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monitoring temperature within tissues without introducing a sensing element. In the field of reactive flows (e.g., combustion, plasmas), laser induced fluorescence (LIF), CARS, and laser absorption spectroscopy have been exploited to measure temperature inside engines, gas-turbines, shock-tubes, synthesis reactors etc. The capability of such optical-based techniques include rapid measurement (down to nanosecond timescales), notwithstanding the ability to
25:
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or some other liquid, which acts as the working fluid. Temperature increase causes the fluid to expand, so the temperature can be determined by measuring the volume of the fluid. Such thermometers are usually calibrated so that one can read the temperature simply by observing the level of the fluid
291:
One must be careful when measuring temperature to ensure that the measuring instrument (thermometer, thermocouple, etc.) is really the same temperature as the material that is being measured. Under some conditions heat from the measuring instrument can cause a temperature gradient, so the measured
182:
water to create a "neutral" temperature standard. The modern scientific field has its origins in the works by
Florentine scientists in the 1600s including Galileo constructing devices able to measure relative change in temperature, but subject also to confounding with atmospheric pressure changes.
372:
During recent decades, many thermometric techniques have been developed. The most promising and widespread non-invasive thermometric techniques in a biotech context are based on the analysis of magnetic resonance images, computerized tomography images and echotomography. These techniques allow
328:
are simultaneously present, for example solid, vapor and liquid. For a single component there are no degrees of freedom at a triple point and any change in the three variables results in one or more of the phases vanishing from the cell. Therefore, triple point cells can be used as universal
470:
The
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) has developed two separate and distinct standards on temperature Measurement, B40.200 and PTC 19.3. B40.200 provides guidelines for bimetallic-actuated, filled-system, and liquid-in-glass thermometers. It also provides guidelines for
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makes the weather feel colder under windy conditions than calm conditions even though a glass thermometer shows the same temperature. Airflow increases the rate of heat transfer from or to the body, resulting in a larger change in body temperature for the same ambient temperature.
227:
Many methods have been developed for measuring temperature. Most of these rely on measuring some physical property of a working material that varies with temperature. One of the most common devices for measuring temperature is the
295:
What thermal comfort humans, animals and plants experience is related to more than temperature shown on a glass thermometer. Relative humidity levels in ambient air can induce more or less evaporative cooling. Measurement of the
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temperature is different from the actual temperature of the system. In such a case the measured temperature will vary not only with the temperature of the system, but also with the heat transfer properties of the system.
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which postulates that if you have three bodies, A, B and C, if A and B are at the same temperature, and B and C are at the same temperature then A and C are at the same temperature. B, of course, is the thermometer.
736:
Chrystie, Robin S. M.; Feroughi, Omid M.; Dreier, Thomas; Schulz, Christof (2017-03-21). "SiO multi-line laser-induced fluorescence for quantitative temperature imaging in flame-synthesis of nanoparticles".
475:. PTC 19.3 provides guidelines for temperature measurement related to Performance Test Codes with particular emphasis on basic sources of measurement errors and techniques for coping with them.
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in the thermometer. Another type of thermometer that is not really used much in practice, but is important from a theoretical standpoint, is the
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Comparison of ground-based measurements of near-surface temperature (blue) and satellite based records of mid-tropospheric temperature (red:
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for immediate or later evaluation. Datasets consisting of repeated standardized measurements can be used to assess temperature trends.
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Attempts at standardized temperature measurement prior to the 17th century were crude at best. For instance in 170 AD, physician
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Geometric altitude vs. temperature, pressure, density, and the speed of sound derived from the 1962 U.S. Standard
Atmosphere.
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Atmospheric temperature trends from 1979-2016 based on satellite measurements; troposphere above, stratosphere below.
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explore the more common temperature monitoring techniques and introduce procedures for improving their accuracy.
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has cooled. Both of these trends are consistent with the influence of increasing atmospheric concentrations of
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608:, which is related to the temperature of broad vertical layers of the atmosphere. Measurements of
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461:. The abbreviation MAAT is often used for Mean Annual Air Temperature of a geographical location.
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579:, and industrial hot spots can also be found via thermal imaging from weather satellites.
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satellites have measured the intensity of upwelling microwave radiation from atmospheric
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cells. Triple points are conditions of pressure, volume and temperature such that three
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Under some conditions it becomes possible to measure temperature by a direct use of the
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A medical/clinical thermometer showing the temperature of 38.7 °C (101.7 °F)
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A detailed contemporaneous survey of thermometric theory and thermometer design.
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radiation pertaining to sea surface temperature have been collected since 1967.
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at various altitudes as well as sea and land surface temperatures obtained from
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perturb the subject of measurement (e.g., the flame, shock-heated gases).
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PTC 19.3-1974(R2004): Performance test code for temperature measurement.
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B40.200-2008: Thermometers, Direct
Reading and Remotes Reading.
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187:. The first sealed thermometer was constructed in 1654 by the
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Satellite datasets show that over the past four decades the
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Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology
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Other important devices for measuring temperature include:
813:. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Archived from
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The practical basis of thermometry is the existence of
714:. UniversitĂ Campus Bio-Medico di Roma. Archived from
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211:. Fahrenheit's scale is still in use, alongside the
888:A comparison of different measurement technologies
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Another contemporaneous survey of related material.
344:temperature has been measured from the spectrum of
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
679:
585:do not measure temperature directly. They measure
883:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 821–836.
865:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 814–821.
920:
712:Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation Lab
599:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
348:observed by satellite observations such as the
136:) describes the process of measuring a current
511:) from 1979 to 2010. Trends plotted 1982-2010.
435:with approximate altitudes of various objects.
312:The theoretical basis for thermometers is the
329:references for temperature and pressure (see
199:scales began in the early 18th century, when
449:. It is governed by many factors, including
232:. This consists of a glass tube filled with
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555:. These measurements can be used to locate
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791:. American Society of Mechanical Engineers
870:
849:
207:thermometer and scale, both developed by
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
406:
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673:
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304:also can affect thermal comfort. The
892:"Practical Temperature Measurements"
668:
338:Planck's law of black-body radiation
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
871:Callendar, Hugh Longbourne (1911).
642:Conversion of scales of temperature
189:Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II
13:
533:Satellite temperature measurements
393:
364:sometimes serve as a thermometer.
300:normalizes this humidity effect.
14:
950:
843:
486:Satellite temperature measurement
479:Satellite temperature measurement
571:and monitor the global climate.
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484:This section is an excerpt from
399:This section is an excerpt from
183:These early devices were called
178:mixed equal portions of ice and
23:
272:(for electron temperature of a
259:Resistance temperature detector
222:
34:needs additional citations for
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191:. The development of today's
563:, determine the strength of
561:El Niño-Southern Oscillation
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314:zeroth law of thermodynamics
7:
890:Agilent Technologies, Inc.
630:
445:at different levels of the
342:cosmic microwave background
10:
955:
929:Atmospheric thermodynamics
851:Callendar, Hugh Longbourne
686:. London: Academic Press.
483:
398:
147:
143:
856:"Thermoelectricity"
759:10.1007/s00340-017-6692-0
201:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
58:"Temperature measurement"
708:"Hyperthermal Procedure"
595:microwave sounding units
451:incoming solar radiation
368:Non-invasive thermometry
302:Mean radiant temperature
16:Recording of temperature
880:Encyclopædia Britannica
862:Encyclopædia Britannica
657:Temperature data logger
439:Atmospheric temperature
411:Comparison of the 1962
401:Atmospheric temperature
362:single particle spectra
130:Temperature measurement
436:
413:US Standard Atmosphere
352:. In the study of the
126:
410:
209:Ole Christensen Rømer
150:Precision thermometry
124:
678:T. J. Quinn (1983).
358:heavy-ion collisions
298:wet-bulb temperature
280:Infrared thermometer
43:improve this article
874:"Thermometry"
751:2017ApPhB.123..104C
618:has warmed and the
381:US (ASME) Standards
340:. For example, the
652:Planck temperature
593:bands. Since 1978
583:Weather satellites
569:urban heat islands
447:Earth's atmosphere
437:
417:geometric altitude
354:quark–gluon plasma
127:
739:Applied Physics B
693:978-0-12-569680-7
647:Color temperature
565:tropical cyclones
306:wind chill factor
230:glass thermometer
158:Temperature scale
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551:measurements by
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441:is a measure of
331:Gibbs phase rule
176:Claudius Galenus
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270:Langmuir probes
239:gas thermometer
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132:(also known as
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904:on 2017-11-16
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
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21:
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906:. Retrieved
899:the original
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860:
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819:. Retrieved
815:the original
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793:. Retrieved
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731:
720:. Retrieved
716:the original
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620:stratosphere
581:
531:
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335:
322:triple point
319:
311:
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286:thermometers
243:
226:
223:Technologies
193:thermometers
185:thermoscopes
173:
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79:
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65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
682:Temperature
616:troposphere
589:in various
549:radiometric
541:temperature
473:thermowells
443:temperature
433:temperature
421:air density
254:Thermistors
203:produced a
197:temperature
166:Thermometer
162:Thermoscope
154:Temperature
138:temperature
134:thermometry
99:August 2010
923:Categories
908:2018-11-19
745:(4): 104.
722:2014-07-10
663:References
597:(MSUs) on
591:wavelength
553:satellites
545:atmosphere
537:inferences
148:See also:
69:newspapers
775:125569546
767:1432-0649
587:radiances
573:Wildfires
507:; green:
466:Standards
415:graph of
356:through
265:Pyrometer
170:Pyrometer
853:(1911).
631:See also
610:infrared
577:volcanos
567:, study
459:altitude
455:humidity
425:pressure
419:against
219:scales.
747:Bibcode
543:of the
539:of the
346:photons
234:mercury
213:Celsius
205:mercury
180:boiling
144:History
83:scholar
821:13 May
811:"ASME"
795:13 May
789:"ASME"
773:
765:
690:
606:oxygen
457:, and
427:, the
326:phases
284:Other
274:plasma
217:Kelvin
168:, and
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
902:(PDF)
895:(PDF)
771:S2CID
261:(RTD)
90:JSTOR
76:books
823:2015
797:2015
763:ISSN
688:ISBN
535:are
431:and
350:WMAP
215:and
195:and
62:news
755:doi
743:123
509:RSS
505:UAH
375:not
333:).
45:by
925::
911:.
877:.
859:.
769:.
761:.
753:.
741:.
710:.
670:^
575:,
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423:,
360:,
241:.
164:,
160:,
156:,
152:,
825:.
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777:.
757::
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725:.
696:.
626:.
488:.
403:.
276:)
112:)
106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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