t
1301:v
970:e
963:t
956:v
891:.
714:.
689:.
663:.
531:(
258:(
242:(
232:(
220:(
194:(
170:(
34:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
