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British whenever possible. Their tactics were to strike fast and hard causing as much damage to the enemy as possible, and then to withdraw and vanish before enemy reinforcements could arrive. The vast distances of the republics allowed the Boer commandos considerable freedom to move about and made it nearly impossible for the 250,000 British troops to control the territory effectively using columns alone. As soon as a
British column left a town or district, British control of that area faded away. The Boer commandos were especially effective during the initial guerrilla phase of the war because Roberts had assumed that the war would end with the capture of the Boer capitals and the dispersal of the main Boer armies. Many British troops were therefore redeployed out of the area, and had been replaced by lower-quality contingents of
3828:, successfully crossed the river, but was then faced with a fresh defensive position centred on a prominent hill known as Spion Kop. In the resulting Battle of Spion Kop, British troops captured the summit by surprise during the early hours of 24 January 1900, but as the early morning fog lifted, they realised too late that they were overlooked by Boer gun emplacements on the surrounding hills. The rest of the day resulted in a disaster caused by poor communication between Buller and his commanders. Between them they issued contradictory orders, on the one hand ordering men off the hill, while other officers ordered fresh reinforcements to defend it. The result was 350 men killed and nearly 1,000 wounded and a retreat across the Tugela River into British territory. There were nearly 300 Boer casualties.
5159:. He also alleged that Floris Visser had been captured wearing a British Army jacket and that Captain Hunt's body had been mutilated. In response, the court moved to Pretoria, where Col. Hamilton testified that he had "never spoken to Captain Hunt with reference to his duties in the Northern Transvaal". Though stunned, Maj. Thomas argued that his clients were not guilty because they believed that they "acted under orders". In response, Maj. Bolton argued that they were "illegal orders" and said, "The right of killing an armed man exists only so long as he resists; as soon as he submits he is entitled to be treated as a prisoner of war." The Court ruled in Maj. Bolton's favor. Lt. Morant was found guilty of murder. Lts. Handcock, Witton, and Picton were convicted of the lesser charge of
6388:β American scout and adventurer who frequently assisted the British in Africa, Burnham was prospecting in the Klondike at the time of the war's outbreak and originally was not intending to take part. However, a note from Lord Roberts reached him in Alaska, asking him to take on the role of Chief Scout of Roberts' staff if he should so choose. Burnham, on the other side of the globe, hurried to Africa and was commissioned a captain in the British army (a highly unusual practice given that Burnham was an American citizen, not a British subject). Burnham arrived at the front just before the Battle of Paardeberg and spent most of his time behind Boer lines gathering information and sabotaging railroads. Burnham was captured and escaped by the Boers twice and severely wounded at one point.
5984:
3092:"βcongratulating President Kruger and the government of the South African Republic on their success. When the text of this telegram was disclosed in the British press, it generated a storm of anti-German feeling. In the baggage of the raiding column, to the great embarrassment of Britain, the Boers found telegrams from Cecil Rhodes and the other plotters in Johannesburg. Chamberlain had approved Rhodes' plans to send armed assistance in the case of a Johannesburg uprising, but he quickly moved to condemn the raid. Rhodes was severely censured at the Cape inquiry and the London parliamentary inquiry and was forced to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape and as Chairman of the British South Africa Company, for having sponsored the failed
3945:, which started on 14 February was Buller's fourth attempt to relieve Ladysmith. The losses Buller's troops had sustained convinced Buller to adopt Boer tactics "in the firing lineβto advance in small rushes, covered by rifle fire from behind; to use the tactical support of artillery; and above all, to use the ground, making rock and earth work for them as it did for the enemy." Despite reinforcements his progress was painfully slow against stiff opposition. However, on 26 February, after much deliberation, Buller used all his forces in one all-out attack for the first time and at last succeeded in forcing a crossing of the Tugela to defeat Botha's outnumbered forces north of Colenso. After a siege lasting 118 days, the
6449:, British soldiers were held in captivity in Boer encampments after surrendering their arms, and civilians were often mixed in with service personnel because the Boers did not have the resources to do otherwise. A total of 116,000 women, children and Boer soldiers were confined to the Commonwealth concentration camps, of which at least 28,000, mainly women and children, would die. The lack of food, water, and sanitary provisions was a feature of 20th-century warfare for both civilians and armed services personnel, yet one consequence of the Boer War and investigative commissions was the implementation of The Hague Convention (1899) and Geneva Convention (1904); of which there were many further agreements thereafter.
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4424:
Orange. The cautious conduct of some of the elderly Orange Free State generals had been one factor that discouraged the Cape Boers from siding with the Boer republics. Nevertheless, there was widespread pro-Boer sympathy. Some of the Cape Dutch volunteered to help the
British, but a much larger number volunteered to help the other side. The political factor was more important than the military: the Cape Dutch, according to Milner 90 percent of whom favoured the rebels, controlled the provincial legislature, and it's authorities forbade the British Army to burn farms or to force Boer civilians into concentration camps. The British had more limited options to suppress the insurgency in the Cape Colony as result.
465:
2959:(foreigners, white outsiders) poured in and settled around the mines. The influx was so rapid that uitlanders quickly outnumbered the Boers in Johannesburg and along the Rand, although they remained a minority in the Transvaal. The Boers, nervous and resentful of the uitlanders' growing presence, sought to contain their influence through requiring lengthy residential qualifying periods before voting rights could be obtained; by imposing taxes on the gold industry; and by introducing controls through licensing, tariffs and administrative requirements. Among the issues giving rise to tension between the Transvaal government on the one hand and the uitlanders and British interests on the other, were:
5886:
their left flank and infantry would therefore march on the Boer right flank to secure a crossing. The
Canadian 2nd Battalion was the lead unit advancing on the right flank. However, due to disease and casualties from earlier encounters, the 2nd battalion was reduced to approximately half of its initial strength. The Canadian battalion came under fire from the Boers who were occupying protected positions. The battle continued for several hours until the British cavalry was able to flank the Boers and force a retreat. Canadian casualties were two killed and two wounded. The skirmishes around the Zand River would continue and more soldiers from various Commonwealth countries would become involved.
4561:
blockhouses, from units patrolling the fences and conducting "sweeper" operations, and from native
Africans in rural areas who increasingly supplied intelligence, as the Scorched Earth policy took effect and they found themselves competing with the Boers for food supplies. Kitchener's forces at last began to seriously affect the Boers' fighting strength and freedom of manoeuvre, and made it harder for the Boers and their families to survive. Despite this success, almost half the Boer fighting strength, around 15,000 men, were still in the field fighting by May 1902. However, Kitchener's tactics were very costly: Britain was running out of time, patience, and money needed for the war.
3271:
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4163:
3104:), Jameson was later rewarded by being named Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (1904β1908) and was ultimately anointed as one of the founders of the Union of South Africa. For conspiring with Jameson, the uitlander members of the Reform Committee (Transvaal) were tried in the Transvaal courts and found guilty of high treason. The four leaders were sentenced to death by hanging, but the next day this sentence was commuted to 15 years' imprisonment. In June 1896, the other members of the committee were released on payment of Β£2,000 each in fines, all of which were paid by Cecil Rhodes. One Reform Committee member, Frederick Gray, committed suicide while in Pretoria
5067:
in camp at
Pietersburg till the inquiry is finished. So deeply do we deplore the opprobrium which must be inseparably attached to these crimes that scarcely a man once his time is up can be prevailed to re-enlist in this corps. Trusting for the credit of thinking you will grant the inquiry we seek." In response to the letter written by Trooper Cochrane, Col. Hall summoned all Fort Edward officers and non-commissioned officers to Pietersburg on 21 October 1901. All were met by a party of mounted infantry five miles outside Pietersburg on the morning of 23 October 1901 and "brought into town like criminals". Lt. Morant was arrested after returning from leave in
4258:
crops, burned homesteads and farms and interned Boer and
African men, women, children and workers in concentration camps. Finally, the British also established their own mounted raiding columns in support of the sweeper columns. These were used to rapidly follow and relentlessly harass the Boers with a view to delaying them and cutting off escape, while the sweeper units caught up. Many of the 90 or so mobile columns formed by the British to participate in such drives were a mixture of British and colonial troops, but they also had a large minority of armed Africans. The total number of armed Africans serving with these columns has been estimated at 20,000.
4629:
3610:, on 28 November resulting in British losses of 71 dead and over 400 wounded. British commanders had been trained on the lessons of the Crimean War and were adept at battalion and regimental set pieces, with columns manoeuvring in jungles, deserts and mountainous regions. What British generals failed to comprehend was the impact of destructive fire from trench positions and the mobility of cavalry raids. The British troops went to war with what would prove to be antiquated tacticsβand in some cases antiquated weaponsβagainst the mobile Boer forces with the destructive fire of their modern Mausers, the latest Krupp field guns and their novel tactics.
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538:
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camps. Subsequently, the
British scorched earth policies were applied to both Boers and Africans. Although most black Africans were not considered by the British to be hostile, many tens of thousands were also forcibly removed from Boer areas and also placed in concentration camps. Africans were held separately from Boer internees. Eventually there were a total of 64 tented camps for Africans. Conditions were as bad as in the camps for the Boers, but even though, after the Fawcett Commission report, conditions improved in the Boer camps, "improvements were much slower in coming to the black camps"; 20,000 died there.
3546:) was a mistake and one of the best illustrations of their lack of strategic vision. Historically, it had little in its favour. Of the seven sieges in the First Boer War, the Boers had prevailed in none. More importantly, it handed the initiative back to the British and allowed them time to recover, which they did. Generally speaking, throughout the campaign, the Boers were too defensive and passive, wasting the opportunities they had for victory. Yet that passivity also testified to the fact that they had no desire to conquer British territory, but only to preserve their ability to rule in their own territory.
5739:
6364:. Served as a volunteer doctor in the Langman Field Hospital at Bloemfontein between March and June 1900. In his widely distributed and translated pamphlet 'The War in South Africa: Its Cause and Conduct' he justified both the reasonings behind the war and handling of the conflict itself. In response to complaints about concentration camps he pointed out that over 14,000 British soldiers had died of disease during the conflict (as opposed to 8,000 killed in combat) and at the height of epidemics he was seeing 50β60 British soldiers dying each day in a single ill-equipped and overwhelmed military hospital.
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the debate around the sending of forces to assist the war. Though not fully independent on foreign affairs, these countries did have local say over how much support to provide, and the manner it was provided. Ultimately, Australia, Canada, New
Zealand, and British South African Company-administered Rhodesia all sent volunteers to aid the United Kingdom. Troops were also raised to fight with the British from the Cape Colony and Natal. Some Boer fighters, such as Smuts and Botha, were technically British subjects as they came from the Cape Colony and Colony of Natal, respectively.
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6352:β Best known as the leader of the independence movement in India, he lived in South Africa 1893β1915 where he worked on behalf of Indians. He volunteered in 1900 to help the British by forming teams of ambulance drivers and raising 1100 Indian volunteer medics. At Spioenkop Gandhi and his bearers had to carry wounded soldiers for miles to a field hospital because the terrain was too rough for the ambulances. General Redvers Buller mentioned the courage of the Indians in his dispatch. Gandhi and thirty-seven other Indians received the War Medal.
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6281:. Hughes became involved in the Boer war as a member of Brigadier-General Herbert Settle's expedition after Hughes unsuccessfully tried to raise his own brigade of soldiers. However, Hughes was dismissed and was sent home in the summer of 1900 for; sending letters back home which were published outlining British command incompetence, his impatience and boastfulness and his providing surrendering enemies favourable conditions. Hughes later became the Canadian Minister of Defence and Militia in 1911, just prior the outbreak of World War I.
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6089:" or mounted infantry, well suited to the countryside and manner of warfare. Some regular British officers scorned their comparative lack of formal discipline, but the light horse units were hardier and more suited to the demands of campaigning than the overloaded British cavalry, who were still obsessed with the charge by lance or sabre. At their peak, 24,000 South Africans (including volunteers from the Empire) served in the field in various "colonial" units. Notable units (in addition to the Imperial Light Horse) were the
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5147:, had been retained to defend Maj. Lenahan. The night before, however, he agreed to represent all six defendants. The "Visser Incident" was the first case to go to trial. Lt. Morant's former orderly and interpreter, BVC Trooper Theunis J. Botha, testified that Visser, who had been promised that his life would be spared, was cooperative during two days of interrogation and that all his information was later found to have been true. Despite this, Lt. Morant ordered him shot. In response, Lt. Morant testified that he
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2567:. After Britain annexed Natal in 1843, they journeyed farther northwards into South Africa's vast eastern interior. There, they established two independent Boer republics: the South African Republic (1852; also known as the Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State (1854). Britain recognised the two Boer republics in 1852 and 1854 but attempted British annexation of the Transvaal in 1877 led to the First Boer War in 1880β1881. After Britain suffered defeats, particularly at the
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river further down the line, the infantry had to advance onto the town of
Doornkop as they were the ones who were tasked with its capture. The Canadians suffered very minimal casualties and achieved their objective after the Boer soldiers retreated from their positions. Although the Canadians suffered minimal casualties, the lead British unit in the infantry advance, the Gordon Highlanders, did sustain heavy casualties in their march from the riflemen of the Boer force.
6751:"Although some 30,000 Irishmen served in the British Army under Irish General Lord Frederick Roberts, who had been Commander of Chief of British Forces in Ireland prior to his transfer to South Africa, some historians argue that the sympathies of many of their compatriots lay with the Boers. Nationalist-controlled local authorities passed pro-Boer resolutions and there were proposals to confer civic honours on Boer leader, Paul Kruger." (Irish Ambassador Daniel Mulhall
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4598:, were eager to enter the war with the specific aim of reclaiming land won by the Boers. As the war went on there was greater involvement of Africans, and in particular large numbers became embroiled in the conflict on the British side, either voluntarily or involuntarily. By the end of the war, many Africans had been armed and had shown conspicuous gallantry in roles such as scouts, messengers, watchmen in blockhouses, and auxiliaries.
3645:
2556:. The Boers were itinerant farmers who lived on the colony's frontiers, seeking better pastures for their livestock. Many were dissatisfied with aspects of British administration, in particular with Britain's abolition of slavery on 1 December 1834. Boers who used forced labor would have been unable to collect compensation for their slaves. Between 1836 and 1852, many elected to migrate away from British rule in what became known as the
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enemy action, with another 158 killed accidentally or by disease. The first New
Zealander to be killed was Farrier G.R. Bradford at Jasfontein Farm on 18 December 1899. The Boer War was greeted with extraordinary enthusiasm when the war was over, and peace was greeted with patriotism and national pride. This is best shown by the fact that the Third, Fourth and Fifth contingents from New Zealand were funded by public conscription.
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5924:, were tasked with covering the retreat. The Boers mounted a heavy assault against the Canadians with the intention of capturing the two 12 pound artillery pieces. During this battle, the Afrikaners outnumbered the Canadians almost three to one. A small group of the Dragoons interposed themselves between the Boers and the artillery in order to allow the guns and their crews time to escape. The Dragoons won three
3845:
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12034:
4656:... flush out guerrillas in a series of systematic drives, organised like a sporting shoot, with success defined in a weekly 'bag' of killed, captured and wounded, and to sweep the country bare of everything that could give sustenance to the guerrillas, including women and children ... It was the clearance of civiliansβuprooting a whole nationβthat would come to dominate the last phase of the war.
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3980:
Rifles, who persuaded the Boers to surrender the capital. Before the war, the Boers had constructed several forts south of Pretoria, but the artillery had been removed from the forts for use in the field, and in the event they abandoned Pretoria without a fight. Having won the principal cities, Roberts declared the war over on 3 September 1900; and the South African Republic was formally annexed.
4208:, but without success. However, the Boer raids on British army camps and other targets were sporadic and poorly planned, and the very nature of the Boer guerrilla war itself had practically no overall long-term objectives, with the exception to simply harass the British. This led to a disorganised pattern of scattered engagements between the British and the Boers throughout the region.
4703:" policyβincluding the systematic destruction of crops and slaughtering of livestock, the burning down of homesteads and farmsβto prevent the Boers from resupplying from a home base, many tens of thousands of women and children were forcibly moved into the concentration camps. This was not the first appearance of internment camps, as the Spanish had used internment in Cuba in the
4404:, using an effective mounted charge. One of the most active British units was effectively destroyed in this engagement. This made Botha's forces the target of increasingly large scorched earth drives by British forces, in which the British made particular use of native scouts and informers. Eventually, Botha had to abandon the high veld and retreat to a narrow enclave bordering
4651:" to provide refuge for civilian families who had been forced to abandon their homes for whatever reason related to the war. However, when Kitchener took over in late 1900, he introduced new tactics in an attempt to break the guerrilla campaign and the influx of civilians grew dramatically as a result. Disease and starvation killed thousands. Kitchener initiated plans to
4594:
agreement that this war would be a "white man's war." At the outset, British officials instructed all white magistrates in the Natal Colony to appeal to Zulu amakhosi (chiefs) to remain neutral, and President Kruger sent emissaries asking them to stay out of it. However, in some cases there were old scores to be settled, and some Africans, such as the
4233:
guards and to patrol the line at night. The Army linked the blockhouses with barbed wire fences to parcel up the wide veld into smaller areas. "New Model" drives were mounted under which a continuous line of troops could sweep an area of veld bounded by blockhouse lines, unlike the earlier inefficient scouring of the countryside by scattered columns.
4229:. Eventually some 8,000 such blockhouses were built across the two South African republics, radiating from the larger towns along principal routes. Each blockhouse cost between Β£800 and Β£1,000 and took about three months to build. Despite the expense, they proved very effective; not one bridge at which a blockhouse was sited and manned was blown up.
4331:, inflicting heavy casualties. This prompted Kitchener to launch the first of the "New Model" drives against him. De Wet escaped the first such drive but lost 300 of his fighters. This was a severe loss, and a portent of further attrition, although the subsequent attempts to round up De Wet were badly handled, and De Wet's forces avoided capture.
3873:(Military Secretary) from Calcutta. Like Buller, Roberts first intended to attack directly along the Cape TownβPretoria railway but, again like Buller, was forced to relieve the beleaguered garrisons. Leaving Buller in command in Natal, Roberts massed his main force near the Orange River and along the Western Railway behind Methuen's force at the
3468:, an attack that heralded the invasion of the Cape Colony and Natal between October 1899 and January 1900. With speed and surprise, the Boers drove quickly towards the British garrison at Ladysmith and the smaller ones at Mafeking and Kimberley. The quick Boer mobilisation resulted in early military successes against scattered British forces. Sir
3516:
important Boer objective. In early November, about 7,500 Boer began their siege, again content to starve the town into submission. Despite Boer shelling, the 40,000 inhabitants, of which only 5,000 were armed, were under little threat, because the town was well-stocked with provisions. The garrison was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel
5510:
unnecessary equipment and saddlery, failure to rest and acclimatise horses after long sea voyages and, later in the war, poor management by inexperienced mounted troops and distant control by unsympathetic staffs. The average life expectancy of a British horse, from the time of its arrival in Port Elizabeth, was around six weeks.
4356:. De La Rey succeeded in capturing many men and a large amount of ammunition. The Boer attacks prompted Lord Methuen, the British second-in-command after Kitchener, to move his column from Vryburg to Klerksdorp to deal with De La Rey. On the morning of 7 March 1902, the Boers attacked the rear guard of Methuen's moving column at
2330:, including the German Empire, United States, Russia and even some parts of the British Empire such as Australia and Ireland. Some consider the war the beginning of questioning the British Empire's veneer of impenetrable global dominance, due to the war's surprising duration and the unforeseen losses suffered by the British. A
5669:
served in "irregular" regiments raised in South Africa. Perhaps five hundred Australian irregulars were killed. In total 20,000 or more Australians served and about 1,000 were killed. A total of 267 died from disease, 251 were killed in action or died from wounds sustained in battle. A further 43 men were reported missing.
5720:, such is the lack of information that is available about the trackers it is even uncertain as to whether they returned to Australia at the end of the war. He has claimed that at the end of the war in 1902 when the Australian contingents returned the trackers may not have been allowed back to Australia due to the
4444:. Several captured Boers, including Lotter and Scheepers, who was captured when he fell ill with appendicitis, were executed by the British for treason or for capital crimes such as the murder of British prisoners or of unarmed civilians. Some of the executions took place in public, to deter further disaffection.
3250:, favoured annexation of the Boer republics. Confident that the Boers would be quickly defeated, they planned and organised a short war, citing the uitlanders' grievances as the motivation for the conflict. In contrast, the influence of the war party within the British government was limited. UK Prime Minister,
4565:
British, loyalty to their dead comrades, solidarity with fellow commandos, an intense desire for independence, religious arguments, and fear of captivity or punishment. On the other hand, their women and children were dying nearly every day in prison camps and independence seemed more and more impossible.
2647:, the President of the South African Republic, issued an ultimatum on 9 October 1899, giving the British government 48 hours to withdraw all their troops from the borders of both the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, failing which the Transvaal, allied to the Orange Free State, would declare war on the
6293:, McCrae started his active military service in the Boer War as an artillery officer. After completing several major campaigns, McCrae's artillery unit was sent home to Canada in 1901 with what would be referred to today as an 'honourable discharge'. McCrae ended up becoming a special professor in the
6409:
was antiquated and improperly used on the battlefield in the modern warfare of the Boer War, and that the First World War was the final proof that mounted attacks had no place in twentieth century combat. Cavalry was put to better use after the reforms in the theatres of the Middle East and World War
5911:
On 7 November 1900, a British-Canadian force was searching for a unit of Boer commandos which were known to be operating around the town of Belfast, South Africa. After the British Commander reached the farm of Leliefontein, he began to fear that his line had expanded too far and ordered a withdrawal
5240:
Many exiles and prisoners were unable to return to their farms at all; others attempted to do so but were forced to abandon the farms as unworkable given the damage caused by farm burning in the course of the scorched earth policy. Destitute Boers and black Africans swelled the ranks of the unskilled
5066:
who have fought from Colenso till now. We cannot return home with the stigma of these crimes attached to our names. Therefore we humbly pray that a full and exhaustive inquiry be made by Imperial officers in order that the truth be elicited and justice done. Also we beg that all witnesses may be kept
4730:
The camps were poorly administered from the outset and became increasingly overcrowded when Kitchener's troops implemented the internment strategy on a vast scale. Conditions were terrible for the health of the internees, mainly due to neglect, poor hygiene and bad sanitation. The supply of all items
4423:
In parts of Cape Colony, particularly the Cape Midlands District where Boers formed a majority of the white inhabitants, the British had always feared a general uprising against them. In fact, no such uprising ever took place, even in the early days of the war when Boer armies had advanced across the
4232:
The blockhouse system required an enormous number of troops to garrison. Well over 50,000 British troops, or 50 battalions, were involved in blockhouse duty, greater than the approximately 30,000 Boers in the field during the guerrilla phase. In addition, up to 16,000 Africans were used both as armed
4179:
Each Boer commando unit was sent to the district from which its members had been recruited, which meant that they could rely on local support and personal knowledge of the terrain and the towns within the district thereby enabling them to live off the land. Their orders were simply to act against the
4170:
By September 1900, the British were nominally in control of both Republics, with the exception of the northern part of the Transvaal. However, they soon discovered that they only controlled the territory their columns physically occupied. Despite the loss of their two capital cities and half of their
4056:
set out from Bloemfontein to achieve this in July 1900. The hard core of the Free State Boers under De Wet, accompanied by President Steyn, left the basin early. Those remaining fell into confusion and most failed to break out before Hunter trapped them. 4,500 Boers surrendered and much equipment was
3909:
from 18 to 27 February, Roberts then surrounded CronjΓ©'s retreating Boer army. On 17 February, a pincer movement involving both French's cavalry and the main British force attempted to take the entrenched position, but the frontal attacks were uncoordinated and so were repulsed by the Boers. Finally,
3258:
and jingoists. He was also uncertain of the abilities of the British Army. Despite both his moral and practical reservations, Salisbury led the United Kingdom to war in order to preserve the British Empire's prestige and feeling a sense of obligation to British South Africans. Salisbury also detested
2967:
The uitlanders resented the taxes levied by the Transvaal government, particularly when this money was not spent on Johannesburg or uitlander interests but diverted to projects elsewhere in the Transvaal. For example, as the gold-bearing ore sloped away from the outcrop underground to the south, more
2424:
The war had a lasting effect on the region and on British domestic politics. For Britain, the Second Boer War was the longest, the most expensive (Β£211 million, Β£19.9 billion at 2022 prices), and the bloodiest conflict between 1815 and 1914, lasting three months longer and resulting in more
6017:
By the time peace was concluded two and a half years later, 10 contingents of volunteers, totalling nearly 6,500 men from New Zealand, with 8,000 horses had fought in the conflict, along with doctors, nurses, veterinary surgeons and a small number of school teachers. Some 70 New Zealanders died from
5885:
On 6 May 1900, the Commonwealth's northwards advance to the capital of Pretoria was well on its way. However, the British soldiers encountered a position of Boer soldiers on the Zand River on 10 May. The British commander felt that the best course of action was to use cavalry to envelop the Boers on
5851:
The final phase of the war was the guerrilla phase in which many Boer soldiers turned to guerrilla tactics such as raiding infrastructure or communications lines. Many Canadian soldiers did not actually see combat after they had been shipped over to South Africa since many arrived around the time of
4589:
with 300 free burgher Indians and 800 indentured Indian labourers started the Ambulance Corps serving the British side. As the war raged across African farms and their homes were destroyed, many became refugees and they, like the Boers, moved to the towns where the British hastily created internment
4568:
The last of the Boers finally surrendered in May 1902 and the war ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging signed on 31 May 1902. After a period of obstinacy, the British reneged and offered the Boers generous terms of conditional surrender in order to bring the war to a victorious conclusion. The Boers
3693:
were waiting for them. Through a combination of artillery and accurate rifle fire and better use of the ground, the Boers repelled all British attempts to cross the river. After his first attacks failed, Buller broke off the battle and ordered a retreat, abandoning many wounded men, several isolated
3640:
to be dug in an unconventional place to fool the British and to give their riflemen a greater firing range. The plan worked, and this tactic helped to write the doctrine of the supremacy of the defensive position, using modern small arms and trench fortifications. The British lost 120 killed and 690
3515:
Lastly, over 360 kilometres (220 mi) to the south of Mafeking lay the diamond mining city of Kimberley, which was also subjected to a siege. Although not militarily significant, it nonetheless represented an enclave of British imperialism on the borders of the Orange Free State and was hence an
3499:
was a clear-cut British tactical victory, but Sir George White feared that more Boers were about to attack his main position and so ordered a chaotic retreat from Elandslaagte, throwing away any advantage gained. The detachment from Dundee was compelled to make an exhausting cross-country retreat to
3409:
maintained muster rolls but had no disciplinary powers. Each man brought his own weapon, usually a hunting rifle, and his own horse. Those who could not afford a gun were given one by the authorities. The Presidents of the Transvaal and Orange Free State simply signed decrees to concentrate within a
3326:
Such views were far from those of the British government and from those in the army. To most sensible observers, army reform had been a matter of pressing concern since the 1870s, constantly put off because the British public did not want the expense of a larger, more professional army and because a
2743:
In June 1884, British imperial interests were ignited in the discovery by Jan Gerrit Bantjes of what would prove to be the world's largest deposit of gold-bearing ore at an outcrop on a large ridge some 69 km (43 mi) south of the Boer capital at Pretoria. The ridge was known locally as the
2628:
As tensions escalated, political manoeuvrings and negotiations attempted to reach compromise on the issues of uitlanders' rights within the South African Republic, control of the gold mining industry, and Britain's desire to incorporate the Transvaal and the Orange Free State into a federation under
6404:
The Second Boer War was the harbinger of a new type of combat which would persevere throughout the twentieth century, guerrilla warfare. After the war was over, the entire British army underwent a period of reform which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat. It was
6317:
of Boer prisoners and the killing of a German missionary who had been a witness to the shootings. Morant was found guilty along with Peter Handcock and George Witton at their court-martial, with the two former being executed and the latter's sentence commuted, and later released from British prison
5839:
The end of the First part was the period in mid-December, referred to as the "Black Week". During the week of 10β17 December 1899, the British suffered three major defeats at the hands of the Boers at the battlefields of Stormberg, Magersfontein and Colenso. Afterwards, the British called upon more
5668:
were far closer to that of South Africa than most other parts of the empire, so Australians adapted quickly to the environment, with troops serving mostly among the army's "mounted rifles". Enlistment in all official Australian contingents totalled 16,463. Another five to seven thousand Australians
5561:
The vast majority of troops fighting for the British army came from Great Britain. Yet a significant number came from other parts of the British Empire. These countries had their own internal disputes over whether they should remain tied to London, or have full independence, which carried over into
5513:
Most of the horses and mules brought to South Africa during the war came from the United States. In total, 109,878 horses and 81,524 mules were shipped from New Orleans to South Africa in 166 voyages from October 1899 to June 1902. The cost of these animals and their transport was an average of US$
5477:
The 2nd Anglo-Boer War was a victory that costed British taxpayers more than Β£200m; 22,000 Empire troops, and more than 400,000 army horses, donkeys and mules were killed. Britain had expected a swift victory against a mostly unmilitarised and predominantly agricultural-based opponent. However, the
4372:
and Commandant Potgieter attacked a superior force under Kekewich. The British soldiers were well positioned on the hillside and inflicted severe casualties on the Boers charging on horseback over a large distance, beating them back. This was the end of the war in the Western Transvaal and also the
4322:
in November 1900. Many Boers who had earlier returned to their farms and towns, sometimes after being given formal parole by the British, took up arms again. In late January 1901, De Wet led a renewed invasion of Cape Colony. This was less successful, because there was no general uprising among the
4119:
were completed. In total, six prisoner of war camps would be set up in South Africa during the war. As numbers grew, the British decided they did not want them kept locally. The capture of 4000 POWs in February 1900 was a key event, which made the British realise they could not accommodate all POWs
6082:(hands-uppers) and were often coerced into giving support to the Boer guerrillas (which formed one of the reasons for the British decision to launch scorched earth campaigns throughout the countryside and detain Boers in concentration camps in order to deny anything of use to the Boer guerrillas).
6013:
to approve the offer to the imperial government of a contingent of mounted rifles, thus becoming the first British Colony to send troops to the Boer War. The British position in the dispute with the Transvaal was "moderate and righteous", he maintained. He stressed the "crimson tie" of Empire that
5899:
Since the Boers were mounting a heavy resistance to the advancing mounted units, the Commonwealth infantry units were tasked with holding the Boer units while the mounted units found another route across the river with less resistance. Even after the cavalry made it across to the other side of the
5896:
On the days of 29β29 May 1900, both the Canadian 2nd battalion and the 1st Mounted Infantry Brigade fought together on the same battlefield for the first, and only, time. The Mounted Brigade, which encompassed units such as the Canadian Mounted Rifles and the Royal Canadian Dragoons were given the
5874:
A British-led attack trapped a Boer Army in Central South Africa on the banks of the Modder River from 18 to 27 February 1900. Over 800 Canadian soldiers from Otter's 2nd Special Service Battalion were attached to the British attack force. This was the first major attack involving the Canadians in
5826:
Commonwealth involvement in the Boer War can be summarised into three parts. The first part (October 1899 β December 1899) was characterised by questionable decisions and blunders from the Commonwealth leadership which affected its soldiers greatly. The soldiers of the Commonwealth were shocked at
5509:
The number of horses killed in the war was at the time unprecedented in modern warfare. For example, in the relief of Kimberley, French's cavalry rode 500 horses to their deaths in a single day. The wastage was particularly heavy among British forces for several reasons: overloading of horses with
5473:
Having taken the country into a prolonged war, the Conservative government was rejected by the electorate at the first general election after the war was over. Balfour succeeded his uncle, Lord Salisbury in 1903, immediately after the war, took over a Conservative Party that had won two successive
5288:
The counterinsurgency techniques and lessons (the restriction of movement, the containment of space, the ruthless targeting of anything, everything and anyone that could give sustenance to guerrillas, the relentless harassment through sweeper groups coupled with rapid reaction forces, the sourcing
4609:
About 10,000 black men were attached to Boer units where they performed camp duties; a handful unofficially fought in combat. The British Army employed over 14,000 Africans as wagon drivers. Even more had combatant roles as spies, guides, and eventually as soldiers. By 1902 there were about 30,000
4285:
Among those Burghers who had stopped fighting, it was decided to form peace committees to persuade those who were still fighting to desist. In December 1900, Lord Kitchener gave permission that a central Burgher Peace Committee be inaugurated in Pretoria. By the end of 1900 some thirty envoys were
4195:
From late May 1900, the first successes of the Boer guerrilla strategy were at Lindley (where 500 Yeomanry surrendered), and at Heilbron (where a large convoy and its escort were captured) and other skirmishes resulting in 1,500 British casualties in less than ten days. In December 1900, De la Rey
3856:
By taking command in person in Natal, Buller had allowed the overall direction of the war to drift. Because of concerns about his performance and negative reports from the field, he was replaced as Commander in Chief by Roberts. Roberts quickly assembled an entirely new team for headquarters staff
3527:
wrote, "I saw horseflesh for the first time being treated as a human foodstuff." The cities under siege also dealt with constant artillery bombardment, making the streets a dangerous place. Near the end of the siege of Kimberley, it was expected that the Boers would intensify their bombardment, so
3418:
It rapidly became clear that the Boer forces presented the British forces with a severe tactical challenge. What the Boers presented was a mobile and innovative approach to warfare, drawing on their experiences from the First Boer War. The average Boers who made up their commandos were farmers who
3212:
The Transvaal army was transformed: Approximately 25,000 men equipped with modern rifles and artillery could mobilise within two weeks. However, President Kruger's victory in the Jameson Raid incident did nothing to resolve the fundamental problem of finding a formula to conciliate the uitlanders,
2547:
in 1806. At the time, the colony was home to about 26,000 colonists settled under Dutch rule. A relative majority represented old Dutch families brought to the Cape during the late 17th and early 18th centuries; however, close to one-fourth of this demographic was of German origin and one-sixth of
6425:
fought in the First World War in the same role as the Boer War. However, during, and after, the Second World War the regiments swapped their horses for mechanised vehicles. It was also the beginning of types of conflict involving machine guns, shrapnel and observation balloons which were all used
5260:
In the aftermath of the war, an imperial administration freed from accountability to a domestic electorate set about reconstructing an economy that was by then predicated unambiguously on gold. At the same time, British civil servants, municipal officials, and their cultural adjuncts were hard at
5046:
6. The shooting of Roelf van Staden and his sons Roelf and Christiaan, near Fort Edward on 7 September 1901. All were coming in to surrender in the hope of gaining medical treatment for teenaged Christiaan, who was suffering from recurring bouts of fever. Instead, they were met at the Sweetwaters
4605:
in the southeastern Transvaal, a Zulu faction had their cattle stolen and their women and children tortured by the Boers as a punishment for assisting the British. The local Boer officer then sent an insulting message to the tribe, challenging them to take back their cattle. The Zulus attacked at
4216:
The British were forced to quickly revise their tactics. They concentrated on restricting the freedom of movement of the Boer commandos and depriving them of local support. The railway lines had provided vital lines of communication and supply, and as the British had advanced across South Africa,
2400:
In the third and final phase, beginning in March 1900 and lasting a further two years, the Boers conducted a hard-fought guerrilla war, attacking British troop columns, telegraph sites, railways, and storage depots. To deny supplies to the Boer guerrillas, the British, now under the leadership of
6077:
Later during the war, Kitchener attempted to form a Boer Police Force, as part of his efforts to pacify the occupied areas and effect a reconciliation with the Boer community. The members of this force were despised as traitors by the Boers still in the field. Those Boers who attempted to remain
4257:
The British also implemented a scorched earth policy under which they targeted everything within the controlled areas that could give sustenance to the Boer guerrillas with a view to making it harder for the Boers to survive. As British troops swept the countryside, they systematically destroyed
4032:
The set-piece period of the war now largely gave way to a mobile guerrilla war, but one final operation remained. President Kruger and what remained of the Transvaal government had retreated to eastern Transvaal. Roberts, joined by troops from Natal under Buller, advanced against them, and broke
4023:
on 11β12 June, where Roberts attempted to drive the remnants of the Boer field army under Botha beyond striking distance of Pretoria. Although Roberts drove the Boers from the hill, Botha did not regard it as a defeat, for he inflicted 162 casualties on the British while suffering only around 50
3979:
He was forced to halt again at Kroonstad for 10 days, due once again to the collapse of his medical and supply systems, but finally captured Johannesburg on 31 May and the capital of the Transvaal, Pretoria, on 5 June. The first into Pretoria was Lt. William Watson of the New South Wales Mounted
3904:
Meanwhile, Roberts pursued Piet CronjΓ©'s 7,000-strong force, which had abandoned Magersfontein to head for Bloemfontein. General French's cavalry was ordered to assist in the pursuit by embarking on an epic 50 km (31 mi) drive towards Paardeberg where CronjΓ© was attempting to cross the
3414:
and, by and large, fellow Protestants. Many may have had an overly optimistic sense of what the war would involve, imagining that victory could be achieved as fast and easily as it had been in the First Anglo-Boer War. Many, including many generals, also had a sense that their cause was holy and
2963:
Established uitlanders, including the mining magnates, wanted political, social, and economic control over their lives. These rights included a stable constitution, a fair franchise law, an independent judiciary and a better educational system. The Boers, for their part, recognised that the more
5772:
As one of the country's first major wars, the arrival and movement of troops was widely documented by early war photographers. English-born (and later Canadian) Inglis Sheldon-Williams was one of the most notable, documenting the movement of hundreds of troops between North America and Southern
5031:
on the afternoon of 23 August 1901. Rev. Heese had spiritually counseled the Dutch and Afrikaner victims that morning and had angrily protested to Lt. Morant at Fort Edward upon learning of their deaths. Trooper Cochrane alleged that the killer of Rev. Heese was BVC Lt. Peter Handcock. Although
4593:
The Boers and the British both feared the consequences of arming Africans. The memories of the Zulu and other tribal conflicts were still fresh, and they recognised that whoever won would have to deal with the consequences of a mass militarisation of the tribes. There was therefore an unwritten
4060:
From the Basin, Christiaan de Wet headed west. Although hounded by British columns, he succeeded in crossing the Vaal into western Transvaal, to allow Steyn to travel to meet their leaders. There was much sympathy for the Boers on mainland Europe. In October, President Kruger and members of the
3816:
The British government took these defeats badly and with the sieges still continuing was compelled to send two more divisions plus large numbers of colonial volunteers. By January 1900 this would become the largest force Britain had ever sent overseas, amounting to some 180,000 men with further
3507:
had raised two regiments of local forces amounting to about 1,200 men in order to attack and create diversions if things went amiss further south. As a railway junction, Mafeking provided good supply facilities and was the obvious place for Baden-Powell to fortify in readiness for such attacks.
3299:
On 9 October 1899, after convincing the Orange Free State to join him and mobilising their forces, Kruger issued an ultimatum giving Britain 48 hours to withdraw all their troops from the border of Transvaal (despite the fact that the only regular British army troops anywhere near the border of
2412:
Some parts of the British press and British government expected the campaign to be over within months, and the protracted war gradually became less popular, especially after revelations about the conditions in the concentration camps (where as many as 26,000 Afrikaner women and children died of
5672:
When the war began some Australians, like some Britons, opposed it. As the war dragged on some Australians became disenchanted, in part because of the sufferings of Boer civilians reported in the press. In an interesting twist (for Australians), when the British missed capturing President Paul
4564:
The British offered terms of peace on various occasions, notably in March 1901, but were rejected by Botha and the "Bitter-enders" among the Boers. They pledged to fight until the bitter end and rejected the demand for compromise made by the "Hands-uppers". Their reasons included hatred of the
4391:
Two Boer forces fought in this area, one under Botha in the south east and a second under Ben Viljoen in the north east around Lydenburg. Botha's forces were particularly active, raiding railways and British supply convoys, and even mounting a renewed invasion of Natal in September 1901. After
3278:
The British government went against the advice of its generals (including Wolseley) and declined to send substantial reinforcements to South Africa before war broke out. Secretary of State for War Lansdowne did not believe the Boers were preparing for war and that if Britain were to send large
3099:
The Boer government handed their prisoners over to the British for trial. Jameson was tried in England, where the British press and London society, inflamed by anti-Boer and anti-German feeling and in a frenzy of jingoism, lionised him and treated him as a hero. Although sentenced to 15 months
2629:
British control. Given the British origins of the majority of uitlanders and the ongoing influx of new uitlanders into Johannesburg, the Boers recognised that granting full voting rights to the uitlanders would eventually result in the loss of ethnic Boer control in the South African Republic.
3532:
for protection. The townspeople panicked, and people surged into the mineshafts constantly for a 12-hour period. Although the bombardment never came, this did nothing to diminish the anxious civilians' distress. The most well-heeled of the townspeople, including Cecil Rhodes, sheltered in the
3377:
War was declared on 11 October 1899 with a Boer offensive into the British-held Natal and Cape Colony areas. The Boers had about 33,000 soldiers, and decisively outnumbered the British, who could move only 13,000 troops to the front line. The Boers had no problems with mobilisation, since the
6457:
The British saw their tactics of scorched earth and concentration camps as a legitimate way of depriving the Boer guerrillas of supplies and safe havens. The Boers saw them as a British attempt to coerce the Boers into surrender, with the camp inmatesβmainly families of Boer fightersβseen as
5565:
There were also many volunteers from the Empire who were not selected for the official contingents from their countries and travelled privately to South Africa to form private units, such as the Canadian Scouts and Doyle's Australian Scouts. There were also some European volunteer units from
5478:
conflict dragged on into the 20th century and the reign of a new monarch. At the time, Britain was the world's most technologically advanced military. The results caused many both domestically and internationally to question the dominance of the British Empire, especially as nations like the
4560:
Towards the end of the war in the early months of 1902, British tactics of containment, denial, and harassment finally began to yield results against the Boer guerrillas. The sourcing and co-ordination of intelligence became increasingly efficient with regular reporting from observers in the
5236:
The Second Boer War cast long shadows over the history of the South African region. The predominantly agrarian society of the former Boer republics was profoundly and fundamentally affected by the scorched earth policy of Roberts and Kitchener. The devastation of both Boer and black African
5702:
saw the three convicted of executing Boer prisoners under their authority. After the war, though, Australians joined an empire-wide campaign that saw Witton released from jail. Much later, some Australians came to see the execution of Morant and Handcock as instances of wrongfully executed
3445:"Long Tom" siege guns. The Boers' skill in adapting themselves to become first-rate artillerymen shows that they were a versatile adversary. The Transvaal also had an intelligence service that stretched across South Africa and of whose extent and efficiency the British were as yet unaware.
3500:
rejoin White's main force. As Boers surrounded Ladysmith and opened fire on the town with siege guns, White ordered a major sortie against their positions. The result was a disaster, with 140 men killed and over 1,000 captured. The siege of Ladysmith began: it was to last several months.
3233:
The failure to gain improved rights for uitlanders (notably the goldfields dynamite tax) became a pretext for war and a justification for a big military build-up in Cape Colony. The case for war was developed and espoused as far away as the Australian colonies. Cape Colony Governor Sir
6344:. At the age of twenty-six, he was captured and held prisoner in a camp in Pretoria from which he escaped and rejoined the British army. He received a commission in the South African Light Horse (still working as a correspondent) and witnessed the capture of Ladysmith and Pretoria.
3901:. On 14 February, a cavalry division under French launched a major attack to relieve Kimberley. Although encountering severe fire, a massed cavalry charge split the Boer defences on 15 February, opening the way for French to enter Kimberley that evening, ending its 124 days' siege.
3880:
Except in Natal, the war had stagnated. Other than a single attempt to storm Ladysmith, the Boers made no attempt to capture the besieged towns. In the Cape Midlands, the Boers did not exploit the British defeat at Stormberg and were prevented from capturing the railway junction at
2704:
of 1884β1885 sought to draw boundaries between the European powers' African possessions, it also set the stage for further scrambles. Britain attempted to annex first the South African Republic in 1880, and then, in 1899, both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State.
5578:
also volunteered early in the war, but later some of them were effectively conscripted and kept in segregated units. As a community, they received comparatively little reward for their services. In many ways, the war set the pattern for the Empire's later involvement in the two
4735:
were meagre and there was a two-tier allocation policy, whereby families of men who were still fighting were routinely given smaller rations than others. The inadequate shelter, poor diet, bad hygiene and overcrowding led to malnutrition and endemic contagious diseases such as
4326:
From then until the final days of the war, De Wet remained comparatively quiet, rarely attacking British army camps and columns partly because the Orange Free State was effectively left desolate by British sweeps. In late 1901, De Wet overran an isolated British detachment at
4120:
in South Africa. The British feared they could be freed by sympathetic locals. Moreover, they already had trouble supplying their own troops in South Africa and did not want the added burden of sending supplies for the POWs. Britain therefore chose to send many POWs overseas.
5811:
The supporters of the war claimed that it "pitted British Freedom, justice and civilization against Boer backwardness". The French Canadians' opposition to the Canadian involvement in a British 'colonial venture' eventually led to a three-day riot in various areas of Quebec.
4363:
The Boer victories in the west led to stronger action by the British. In the second half of March 1902, large British reinforcements were sent to the Western Transvaal under the direction of Ian Hamilton. The opportunity the British were waiting for arose on 11 April 1902 at
3180:
Mark III, because thousands of these had been purchased. Unfortunately, the large puff of white smoke after firing gave away the shooter's position. Roughly 7,000 Guedes 1885 rifles had also been purchased a few years earlier, and these were also used during the hostilities.
2964:
concessions they made to the uitlanders the greater the likelihoodβwith approximately 30,000 white male Boer voters and potentially 60,000 white male uitlandersβthat their independent control of the Transvaal would be lost, and the territory absorbed into the British Empire.
2739:
was unwilling to become mired in a distant war, requiring substantial troop reinforcement and expense, for what was perceived at the time to be a minimal return. An armistice ended the war, and subsequently a peace treaty was signed with the Transvaal President Paul Kruger.
3952:
After a succession of defeats, the Boers realised that against such overwhelming numbers of troops, they had little chance of defeating the British and so became demoralised. Roberts then advanced into the Orange Free State from the west, putting the Boers to flight at the
4071:. Paul Kruger's wife, however, was too ill to travel and remained in South Africa where she died on 20 July 1901 without seeing her husband again. President Kruger first went to Marseille and then on to the Netherlands, where he stayed for a while before moving finally to
5058:, of being "privy to these misdeamenours. It is for this reason that we have taken the liberty of addressing this communication direct to you." After listing numerous civilian witnesses who could confirm their allegations, Trooper Cochrane concluded, "Sir, many of us are
3161:, Joseph Lehmann offers this comment: "Employing chiefly the very fine breech-loading Westley Richards β calibre 45; paper cartridge; percussion-cap replaced on the nipple manuallyβthey made it exceedingly dangerous for the British to expose themselves on the skyline".
2523:
The origins of the war were complex and stemmed from more than a century of conflict between the Boers and Britain. Of immediate importance, however, was the question of who would control and benefit most from the very lucrative Witwatersrand gold mines discovered by
5047:
Farm near Fort Edward by a party consisting of Lts. Morant and Handcock, joined by BVC Sgt. Maj. Hammet, Corp. MacMahon, and Troopers Hodds, Botha, and Thompson. Roelf van Staden and both his sons were then shot, allegedly after being forced to dig their own graves.
3115:
The Jameson Raid was the real declaration of war ... And that is so in spite of the four years of truce that followed ... aggressors consolidated their alliance ... the defenders on the other hand silently and grimly prepared for the inevitable".
2968:
and more blasting was necessary to extract it, and mines consumed vast quantities of explosives. A box of dynamite costing five pounds included five shillings tax. Not only was this tax perceived as exorbitant, but British interests were offended when President
4045:). Some dispirited Boers did likewise, and the British gathered up much war material. However, the core of the Boer fighters under Botha easily broke back through the Drakensberg Mountains into the Transvaal highveld after riding north through the bushveld.
5765:) embarked for South Africa on 16/17 March 1900. They remained until May 1902. With approximately 7,368 soldiers in a combat situation, the conflict became the largest military engagement involving Canadian soldiers from the time of Confederation until the
4569:
were given Β£3,000,000 for reconstruction and were promised eventual limited self-government, which was granted in 1906 and 1907. The treaty ended the existence of the Transvaal and Orange Free State as independent Boer republics and placed them within the
5462:. There was public outrage at the use of scorched earth tactics and at the conditions in the concentration camps. It also became apparent that there were serious problems with public health in Britain since up to 40% of recruits in Britain were unfit for
5043:, to open fire on a wagon train containing Afrikaner women and children who were coming in to surrender at Fort Edward, on 5 September 1901. The ensuing gunfire led to the deaths of two boys, aged 5- and 13-years, and the wounding of a 9-year-old girl.
5139:. Bolton vainly requested to be excused, writing, "My knowledge of law is insufficient for so intricate a matter." The first court martial opened on 16 January 1901, with Lieut.-Col. H.C. Denny presiding over a panel of six judges. Maj. J.F. Thomas, a
4451:, joined by the surviving rebels under Kritzinger, made another attack on the Cape in September 1901. They suffered severe hardships and were hard pressed by British columns, but eventually rescued themselves by routing some of their pursuers at the
4339:
The Boer commandos in the Western Transvaal were very active after September 1901. Several battles of importance were fought there between September 1901 and March 1902. At Moedwil on 30 September 1901 and again at Driefontein on 24 October, General
2268:, with most casualties dying from disease. Kitchener offered generous terms of surrender to remaining Boer leaders to end the conflict. Eager to ensure fellow Boers were released from the camps, most Boer commanders accepted the British terms in the
2227:
The guerrilla campaign proved difficult for the British to defeat, due to unfamiliarity with guerrilla tactics and extensive support for the guerrillas among civilians. In response to failures to defeat the guerrillas, British high command ordered
3484:. Boer guns began shelling the British camp from the summit of Talana Hill at dawn on 20 October. Penn Symons immediately counter-attacked: His infantry drove the Boers from the hill, for the loss of 446 British casualties, including Penn Symons.
5827:
the number of Afrikaner soldiers who were willing to oppose the British. The Afrikaner troops were very willing to fight for their country and were armed with modern weaponry and were highly mobile soldiers. This was one of the best examples of
2594:. Gold made the Transvaal the richest nation in southern Africa; however, the country had neither the manpower nor the industrial base to develop the resource on its own. As a result, the Transvaal reluctantly acquiesced to the immigration of
5381:
and their allies took part in a revolt known as the Maritz Rebellion. This was quickly suppressed, and in 1916 the leading Boer rebels in the Maritz Rebellion escaped lightly (especially compared with the fate of leading Irish rebels of the
5366:). It proved a key ally to Britain as a Dominion of the British Empire during the World Wars. At the start of the First World War a crisis ensued when the South African government led by Louis Botha and other former Boer fighters, such as
4455:
and capturing their equipment. From then until the end of the war, Smuts increased his forces from among Cape rebels until they numbered 3,000. However, no general uprising took place, and the situation in the Cape remained stalemated.
3582:
through Bloemfontein to Pretoria. Finding on arrival that the British troops already in South Africa were under siege, he split his army corps into detachments to relieve the besieged garrisons. One division, led by Lieutenant General
2988:, bypassing British-controlled ports in Natal and Cape Town and avoiding British tariffs. At the time, the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony was Cecil Rhodes, a man driven by a vision of a British-controlled Africa extending from the
4722:
throughout the British Empire. The vast majority of Boers remaining in the local camps were women and children. Around 26,370 Boer women and children were to perish in these concentration camps. Of the more than 120,000 Blacks (and
5527:
Horses were slaughtered for their meat when needed. During the sieges of Kimberley and Ladysmith, horses were consumed as food once the regular sources of meat were depleted. The besieged British forces in Ladysmith also produced
5807:
to aid the confederation in its war to 'liberate' the peoples of the Boer controlled states in South Africa. The volunteers were provided to the British if the latter paid costs of the battalion after it arrived in South Africa.
4015:
attacked Bloemfontein's waterworks about 37 kilometres (23 mi) east of the city, and ambushed a heavily escorted convoy, which caused 155 British casualties and the capture of seven guns, 117 wagons, and 428 British troops.
3419:
had spent almost all their working life in the saddle, both as farmers and hunters. They depended on the pot, horse and rifle; they were also skilled stalkers and marksmen. As hunters, they had learned to fire from cover; from a
6038:
During the war, the British army also included substantial contingents from South Africa itself. There were large communities of English-speaking immigrants and settlers in Natal and Cape Colony (especially around Cape Town and
5110:
of Pietersburg. The first session of the Court took place on 6 November 1901 and continued for four weeks. Deliberations continued for a further two weeks, at which time it became clear that the indictments would be as follows:
3125:
The Jameson Raid alienated many Cape Afrikaners from Britain and united the Transvaal Boers behind President Kruger and his government. It also had the effect of drawing the Transvaal and the Orange Free State (led by President
2413:
disease and malnutrition). The Boer forces finally surrendered on Saturday, 31 May 1902, with 54 of the 60 delegates from the Transvaal and Orange Free State voting to accept the terms of the peace treaty. This was known as the
4435:
to maintain a guerrilla campaign in the Cape Midlands. The campaign here was one of the least chivalrous of the war, with intimidation by both sides of each other's civilian sympathisers. In one of many skirmishes, Commandant
5586:
The United States stayed neutral in the conflict, but some American citizens were eager to participate. Early in the war Lord Roberts cabled Burnham, a veteran of both Matabele wars but at that very moment prospecting in the
2393:, the British launched another offensive in 1900 to relieve the sieges, this time achieving success. After Natal and the Cape Colony were secure, the British army was able to invade the Transvaal, and the republic's capital,
4347:
From late 1901 to early 1902, a time of relative quiet descended on the western Transvaal. February 1902 saw the next major battle in that region. On 25 February, De La Rey attacked a British column under Lieutenant-Colonel
4317:
After having conferred with the Transvaal leaders, de Wet returned to the Orange Free State, where he inspired a series of successful attacks and raids in the western part of the country, though he suffered a rare defeat at
4276:
The British utilised armoured trains throughout the war to deliver rapid reaction forces much more quickly to incidents (such as Boer attacks on blockhouses and columns) or to drop them off ahead of retreating Boer columns.
5648:
sent "Commonwealth" contingents to the war. The Boer War was thus the first war in which the Commonwealth of Australia fought. A few Australians fought on the Boer side. The most famous and colourful character was Colonel
4057:
captured but as with Roberts's drive against Kruger at the same time, these losses were of relatively little consequence, as the hard core of the Boer armies and their most determined and active leaders remained at large.
3206:. The Boers' Maxim, larger than the British Maxims, was a large calibre, belt-fed, water-cooled "auto cannon" that fired explosive rounds (smokeless ammunition) at 450 rounds per minute. It became known as the "Pom Pom".
2159:, who relieved the besieged cities and invaded the Boer republics in early 1900 at the head of a 180,000-strong expeditionary force. The Boers, aware they were unable to resist such a large force, refrained from fighting
4286:
sent out to the various districts to form local peace committees to persuade burghers to give up the fight. Previous leaders of the Boers, like Generals Piet de Wet and Andries CronjΓ© were involved in the organisation.
4957:
and James Huntley Robertson, and relayed by Sgt. Maj. K.C.B. Morrison to Sgt. D.C. Oldham. The actual killing was alleged to have been carried out by Sgt. Oldham and BVC Troopers Eden, Arnold, Brown, Heath, and Dale.
1726:
3512:, attempted a determined assault on the town. This quickly subsided into a desultory affair, with the Boers prepared to starve the stronghold into submission. So, on 13 October, the 217-day siege of Mafeking began.
2655:
to the Natal border in early September, and Britain had only troops in garrison towns far from the border.) The British government rejected the South African Republic's ultimatum, and the South African Republic and
5835:
was seen as a hindrance by certain groups. The Boer soldiers would evade capture and secure provisions from their enemies therefore they were able to exist as a fighting entity for an indeterminate period of time.
3061:
could mobilise. However, the Transvaal authorities had advance warning of the Jameson Raid and tracked it from the moment it crossed the border. Four days later, the weary and dispirited column was surrounded near
4400:, Botha was forced to withdraw by heavy rains that made movement difficult and crippled his horses. Back on the Transvaal territory around his home district of Vryheid, Botha attacked a British raiding column at
3291:. The conference started on 30 May 1899, but negotiations quickly broke down, as Kruger had no intention of granting meaningful concessions, and Milner had no intention of accepting his normal delaying tactics.
3344:
When war with the Boer republics was imminent in September 1899, a Field Force, referred to as the Army Corps (sometimes 1st Army Corps) was mobilised and sent to Cape Town. It was "about the equivalent of the
4175:
tactics, primarily conducting raids against railways, resource and supply targets, all aimed at disrupting the operational capacity of the British Army. They avoided pitched battles and casualties were light.
3835:
and was again defeated. Buller withdrew early when it appeared that the British would be isolated in an exposed bridgehead across the Tugela, for which he was nicknamed "Sir Reverse" by some of his officers.
5843:
The second part of the war (FebruaryβApril 1900) was the opposite of the first. After the British reorganised and reinforced under new leadership, they began to experience success against the Boer soldiers.
1658:
11558:
A Century of Postgraduate AngloβBoer War (1899β1902) Studies: Masters' and Doctoral Studies Completed at Universities in South Africa, in English-speaking Countries and on the European Continent, 1908β2008
5016:, Sgt. D.C. Oldham, and Troopers J.T. Arnold, Edward Brown, T. Dale, and A. Heath. Although Trooper Cochrane's letter made no mention of the fact, three Native South African witnesses were also shot dead.
4965:
on 4 July 1901. Trooper van Buuren, an Afrikaner, had "disapproved" of the killings at Valdezia, and had informed the victims' wives and children, who were imprisoned at Fort Edward, of what had happened.
3617:(10β15 December 1899), the British suffered defeats on each of the three fronts. On 10 December, General Gatacre tried to recapture Stormberg railway junction about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of the
2514:
report, "most scholars prefer to call the war of 1899β1902 the South African War, thereby acknowledging that all South Africans, white and black, were affected by the war and that many were participants".
1839:
5760:
A total of around 8000 Canadians arrived in South Africa to fight for Britain. These arrived in two contingents: the first on 30 October 1899, the second on 21 January 1900. A third contingent of cavalry
4052:, a fertile area in the south-east of the Republic. This offered only temporary sanctuary, as the mountain passes leading to it could be occupied by the British, trapping the Boers. A force under General
2996:
representatives and British mine owners became increasingly frustrated and angered by their dealings with the Transvaal government. A Reform Committee (Transvaal) was formed to represent the uitlanders.
11221:
Onselen, Charles van (October 2003). "'The Modernization of the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek: F. E. T. Krause, J. C. Smuts, and the Struggle for the Johannesburg Public Prosecutor's Office, 1898β1899".
3578:, a much-respected commander, arrived in South Africa with the Army Corps, made up of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd divisions. Buller originally intended an offensive straight up the railway line leading from
6043:), which formed volunteer units that took the field, or local "town guards". At one stage of the war, a "Colonial Division", consisting of five light horse and infantry units under Brigadier General
3382:(Dutch for 'State Artillery') of both republics. As with the First Boer War, since most of the Boers were members of civilian militias, none had adopted uniforms or insignia. Only the members of the
3209:
Aside from weaponry, the tactics used by the Boers were significant. As one modern source states, "Boer soldiers ... were adept at guerrilla warfareβsomething the British had difficulty countering".
7292:
3621:. Gatacre's attack was marked by administrative and tactical blunders and the Battle of Stormberg ended in a British defeat, with 135 killed and wounded and two guns and over 600 troops captured.
5955:
British garrisons in India contributed 18,534 British officers and men, as well as an estimated 10,000 Indian auxiliaries deployed to assist them. India also sent 7,000 horses, ponies and mules.
5289:
and co-ordination of intelligence, and the nurturing of native allies) learned during the Boer War were used by the British (and other forces) in future guerrilla campaigns including to counter
2748:
to the Transvaal brought thousands of British and other prospectors and settlers from around the globe and over the border from the Cape Colony, which had been under British control since 1806.
5436:. In addition, small groups of Irish volunteers went to South Africa to fight with the Boersβthis despite the fact that there were many Irish troops fighting in the British army, including the
5117:
2. In relation to what was dubbed "The Van Buuren Incident", Maj. Lenahan was charged with, "When on active service by culpable neglect failing to make a report which it was his duty to make."
3066:, within sight of Johannesburg. After a brief skirmish in which the column lost 65 killed and woundedβwhile the Boers lost but one manβJameson's men surrendered and were arrested by the Boers.
1545:
3961:
on 18 May 1900 provoked riotous celebrations in Britain, the origin of the Edwardian slang word "mafficking". On 28 May, the Orange Free State was annexed and renamed the Orange River Colony.
5591:, to serve on his personal staff as Chief of Scouts. Burnham went on to receive the highest awards of any American who served in the war, but American mercenaries participated on both sides.
4003:
British observers believed the war to be all but over after the capture of the two capital cities. However, the Boers had earlier met at the temporary new capital of the Orange Free State,
2417:, and under its provisions, the two republics were absorbed into the British Empire, with the promise of self-government in the future. This promise was fulfilled with the creation of the
5114:
1. In what became known as "The Six Boers Case", Captains Robertson and Taylor, as well as Sgt. Maj. Morrison, were charged with committing the offense of murder while on active service.
3523:
Siege life took its toll on both the defending soldiers and the civilians in the cities of Mafeking, Ladysmith, and Kimberley as food began to grow scarce after a few weeks. In Mafeking,
5123:
4. In relation to what was incorrectly dubbed "The Eight Boers Case", Lieuts. Morant, Handcock, and Witton were charged with, "While on active service committing the offense of murder".
4154:, except leaders, who took an oath of neutrality and returned quietly to their homes. It is estimated that between 12,000 and 14,000 burghers took this oath between March and June 1900.
15279:
6445:
Both sides used a scorched Earth policy to deprive the marching enemy of food. And both had to corral civilians into makeshift huts by 'concentrating' them into camps. For example, at
3694:
units and ten field guns to be captured by Botha's men. Buller's forces lost 145 men killed and 1,200 missing or wounded and the Boers suffered only 40 casualties, including 8 killed.
5190:. This court-martial for war crimes was one of the first such prosecutions in British military history. Although Morant left a written confession in his cell, he went on to become a
3480:
to throw a brigade forward to the coal-mining town of Dundee (also reported as Glencoe), which was surrounded by hills. This became the site of the first major clash of the war, the
2735:
of 1880β1881 the Boers of the Transvaal Republic proved skilful fighters in resisting Britain's attempt at annexation, causing a series of British defeats. The British government of
5213:. Witton was sentenced to death, but reprieved. Due to immense political pressure for his release, he was released after serving 32 months of a life sentence. Picton was cashiered.
4556:"Transvaal War". Queen Victoria on her throne among various Commonwealth subjects in front of London. First British magic lantern slide in an educational series for children, 1900s.
3023:
In 1895, a plan to take Johannesburg and end the control of the Transvaal government was hatched with the connivance of the Cape Prime Minister Rhodes and Johannesburg gold magnate
3426:
At community gatherings, target shooting was a major sport; they practised shooting at targets, such as hens' eggs perched on posts 100 metres (110 yd) away. They made expert
4744:, to which the children were particularly vulnerable. Coupled with a shortage of modern medical facilities, many of the internees died. While much of the British press, including
2716:) became the object of a dispute between the Germans to the west, the Boers to the east, and Britain's Cape Colony to the south. Although Bechuanaland had no economic value, the "
6729:
Salisbury felt that the Transvaal, the Orange Free State, and Cape Boers aspired to a "Dutch South Africa". The achievement of such a state would damage British imperial prestige
5451:", was called by the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, on the back of recent British victories. There was much enthusiasm for the war at this point, resulting in a victory for the
3957:
and capturing Bloemfontein, the capital, unopposed on 13 March with the Boer defenders escaping and scattering. Meanwhile, he detached a small force to relieve Baden-Powell. The
3267:, already well on the way to becoming an Irish Nationalist, was nevertheless happy to gather intelligence for the British against the Boers because of their cruelty to Africans.
2625:. However, the uitlanders did not take up arms in support, and Transvaal government forces surrounded the column and captured Jameson's men before they could reach Johannesburg.
15664:
4711:, but the Boer War concentration camp system was the first time that a whole nation had been systematically targeted, and the first in which whole regions had been depopulated.
3410:
week, and the commandos could muster between 30,000 and 40,000 men. The average Boer nevertheless was not thirsty for war. Many did not look forward to fighting against fellow
2552:
descent. Cleavages were likelier to occur along socio-economic rather than ethnic lines. Broadly speaking, the colonists included a number of distinct subgroups, including the
13987:
5897:
task to establish a beachhead across a river which the Boers had fortified in an attempt to halt the advancing Commonwealth before they could reach the city of Johannesburg.
5386:), with terms of imprisonment of six and seven years and heavy fines. Two years later, they were released from prison, as Louis Botha recognised the value of reconciliation.
4313:
was the most formidable leader of the Boer guerrillas. He successfully evaded capture on numerous occasions and was later involved in the negotiations for a peace settlement.
3885:. In the dry summer, the grazing on the veld became parched, weakening the Boers' horses and draught oxen, and many Boer families joined their menfolk in the siege lines and
3632:
became pinned down by accurate Boer fire. After suffering from intense heat and thirst for nine hours, they eventually broke in ill-disciplined retreat. The Boer commanders,
15433:
15207:
5776:
The Canadian public was initially divided on the decision to go to war as some citizens did not want Canada to become Britain's 'tool' for engaging in armed conflicts. Many
2972:
gave monopoly rights for the manufacture of the explosive to a non-British branch of the Nobel company, which infuriated Britain. The so-called "dynamite monopoly" became a
1733:
6376:
and as part of the 13th battalion of the Imperial Yeomanry. He was captured in 1900 but released due to a perforated colon and served as a deputy assistant director of the
4923:
4298:
Some burghers joined the British in their fight against the Boers. By the end of hostilities in May 1902, there were no fewer than 5,464 burghers working for the British.
4585:
The policy on both sides was to minimise the role of nonwhites, but the need for manpower continuously stretched those resolves. At the battle of Spion Kop in Ladysmith,
4485:
While no other government actively supported the Boer cause, individuals from several countries volunteered and formed Foreign Volunteer Units. These primarily came from
2256:, where 26,000 died, mostly by starvation and disease. Black Africans were interned in concentration camps to prevent them from supplying the Boers; 20,000 died. British
12128:
6802:
British cavalry travelled light compared with earlier campaigns, but were still expected to carry all kit with them on campaign owing to distances covered on the Veldt.
2684:
The southern part of the African continent was dominated in the 19th century by a set of struggles to create within it a single unified state. In 1868, Britain annexed
5132:
6. In relation to what became known as "The Three Boers Case", Lts. Morant and Handcock were charged with, "While on active service committing the offense of murder".
3198:
The Boers also purchased the best modern European German Krupp artillery. By October 1899, the Transvaal State Artillery had 73 heavy guns, including four 155 mm
5400:
5261:
work in the heartland of the former Boer Republics helping to forge new identitiesβfirst as 'British South Africans' and then, later still, as 'white South Africans'.
4644:" was used to describe camps operated by the British in South Africa during this conflict in the years 1900β1902, and the term grew in prominence during this period.
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12758:
4123:
Around 31 prisoner of war camps were consequently set up in British colonies overseas during the war. The first overseas (off African mainland) camps were opened in
3628:
on 11 December, Methuen's 14,000 British troops attempted to capture a Boer position in a dawn attack to relieve Kimberley. This too turned into a disaster when the
3358:
991:
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5803:
In the end, to appease the citizens who wanted war and to avoid angering those who oppose it, Laurier sent 1,000 volunteers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel
5135:
Following the indictments, Maj. R. Whigham and Col. James St. Clair ordered Bolton to appear for the prosecution, as he was considered less expensive than hiring a
15831:
15796:
5606:
5055:
2100:. They were not permitted to vote, and were regarded as "unwelcome visitors", so they protested to the British authorities in the Cape. Negotiations failed at the
1665:
5120:
3. In relation to "The Visser Incident", Lts. Morant, Handcock, Witton, and Picton were charged with "While on active service committing the offense of murder".
1846:
8826:"To fully reconcile The Boer War is to fully understand the 'Black' Concentration Camps by Peter Dickens (The Observation Post), | South African History Online"
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two days before his death. After Visser had been exhaustively interrogated and conveyed for 15 miles by the patrol, Lt. Morant had ordered his men to form a
4225:
at key points. They now built additional blockhouses (each housing between six and eight soldiers) and fortified these to protect supply routes against Boer
1917:
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fences was constructed, virtually partitioning the occupied republics. Over 100,000 Boer civilians, mostly women and children, were forcibly relocated into
14214:
11903:
10456:
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2525:
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deliberately kept in poor conditions to encourage high death rates. Even in 2019, the controversy around the British tactics continued to make headlines.
5106:, was convened on 16 October 1901. The President of the Court was Col. H.M. Carter, who was assisted by Captain E. Evans and Major Wilfred N. Bolton, the
4204:, inflicting over 650 casualties. As a result of these and other Boer successes, the British, led by Lord Kitchener, mounted three extensive searches for
11917:
10703:
8825:
4914:. Originally raised in February 1901, the BVC was composed mainly of British and Commonwealth servicemen with a generous admixture of defectors from the
4522:
10300:
Burnham, Frederick Russell (1926). Scouting on Two Continents. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. pp. 343β348 ISBN 978-0-86920-126-8.
3949:
was effected, the day after CronjΓ© surrendered, but at a total cost of 7,000 British casualties. Buller's troops marched into Ladysmith on 28 February.
15821:
15791:
13005:
12709:
7059:
5265:
Some scholars, for good reasons, identify these new identities as partly underpinning the act of union that followed in 1910. Although challenged by a
3975:
After being forced to delay for several weeks at Bloemfontein by a shortage of supplies, an outbreak of typhoid at Paardeberg, and poor medical care,
3279:
numbers of troops to the region it would strike too aggressive a posture and possibly derail a negotiated settlementβor even encourage a Boer attack.
15426:
14157:
14091:
11336:
6508:
4323:
Cape Boers, and De Wet's men were hampered by bad weather and relentlessly pursued by British forces. They narrowly escaped across the Orange River.
3910:
Roberts resorted to bombarding CronjΓ© into submission. It took ten days, and when the British troops used the polluted Modder River as water supply,
1552:
9672:
5344:
Over the following decade, many returned to South Africa and never signed the pledge. Some, like Reitz, eventually reconciled themselves to the new
5237:
populations in the concentration camps and through war and exile were to have a lasting effect on the demography and quality of life in the region.
2606:
in the Transvaal threatened to exceed the number of Boers, precipitating confrontations between the Boer settlers and the newer, non-Boer arrivals.
2600:(foreigners), mainly English-speaking men from Britain, who came to the Boer region in search of fortune and employment. As a result, the number of
2535:. The Cape was governed by the Dutch East India Company, until its bankruptcy in the late 18th century, and was thereafter governed directly by the
15577:
15572:
14164:
4754:
helped raise public awareness in Britain of the atrocious conditions, as well as being instrumental in bringing relief to the concentration camps.
3915:
3251:
2183:
597:
15411:
15806:
13652:
12925:
12716:
12121:
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7507:
5126:
In relation to the slaying of Rev Heese, Lts. Morant and Handcock were charged with, "While on active service committing the offense of murder".
5009:
4978:
3595:
District from Boer raids and local rebellions by Boer inhabitants. Buller led the major part of the army corps to relieve Ladysmith to the east.
3592:
14864:
12423:
13973:
13952:
13806:
12723:
10758:
10564:
9727:
8935:
The Legend of Breaker Morant is Dead and Buried: A South African Version of the Bushveldt Carbineers in the Zoutpansberg, May 1901 β April 1902
6410:
I, and the idea of mounted infantry was useful in the times when the war was more mobile. An example was during the First World War during the
5583:. Specially raised units, consisting mainly of volunteers, were dispatched overseas to serve with forces from elsewhere in the British Empire.
5028:
4994:
3263:, (following Britain's defeat in the first war), as an agreement "really in the interest of slavery". Salisbury was not alone in this concern.
3053:
The plan was to make a three-day dash to Johannesburg and trigger an uprising by the primarily British expatriate uitlanders, organised by the
8091:
7161:
6613:
4007:, and planned a guerrilla campaign to hit the British supply and communication lines. The first engagement of this new form of warfare was at
15836:
15659:
13568:
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5556:
3423:
and to make the first shot count, knowing that if they missed, the game would either be long gone or could charge and potentially kill them.
2172:
984:
15746:
15741:
15419:
13484:
13400:
12855:
12834:
11777:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899β1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. III. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.
6438:
5978:
4411:
To the north, Ben Viljoen grew steadily less active. His forces mounted comparatively few attacks and as a result, the Boer enclave around
3897:
Roberts launched his main attack on 10 February 1900 and although hampered by a long supply route, managed to outflank the Boers defending
1719:
11858:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899β1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. VI. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.
9318:"Β« A Fellowship of Disaffection Β» : Irish-South African Relations from the Anglo-Boer War to the Pretoriastroika 1902-1991"
6085:
Like the Canadian and particularly the Australian and New Zealand contingents, many of the volunteer units formed by South Africans were "
3587:, was to follow the Western Railway to the north and relieve Kimberley and Mafeking. A smaller force of about 3,000, led by Major General
2179:
13945:
12804:
12765:
11825:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899β1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. V. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.
11810:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899β1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. IV. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.
11762:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899β1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. II. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.
11739:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899β1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. I. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.
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9881:
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Eventually, there were a total of 45 tented camps built for Boer internees and 64 for black Africans. Of the 28,000 Boer men captured as
3504:
3069:
The botched raid had repercussions throughout southern Africa and in Europe. In Rhodesia, the departure of so many policemen enabled the
703:
692:
681:
670:
659:
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6338:β Best known as the prime minister of Britain. During the main part of the Second Boer War, Churchill worked as a war correspondent for
5458:
However, public support quickly waned as it became apparent that the war would not be easy and it dragged on, partially contributing to
15801:
14182:
13617:
12973:
12594:
12114:
12003:
7318:
5377:
Many Boers were opposed to fighting for Britain, especially against Germany, which had been sympathetic to their struggle. A number of
3323:, which declared: 'of course there can only be one answer to this grotesque challenge. Kruger has asked for war and war he must have!'
2531:
The first European settlement in South Africa was founded at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, and thereafter administered as part of the
15567:
14008:
13869:
13785:
13075:
6414:
in which the British cavalry held the Belgian town against an initial German assault. Another was the use of mounted infantry at the
4997:. The slaying of Floris Visser was in retaliation for the combat death of Morant's close friend, BVC Captain Percy Frederik Hunt, at
1910:
1251:
5198:, public appeals have been made for Morant to be retried or pardoned. His court-martial and death have been the subject of books, a
2319:
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14834:
14437:
14207:
14150:
13938:
13666:
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was the leading cause of death in the Second Boer War, with disease being the cause of approximately half of the Canadian deaths.
5636:
in Australia sent their own contingents to serve in the Boer War. That much of the population of the colonies had originated from
5600:
15786:
15669:
15654:
13931:
13771:
13729:
13477:
13358:
12941:
12476:
12414:
5514:
597,978 per month. A significant number of horses and mules died during the transit across the Atlantic; for example, during the
5362:
One of the most important events in the decade after the end of the war was the creation of the Union of South Africa (later the
5269:
only four years later, they did much to shape South African politics between the two world wars and right up to the present day.
3685:
of Black Week was the Battle of Colenso on 15 December, where 21,000 British troops, commanded by Buller, attempted to cross the
1651:
5848:
soldiers resorted to using blockhouses, farm burning and concentration camps to 'persuade' the resisting Boers into submission.
4606:
night, and in a mutual bloodbath, the Boers lost 56 killed and 3 wounded, while the Africans suffered 52 killed and 48 wounded.
2354:
The war had three phases. In the first phase, the Boers mounted preemptive strikes into British-held territory in Natal and the
15297:
14029:
13994:
13505:
12702:
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2571:(1881), the independence of the two republics was restored, subject to certain conditions. However, relations remained uneasy.
1832:
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for their actions during the battle of Leliefontein, the most in any battle with the exception of the Battle of Vimy Ridge in
3772:
3304:, who had been deployed to defend Kimberley.) Otherwise, the Transvaal, allied with the Orange Free State, would declare war.
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5428:, much like they viewed themselves. Irish miners already in the Transvaal at the start of the war formed the nucleus of two
4762:
It is estimated that the total cost of the war to the British government was Β£211,156, 000 (equivalent to Β£19.9bn in 2022).
3744:
3311:
purportedly laughed out loud when he read it, saying 'an official document is seldom amusing and useful yet this was both'.
3307:
News of the ultimatum reached London on the day it expired. Outrage and laughter were the main responses. The editor of the
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How Did Winston S. Churchill's Experience As A Prisoner of War: During The Boer War Affect His Leadership Style And Career?
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5744:
5459:
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5413:
5256:. This small group of civil servants had a profound effect on the region, eventually leading to the Union of South Africa:
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and a massive influx of foreigners to the borders of the Orange Free State. Then, in June 1884, gold was discovered in the
2187:
1903:
1244:
1060:
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of Southern Africa. He was involved from the start of the war and had a role in the peace process and the creation of the
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Vasgevang! Die lewe van die Boere in die Suid-Afrikaanse krygsgevangenekampe gedurende die Anglo-Boereoorlog, 1899β1902
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6663:
6493:
4344:'s forces attacked British camps and outposts but were forced to withdraw after the British offered strong resistance.
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642:
620:
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17:
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Although the trial transcripts, like almost all others dating from between 1850 and 1914, were later destroyed by the
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and other poverty-related illnesses. That came at a time of increasing concern for the state of the poor in Britain.
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4166:
Kitchener succeeded Roberts in November 1900 and launched anti-guerrilla campaigns. 1898 photograph in 1910 magazine.
3820:
While watching for these reinforcements, Buller made another bid to relieve Ladysmith by crossing the Tugela west of
3791:
3562:
launched an offensive against the Boers in the early phases of the war but after several defeats, culminating at the
3301:
2323:
11690:
Emily Hobhouse and the Reports on the Concentration Camps during the Boer War, 1899β1902: Two Different Perspectives
4266:
2178:, either fled or went into hiding; the British Empire officially annexed the two republics in 1900. In Britain, the
15599:
15443:
15441:
15333:
14340:
13722:
13561:
12730:
12644:
12587:
12073:
12038:
12017:
9572:
6530:
6519:
6513:
6471:
5297:. In World War II the British also adopted some of the concepts of raiding from the Boer commandos when, after the
4541:
3725:
2648:
1538:
5515:
3508:
However, instead of being the aggressor, Baden-Powell was forced to defend Mafeking when 6,000 Boer, commanded by
3487:
Another Boer force occupied Elandslaagte, which lay between Ladysmith and Dundee. The British under Major General
15505:
15381:
14966:
14298:
13959:
13715:
13631:
13512:
13498:
13470:
12737:
12681:
8908:
8113:
Connolly, C. N. (1 April 1978). "Manufacturing 'spontaneity': The Australian offers of troops for the Boer War".
6659:
6321:
6014:
bound New Zealand to the mother-country and the importance of a strong British Empire for the colony's security.
5187:
5091:
4494:
3862:
3758:
3584:
3108:, on 16 May. His death was a factor in softening the Transvaal government's attitude to the surviving prisoners.
2331:
1627:
653:
429:
12890:
6005:
When the Second Boer War seemed imminent, New Zealand offered its support. On 28 September 1899, Prime Minister
5733:
5129:
5. No charges were filed for the three children who had been shot by the Bushveldt Carbineers near Fort Edward.
3192:. Indeed, when the ammunition for the Mausers ran out, the Boers relied primarily on the captured Lee-Metfords.
15846:
15841:
15545:
15510:
15479:
15321:
14678:
14593:
14262:
13701:
13610:
13365:
13124:
9680:
6197:
5099:
3729:
3492:
3488:
11356:
10723:
7187:
5301:, they set up their special raiding forces, and in acknowledgement of their erstwhile enemies, chose the name
4895:
The Boer War also saw the first war crimes prosecutions in British military history. They centered around the
2318:. Black African recruits contributed increasingly to the British war effort. International public opinion was
15736:
15731:
15726:
15721:
15638:
14774:
14762:
14750:
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14696:
14690:
14684:
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13841:
13764:
13645:
13603:
13582:
13456:
13019:
12665:
12387:
6975:
6625:
6466:
The Australian National Boer War Memorial Committee organises events to mark the war on 31 May each year. In
6422:
4452:
4068:
3366:
3054:
1957:
1879:
1489:
1434:
84:
14714:
12897:
6400:
Unloading the hospital train with wounded British soldiers, around 1900. Nurse Constance Louisa Agg's album.
5498:
3740:
3270:
2539:. As a result of political turmoil in the Netherlands, the British occupied the Cape three times during the
15530:
15032:
14244:
14224:
14126:
14070:
13896:
13778:
13750:
13687:
13379:
13237:
11985:
10785:
Grattan, Robert (2009). "The Entente in World War I: a case study in strategy formulation in an alliance".
6857:
Grattan, Robert (2009). "The Entente in World War I: a case study in strategy formulation in an alliance".
6047:, took part in the invasion of the Orange Free State] Part of it withstood a siege by Christiaan de Wet at
5962:
5917:
5144:
4162:
3942:
3032:
3027:. A column of 600 armed men was led over the border from Bechuanaland towards Johannesburg by Jameson, the
2298:
British expeditionary efforts were aided significantly by colonial forces from the Cape Colony, the Natal,
1617:
1379:
1080:
1050:
14702:
14192:
12904:
10027:
7086:
6907:
5443:
The war also highlighted the dangers of Britain's policy of non-alignment and deepened her isolation. The
5412:. Many Irish Republicans sympathised with the Boer side, rather than the British side on which fought the
4103:
The first sizeable batch of Boer prisoners of war taken by the British consisted of those captured at the
2409:
policy. They cleared vast areas, destroying Boer farms and moving the civilians into concentration camps.
1997:
1484:
15756:
15751:
15219:
15171:
14756:
14557:
14063:
13966:
13834:
13743:
13589:
12948:
11277:
11133:
8474:"Saint Helena Island Info: All about St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean β’ Boer Prisoners (1900β1902)"
7376:
6192:
4708:
4628:
4393:
4290:
was the only emissary of a peace committee to be convicted of high treason and executed by firing squad.
4261:
The British Army also made use of Boer auxiliaries who had been persuaded to change sides and enlist as "
3629:
3327:
large home army was not politically welcome. Lord Salisbury, the Prime Minister, had to tell a surprised
3176:
rifles supplied by Germany, and some 40 to 50 million rounds of ammunition. Some commandos used the
3043:
2334:
committed during the war, including the killings of civilians and prisoners, was opened in January 1901.
1632:
1494:
1140:
10687:
4731:
was unreliable, partly because of the constant disruption of communication lines by the Boers. The food
3921:
3641:
wounded and were prevented from relieving Kimberley and Mafeking. A British soldier said of the defeat:
3598:
The initial results of this offensive were mixed, with Methuen winning several bloody skirmishes in the
3430:, using every scrap of cover, from which they could pour in a destructive fire using modern, smokeless,
15776:
15771:
15766:
15761:
15685:
14780:
14708:
14648:
14497:
13526:
13047:
12955:
12911:
12688:
12566:
12465:
11652:
11515:"The Silent Flag in the New Fallen Snow: Sara Jeannette Duncan and the Legacy of the South African War"
11395:
Methods of Barbarism: Roberts and Kitchener and Civilians in the Boer Republics January 1900 β May 1902
10410:
6991:
6720:
3,990 killed in battle; 157 died in accidents; 924 of wounds and disease; 1,118 while prisoners of war.
6377:
5991:
3934:
3866:
3130:) together in opposition to British imperialism. In 1897, the two republics concluded a military pact.
1190:
1085:
1025:
9826:
9761:
8762:
8691:
Hasian, Marouf (2003). "The "hysterical" Emily Hobhouse and Boer War concentration camp controversy".
8052:
7499:
7212:
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15515:
15038:
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14352:
14268:
14077:
13708:
13540:
13533:
13491:
13205:
13152:
13040:
12991:
12772:
12430:
11715:
9384:
8000:
From Belmont to Bloemfontein: the western campaign of the AngloβBoer War, February 1899 to April 1900
6577:
6567:
in 1901, Australian involvement in the war consisted of forces from the following separate colonies:
6503:
6384:
6090:
6010:
5641:
5433:
5024:
4428:
4349:
3858:
2980:
British imperial interests were alarmed when in 1894β1895 Kruger proposed building a railway through
2717:
2709:
1992:
1514:
1474:
1115:
1070:
259:
182:
The Boer republics are absorbed into the British Empire in accordance with the Treaty of Vereeniging.
35:
10952:
9735:
9347:
5383:
4890:
4623:
4191:
Playbill for an "illustrated lecture" on the campaign by war correspondent and artist RenΓ© Bull,1900
4083:
720:
15851:
15711:
15562:
15291:
15104:
15050:
14936:
14924:
14894:
14636:
14527:
14328:
14322:
13889:
13145:
12797:
12081:
12064:
11508:(6). Die Suid-Afrikaanse Krygshistoriese Vereniging/The South African Military History Association.
9262:
8083:
7030:
6415:
6228:
5371:
5363:
5253:
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and shoot him. The squad consisted of BVC Troopers A.J. Petrie, J.J. Gill, Wild, and T.J. Botha. A
4369:
4151:
4048:
As Roberts's army occupied Pretoria, the Boer fighters in the Orange Free State retreated into the
3599:
3473:
3346:
3260:
3028:
2575:
2464:
2299:
2272:, surrendering in May 1902. The former republics were transformed into the British colonies of the
1758:
1695:
1419:
1327:
1200:
1130:
271:
12099:
11422:
9845:
5698:, had minimal impact on the Australian public at the time despite later legend. The controversial
15816:
15781:
15255:
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14990:
14792:
14768:
14726:
14599:
14587:
14509:
14503:
14286:
13848:
13519:
13414:
13281:
13131:
13012:
12744:
12527:
12437:
10315:
Jones, Spencer (2011). "Scouting for Soldiers:Reconnaissance and the British Cavalry 1899β1914".
9576:
9546:
9249:
8799:
8738:"Black Concentration Camps during the AngloβBoer War 2, 1900β1902 | South African History Online"
7864:
6564:
6525:
6483:
6232:
5913:
5845:
5738:
5645:
5452:
5033:
5004:
4. The shooting, ordered by Capt. Taylor and Lt. Morant, of four surrendered Afrikaners and four
4480:
3718:
3625:
3458:
3199:
3070:
2736:
2633:
2375:
2327:
2303:
2194:". However, Boer fighters took to the hills and launched a guerrilla campaign, becoming known as
2133:
2101:
2089:
1987:
1808:
1773:
1597:
1469:
1347:
1322:
1095:
384:
14876:
14569:
11364:
11281:
10503:
9805:
7441:
Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492β2015
7234:
5640:
explains a general desire to support Britain during the conflict. After the colonies formed the
5440:. In Britain, the "Pro-Boer" campaign expanded, with writers often idealising the Boer society.
3434:
rifles. In preparation for hostilities, the Boers had acquired around one hundred of the latest
15861:
15811:
15690:
15231:
14840:
14822:
14816:
14605:
14539:
14407:
14292:
14274:
13089:
13054:
12256:
10457:"Boer War women, children put in concentration camps 'for own good': British MP sparks outrage"
9317:
7538:
6776:
6356:
6160:
5906:
5721:
5716:
served in the Boer War as trackers. According to Dale Kerwin, an Indigenous research fellow at
5713:
5665:
5437:
4521:, also formed smaller volunteer corps. Finns fought in the Scandinavian Corps. Two volunteers,
4498:
4201:
4104:
4020:
3954:
3821:
3607:
3588:
3496:
3146:
3127:
2981:
2587:
2389:
In the second phase, after the number of British troops greatly increased under the command of
2074:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1947:
1783:
1768:
1577:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1424:
1389:
1337:
1302:
831:
814:
803:
785:
774:
763:
752:
739:
354:
11973:
Miller, Stephen M. "Politics, the Press, and the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa"
11606:
11451:
11160:
10960:
9889:
9695:
7917:
5326:
chose exile rather than sign an oath, such as the following, to pledge allegiance to Britain:
3537:; the poorer residents, notably the black population, did not have any shelter from shelling.
15856:
15550:
15500:
15474:
14888:
14491:
14431:
14358:
13624:
13554:
13449:
13344:
13198:
12848:
12628:
12541:
12336:
12156:
12077:
12069:
11577:
11556:
11301:
Ploeger, Jan (1985). "Burgers in Britse Diens (1902)" [Citizens in British Service].
8488:
8025:
7998:
7971:
7944:
7890:
7677:
6675:
6488:
6396:
6372:β Future Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. Served as a captain in the 3rd Battalion of the
6294:
6219:
6094:
6059:
community, many of whom hastily left Johannesburg in the days immediately preceding the war.
5966:
5819:
5762:
5704:
5633:
5357:
5281:
5206:
5199:
4464:
4401:
4397:
3832:
3765:
3481:
2673:
2643:
demanded full voting rights and representation for the uitlanders residing in the Transvaal.
2618:
2568:
2563:
Around 15,000 trekking Boers departed the Cape Colony and followed the eastern coast towards
2441:(A typical British soldier) Corporal Alexander Duncan Turnbull of Kitchener's Fighting Scouts
2418:
2414:
2289:
2285:
2269:
2144:
soldiers were brought to Southern Africa and mounted unsuccessful attacks against the Boers.
2002:
1788:
1612:
1572:
1499:
1394:
1362:
1297:
1180:
483:
324:
168:
10267:
10234:
10214:
7706:
7470:
6062:
4187:
15631:
15484:
15285:
15074:
15020:
14948:
14870:
14858:
14654:
14413:
14334:
13372:
13258:
13026:
12962:
12695:
12458:
12451:
12403:
12186:
11314:
11121:
11059:
8968:
7495:
6780:
6637:
6247:
6125:
6098:
5880:
5869:
5804:
5661:
5370:, declared support for Britain and agreed to send troops to take over the German colony of
5290:
5249:
5179:
5079:
4935:
4919:
4896:
4719:
4448:
4441:
4427:
After he escaped across the Orange in March 1901, de Wet had left forces under Cape rebels
4319:
4072:
3996:
3906:
3575:
3559:
3203:
3101:
2544:
2437:
1884:
1803:
1778:
1479:
1444:
1372:
1367:
102:
9786:
5822:β son of the National Minister of Defence and the most famous Canadian casualty of the war
8:
15555:
15159:
14972:
14930:
14383:
14250:
13827:
13799:
13673:
13191:
13184:
13117:
13082:
13033:
12513:
12320:
11961:
11951:
11941:
11931:
11040:
10287:
8260:
6545:
6266:
5789:
5717:
5650:
5574:, though the British Government refused offers of non-white troops from the Empire. Some
5203:
4942:, the letter accused members of the Fort Edward garrison of six "disgraceful incidents":
4357:
4034:
3976:
3970:
3946:
3809:
3078:
2460:
2383:
2371:
2277:
2217:
2137:
1962:
1937:
1871:
1700:
1622:
1607:
1592:
1582:
1509:
1439:
1409:
1384:
1357:
1342:
1317:
1307:
1175:
1155:
1120:
1001:
697:
223:
112:
96:
58:
11357:"British Concentration Camps of the Second South African War (The Transvaal, 1900β1902)"
10677:
7162:"Women & Children in White Concentration Camps during the AngloβBoer War, 1900β1902"
4360:. Confusion reigned in British ranks and Methuen was wounded and captured by the Boers.
3857:
and he chose military men from far and wide: Kitchener (Chief of Staff) from the Sudan;
15716:
15626:
15535:
15327:
15195:
15177:
15128:
15092:
15080:
15068:
15014:
14786:
14744:
14575:
14551:
14521:
14449:
12520:
11534:
11246:
11238:
10752:
10736:
Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power
10558:
10528:
10332:
10272:
10239:
10219:
9550:
8716:
7531:
7140:
7132:
6985:
6768:
6601:
6373:
6290:
6251:
6150:
5948:
5588:
4927:
4911:
4903:
4691:
4684:
4641:
4602:
4586:
4328:
3958:
3465:
2989:
2685:
2640:
2456:
2367:
2359:
2121:
2117:
2105:
2026:
1982:
1952:
1942:
1866:
1813:
1753:
1685:
1587:
1504:
1464:
1429:
1414:
1312:
1292:
1282:
1225:
1185:
1125:
1105:
1090:
1065:
1055:
1035:
609:
10383:
7754:, Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount β average earnings, retrieved on 27 January 2011
7444:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.
7007:
Hero of the Empire: The Boer War, a daring escape, and the making of Winston Churchill
6752:
5796:
citizens felt threatened by the continuation of British imperialism to their national
4437:
3077:
peoples' rising against the British South Africa Company. The rebellion, known as the
2429:(1853β1856). Disease took a greater toll in the Crimean War, claiming 17,580 British.
15345:
15339:
15249:
15110:
15056:
14912:
14563:
14485:
14455:
14346:
14112:
14098:
13428:
13244:
13068:
12658:
12248:
12178:
11991:
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11955:
11945:
11935:
11921:
11869:
11859:
11836:
11826:
11788:
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11740:
11656:
11621:
11583:
11562:
11538:
11407:
11287:
11263:
11250:
11207:
11179:
11145:
11088:
11069:
11044:
11032:
10989:
10970:
10941:
10872:
10817:
10771:
10715:
10597:
10575:. American University of Washington, D.C., Trade Environment projects. Archived from
10520:
10510:
10336:
10184:
9701:
9614:
9431:
9398:
8720:
8708:
8432:
8406:
8396:
8359:
8266:
8130:
8031:
8004:
7977:
7950:
7923:
7896:
7720:
7683:
7653:
7627:
7570:
7542:
7445:
7388:
7326:
7144:
7010:
6926:
6742:, verse by Private Smith of the Black Watch December 1899. (Quoted in Pakenham (1979)
6427:
6334:
6326:
6314:
6165:
6066:
6027:
5421:
5302:
5294:
5277:
5152:
5148:
5059:
5012:
in Valdezia, on the morning of 23 August 1901. The firing squad consisted of BVC Lt.
4939:
4704:
4518:
4365:
4310:
4205:
4197:
4181:
4172:
4095:
during the war. Prisoners were then transferred for internment in other parts of the
4012:
3804:
3603:
3563:
3453:
3354:
3173:
3164:
3047:
2701:
2657:
2613:) as well as disputes over uitlander political and economic rights led to the failed
2543:, and the occupation became permanent after British forces defeated the Dutch at the
2532:
2468:
2379:
2363:
2233:
2209:
2129:
2125:
2078:
2007:
1763:
1690:
1602:
1519:
1352:
1332:
1287:
1215:
843:
838:
825:
366:
90:
78:
12106:
10310:
10308:
10306:
8149:
5547:
in Port Elizabeth is a tribute to the 300,000 horses that died during the conflict.
5432:. The Second Irish Brigade was headed up by an Australian of Irish parents, Colonel
15606:
15369:
15357:
15351:
15309:
15213:
15183:
15098:
14918:
14900:
14882:
14852:
14467:
14316:
14256:
14036:
13393:
13103:
12883:
12573:
12328:
12296:
12232:
11526:
11326:
Pretorius, Fransjohan (2011). "AngloβBoer war". In Jacobs, S.; Johnson, K. (eds.).
11230:
10794:
10324:
9423:
9329:
8700:
8122:
7124:
6866:
6784:
6667:
6340:
6313:β Australian soldier who, as a commanding officer, was accused of participation in
6278:
5925:
5832:
5777:
5298:
5266:
5063:
4946:
4715:
4502:
4440:
small commando was tracked down by a much-superior British column and wiped out at
4432:
4088:
4053:
4049:
3697:
3438:
3427:
3287:
Steyn of the Orange Free State invited Milner and Kruger to attend a conference in
3154:
2273:
2265:
2257:
1798:
1404:
1220:
1195:
1145:
1045:
779:
732:
456:
11063:
10853:
Jeffery, Keith (2000). "The Irish Soldier in the Boer War". In Gooch, John (ed.).
10743:
Grundlingh, Albert (1980). "Collaborators in Boer Society". In Warwick, P. (ed.).
10646:
9415:
8473:
8393:
Born to fight : Major Charles Joseph Ross DSO, a definitive study of his life
6301:
and he would later serve in World War I as a Medical officer until his death from
5409:
4990:
3274:
1899 German political cartoon: "War...the transformation of human blood into gold"
3184:
As the war went on, some commandos relied on captured British rifles, such as the
15261:
15201:
15134:
15062:
14942:
14846:
14828:
14479:
14401:
13351:
13265:
13159:
12827:
12751:
12672:
12396:
12280:
12272:
12264:
12240:
12093:
11849:
11816:
11801:
11768:
11753:
11637:
Scapegoats of the Empire: The True Story of Breaker Morant's Bushveldt Carbineers
11615:
10891:
10807:
10303:
9973:
9951:
8938:
8349:
7716:
7439:
6788:
6783:.) Many British authors gave their "Pro-Boer" opinions in British press, such as
6699:
6671:
6572:
6361:
6243:
5675:
5429:
5339:
on signing that he acknowledge terms of surrender and becomes a British subject.
5210:
5156:
5107:
5051:
4974:
4970:
4526:
4262:
4226:
4116:
4008:
3613:
The middle of December was disastrous for the British Army. In a period known as
3534:
3517:
3349:
of the existing mobilization scheme" and was placed under the command of Gen Sir
3331:
that 'We have no army capable of meeting even a second-class Continental Power'.
3247:
3226:
3189:
3089:
3036:
2564:
2540:
2281:
2082:
1793:
1399:
1165:
794:
573:
469:
10369:
6418:
in which Allenby's force routed the enemy owing to speed and dexterity of arms.
6246:
praised his services, tributes arrived from across Canada, and in his home town
5221:
3503:
Meanwhile, to the north-west at Mafeking, on the border with Transvaal, Colonel
3221:
15393:
15122:
15044:
15002:
14996:
14984:
14672:
14228:
14105:
13820:
13694:
13337:
13251:
12934:
12876:
12869:
12862:
12580:
12506:
12352:
12312:
10731:
10576:
9615:"The Full Story: Claims 50 Aboriginal trackers left behind during the Boer War"
6687:
6540:
6411:
6348:
6309:
6240:
6236:
6182:
6140:
6044:
6006:
5785:
5691:
5687:
5615:
5611:
5575:
5571:
5544:
5503:
5448:
5195:
5175:
5171:
5087:
5083:
5071:, where he had gone to settle the affairs of his deceased friend Captain Hunt.
4982:
4962:
4907:
4751:
4700:
4680:
4672:
4570:
4510:
4341:
4246:
4218:
4108:
4096:
3825:
3633:
3420:
3350:
3328:
3264:
3243:
3085:
2793:
2782:
2732:
2720:" passed through it towards territory farther north. After the Germans annexed
2677:
2446:
2406:
2347:
2229:
2213:
2191:
2160:
2148:
2070:
2066:
1075:
1020:
1015:
757:
708:
664:
528:
299:
108:
31:
11173:
11004:"Relative Value of UKΒ£: using Economic Power in 2014 (using the share of GDP)"
10920:
10798:
10524:
10063:
The ANZAC Experience: New Zealand, Australia and Empire in the First World War
8704:
8459:
8126:
7128:
6870:
6835:
6257:
6130:
5831:
style warfare, which would be employed throughout the twentieth century after
5312:. The most resistant of Boers wanted to continue the fight and were known as "
5102:, it is known that a Court of Inquiry, the British military's equivalent to a
3988:
3509:
3441:, all horse-drawn and dispersed among the various Kommando groups and several
3172:
Kruger re-equipped the Transvaal army, importing 37,000 of the latest 7x57 mm
790:
15705:
15399:
15375:
15273:
15267:
15165:
14533:
14419:
14389:
14022:
13736:
12841:
12820:
12790:
12783:
12492:
12086:
12065:
Americanhistoryprojects.com: links to books & articles on Second Boer War
11995:
11873:
11840:
11792:
11744:
11649:
Colour, Confusion and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa
11579:
The AngloβBoer War 1889β1902: White Man's War, Black Man's War, Traumatic War
11497:
11471:
11434:
Surridge, Keith (2000). "Lansdowne at the War Office". In Gooch, John (ed.).
11008:
Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present
10719:
10699:
10433:
10328:
9435:
8712:
8355:
8134:
7789:
6691:
6655:
6086:
5699:
5695:
5479:
5424:
sympathised with the Boers, viewing them to be a people oppressed by British
5013:
4915:
4648:
4490:
4468:
4385:
4353:
4287:
4273:
but came to number a fifth of the fighting Afrikaners by the end of the War.
4063:
3995:, 1900β02. He was captured, along with 4,000 soldiers, after the loss of the
3898:
3591:, was to push north towards the railway junction at Stormberg and secure the
3235:
3177:
3058:
2652:
2591:
2583:
1210:
1160:
1135:
1100:
1040:
543:
415:
11138:
9333:
8519:"Anglo Boere Oorlog/Boer War (1899β1902) Prisoners Of War genealogy project"
8410:
7381:
5875:
the Boer War, as well as the first major victory for Commonwealth soldiers.
4127:, which ultimately received about 5,000 POWs. About 5,000 POWs were sent to
3319:
denounced this 'trumpery little state'. Most editorials were similar to the
2471:. Among some South Africans, it is known as the (Second) AngloβBoer War. In
165:
Conquest and dissolution of the South African Republic and Orange Free State
15621:
15594:
15243:
15086:
14960:
14611:
14581:
14364:
14222:
13680:
13289:
13110:
13061:
12224:
12138:
11981:
6446:
6135:
6120:
5999:
5537:
5463:
5323:
5314:
5183:
5167:
5160:
5032:
Cochrane made no mention of the fact, Rev. Heese's driver, a member of the
5020:
5005:
4998:
4986:
4900:
4633:
4595:
4460:
4124:
3992:
3930:
3874:
3686:
3668:
3618:
3528:
Rhodes displayed a notice encouraging people to go down into shafts of the
3389:
3288:
3074:
3040:
3016:
3006:
2697:
2693:
2622:
2621:, who led the raid, intended to encourage an uprising of the uitlanders in
2614:
2610:
2579:
2503:
2237:
2196:
2168:
2141:
1110:
939:
808:
235:
140:
14906:
11681:
Gender, Race, and the Writing of Empire: Public Discourse and the Boer War
11204:
Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand, 1886β1914
11003:
10505:
The Sense of Power: Studies in the Ideas of Canadian Imperialism 1867β1914
9387:, War horses present & future: or, Remount life in South Africa. 1902.
8181:
Steele, David (2000). "Salisbury and the Soldiers". In Gooch, John (ed.).
4981:
on 11 August 1901. Visser had been captured by a BVC patrol led by Lieut.
4037:
on 26 August. As Roberts and Buller followed up along the railway line to
3334:
3011:
2445:
The conflict is commonly referred to simply as "the Boer War" because the
1711:
66:
15616:
15363:
15008:
14804:
14738:
14545:
14395:
13273:
12216:
11317:(2000). "The Experience of the Bitter-Ender Boer". In Gooch, John (ed.).
7790:"Firearms and Firepower β First War of Independence, 1880β1881 β Journal"
6772:
6651:
6285:
6145:
6115:
6040:
5987:
5929:
5815:
5797:
5793:
5619:
5567:
5425:
5245:
5230:
4931:
4546:
4222:
4157:
4038:
3849:
3690:
3524:
3477:
3185:
3142:
3063:
3024:
2973:
2969:
2950:
2689:
2644:
2536:
2426:
2355:
2315:
2311:
2249:
2245:
2201:
2175:
2097:
1170:
1030:
964:
20,000+ Africans of the 115,000 interned in separate concentration camps.
768:
745:
400:
372:
285:
130:
11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902 (2 years, 7 months, 20 days)
11895:
The Rocky Road to the Great War: the Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914
11724:
The History of the Second War of Independence in South Africa, 1899β1902
11530:
10864:
7136:
7112:
5769:. Eventually, 270 of these soldiers died in the course of the Boer War.
5194:
in modern Australia. Believed by many Australians to be the victim of a
3035:, of which Cecil Rhodes was the chairman. The column, mainly made up of
14810:
14732:
14443:
14280:
13855:
13386:
12499:
12444:
12304:
12288:
11720:
Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899β1902
11242:
9580:
9528:
9427:
6632:
6433:
6273:
5680:
5103:
5074:
4381:
4042:
3732: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3689:
to relieve Ladysmith, where 8,000 Transvaal Boers under the command of
3614:
3554:
3442:
3411:
3138:
2985:
2955:
2721:
2557:
2261:
2241:
247:
11514:
10005:
8431:(in Afrikaans). Centurion, South Africa: Kraal Uitgewers. p. 12.
6235:, he became the most famous Canadian casualty of the Second Boer War.
4601:
And there were more flash points outside of the war. On 6 May 1902 at
4061:
Transvaal government left Portuguese East Africa on the Dutch warship
3983:
3520:, although Rhodes was also a prominent figure in the town's defences.
3495:
attacked to clear the line of communications to Dundee. The resulting
2302:, and many volunteers from the British Empire worldwide, particularly
969:
15455:
15225:
14978:
14798:
13307:
13298:
13229:
12635:
12612:
12601:
10909:"Neutrality compromised: Swaziland and the AngloβBoer War, 1899β1902"
8972:
7060:"Lord Roberts is appointed British supreme commander in South Africa"
6824:"Neutrality compromised: Swaziland and the AngloβBoer War, 1899β1902"
6711:
5,774 killed in battle; 2,108 died of wounds; 14,210 died of disease
6679:
6535:
6302:
6298:
6155:
5921:
5828:
5766:
5690:, colloquially known as 'The Breaker' for his skill with horses, and
5679:, 21 June 1900, cartoon depicted how the War could be won, using the
5580:
5367:
5191:
5140:
5136:
4746:
4741:
4724:
4412:
4405:
4128:
4112:
4107:
on 21 October 1899. Initially, these POWs were held on troopships in
4092:
4004:
3882:
3579:
3542:
3378:
fiercely independent Boers had no regular army units, apart from the
2745:
2596:
2472:
2326:. As a result, the Boer cause attracted thousands of volunteers from
2205:
2093:
1643:
1205:
819:
727:
498:
337:
54:
11234:
10448:
10376:
10351:
8027:
Doing Canada Proud: The Second Boer War and the Battle of Paardeberg
6078:
neutral after giving their parole to British forces were derided as
5792:, to support the British in their conflict. On the other hand, many
4306:
4241:
3707:
3644:
3153:
In earlier conflicts, the Boers' most common weapon was the British
2186:
attempted to capitalise on British military successes by calling an
2163:, allowing the British to occupy both republics and their capitals,
1824:
14954:
14084:
13575:
13220:
12344:
12201:
11915:
10358:
9974:"The Indian War Memorial: National Memory and Selective Forgetting"
9248:
Australian Town and Country Journal (Sydney, NSW) 12 April 1902.
6596:
6467:
6262:
5995:
5891:
5654:
5068:
4950:
4574:
3877:
and prepared to make a wide outflanking move to relieve Kimberley.
3540:
In retrospect, the Boers' decision to commit themselves to sieges (
3529:
3255:
3239:
2713:
2549:
2394:
2292:
2164:
2049:, 11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902), also known as the
148:
11546:
Wessels, AndrΓ© (2000). "Afrikaners at War". In Gooch, John (ed.).
10402:
7588:
7586:
7423:
Wessels, AndrΓ© (2000). "Afrikaners at War". In Gooch, John (ed.).
6026:
Rhodesian military units such as the British South Africa Police,
5943:
4019:
After the fall of Pretoria, one of the last formal battles was at
3448:
2668:
2342:
1895:
1236:
12485:
12061:, A 2 part documentary series shown on British television (1999).
12045:
12008:
7608:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1933. James Louis Garvin, editor.
6695:
6683:
6406:
6318:
to return to Australia after sustained public pressure to do so.
6052:
6048:
6030:
and Southern Rhodesian Volunteers served in the Second Boer War.
5753:
5749:
5483:
5467:
5389:
5062:
who have fought throughout nearly the whole war while others are
4737:
4506:
4249:
policy to deny the guerrillas supplies and refuge. In this image
4132:
3911:
2725:
2147:
However, British fortunes changed when their commanding officer,
2109:
558:
513:
144:
5979:
Military history of New Zealand Β§ Second Boer War 1899β1902
3844:
3698:
Second phase: The British offensive of January to September 1900
15665:
United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad
13212:
12368:
12147:
12033:
10006:"Brief history β New Zealand in the South African ('Boer') War"
7712:
7583:
6070:
5781:
5673:
Kruger, as he escaped Pretoria during its fall in June 1900, a
5533:
5474:
landslide majorities but led it to a landslide defeat in 1906.
5244:
The postwar reconstruction administration was presided over by
5226:
4732:
4668:
4514:
4486:
3637:
3431:
2307:
2260:
were deployed to track down guerrillas, leading to small-scale
2221:
715:
312:
10962:
Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884β1902
10421:
9485:
9250:
https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71522700#titleModal
8624:
6426:
extensively in the First World War. To the Canadians however,
5958:
Indian auxiliaries were only employed in non-combatant roles.
5686:
The convictions and executions of two Australian lieutenants,
5540:
the horse meat to a jelly paste and serving it like beef tea.
5322:) and at the end of the war a number of Boer fighters such as
5272:
3914:
killed many troops. General CronjΓ© was forced to surrender at
1530:
12360:
11472:"The Medical Aspect of the AngloβBoer War, 1899β1902 Part ll"
11065:
Every Step of the Way: The Journey to Freedom in South Africa
9154:
9152:
8648:
8348:
Paterson, Andrew Barton (2000). Droogleever, R. W. F. (ed.).
7537:(1996 ed.). David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd. pp.
6980:. Internet Archive. Illustrated London News. 28 October 1899.
5487:
4647:
The camps had originally been set up by the British Army as "
4150:
On 15 March 1900, Lord Roberts proclaimed an amnesty for all
4136:
3682:
3435:
3401:(citizens) in a district would form a military unit called a
2700:, who sought British protection against the Boers. While the
2553:
2113:
375:
11975:
International Journal of Military History and Historiography
11760:
The first British offensive, Nov. – Dec. 1899
11755:
Die eerste Britse offensief, Nov. – Des. 1899
11363:
11337:"For Queen and Country: Canadians and the South African War"
7865:"6 Rifles Used by the Afrikaners During the Second Boer War"
7652:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 21β28.
7476:
7156:
7154:
5912:
of the front line troops. The rear guard, consisting of the
5557:
British Army during the Victorian Era Β§ Second Boer War
4934:. Written by BVC Trooper Robert Mitchell Cochrane, a former
4926:
was secretly dispatched to Col. F.H. Hall, the British Army
4509:(then part of the United Kingdom), and restive areas of the
4236:
10463:
10097:. Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Volume XII (1891β1900).
9821:
9819:
9366:
9285:
8843:
7733:
6939:
5308:
Many of the Boers referred to the war as the second of the
4949:
men and boys and the theft of their money and livestock at
4676:
4250:
3357:. In South Africa the corps never operated as such and the
3105:
2451:
2449:(December 1880 to March 1881) was a much smaller conflict.
9149:
8889:
8855:
6421:
The Canadian units of the Royal Canadian Dragoons and the
5840:
volunteers to take part in the war from the Commonwealth.
4961:
2. The shooting of BVC Trooper B.J. van Buuren by BVC Lt.
4918:. On 4 October 1901, a letter signed by 15 members of the
3861:(Chief of Scouts), the American scout, from the Klondike;
2104:
in June 1899. The conflict broke out in October when Boer
962:
26,370 Boer women and children died in concentration camps
10137:
9837:
9651:
9649:
9647:
9645:
9643:
9641:
8456:"AngloβBoer War Philatelic Society: Collecting Interests"
7606:
Encyclopædia Britannica Volume 4 Part 2: Brain to Casting
7533:
Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial Order
7503:
7151:
6977:
The Illustrated London News 1899-10-28: Vol 115 Iss 3158
5852:
the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902.
5502:
A horse destined to serve in the war, being offloaded in
5241:
urban poor competing with the "uitlanders" in the mines.
4699:
As Boer farms were destroyed by the British under their "
4415:
was largely unmolested. Viljoen was eventually captured.
4041:, Kruger sought asylum in Portuguese East Africa (modern
3808:
British casualties lie dead on the battlefield after the
3259:
the Boers treatment of native Africans, referring to the
3195:
Regardless of the rifle, few of the Boers used bayonets.
2949:
The city of Johannesburg sprang up nearly overnight as a
2511:
2096:" to the South African Republic, mostly British from the
11617:
Australia's Boer War: The War in South Africa, 1899β1902
11085:
The War for South Africa: The AngloβBoer War (1899β1902)
10470:
9930:
9928:
9926:
9856:
9816:
9103:
9101:
8612:
8600:
8329:
6958:
6956:
6954:
5703:
Australians, as illustrated in the 1980 Australian film
5607:
Military history of Australia during the Second Boer War
5601:
History of the Australian Army Β§ Boer War 1899β1902
3405:
and would elect officers. A full-time official called a
3213:
without surrendering the independence of the Transvaal.
11699:
The Boer War: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography
11202:
Onselen, Charles van (1982). "Chapter 1: New Babylon".
11113:
The Costs and Benefits of British Imperialism 1846β1914
10390:
9666:
9664:
8576:
8372:
7812:
7810:
7701:
7699:
6277:β Senior Militia officer and later a Federally elected
3335:
First phase: The Boer offensive (OctoberβDecember 1899)
3229:
rifle used by British troops during the Second Boer War
2370:. The Boers then won a series of tactical victories at
30:"Boer War" redirects here. For the first conflict, see
10573:"Case Name: AngloβBoer: Britain's Vietnam (1899β1902)"
9638:
9595:
9416:"American Horses for the South African War, 1899β1902"
8536:
8205:
7569:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 36β55.
6925:. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 2β5, 119.
4953:
on 2 July 1901. The orders had been given by Captains
4158:
Third phase: Guerrilla war (September 1900 β May 1902)
3315:
denounced the ultimatum as an 'extravagant farce' and
3168:
Mauser 1895 bolt-action rifle (at the Auckland Museum)
12136:
11851:
Die beleg van Mafeking tot met die Slag van Bergendal
9923:
9913:
9911:
9896:
9721:
9719:
9717:
9473:
9297:
9098:
8780:
8292:
6951:
11733:
Die Boere-offensief, Okt. – Nov. 1899
10831:
Haydon, A.P. (1964). "South Australia's first war".
10613:
The South African Gandhi: Stretcher-bearer of Empire
10048:
D.O.W. Hall, (War History Branch, Wellington, 1949).
9661:
9497:
9449:
8588:
8053:"South Africa's National Museum of Military History"
7892:
Life on Commando during the AngloβBoer War 1899β1902
7807:
7696:
6884:
Haydon, A.P. (1964). "South Australia's first war".
2744:"Witwatersrand" (white water ridge, a watershed). A
2609:
Britain's expansionist ideas (notably propagated by
2232:
policies as part of a large scale and multi-pronged
12087:
The Concentration Camps 1899β1902 by Hennie Barnard
11856:
The siege of Mafeking up to the Battle of Bergendal
11737:
The Boer Offensive, Oct. – Nov. 1899
10183:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2008. pp. 211β217;
10113:
10078:
The Sorrow and the Pride: New Zealand War Memorials
8941:: Leach Printers & Signs. pp. xxviiiβxxix.
8548:
6380:until being evacuated to the UK due to ill-health.
6289:β Best known as the author of the World War I poem
4533:(fighting generals) of the South African Republic.
4523:
George Henri Anne-Marie Victor de Villebois-Mareuil
4011:on 31 March where 1,500 Boers under the command of
3831:Buller attacked Louis Botha again on 5 February at
2320:
sympathetic to the Boers and hostile to the British
11726:] (in Afrikaans). Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.
11229:(3). American Society for Legal History: 483β526.
11137:
10502:
10101:
9908:
9779:
9714:
7567:The Tribe that Washed its Spears: The Zulus at War
7530:
7458:
7380:
7317:Riches, Christopher; Palmowski, Jan, eds. (2021).
5969:, served at the battles of Colenso and Spion Kop.
4695:Native Africans interned in the Bronkerspruit camp
4269:(1849β1923), the National Scouts were despised as
3889:(encampments), fatally encumbering CronjΓ©'s army.
12004:"South African War β Concentration Camps. HC Deb"
11489:Black People and the South African War, 1899β1902
10768:The Oxford Companion to Canadian Military History
10571:
10540:. Bloemfontein: War Museum of the Boer Republics.
10509:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 233β234.
9461:
9400:Horses on board ship: a guide to their management
6509:List of Second Boer War Victoria Cross recipients
6470:, a commemorative service is usually held at the
6213:
5657:, Victoria, who raised the Second Irish Brigade.
4573:. The Union of South Africa was established as a
4078:
2728:) in 1884, Britain annexed Bechuanaland in 1885.
2346:The geography of the region in 1885, between the
564:
15872:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
15703:
11889:β an anthology frequently cited in this article.
11714:
10809:Die ontplooiing van die Engelse Oorlog 1899β1900
10591:
10089:
10087:
10080:. Wellington, New Zealand: GP Books. p. 48.
10065:. Auckland, New Zealand: Oratia. pp. 42β43.
10056:
10054:
8630:
7858:
7856:
7371:
7369:
6474:in Reid. Floral tributes are laid for the dead.
6239:asked F. W. Borden for a photograph of his son,
5947:Natal Indian Ambulance Corps with future leader
4245:One British response to the guerrilla war was a
3606:on 25 November, and at a larger engagement, the
3549:
2475:, it may be called (in order of frequency) the '
2322:. Even within the UK, there existed significant
199:
15832:Wars involving the British South Africa Company
15797:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
12926:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
11696:
11397:. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. p. 265.
10343:
10028:"New Zealand in the South African ('Boer') War"
9875:
9873:
9871:
9827:"Canada & The South African War, 1899β1902"
9762:"Canada & The South African War, 1899β1902"
9403:. London: Hurst and Blackett. pp. 213β214.
7816:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7316:
6908:"Role of Black people in the South African War"
4142:In all, nearly 26,000 POWs were sent overseas.
3449:Boers besiege Ladysmith, Mafeking and Kimberley
3372:
2601:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
534:
11057:
11002:
10622:"Dragoons remember the heroes of Leliefontein"
10594:The Russians and the AngloβBoer War, 1899β1902
10538:Boer Rifles and Carbines of the AngloβBoer War
9945:
9943:
9635:Chronicle of the 20th Century by John S Bowman
8895:
8390:
7751:
7598:
7592:
7418:
7416:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7078:
5390:Effect of the war on domestic British politics
5019:The ambush and fatal shooting of the Reverend
3892:
15660:United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
15427:
14208:
12122:
11923:History of the war in South Africa, 1899β1902
11885:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
11548:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
11436:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
11319:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
10686:
10084:
10051:
8287:The Development of the British Army 1899β1914
8183:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
8176:
8174:
8172:
8170:
7973:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
7919:Five Hundred Years: A History of South Africa
7853:
7671:
7669:
7425:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
7168:. South African History Online. 21 March 2011
6945:
6055:. Another large source of volunteers was the
5524:36-day passage, 187 of her 2,090 mules died.
5460:the Conservatives' spectacular defeat in 1906
5008:schoolteachers, who had been captured at the
3294:
1911:
1840:
1727:
1659:
1546:
1252:
985:
391:
11646:
11388:. Oxford University Press. pp. 269β307.
11122:"Regimental Rouge β Battles of the Boer War"
11025:Joseph Chamberlain: Entrepreneur in Politics
10958:
10935:
10682:. Charles Scribner Sons. p. 34, fn. 59.
10553:] (in Afrikaans). Tafelberg. p. 46.
9868:
8875:"Miscellaneous information: Cost of the war"
8849:
8351:From the Front: Dispatches from the Boer War
7739:
7650:The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa
7617:
7346:
7110:
7054:
7052:
6171:
5155:as relayed to the late Captain Hunt by Col.
4253:civilians watch their house as it is burned.
3464:The Boers struck first on 12 October at the
11912:β a Boer War bibliography of on-line books.
11847:
11814:
11799:
11766:
11751:
11730:
11119:
11110:
10890:. Colonial Conquest, magweb. Archived from
10814:The Deployment of the English War 1899β1900
10765:
10694:. London: Eveleigh Nash. 1914. p. 309.
10662:. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. p. 207.
10592:Davidson, Apollon; Filatova, Irina (1998).
10471:"The Australian National Boer War Memorial"
9940:
9862:
9797:
9748:
8965:Breaker Morant and the Bushveldt Carbineers
8642:
7996:
7817:Smith-Christmas, Kenneth L. (1 June 2016).
7401:
6650:Larger numbers of volunteers came from the
6452:
6188:Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell
5466:and suffered from medical problems such as
5188:convicted of murdering eight Afrikaner POWs
2112:attacked British colonial settlements. The
2034:
1741:
489:
15434:
15420:
14215:
14201:
12129:
12115:
11901:
11178:. London: J. Murray. p. viii fn. 11.
11027:. Yale University Press. pp. 482β522.
10965:. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario:
10757:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10742:
10666:
10610:
10563:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10167:
9390:
8654:
8450:
8448:
8254:
8252:
8250:
8248:
8167:
7763:
7666:
7560:
7558:
7437:
7323:A Dictionary of Contemporary World History
7113:"Boer Generalship and Politics of Command"
6850:
5734:Military history of Canada Β§ Boer War
5694:in 1902, and the imprisonment of a third,
5335:has been released from prison of war camp
4474:
4392:defeating British mounted infantry in the
4075:, where he died in exile on 14 July 1904.
2455:(meaning "farmer") is the common name for
1918:
1904:
1847:
1833:
1734:
1720:
1666:
1652:
1553:
1539:
1259:
1245:
992:
978:
83:The 17th Lancers holding off an attack at
15792:Wars involving the South African Republic
15568:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom
11525:(1). University of Toronto Press: 75β90.
11325:
11313:
11276:
11068:. Ministry of Education. pp. 58β95.
10143:
9260:
8867:
8678:
8489:"POW camps in Ceylon during the Boer war"
8426:
8335:
8323:'Historical Overview' in Antony O'Brien,
8003:. Diamond Fields Advertiser. p. 22.
7888:
7641:
7494:
7325:(6th ed.). Oxford University Press.
7049:
6877:
5216:
4750:, played down the problems in the camps,
4237:Scorched earth campaign against civilians
4200:attacked and mauled a British brigade at
3792:Learn how and when to remove this message
3353:, general officer commanding-in-chief of
3157:falling-block breech-loader. In his book
3088:sent a telegramβknown to history as "the
2190:, dubbed by contemporary observers as a "
549:
504:
406:
12999:Reconstruction and Development Programme
11987:Commando: A Boer Journal of the Boer War
11647:Yap, Melanie; Leong Man, Dainne (1996).
11599:"Boers positions in the Klipriviersberg"
11498:"Intombi Military Hospital and Cemetery"
11469:
11433:
11420:
11386:A new England?: peace and war, 1886β1918
11334:
11257:
11132:
11058:Morris, Michael; Linnegar, John (2004).
11031:
10871:. Hutchinson & Company. p. 88.
10848:. London: Coronet Books. pp. 53β55.
10730:
10266:
10233:
10213:
10075:
9934:
9902:
9882:"Boers positions in the Klipriviersberg"
8732:
8730:
8582:
8567:
8565:
8563:
8347:
8211:
8112:
7862:
7647:
7626:] (in Dutch). Kessinger Publishing.
7490:
7488:
7375:
6905:
6815:
6432:
6405:determined that the traditional role of
6395:
6320:
6256:
6225:Canadian Minister of Defence and Militia
6073:for service in the Second Boer War, 1899
6061:
5982:
5965:, created by Gandhi and financed by the
5942:
5814:
5737:
5610:
5497:
5399:
5351:
5271:
5220:
5073:
4690:
4667:
4627:
4551:
4540:
4380:
4305:
4265:". Serving under the command of General
4240:
4186:
4161:
4082:
3982:
3920:
3843:
3803:
3643:
3553:
3452:
3388:
3339:
3300:either republic were 4 companies of the
3269:
3220:
3163:
3137:
3010:
2667:
2663:
2436:
2397:, was ultimately captured in June 1900.
2341:
519:
474:
15670:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
15655:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
12595:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
11687:
11596:
11575:
11554:
11545:
11486:
11401:
11300:
11220:
11201:
10983:
10852:
10784:
10698:
10657:
10396:
10060:
9879:
9693:
9573:"Australia and the Boer War, 1899β1902"
9503:
9372:
9291:
9279:
8861:
8786:
8666:
8606:
8542:
8445:
8245:
8195:
8081:
7564:
7555:
7422:
7084:
7004:
6998:
6962:
6920:
6856:
6104:
5550:
3216:
3081:, was suppressed only at a great cost.
2173:President of the South African Republic
999:
795:
447:
276:
14:
15807:Military history of the British Empire
15704:
13076:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
11892:
11634:
11613:
11442:
11383:
11192:
11171:
11158:
11101:
11082:
10862:
10843:
10830:
10805:
10660:An Illustrated History of South Africa
10535:
10500:
10408:
10155:
10131:
10119:
9971:
9601:
9515:
9491:
9479:
9303:
8690:
8486:
8395:. Melbourne: Caps & Flints Press.
8378:
8298:
8199:
8180:
7915:
7847:
7794:South African Military History Society
7775:
7611:
7528:
7522:
7464:
6914:
6901:
6899:
6883:
4891:British war crimes Β§ South Africa
4727:) imprisoned too, around 20,000 died.
4624:British war crimes Β§ South Africa
4613:
3964:
3824:. Buller's subordinate, Major General
2636:failed, and in September 1899 British
1673:
15822:South AfricaβUnited Kingdom relations
15415:
14196:
12110:
11980:
11920:; Grant, Maurice Harold (1906β1910).
11808:The Boer retreat from the Cape Colony
11775:The battle in Natal, Jan. β Feb. 1900
11678:
11392:
11354:
11120:O'Leary, Michael (29 December 1999).
11022:
10988:. London: Purnell. pp. 223β229.
10940:(2nd ed.). London: I.B. Tauris.
10936:Judd, Denis; Surridge, Keith (2013).
10906:
10885:
10675:
10644:
10619:
10611:Desai, Ashwin; Vahed, Goolem (2015).
10544:
10531:from the original on 27 January 2014.
10384:"Canadian casualties in the Boer War"
10314:
10107:
9949:
9917:
9843:
9697:War Art in Canada: A Critical History
9455:
9413:
9396:
9315:
9236:
9224:
9212:
9200:
9170:
9158:
9143:
9131:
9119:
9107:
9092:
9080:
9068:
9056:
9044:
9032:
9020:
9008:
8996:
8984:
8951:
8932:
8727:
8618:
8594:
8571:
8560:
8554:
8422:
8420:
8147:
8094:from the original on 11 February 2020
8050:
7969:
7949:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 39.
7942:
7682:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 37.
7675:
7485:
7283:
6821:
6203:Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener
5276:Alfred, Lord Milner, was the British
5170:Lieutenants β Anglo-Australian
4211:
4145:
3472:, commanding the British division at
2943:
2754:Gold Production on the Witwatersrand
2672:Boer victory over the British at the
2574:In 1866, diamonds were discovered at
2358:, besieging the British garrisons of
2264:. Few combatants on either side were
1899:
1854:
1828:
1715:
1647:
1534:
1240:
973:
15837:Wars involving the Orange Free State
15470:Kotte conquest of the Jaffna kingdom
14474:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
12098:British Commanders of the Boer War,
11928:β detailed official British history
11770:Die stryd in Natal, Jan. β Feb. 1900
11603:Veldslae-AngloβBoereoorlog 1899β1902
11512:
11495:
11404:The War Correspondents: The Boer War
10869:The Record of a Regiment of the Line
10366:"History of Royal Canadian Dragoons"
10257:(36078). London. 1 March 1900. p. 7.
10181:The Adventures of Arthur Conan Doyle
9886:Veldslae-AngloβBoereoorlog 1899β1902
9670:
9655:
9607:
9467:
8800:"Black victims in a white man's war"
8023:
7976:. Taylor & Francis. p. 98.
7895:. Human & Rousseau. p. 81.
7787:
7260:"Anglo Boer War β Rhodesia Regiment"
5490:had started to become major powers.
4610:armed Africans in the British Army.
4376:
4334:
4301:
4184:and locally raised irregular corps.
3977:Roberts finally resumed his advance.
3730:adding citations to reliable sources
3701:
3661:Why weren't we told of the trenches?
3533:Sanatorium, site of the present-day
3282:
2692:Mountains, following an appeal from
2065:, was a conflict fought between the
921:75,430 returned home sick or wounded
15747:1900s in the South African Republic
15742:1890s in the South African Republic
13006:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
12652:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
11902:Ockerbloom, John Mark, ed. (2017).
11421:Stirling, John (17 February 2009).
10596:. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau.
10430:"The Concentration Camps 1899β1902"
10427:
10411:"The Bitter Legacy of the Boer War"
10253:"The War β Embarcation of Troops".
9986:from the original on 9 October 2022
9803:
9261:Silvester, John (18 October 2009).
8258:
7298:from the original on 9 October 2022
7235:"The Boer War ends in South Africa"
6896:
6369:James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon
6325:A group of British prisoners, with
6208:Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts
6176:
5632:From 1899 to 1901 the six separate
4945:1. The shooting of six surrendered
4884:
4768:Cost of War over its entire course
4620:Second Boer War concentration camps
4280:
3648:Lord Roberts's arrival at Cape Town
3393:Boers in a trench at Mafeking, 1899
3133:
2425:British combat casualties than the
2280:, and in 1910 were merged with the
2224:against the British for two years.
1925:
1266:
24:
15521:1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola
11897:. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books.
11707:
11037:President Paul Kruger: A Biography
10276:. 19 September 1902. p. 6024.
10030:. New Zealand History Online. 2008
10008:. New Zealand History Online. 2008
9725:
9617:. Australia: ABC News. 31 May 2010
8699:(2). Informa UK Limited: 138β163.
8417:
8063:from the original on 20 March 2020
7829:from the original on 14 March 2020
6494:Bombardment in the Second Boer War
4757:
4368:, where a commando led by General
4171:army, the Boer commanders adopted
3839:
2128:under siege, and won victories at
25:
15883:
15802:Wars involving the United Kingdom
14223:Colonial conflicts involving the
14165:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
13793:South African Party (Cape Colony)
12026:
11882:
11818:Die Britse Opmars tot in Pretoria
11697:Van Hartesveldt, Fred R. (2000).
11671:
11582:. African Sun Media. p. 79.
11561:. African Sun Media. p. 32.
11365:"The South African War 1899β1902"
11262:. London: Cardinal. p. 571.
10816:] (in Afrikaans). Tafelberg.
10645:Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009).
10349:
10223:. 23 February 1900. p. 1256.
9348:"The long shadow of the Boer War"
8499:from the original on 30 June 2019
8223:
7510:from the original on 7 April 2020
7188:"Boer War begins in South Africa"
7031:"The South African War 1899β1902"
6499:British logistics in the Boer War
6461:
6441:en route to South Africa in 1899.
6391:
6101:and the Imperial Light Infantry.
5396:Opposition to the Second Boer War
5229:who fell in the Second Boer War,
5082:standing over the joint grave of
4580:
4033:their last defensive position at
3665:Why were we marched up in column,
3663:Why weren't we told of the wire?
3659:A drawing-room General's mistake.
3653:Such was the day for our regiment
3476:, unwisely allowed Major-General
3369:divisions were widely dispersed.
3100:imprisonment (which he served in
2081:) over the Empire's influence in
15448:
14177:
14176:
12074:L. Tom Perry Special Collections
12070:Scrapbook of Boer War, MSS P 456
12044:
12032:
12018:Parliament of the United Kingdom
10986:The Art of War: Waterloo to Mons
10688:"Caring for the soldiers health"
10679:With Both Armies in South Africa
10671:. Cape Town: Purnell & Sons.
10658:Cameron, Trewhella, ed. (1986).
10454:
10294:
10280:
10260:
10247:
10227:
10207:
10194:
10173:
10069:
10042:
10020:
9998:
9965:
9754:
9687:
9629:
9565:
9543:"Australian Military Statistics"
9535:
9521:
9414:Homan, Philip A. (Spring 2016).
9407:
9378:
9340:
9309:
9254:
9242:
9230:
9218:
9206:
9194:
9185:
9176:
9164:
9137:
9125:
9113:
9086:
9074:
9062:
9050:
9038:
9026:
9014:
9002:
8990:
8978:
8957:
8945:
8926:
8901:
8693:Western Journal of Communication
7863:Scarlata, Paul (17 April 2017).
7819:"The Guns of the Boer Commandos"
6796:
6762:
6745:
6631:
6619:
6607:
6595:
6583:
6571:
6531:Military history of South Africa
6520:London to Ladysmith via Pretoria
6514:List of wars between democracies
5039:5. The orders, given by BVC Lt.
4687:near Bloemfontein, February 1901
4489:, particularly the Netherlands,
4027:
3706:
3657:Dearly we paid for the blunder β
3574:On 31 October 1899, General Sir
837:
824:
813:
802:
784:
773:
762:
751:
738:
726:
714:
702:
691:
680:
669:
658:
647:
636:
625:
614:
603:
590:
566:
551:
536:
521:
506:
491:
476:
463:
449:
436:
423:
408:
393:
359:
347:
330:
318:
305:
292:
278:
265:
253:
241:
229:
217:
201:
65:
15506:Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya
14299:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
13807:South African Party (1977β1980)
13800:South African Party (1911β1934)
13716:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
13513:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
11926:(1st in four volumes ed.).
11823:The British advance to Pretoria
11470:Villiers, J.C. de (June 1984).
11159:Peddie, John (22 August 2009).
11104:Paul Kruger: His Life And Times
10967:McGill-Queen's University Press
10676:Davis, Richard Harding (1900).
10620:Chase, Sean (4 November 2012).
8818:
8792:
8763:"BBC - History - The Boer Wars"
8755:
8684:
8511:
8480:
8466:
8384:
8341:
8317:
8304:
8289:, London, Methuen (1938) p. 72.
8279:
8232:
8217:
8189:
8141:
8106:
8075:
8044:
8017:
7990:
7963:
7936:
7909:
7882:
7841:
7781:
7745:
7431:
7310:
7277:
7252:
7227:
7213:"BBC β History β The Boer Wars"
7205:
7180:
7104:
7023:
6968:
6732:
6723:
6714:
6109:
6033:
5920:from D section of the Canadian
4718:, 25,630 were sent overseas to
4679:child (age 7), photographed by
4577:of the British Empire in 1910.
3717:needs additional citations for
3655:Dread the revenge we will take.
3084:A few days after the raid, the
3015:A sketch showing the arrest of
3000:
2651:. (In fact, Kruger had ordered
2510:. In fact, according to a 2011
1560:
15787:British colonisation in Africa
15541:SinhaleseβPortuguese conflicts
15511:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
14402:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War
13125:2019 service delivery protests
13111:#FeesMustFall student protests
12856:1983 constitutional referendum
11904:"South African War, 1899β1902"
11803:Die Boereterugtog uit Kaapland
11423:"Gordon Highlanders (extract)"
10955:; a standard scholarly history
10907:Jones, Huw M. (October 1999).
10704:"Taking Sides in the Boer War"
10288:"Taking Sides in the Boer War"
9952:"India and the Anglo-Boer War"
9397:Hayes, Matthew Horace (1902).
7889:Pretorius, Fransjohan (1999).
7618:Colenbrander, Herman (2010) .
7066:. South African History Online
7037:. South African History Online
6822:Jones, Huw M. (October 1999).
6779:(See the founder's biography:
6705:
6644:
6557:
6305:while on active duty in 1918.
6214:Civilians and other combatants
6198:John French, 1st Earl of Ypres
5972:
5406:St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin
4418:
4373:last major battle of the war.
4221:and had established fortified
4079:Prisoners of war sent overseas
3044:British South Africa Policemen
3019:after the failed raid, in 1896
2506:, it is officially called the
2284:and Cape Colonies to form the
2171:. Boer politicians, including
89:Boers at the besieged city of
13:
1:
15639:Operation Prosperity Guardian
14799:Black War (Van Diemen's Land)
14643:Castle Hill convict rebellion
13583:Johannesburg Reform Committee
12812:IsraelβSouth Africa Agreement
12205:
12190:
12167:
12160:
11491:. Cambridge University Press.
11445:"The JJ Potgieter Manuscript"
11427:Our Regiments in South Africa
11197:. Pickle Partners Publishing.
10959:Keppel-Jones, Arthur (1983).
10888:"Blockhouses of the Boer War"
10833:Australian Historical Studies
10787:Journal of Management History
10243:. 6 March 1900. p. 1528.
10061:Pugsley, Christopher (2016).
8487:Harman, Mike (6 March 2017).
8082:Zuehlke, Mark (15 May 2017).
8051:Krott, Rob (14 March 2014) .
7286:"Ireland and the Second Boer"
6886:Australian Historical Studies
6859:Journal of Management History
6808:
6792:Chesterton's poetry analysis)
6423:Royal Canadian Mounted Rifles
5856:Notable Canadian Engagements
5712:It is believed that up to 50
5623:
4536:
4459:In January 1902, Boer leader
4069:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
3925:The Relief of Ladysmith. Sir
3817:reinforcements being sought.
3550:First British relief attempts
3120:
3111:Jan C. Smuts wrote, in 1906:
3055:Johannesburg Reform Committee
139:Southern Africa (present-day
27:1899β1902 war in South Africa
15600:Great Rebellion of 1817β1818
15531:Malay invasions of Sri Lanka
13238:Black Consciousness Movement
12992:Government of National Unity
11887:. London: Cass. p. 179.
11450:. p. 97. Archived from
11369:South African History Online
11328:Encyclopedia of South Africa
11321:. London: Cass. p. 179.
10857:. London: Cass. p. 145.
10615:. Stanford University Press.
10493:
9950:Reddy, E.S. (29 July 1999).
9035:, pp. 62β68, 73β82, 100
8631:Davidson & Filatova 1998
8427:Changuion, Louis A. (2022).
8265:. Durban: 30 Degrees South.
8240:A History of Southern Africa
8084:"Canada's first foreign war"
7478:South African History Online
7438:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017).
7085:Biggins, David (June 2013).
5963:Natal Indian Ambulance Corps
5594:
5293:communist rebels during the
5145:Tenterfield, New South Wales
5090:, officers executed after a
5050:The letter then accused the
4973:of Floris Visser, a wounded
3943:Battle of the Tugela Heights
3933:on 28 February. Painting by
3397:When danger loomed, all the
3373:Boer organization and skills
3033:British South Africa Company
2634:negotiations in Bloemfontein
2467:'s original settlers at the
2332:trial for British war crimes
7:
12949:Saint James Church massacre
12835:Weapons of mass destruction
11918:Maurice, Sir John Frederick
11848:Breytenbach, J. H. (1996).
11815:Breytenbach, J. H. (1983).
11800:Breytenbach, J. H. (1977).
11767:Breytenbach, J. H. (1973).
11752:Breytenbach, J. H. (1971).
11731:Breytenbach, J. H. (1969).
11620:. Oxford University Press.
11519:Journal of Canadian Studies
11438:. London: Cass. p. 24.
11429:. Naval and Military Press.
11286:. Avon Books. p. 573.
11193:Powell, Sean-Andre (2015).
11060:"Chapter 3: Being in Touch"
10770:. Oxford University Press.
10747:. London. pp. 258β278.
10738:. Basic Books. p. 235.
10204:. Gill and Macmillan. p. 3.
10202:James Craig: Lord Craigavon
8310:Field Marshal Lord Carver,
7997:Lunderstedt, Steve (2000).
6662:. Smaller forces came from
6477:
6193:Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig
6021:
5951:(Middle row, 5th from left)
4707:, and the Americans in the
4394:Battle of Blood River Poort
3893:Roberts relieves the sieges
3386:wore light green uniforms.
3238:; Rhodes; Chamberlain; and
3050:and some artillery pieces.
2337:
2295:within the British Empire.
101:Canadian troops during the
10:
15888:
15480:1987β1989 JVP insurrection
15316:Jewish revolt in Palestine
14961:Fenian Rebellion in Canada
14606:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign
14498:American Revolutionary War
12689:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
12567:South West Africa campaign
12466:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
12431:French Huguenot settlement
11977:(2022) 44#1 pp. 42β70
11653:Hong Kong University Press
11335:Pulsifer, Cameron (2017).
11258:Pakenham, Thomas (1991) .
11144:. New York: Random House.
11039:(First ed.). London:
11010:. Measuringworth.com. 2015
10766:Granatstein, J.L. (2010).
10708:American Heritage Magazine
10667:Cartwright, A. P. (1964).
9846:"The Peace of Vereeniging"
7922:. Academica. p. 330.
7869:Tactical Life Gun Magazine
7708:A Handbook of the Boer War
7648:Giliomee, Hermann (1991).
7624:The Origin of the Peasants
7593:Morris & Linnegar 2004
7387:. New York: Random House.
7111:van der Waag, Ian (2005).
6923:Why the Boers Lost the War
6906:sahoboss (31 March 2011).
6787:'s writing to 1905 β (see
6472:St John the Baptist Church
6378:Imperial Military Railways
6250:, there is a monument (by
5976:
5904:
5889:
5878:
5867:
5745:South African War Memorial
5731:
5622:officers in South Africa,
5604:
5598:
5554:
5393:
5355:
5225:Memorial to soldiers from
4888:
4617:
4497:. Other countries such as
4478:
4293:
4131:. Other POWs were sent to
3968:
3935:John Henry Frederick Bacon
3867:Neville Bowles Chamberlain
3415:just, and blessed by God.
3295:Kruger's ultimatum and war
3004:
2518:
2200:. Led by generals such as
2092:caused a large influx of "
29:
15678:
15647:
15493:
15462:
15150:
15087:Jameson Raid South Africa
14621:
14374:
14235:
14174:
14151:African National Congress
14140:
14046:
13879:
13604:Liberal Party (1953β1968)
13327:
13318:
13176:
12972:
12942:1992 apartheid referendum
12611:
12556:
12475:
12413:
12386:
12379:
12145:
11893:Murray, Nicholas (2013).
11496:Watt, S (December 1982).
11402:Sibbald, Raymond (1993).
11172:Pocock, Roger S. (1917).
10984:McElwee, William (1974).
10799:10.1108/17511340910943796
10200:Patrick Buckland (1980).
9972:Itzkin, Eric (May 2009).
9385:Sydney Frederick Galvayne
9267:The Sydney Morning Herald
9059:, pp. 87β90, 100β101
8705:10.1080/10570310309374764
8285:Dunlop, Colonel John K.,
8127:10.1080/10314617808595579
7916:Muller, C. F. J. (1986).
7500:"History β The Boer Wars"
7129:10.1191/0968344505wh306oa
7005:Millard, Candice (2016).
6921:Scholtz, Leopold (2005).
6871:10.1108/17511340910943796
6740:"Battle of Magersfontein"
6504:First ItaloβEthiopian War
6385:Frederick Russell Burnham
6254:) erected to his memory.
6172:United Kingdom and empire
6091:South African Light Horse
5727:
5642:Commonwealth of Australia
5493:
5182: β were executed by
5166:On 27 February 1902, two
5025:Berlin Missionary Society
4993:was delivered by BVC Lt.
4767:
3859:Frederick Russell Burnham
3261:London Convention of 1884
3202:and 25 of the 37 mm
3029:Administrator in Rhodesia
2992:. Certain self-appointed
2753:
2660:declared war on Britain.
2481:("Second Freedom War"), '
1933:
1862:
1749:
1681:
1568:
1278:
1011:
954:
913:
849:
583:
190:
122:
64:
52:
47:
36:Boer War (disambiguation)
15827:Wars involving Australia
15590:Second KandyanβDutch War
15298:Arab revolt in Palestine
14895:Second Anglo-Burmese War
14637:Second Anglo-Maratha War
14528:Australian frontier wars
13597:Labour Party (1969β1994)
13590:Labour Party (1910β1958)
13146:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
13104:#RhodesMustFall protests
12703:1960 republic referendum
12082:Brigham Young University
11688:Seibold, Birgit (2011).
11679:Krebs, Paula M. (1999).
11502:Military History Journal
11476:Military History Journal
11023:Marsh, Peter T. (1994).
10913:Military History Journal
10386:. Goldi Productions Ltd.
10329:10.1177/0968344511417348
10095:"Borden, Harold Lothrop"
9700:. Art Canada Institute.
8967:, Second Series No. 18.
8877:. AngloBoerWar.com. 2015
8850:Judd & Surridge 2013
7740:Yap & Leong Man 1996
7565:Greaves, Adrian (2013).
7529:Keegan, Timothy (1996).
7087:"Khaki Election of 1900"
6828:Military History Journal
6551:
6453:Views on British tactics
6416:Battle of Megiddo (1918)
6360:β Author and creator of
6229:Frederick William Borden
5938:
5445:1900 UK general election
5372:German South-West Africa
5364:Republic of South Africa
5021:Carl August Daniel Heese
4447:Fresh Boer forces under
3991:as a prisoner of war in
3865:from the Staff College;
3636:and CronjΓ©, had ordered
2724:and Namaqualand (modern
2465:Dutch East India Company
72:Clockwise from top left:
15585:First KandyanβDutch War
15292:Second Mohmand campaign
15027:Third Anglo-Burmese War
14991:Second Anglo-Afghan War
14793:First Anglo-Burmese War
14769:Third Anglo-Maratha War
14600:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
14510:Second Anglo-Mysore War
14504:First Anglo-Maratha War
14049:terrorist organisations
13849:National Party of Venda
13132:2019 Johannesburg riots
12745:Constructive engagement
12710:International isolation
12528:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
11635:Witton, George (2003).
11597:Wessels, Elria (2009).
11576:Wessels, AndrΓ© (2011).
11555:Wessels, AndrΓ© (2010).
11487:Warwick, Peter (1983).
11355:Scott, John L. (2007).
11283:The Scramble for Africa
11161:"John McCrae Biography"
10953:excerpt and text search
10938:The Boer War: A History
10076:Phillips, Jock (1990).
9880:Wessels, Elria (2009).
9694:Brandon, Laura (2021).
9577:Australian War Memorial
9547:Australian War Memorial
9334:10.3406/irlan.1992.1086
9239:, pp. 115β118, 203
9191:Davey (1987), page 122.
9182:Davey (1987), page 123.
9146:, pp. 105β107, 203
8933:Leach, Charles (2012).
8476:. Burgh House Software.
8391:Speed, Neil G. (2002).
8030:. Dundurn. p. 56.
7009:. New York: Doubleday.
6526:History of South Africa
6484:Bloemfontein Conference
6439:Lord Strathcona's Horse
6233:Royal Canadian Dragoons
5914:Royal Canadian Dragoons
5646:Government of Australia
5634:self-governing colonies
5202:, and an award-winning
5034:Southern Ndebele people
4779:Relative value in 2022
4709:PhilippineβAmerican War
4481:Boer foreign volunteers
4475:Boer foreign volunteers
3626:Battle of Magersfontein
3240:mining syndicate owners
2737:William Ewart Gladstone
2432:
2236:campaign; a network of
2216:, Boer guerrillas used
2140:. Increased numbers of
2102:Bloemfontein Conference
2090:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
1743:Orange Free State Front
944:(at the end of the war)
77:Boers in action at the
15691:Ceylon in World War II
15232:Third Anglo-Afghan War
15117:First Mohmand campaign
14841:First Anglo-Afghan War
14540:Third Anglo-Mysore War
13055:Attack on Kennedy Road
12666:Congress of the People
12257:South African Republic
12049:Quotations related to
11614:Wilcox, Craig (2002).
11223:Law and History Review
10886:Jones, Maurig (1996).
10844:Inglis, Brian (1974).
10647:"Sam Hughes Biography"
10545:Blake, Albert (2010).
10168:Desai & Vahed 2015
9579:. 2008. Archived from
9549:. 2008. Archived from
9494:, p. viii fn. 11.
8909:"Inflation calculator"
7946:Mauser Military Rifles
7679:Mauser Military Rifles
6990:: CS1 maint: others (
6777:Stop the War Committee
6442:
6401:
6357:Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
6330:
6310:Harry "Breaker" Morant
6269:
6161:Martinus Theunis Steyn
6074:
6002:
5967:local Indian community
5952:
5823:
5757:
5722:White Australia Policy
5714:Aboriginal Australians
5629:
5506:
5438:Royal Dublin Fusiliers
5417:
5348:, but others did not.
5341:
5285:
5263:
5233:
5217:Aftermath and analysis
5095:
5056:Robert William Lenehan
4696:
4688:
4666:
4665:
4659:β Pakenham,
4637:
4557:
4549:
4463:was implicated in the
4453:Battle of Elands River
4388:
4314:
4254:
4192:
4167:
4105:Battle of Elandslaagte
4100:
4000:
3955:Battle of Poplar Grove
3938:
3869:from Afghanistan; and
3853:
3813:
3679:
3649:
3608:Battle of Modder River
3571:
3497:Battle of Elandslaagte
3461:
3394:
3275:
3230:
3204:Maxim Nordenfeldt guns
3169:
3150:
3147:South African Republic
3128:Martinus Theunis Steyn
3118:
3020:
2982:Portuguese East Africa
2681:
2602:
2588:South African Republic
2495:
2493:("AngloβBoer War") or
2489:
2483:
2477:
2442:
2351:
2188:early general election
2149:General Redvers Buller
2075:South African Republic
2030:
721:François-Louis Lessard
584:Commanders and leaders
355:South African Republic
34:. For other uses, see
15847:1900s in South Africa
15842:1890s in South Africa
15551:Battle of Mulleriyawa
15516:PolonnaruwaβPagan War
15501:Battle of Vijithapura
15475:1971 JVP insurrection
14889:Second Anglo-Sikh War
14546:Cotiote (Wayanad) War
14432:French and Indian War
13625:Natal Indian Congress
13345:Afrikaner Broederbond
13199:Afrikaner nationalism
12985:1994 general election
12956:Bophuthatswana crisis
12849:Church Street bombing
12629:Apartheid legislation
12622:1948 general election
12542:South Africa Act 1909
12337:Union of South Africa
12157:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
12137:Political history of
12092:23 March 2020 at the
12078:Harold B. Lee Library
11908:The Online Books Page
11443:Swardt, Eric (1998).
11384:Searle, G.R. (2004).
11315:Pretorius, Fransjohan
11115:. Past & Present.
11083:Nasson, Bill (2011).
10919:(3/4). Archived from
10806:Gronum, M.A. (1977).
10745:The South African War
10501:Berger, Carl (1971).
9791:AngloβBoer War Museum
9732:Canadian Encyclopedia
9673:"Boer War Remembered"
9316:Lowry, Donal (1992).
9047:, pp. 83β86, 100
9023:, pp. 61β72, 100
9011:, pp. 35β60, 100
8963:Arthur Davey (1987),
7620:De Afkomst Der Boeren
7496:Pretorius, Fransjohan
6834:(3/4). Archived from
6489:Treaty of Vereeniging
6437:Canadian soldiers of
6436:
6399:
6324:
6295:University of Vermont
6260:
6220:Harold Lothrop Borden
6065:
5990:troops marching down
5986:
5946:
5820:Harold Lothrop Borden
5818:
5742:The unveiling of the
5741:
5614:
5501:
5447:, also known as the "
5404:Memorial window from
5403:
5394:Further information:
5358:Union of South Africa
5352:Union of South Africa
5333:<prisoner name>
5329:
5282:Union of South Africa
5275:
5258:
5254:Milner's Kindergarten
5224:
5077:
4720:prisoner-of-war camps
4694:
4671:
4654:
4653:
4631:
4555:
4544:
4465:Leliefontein massacre
4384:
4309:
4244:
4190:
4165:
4086:
3986:
3924:
3905:Modder River. At the
3847:
3807:
3651:
3647:
3566:, he was replaced by
3557:
3482:Battle of Talana Hill
3456:
3392:
3340:British Army deployed
3273:
3224:
3200:Creusot fortress guns
3167:
3141:
3113:
3014:
2674:Battle of Majuba Hill
2671:
2664:Historical background
2619:Leander Starr Jameson
2569:Battle of Majuba Hill
2487:("Second Boer War"),
2478:Tweede Vryheidsoorlog
2440:
2419:Union of South Africa
2415:Treaty of Vereeniging
2345:
2324:opposition to the war
2286:Union of South Africa
2270:Treaty of Vereeniging
2180:Conservative ministry
2031:Tweede Vryheidsoorlog
914:Casualties and losses
598:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil
169:Treaty of Vereeniging
15737:1902 in South Africa
15732:1901 in South Africa
15727:1900 in South Africa
15722:1899 in South Africa
15632:Cocos Islands mutiny
15563:DutchβPortuguese War
15485:Sri Lankan Civil War
15051:HunzaβNagar Campaign
14859:First Anglo-Sikh War
14835:EgyptianβOttoman War
13259:Greater South Africa
13097:2014 platinum strike
12963:Shell House massacre
12891:Transkei coup d'Γ©tat
12696:Sharpeville massacre
12459:Battle of Blaauwberg
12452:Battle of Muizenberg
12404:Battle of Salt River
12187:Mthethwa Paramountcy
12041:at Wikimedia Commons
11916:British War Office;
11609:on 14 February 2013.
11513:Webb, Peter (2010).
11393:Spies, S.B. (1977).
11111:O'Brien, P. (1988).
10669:The Dynamite Company
10409:Grundlingh, Albert.
10372:on 22 November 2012.
9892:on 14 February 2013.
9844:Cavendish, Richard.
8999:, pp. 22β23, 99
8987:, pp. 17β22, 99
8969:Van Riebeeck Society
8462:on 10 December 2005.
8198:, p. 145 cites
8024:Horn, Bernd (2012).
7970:Gooch, John (2013).
7943:Grant, Neil (2015).
7676:Grant, Neil (2015).
7604:Entry: Cape Colony.
7284:Diver, Luke (2014).
6775:were members of the
6248:Canning, Nova Scotia
6126:Schalk Willem Burger
6105:Notable participants
5688:Harry Harbord Morant
5551:Imperial involvement
5414:Royal Irish Regiment
5180:Bushveldt Carbineers
5174:and Australian born
5149:only followed orders
5080:James Francis Thomas
4936:justice of the peace
4920:Bushveldt Carbineers
4897:Bushveldt Carbineers
4545:Peace conference at
4449:Jan Christiaan Smuts
4352:at Ysterspruit near
4073:Clarens, Switzerland
4067:, sent by the Queen
3997:Battle of Paardeberg
3907:Battle of Paardeberg
3726:improve this article
3602:on 23 November, the
3576:Redvers Henry Buller
3560:Redvers Henry Buller
3217:British case for war
3046:, was equipped with
2545:Battle of Blaauwberg
2461:white South Africans
2350:and Second Boer Wars
103:Battle of Paardeberg
95:Boer militia at the
15556:Campaign of Danture
15304:Waziristan campaign
15238:Waziristan campaign
14931:Revolt of Rajab Ali
14408:War of Jenkins' Ear
14158:Democratic Alliance
13328:Civic and political
13192:Afrikaner Calvinism
13185:African nationalism
13034:African Renaissance
12724:UNSC Resolution 591
12645:Internal resistance
12546:National Convention
12514:Transvaal Civil War
12438:KhoikhoiβDutch Wars
12321:Orange River Colony
11883:Gooch, John (ed.).
11531:10.3138/jcs.44.1.75
11341:Canadian War Museum
11206:. London: Longman.
11102:Nathan, M. (1941).
10969:. pp. 590β99.
10923:on 22 December 2015
10863:Jacson, M. (1908).
10536:Bester, R. (1994).
9831:Canadian War Museum
9787:"The Guerrilla War"
9766:Canadian War Museum
9738:on 23 January 2012.
9728:"South African War"
9683:on 4 February 2013.
9375:, pp. 223β229.
9294:, pp. 483β526.
9161:, pp. 109, 203
9095:, pp. 104, 106
8913:bankofengland.co.uk
8896:Measuringworth 2015
8864:, pp. 227β232.
8657:, pp. 258β278.
8621:, pp. 483β485.
8259:Ash, Chris (2020).
8154:britishempire.me.uk
8057:SmallArmsReview.com
7752:Measuringworth 2015
6838:on 22 December 2015
6546:Scramble for Africa
6069:volunteers leaving
5857:
5790:Sir Wilfrid Laurier
5718:Griffith University
5651:Arthur Alfred Lynch
5204:Australian New Wave
5041:Charles H.G. Hannam
5036:, was also killed.
4614:Concentration camps
4111:until POW camps in
4087:A Transit camp for
3971:Advance on Pretoria
3965:Capture of Pretoria
3947:Relief of Ladysmith
3927:George Stuart White
3810:Battle of Spion Kop
3505:Robert Baden-Powell
3470:George Stuart White
3079:Second Matabele War
2463:descended from the
2254:concentration camps
2218:hit-and-run attacks
1221:South Africa (1914)
1186:South Africa (1906)
1151:South Africa (1899)
1121:Matabeleland (1896)
1111:South Africa (1895)
1091:Matabeleland (1893)
1056:Somalia (1888β1924)
1051:Equatoria (1886β89)
1021:South Africa (1880)
1016:South Africa (1879)
1003:Scramble for Africa
956:Civilian casualties
898:African auxiliaries
870:African auxiliaries
698:Robert Baden-Powell
385:Foreign volunteers:
97:Battle of Spion Kop
59:Scramble for Africa
15757:1900s in Transvaal
15752:1890s in Transvaal
15627:Easter Sunday Raid
15178:Bambatha Rebellion
15093:Anglo-Zanzibar War
15081:Chitral Expedition
15015:Anglo-Egyptian War
14787:Anglo-Ashanti wars
14492:Lord Dunmore's War
14450:Anglo-Cherokee War
14359:King William's War
12898:Ciskei coup d'Γ©tat
12717:UN Resolution 1761
12682:Women's March 1956
12535:South African Wars
12521:Mineral Revolution
11716:Breytenbach, J. H.
11371:. 10 November 2011
11303:Scientia Militaria
11033:Meintjes, Johannes
10726:on 7 January 2009.
10626:The Daily Observer
10579:on 27 October 2016
10436:on 3 November 2012
10273:The London Gazette
10240:The London Gazette
10220:The London Gazette
9671:Marshall, Robert.
9322:Etudes irlandaises
9215:, pp. 105β109
9071:, pp. 100β101
8325:Bye-Bye Dolly Gray
8262:The Boer War Atlas
8148:Crowhurst, Peter.
8115:Historical Studies
7147:– via Jstor.
6946:Eveleigh Nash 1914
6781:William T. Stead's
6443:
6402:
6374:Royal Irish Rifles
6331:
6315:summary executions
6291:In Flanders Fields
6270:
6252:Hamilton MacCarthy
6223:- son of Canada's
6151:Marthinus Prinsloo
6095:Rimington's Guides
6075:
6051:on the borders of
6003:
5953:
5949:Mohandas K. Gandhi
5855:
5833:set piece fighting
5824:
5780:citizens were pro-
5763:Strathcona's Horse
5758:
5630:
5507:
5422:Irish nationalists
5418:
5286:
5234:
5096:
5092:1902 court-martial
5054:of the BVC, Major
5001:on 6 August 1901.
4928:Officer Commanding
4922:(BVC) garrison at
4912:Northern Transvaal
4904:irregular regiment
4697:
4689:
4685:concentration camp
4642:concentration camp
4638:
4636:concentration camp
4587:Mohandas K. Gandhi
4558:
4550:
4529:of Russia, became
4389:
4315:
4255:
4212:Use of blockhouses
4193:
4168:
4146:Oath of neutrality
4101:
4001:
3959:Relief of Mafeking
3939:
3854:
3814:
3812:, 24 January 1900.
3650:
3572:
3466:Battle of Kraaipan
3462:
3395:
3276:
3231:
3170:
3159:The First Boer War
3151:
3048:Maxim machine guns
3021:
2840:(Nov) β 1901 (Apr)
2696:, the king of the
2682:
2649:British government
2641:Joseph Chamberlain
2638:Colonial Secretary
2592:Jan Gerrit Bantjes
2526:Jan Gerrit Bantjes
2484:Tweede Boereoorlog
2443:
2352:
2151:, was replaced by
2044:Second Freedom War
1938:Pretoria Offensive
1876:Colesberg District
1675:Bechuanaland Front
1623:Ladysmith (Relief)
1583:Ladysmith (Battle)
1410:Pretoria Offensive
1076:Mashonaland (1890)
905:Foreign volunteers
610:Joseph Chamberlain
18:The Anglo-Boer War
15777:Conflicts in 1902
15772:Conflicts in 1901
15767:Conflicts in 1900
15762:Conflicts in 1899
15699:
15698:
15526:Pandyan Civil War
15409:
15408:
15340:Malayan Emergency
15250:Malabar rebellion
15111:Siege of Malakand
15057:Anglo-Manipur War
14913:Anglo-Persian War
14462:Anglo-Spanish War
14414:King George's War
14335:King Philip's War
14311:Anglo-Spanish War
14190:
14189:
14143:political parties
14136:
14135:
14113:Orde van die Dood
13723:Progressive Party
13429:Congress Alliance
13245:Cape Independence
13177:Political culture
13172:
13171:
13139:COVID-19 pandemic
13069:Marikana massacre
12905:Venda coup d'Γ©tat
12659:Defiance Campaign
12249:Orange Free State
12179:Dutch Cape Colony
12037:Media related to
11627:978-0-19-551637-1
11589:978-1-920383-27-5
11568:978-1-920383-09-1
11457:on 16 August 2010
11406:. Bramley Books.
11213:978-0-582-64384-0
11165:firstworldwar.com
11050:978-0-304-29423-7
10976:978-0-7735-0534-6
10947:978-1-78076-591-4
10823:978-0-624-01009-8
10777:978-0-19-543088-2
10692:Nash's war manual
10651:firstworldwar.com
10516:978-0-8020-6113-3
10428:Barnard, Hennie.
10179:Miller, Russell.
9707:978-1-4871-0271-5
9658:, pp. 75β90.
8954:, pp. 98β101
8806:. 10 October 1999
8609:, pp. 15β22.
8381:, pp. 84β85.
8365:978-0-7329-1062-4
8272:978-1-928359-83-8
8037:978-1-4597-0578-4
8010:978-0-620-26099-2
7983:978-1-135-27181-7
7956:978-1-4728-0595-9
7929:978-0-86874-271-7
7902:978-0-7981-3808-6
7823:American Rifleman
7788:Machanik, Felix.
7726:978-1-374-97455-5
7689:978-1-4728-0595-9
7659:978-0-520-07420-0
7595:, pp. 58β95.
7576:978-1-62914-513-6
7548:978-0-8139-1735-1
7498:(18 March 2008).
7451:978-0-7864-7470-7
7332:978-0-19-189094-9
7016:978-0-385-53573-1
6932:978-1-4039-4880-9
6590:Western Australia
6335:Winston Churchill
6327:Winston Churchill
6231:. Serving in the
6166:Christiaan de Wet
6099:Kitchener's Horse
6028:Rhodesia Regiment
5936:
5935:
5784:, and wanted the
5756:, Canada, in 1908
5644:in 1901, the new
5337:<Camp name>
5303:British Commandos
5295:Malayan Emergency
5278:High Commissioner
5153:take no prisoners
4940:Western Australia
4882:
4881:
4438:Johannes LΓΆtter's
4377:Eastern Transvaal
4335:Western Transvaal
4311:Christiaan De Wet
4302:Orange Free State
4206:Christiaan de Wet
4198:Christiaan Beyers
4182:Imperial Yeomanry
4173:guerrilla warfare
4013:Christiaan de Wet
3871:William Nicholson
3802:
3801:
3794:
3776:
3741:"Second Boer War"
3604:Battle of Graspan
3600:Battle of Belmont
3564:Battle of Colenso
3355:Aldershot Command
3321:Daily Telegraph's
3302:Loyal North Lancs
3283:Negotiations fail
3174:Mauser Model 1895
2947:
2946:
2718:Missionaries Road
2702:Berlin Conference
2658:Orange Free State
2533:Dutch Cape Colony
2508:South African War
2499:("English War").
2490:AngloβBoereoorlog
2469:Cape of Good Hope
2328:neutral countries
2234:counterinsurgency
2210:Christiaan de Wet
2079:Orange Free State
2063:South African War
2016:
2015:
1893:
1892:
1856:Cape Colony Front
1822:
1821:
1709:
1708:
1641:
1640:
1588:Ladysmith (Siege)
1528:
1527:
1495:Blood River Poort
1234:
1233:
1191:Morocco (1907β34)
1181:Morocco (1905β06)
1176:Tanganyika (1905)
1156:Somaliland (1900)
1096:Morocco (1893β94)
1081:Katanga (1891β92)
1046:Madagascar (1883)
968:
967:
960:46,370 fatalities
945:
936:
895:
890:
885:
844:Christiaan de Wet
676:Herbert Kitchener
643:William Robertson
632:Frederick Roberts
367:Orange Free State
186:
185:
79:Battle of Colenso
16:(Redirected from
15879:
15867:Canadian Militia
15686:Military history
15679:Related articles
15607:Matale rebellion
15454:
15452:
15451:
15436:
15429:
15422:
15413:
15412:
15358:Cyprus Emergency
15184:Maritz rebellion
15172:Tibet expedition
15105:Benin Expedition
14925:Indian Rebellion
14919:Second Opium War
14901:Eureka Rebellion
14877:British Honduras
14853:New Zealand Wars
14438:Seven Years' War
14384:Queen Anne's War
14217:
14210:
14203:
14194:
14193:
14180:
14179:
14167:
14160:
14153:
14129:
14122:
14115:
14108:
14101:
14094:
14087:
14080:
14073:
14066:
14059:
14047:Paramilitary and
14039:
14037:Umkosi Wezintaba
14032:
14025:
14018:
14011:
14004:
13997:
13990:
13983:
13976:
13969:
13962:
13955:
13948:
13941:
13934:
13927:
13920:
13913:
13906:
13899:
13892:
13882:social movements
13880:Trade unions and
13872:
13865:
13858:
13851:
13844:
13837:
13830:
13823:
13816:
13809:
13802:
13795:
13788:
13781:
13774:
13767:
13760:
13753:
13746:
13739:
13732:
13725:
13718:
13711:
13704:
13697:
13690:
13683:
13676:
13669:
13662:
13655:
13648:
13641:
13634:
13627:
13620:
13613:
13606:
13599:
13592:
13585:
13578:
13571:
13564:
13557:
13550:
13543:
13536:
13529:
13522:
13515:
13508:
13501:
13494:
13487:
13480:
13473:
13466:
13459:
13452:
13445:
13438:
13431:
13424:
13417:
13410:
13403:
13396:
13394:Boerestaat Party
13389:
13382:
13375:
13368:
13361:
13354:
13347:
13340:
13325:
13324:
13311:
13302:
13293:
13284:
13277:
13268:
13261:
13254:
13247:
13240:
13233:
13224:
13215:
13208:
13201:
13194:
13187:
13165:
13155:
13148:
13141:
13134:
13127:
13120:
13113:
13106:
13099:
13092:
13085:
13078:
13071:
13064:
13057:
13050:
13043:
13036:
13029:
13022:
13015:
13008:
13001:
12994:
12987:
12965:
12958:
12951:
12944:
12937:
12928:
12921:
12914:
12907:
12900:
12893:
12886:
12884:Dakar Conference
12879:
12872:
12865:
12858:
12851:
12844:
12837:
12830:
12823:
12814:
12807:
12805:Israeli alliance
12800:
12793:
12786:
12775:
12768:
12761:
12759:Sporting boycott
12754:
12747:
12740:
12733:
12731:Academic boycott
12726:
12719:
12712:
12705:
12698:
12691:
12684:
12675:
12668:
12661:
12654:
12647:
12638:
12631:
12624:
12604:
12597:
12590:
12588:Great Depression
12583:
12576:
12574:Maritz rebellion
12569:
12549:
12537:
12530:
12523:
12516:
12509:
12502:
12495:
12488:
12468:
12461:
12454:
12447:
12440:
12433:
12426:
12424:Dutch settlement
12406:
12399:
12397:Bantu migrations
12384:
12383:
12372:
12364:
12356:
12348:
12340:
12332:
12329:Transvaal Colony
12324:
12316:
12308:
12300:
12297:Nieuwe Republiek
12292:
12284:
12276:
12268:
12260:
12252:
12244:
12236:
12233:Natalia Republic
12228:
12220:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12202:Ndwandwe Kingdom
12197:
12195:
12192:
12182:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12165:
12162:
12131:
12124:
12117:
12108:
12107:
12048:
12036:
12021:
11999:
11927:
11911:
11898:
11888:
11877:
11844:
11811:
11796:
11763:
11748:
11727:
11702:
11693:
11684:
11666:
11640:
11631:
11610:
11605:. Archived from
11593:
11572:
11551:
11542:
11509:
11492:
11483:
11466:
11464:
11462:
11456:
11449:
11439:
11430:
11417:
11398:
11389:
11380:
11378:
11376:
11360:
11351:
11349:
11347:
11331:
11322:
11310:
11305:(in Afrikaans).
11297:
11278:Pakenham, Thomas
11273:
11254:
11217:
11198:
11189:
11168:
11155:
11143:
11134:Pakenham, Thomas
11129:
11126:Regimental Rouge
11116:
11107:
11098:
11079:
11054:
11028:
11019:
11017:
11015:
10999:
10980:
10951:
10932:
10930:
10928:
10903:
10901:
10899:
10882:
10858:
10849:
10840:
10827:
10802:
10781:
10762:
10756:
10748:
10739:
10727:
10722:. Archived from
10695:
10683:
10672:
10663:
10654:
10641:
10639:
10637:
10628:. Archived from
10616:
10607:
10588:
10586:
10584:
10568:
10562:
10554:
10541:
10532:
10508:
10487:
10486:
10484:
10482:
10467:
10461:
10460:
10452:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10441:
10432:. Archived from
10425:
10419:
10418:
10406:
10400:
10394:
10388:
10387:
10380:
10374:
10373:
10368:. Archived from
10362:
10356:
10355:
10352:"Battle of Mons"
10347:
10341:
10340:
10312:
10301:
10298:
10292:
10291:
10284:
10278:
10277:
10264:
10258:
10251:
10245:
10244:
10231:
10225:
10224:
10211:
10205:
10198:
10192:
10177:
10171:
10165:
10159:
10153:
10147:
10141:
10135:
10129:
10123:
10117:
10111:
10105:
10099:
10098:
10091:
10082:
10081:
10073:
10067:
10066:
10058:
10049:
10046:
10040:
10039:
10037:
10035:
10024:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10013:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9991:
9985:
9978:
9969:
9963:
9962:
9960:
9958:
9947:
9938:
9932:
9921:
9915:
9906:
9900:
9894:
9893:
9888:. Archived from
9877:
9866:
9860:
9854:
9853:
9841:
9835:
9834:
9823:
9814:
9813:
9806:"The Black Week"
9801:
9795:
9794:
9783:
9777:
9776:
9774:
9772:
9758:
9752:
9749:Granatstein 2010
9746:
9740:
9739:
9734:. Archived from
9726:Miller, Carman.
9723:
9712:
9711:
9691:
9685:
9684:
9679:. Archived from
9668:
9659:
9653:
9636:
9633:
9627:
9626:
9624:
9622:
9611:
9605:
9599:
9593:
9592:
9590:
9588:
9569:
9563:
9562:
9560:
9558:
9539:
9533:
9532:
9525:
9519:
9513:
9507:
9501:
9495:
9489:
9483:
9477:
9471:
9465:
9459:
9453:
9447:
9446:
9444:
9442:
9428:10.5282/RCC/7418
9411:
9405:
9404:
9394:
9388:
9382:
9376:
9370:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9344:
9338:
9337:
9313:
9307:
9301:
9295:
9289:
9283:
9277:
9271:
9270:
9263:"Rest in Peace?"
9258:
9252:
9246:
9240:
9234:
9228:
9222:
9216:
9210:
9204:
9203:, pp. 54β55
9198:
9192:
9189:
9183:
9180:
9174:
9168:
9162:
9156:
9147:
9141:
9135:
9129:
9123:
9117:
9111:
9105:
9096:
9090:
9084:
9083:, pp. 97β98
9078:
9072:
9066:
9060:
9054:
9048:
9042:
9036:
9030:
9024:
9018:
9012:
9006:
9000:
8994:
8988:
8982:
8976:
8961:
8955:
8949:
8943:
8942:
8930:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8919:
8905:
8899:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8882:
8871:
8865:
8859:
8853:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8836:
8830:sahistory.org.za
8822:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8811:
8796:
8790:
8784:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8759:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8748:
8742:sahistory.org.za
8734:
8725:
8724:
8688:
8682:
8676:
8670:
8664:
8658:
8652:
8646:
8640:
8634:
8628:
8622:
8616:
8610:
8604:
8598:
8592:
8586:
8580:
8574:
8569:
8558:
8552:
8546:
8540:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8529:
8523:geni_family_tree
8515:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8484:
8478:
8477:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8458:. Archived from
8452:
8443:
8442:
8424:
8415:
8414:
8388:
8382:
8376:
8370:
8369:
8345:
8339:
8333:
8327:
8321:
8315:
8308:
8302:
8296:
8290:
8283:
8277:
8276:
8256:
8243:
8236:
8230:
8229:
8221:
8215:
8209:
8203:
8202:, pp. 53β55
8193:
8187:
8186:
8178:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8150:"Lord Salisbury"
8145:
8139:
8138:
8110:
8104:
8103:
8101:
8099:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8068:
8048:
8042:
8041:
8021:
8015:
8014:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7967:
7961:
7960:
7940:
7934:
7933:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7886:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7860:
7851:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7834:
7814:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7800:
7785:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7730:
7703:
7694:
7693:
7673:
7664:
7663:
7645:
7639:
7637:
7615:
7609:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7581:
7580:
7562:
7553:
7552:
7536:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7492:
7483:
7474:
7468:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7435:
7429:
7428:
7420:
7399:
7398:
7386:
7377:Pakenham, Thomas
7373:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7319:"United Kingdom"
7314:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7297:
7290:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7264:angloboerwar.com
7256:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7166:sahistory.org.za
7158:
7149:
7148:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7091:angloboerwar.com
7082:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7064:sahistory.org.za
7056:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7035:sahistory.org.za
7027:
7021:
7020:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6989:
6981:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6949:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6903:
6894:
6893:
6881:
6875:
6874:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6819:
6803:
6800:
6794:
6785:G. K. Chesterton
6766:
6760:
6749:
6743:
6736:
6730:
6727:
6721:
6718:
6712:
6709:
6703:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6600:
6599:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6576:
6575:
6561:
6341:The Morning Post
6279:cabinet minister
6177:Military leaders
5998:, to embark for
5992:Wellesley Street
5926:Victoria Crosses
5858:
5854:
5628:
5625:
5536:-like paste, by
5523:
5464:military service
5248:and his largely
4885:War crimes trial
4842:Β£19,040,000,000
4776:Cost at the time
4765:
4764:
4716:prisoners of war
4663:
4433:Gideon Scheepers
4281:Peace committees
4089:Prisoners of War
4054:Archibald Hunter
4050:Brandwater Basin
3918:with 4,000 men.
3863:George Henderson
3797:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3734:
3710:
3702:
3677:
3671:enquire ...
3630:Highland Brigade
3428:mounted infantry
3384:Staatsartillerie
3380:Staatsartillerie
3155:Westley Richards
3145:, leader of the
3134:Arming the Boers
2751:
2750:
2605:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2266:killed in action
2258:mounted infantry
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
1958:1st Elands River
1928:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1880:2nd Elands River
1857:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1744:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1633:Blood River Port
1563:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1490:2nd Elands River
1435:1st Elands River
1273:
1271:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1136:Wassoulou (1898)
1101:Wassoulou (1894)
1041:Wassoulou (1883)
1006:
1004:
994:
987:
980:
971:
970:
943:
934:
933:24,000 captured
893:
889:Free State Boers
888:
883:
842:
841:
829:
828:
818:
817:
807:
806:
797:
789:
788:
780:Schalk W. Burger
778:
777:
767:
766:
756:
755:
743:
742:
733:Walter Tunbridge
731:
730:
723:
719:
718:
707:
706:
696:
695:
685:
684:
674:
673:
663:
662:
652:
651:
641:
640:
630:
629:
619:
618:
608:
607:
595:
594:
576:
572:
570:
569:
561:
557:
555:
554:
546:
542:
540:
539:
531:
527:
525:
524:
516:
512:
510:
509:
501:
497:
495:
494:
486:
482:
480:
479:
468:
467:
466:
459:
455:
453:
452:
441:
440:
439:
432:
428:
427:
426:
418:
414:
412:
411:
403:
399:
397:
396:
365:
363:
362:
353:
351:
350:
336:
334:
333:
323:
322:
321:
311:
309:
308:
298:
296:
295:
288:
284:
282:
281:
270:
269:
268:
258:
257:
256:
246:
245:
244:
234:
233:
232:
222:
221:
220:
211:
207:
205:
204:
161:British victory
124:
123:
69:
45:
44:
21:
15887:
15886:
15882:
15881:
15880:
15878:
15877:
15876:
15852:1899 beginnings
15712:Second Boer War
15702:
15701:
15700:
15695:
15674:
15643:
15612:Second Boer War
15489:
15458:
15449:
15447:
15444:armed conflicts
15440:
15410:
15405:
15346:Kenya Emergency
15152:
15146:
15141:Second Boer War
15135:Boxer Rebellion
15063:Pahang Uprising
14943:Ambela campaign
14865:RΓo de la Plata
14847:First Opium War
14829:Aden Expedition
14661:RΓo de la Plata
14623:
14617:
14588:Irish Rebellion
14480:First Carib War
14376:
14370:
14293:Confederate War
14287:Irish Rebellion
14237:
14231:
14221:
14191:
14186:
14170:
14163:
14156:
14149:
14142:
14132:
14125:
14118:
14111:
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14097:
14090:
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14076:
14069:
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14042:
14035:
14028:
14021:
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13986:
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13965:
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13944:
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13916:
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13805:
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13784:
13777:
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13763:
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13749:
13742:
13735:
13728:
13721:
13714:
13707:
13700:
13693:
13686:
13679:
13672:
13665:
13658:
13651:
13644:
13637:
13630:
13623:
13616:
13609:
13602:
13595:
13588:
13581:
13574:
13567:
13560:
13553:
13546:
13541:HNP (Herstigte)
13539:
13534:HNP (Herenigde)
13532:
13525:
13518:
13511:
13504:
13497:
13490:
13483:
13476:
13469:
13462:
13455:
13448:
13441:
13434:
13427:
13420:
13413:
13406:
13399:
13392:
13385:
13378:
13371:
13364:
13357:
13352:Afrikaner Party
13350:
13343:
13336:
13329:
13320:
13314:
13305:
13296:
13287:
13280:
13271:
13266:Honorary whites
13264:
13257:
13250:
13243:
13236:
13227:
13218:
13211:
13204:
13197:
13190:
13183:
13168:
13158:
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13144:
13137:
13130:
13123:
13116:
13109:
13102:
13095:
13088:
13081:
13074:
13067:
13060:
13053:
13046:
13039:
13032:
13027:Soweto bombings
13025:
13018:
13011:
13004:
12997:
12990:
12983:
12975:
12968:
12961:
12954:
12947:
12940:
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12910:
12903:
12896:
12889:
12882:
12875:
12868:
12861:
12854:
12847:
12840:
12833:
12828:Soweto Uprising
12826:
12819:
12810:
12803:
12796:
12789:
12782:
12771:
12764:
12757:
12752:Tar Baby Option
12750:
12743:
12736:
12729:
12722:
12715:
12708:
12701:
12694:
12687:
12680:
12673:Freedom Charter
12671:
12664:
12657:
12650:
12643:
12634:
12627:
12620:
12607:
12600:
12593:
12586:
12579:
12572:
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12422:
12409:
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12395:
12375:
12367:
12359:
12351:
12343:
12335:
12327:
12319:
12311:
12303:
12295:
12287:
12279:
12273:Griqualand West
12271:
12265:Griqualand East
12263:
12255:
12247:
12239:
12231:
12223:
12215:
12208:
12200:
12193:
12185:
12177:
12170:
12163:
12155:
12141:
12135:
12094:Wayback Machine
12051:Second Boer War
12039:Second Boer War
12029:
12024:
12020:. 4 March 1902.
12002:
11866:
11833:
11785:
11710:
11708:Further reading
11705:
11683:. Cambridge UP.
11674:
11669:
11663:
11655:. p. 510.
11628:
11590:
11569:
11550:. London: Cass.
11460:
11458:
11454:
11447:
11414:
11374:
11372:
11345:
11343:
11294:
11270:
11235:10.2307/3595118
11214:
11186:
11152:
11106:. Durban: Knox.
11095:
11076:
11051:
11013:
11011:
10996:
10977:
10948:
10926:
10924:
10897:
10895:
10879:
10824:
10778:
10750:
10749:
10732:Ferguson, Niall
10635:
10633:
10632:on 28 June 2018
10604:
10582:
10580:
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10555:
10517:
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9999:
9989:
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9970:
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9948:
9941:
9933:
9924:
9916:
9909:
9901:
9897:
9878:
9869:
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9857:
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9825:
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9708:
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9639:
9634:
9630:
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9618:
9613:
9612:
9608:
9600:
9596:
9586:
9584:
9583:on 22 July 2012
9571:
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9027:
9019:
9015:
9007:
9003:
8995:
8991:
8983:
8979:
8962:
8958:
8950:
8946:
8939:Louis Trichardt
8931:
8927:
8917:
8915:
8907:
8906:
8902:
8894:
8890:
8880:
8878:
8873:
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8771:
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8756:
8746:
8744:
8736:
8735:
8728:
8689:
8685:
8677:
8673:
8665:
8661:
8655:Grundlingh 1980
8653:
8649:
8641:
8637:
8629:
8625:
8617:
8613:
8605:
8601:
8593:
8589:
8581:
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8467:
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8439:
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8330:
8322:
8318:
8309:
8305:
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8293:
8284:
8280:
8273:
8257:
8246:
8237:
8233:
8222:
8218:
8210:
8206:
8194:
8190:
8185:. London: Cass.
8179:
8168:
8158:
8156:
8146:
8142:
8121:(70): 106β117.
8111:
8107:
8097:
8095:
8088:Legion Magazine
8080:
8076:
8066:
8064:
8049:
8045:
8038:
8022:
8018:
8011:
7995:
7991:
7984:
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7941:
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7930:
7914:
7910:
7903:
7887:
7883:
7873:
7871:
7861:
7854:
7846:
7842:
7832:
7830:
7815:
7808:
7798:
7796:
7786:
7782:
7774:
7770:
7764:Cartwright 1964
7762:
7758:
7750:
7746:
7738:
7734:
7727:
7717:Gale and Polden
7705:
7704:
7697:
7690:
7674:
7667:
7660:
7646:
7642:
7634:
7616:
7612:
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7584:
7577:
7563:
7556:
7549:
7527:
7523:
7513:
7511:
7493:
7486:
7475:
7471:
7463:
7459:
7452:
7436:
7432:
7427:. London: Cass.
7421:
7402:
7395:
7374:
7347:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7315:
7311:
7301:
7299:
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7024:
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6999:
6983:
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6915:
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6882:
6878:
6855:
6851:
6841:
6839:
6820:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6797:
6789:Rice University
6767:
6763:
6757:History Ireland
6750:
6746:
6737:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6719:
6715:
6710:
6706:
6700:Austria-Hungary
6672:Congress Poland
6649:
6645:
6630:
6620:
6618:
6614:South Australia
6608:
6606:
6594:
6584:
6582:
6578:New South Wales
6570:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6480:
6464:
6455:
6394:
6362:Sherlock Holmes
6244:Wilfrid Laurier
6216:
6179:
6174:
6112:
6107:
6036:
6024:
5981:
5975:
5941:
5736:
5730:
5676:Melbourne Punch
5660:The Australian
5626:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5559:
5553:
5521:
5518:Manchester City
5496:
5430:Irish commandos
5398:
5392:
5360:
5354:
5342:
5320:irreconcilables
5219:
5211:Bruce Beresford
5207:film adaptation
5157:Hubert Hamilton
5108:Provost Marshal
5052:Field Commander
4975:prisoner of war
4971:revenge killing
4893:
4887:
4877:Β£19,906,000,000
4823:Β£4,450,000,000
4812:Β£6,410,000,000
4801:Β£6,000,000,000
4790:Β£2,180,000,000
4760:
4758:Cost of the war
4740:, typhoid, and
4664:
4658:
4657:
4626:
4618:Main articles:
4616:
4583:
4539:
4527:Yevgeny Maximov
4483:
4477:
4421:
4379:
4350:S. B. von Donop
4337:
4304:
4296:
4283:
4263:National Scouts
4239:
4219:armoured trains
4214:
4160:
4148:
4081:
4030:
3973:
3967:
3895:
3842:
3840:Buller replaced
3798:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3735:
3733:
3723:
3711:
3700:
3678:
3675:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3589:William Gatacre
3552:
3535:McGregor Museum
3518:Robert Kekewich
3457:War theatre in
3451:
3375:
3342:
3337:
3297:
3285:
3248:Lionel Phillips
3219:
3136:
3123:
3090:Kruger telegram
3009:
3003:
2939:Β£8,490,000,000
2922:Β£6,640,000,000
2905:Β£5,220,000,000
2888:Β£3,090,000,000
2858:
2839:
2833:Β£6,300,000,000
2820:
2814:Β£6,910,000,000
2791:
2775:
2768:
2755:
2666:
2541:Napoleonic Wars
2521:
2435:
2340:
2161:pitched battles
2083:Southern Africa
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2023:Second Boer War
2019:
2018:
2017:
2012:
1993:Hartbeesfontein
1929:
1927:Transvaal Front
1926:
1924:
1894:
1889:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1823:
1818:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1710:
1705:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1642:
1637:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1529:
1524:
1475:Hartbeesfontein
1274:
1270:Second Boer War
1269:
1267:
1265:
1235:
1230:
1216:Libya (1911β12)
1126:Zanzibar (1896)
1116:Ethiopia (1896)
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
963:
961:
959:
946:
937:
935:(sent overseas)
932:
924:
922:
920:
908:
903:
901:
896:
891:
886:
884:Transvaal Boers
881:
873:
868:
867:103,000β153,000
866:
861:
859:
836:
835:
823:
822:
812:
811:
801:
800:
783:
782:
772:
771:
761:
760:
750:
749:
737:
725:
724:
713:
712:
711:
701:
700:
690:
689:
687:Rudolph Lambart
679:
678:
668:
667:
657:
656:
646:
645:
635:
634:
624:
623:
613:
612:
602:
601:
589:
579:
574:Austria-Hungary
567:
565:
552:
550:
537:
535:
522:
520:
507:
505:
492:
490:
477:
475:
464:
462:
450:
448:
437:
435:
424:
422:
421:
409:
407:
394:
392:
388:
387:
380:
360:
358:
357:
348:
346:
342:
331:
329:
319:
317:
306:
304:
293:
291:
279:
277:
266:
264:
254:
252:
242:
240:
230:
228:
218:
216:
213:
212:
202:
200:
178:
152:
118:
70:
48:Second Boer War
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15885:
15875:
15874:
15869:
15864:
15859:
15854:
15849:
15844:
15839:
15834:
15829:
15824:
15819:
15817:Guerrilla wars
15814:
15809:
15804:
15799:
15794:
15789:
15784:
15782:Boer Republics
15779:
15774:
15769:
15764:
15759:
15754:
15749:
15744:
15739:
15734:
15729:
15724:
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15697:
15696:
15694:
15693:
15688:
15682:
15680:
15676:
15675:
15673:
15672:
15667:
15662:
15657:
15651:
15649:
15645:
15644:
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15641:
15636:
15635:
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15629:
15619:
15614:
15609:
15604:
15603:
15602:
15592:
15587:
15582:
15581:
15580:
15575:
15565:
15560:
15559:
15558:
15553:
15548:
15546:Siege of Kotte
15538:
15536:MingβKotte War
15533:
15528:
15523:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15497:
15495:
15491:
15490:
15488:
15487:
15482:
15477:
15472:
15466:
15464:
15460:
15459:
15439:
15438:
15431:
15424:
15416:
15407:
15406:
15404:
15403:
15397:
15391:
15385:
15379:
15373:
15367:
15361:
15355:
15349:
15343:
15337:
15331:
15325:
15319:
15313:
15307:
15301:
15295:
15289:
15286:Barzani revolt
15283:
15277:
15271:
15265:
15259:
15253:
15247:
15241:
15235:
15229:
15223:
15217:
15211:
15205:
15199:
15193:
15187:
15181:
15175:
15169:
15163:
15156:
15154:
15148:
15147:
15145:
15144:
15138:
15132:
15126:
15123:Tirah campaign
15120:
15114:
15108:
15102:
15096:
15090:
15084:
15078:
15072:
15066:
15060:
15054:
15048:
15042:
15036:
15033:Central Africa
15030:
15024:
15018:
15012:
15006:
15003:First Boer War
15000:
14994:
14988:
14985:Anglo-Zulu War
14982:
14976:
14970:
14964:
14958:
14952:
14946:
14940:
14934:
14928:
14922:
14916:
14910:
14904:
14898:
14892:
14886:
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14868:
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14778:
14772:
14766:
14760:
14754:
14748:
14742:
14736:
14730:
14724:
14718:
14712:
14706:
14700:
14694:
14688:
14682:
14676:
14673:Froberg mutiny
14670:
14664:
14658:
14652:
14646:
14640:
14634:
14627:
14625:
14619:
14618:
14616:
14615:
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14393:
14387:
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14378:
14372:
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14368:
14362:
14356:
14353:Williamite War
14350:
14344:
14338:
14332:
14326:
14320:
14314:
14308:
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14290:
14284:
14278:
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14229:British Empire
14220:
14219:
14212:
14205:
14197:
14188:
14187:
14175:
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14171:
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14144:
14138:
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14131:
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14116:
14109:
14106:Ossewabrandwag
14102:
14095:
14088:
14081:
14074:
14067:
14060:
14052:
14050:
14044:
14043:
14041:
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13893:
13885:
13883:
13877:
13876:
13874:
13873:
13866:
13859:
13852:
13845:
13842:Unionist Party
13838:
13831:
13824:
13821:Torch Commando
13817:
13810:
13803:
13796:
13789:
13782:
13775:
13768:
13761:
13754:
13747:
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13695:Orde Boerevolk
13691:
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13649:
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13509:
13502:
13495:
13488:
13481:
13474:
13471:DP (1989β2000)
13467:
13464:DP (1973β1977)
13460:
13457:Dominion Party
13453:
13446:
13439:
13432:
13425:
13418:
13411:
13404:
13397:
13390:
13383:
13376:
13369:
13362:
13355:
13348:
13341:
13338:Afrikaner Bond
13333:
13331:
13322:
13316:
13315:
13313:
13312:
13303:
13294:
13285:
13278:
13269:
13262:
13255:
13252:Day of the Vow
13248:
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13051:
13044:
13037:
13030:
13023:
13020:Floor crossing
13016:
13009:
13002:
12995:
12988:
12980:
12978:
12970:
12969:
12967:
12966:
12959:
12952:
12945:
12938:
12935:Bisho massacre
12931:
12930:
12929:
12915:
12908:
12901:
12894:
12887:
12880:
12877:Operation Vula
12873:
12870:Rubicon speech
12866:
12863:Langa massacre
12859:
12852:
12845:
12838:
12831:
12824:
12817:
12816:
12815:
12801:
12794:
12787:
12780:
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12609:
12608:
12606:
12605:
12598:
12591:
12584:
12581:Rand Rebellion
12577:
12570:
12562:
12560:
12554:
12553:
12551:
12550:
12538:
12531:
12524:
12517:
12510:
12507:Boer Republics
12503:
12496:
12489:
12481:
12479:
12473:
12472:
12470:
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12462:
12455:
12448:
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12376:
12374:
12373:
12365:
12357:
12353:Bophuthatswana
12349:
12341:
12333:
12325:
12317:
12313:Klein Vrystaat
12309:
12301:
12293:
12285:
12277:
12269:
12261:
12253:
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12237:
12229:
12221:
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12143:
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12134:
12133:
12126:
12119:
12111:
12105:
12104:
12096:
12084:
12067:
12062:
12054:
12042:
12028:
12027:External links
12025:
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11692:. Columbia UP.
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11672:Historiography
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11117:
11108:
11099:
11094:978-0349104669
11093:
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11074:
11055:
11049:
11029:
11020:
11000:
10994:
10981:
10975:
10956:
10946:
10933:
10904:
10894:on 13 May 2008
10883:
10877:
10860:
10850:
10846:Roger Casement
10841:
10828:
10822:
10803:
10793:(2): 147β158.
10782:
10776:
10763:
10740:
10728:
10702:(March 1976).
10700:Farwell, Byron
10696:
10684:
10673:
10664:
10655:
10642:
10617:
10608:
10602:
10589:
10569:
10551:Farmer Traitor
10547:Boereverraaier
10542:
10533:
10515:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10489:
10488:
10462:
10447:
10420:
10401:
10399:, p. 214.
10389:
10375:
10357:
10350:Baker, Chris.
10342:
10323:(4): 495β513.
10317:War in History
10302:
10293:
10279:
10259:
10246:
10226:
10206:
10193:
10172:
10160:
10148:
10146:, p. 568.
10144:Pakenham 1991a
10136:
10124:
10112:
10100:
10083:
10068:
10050:
10041:
10019:
9997:
9964:
9939:
9922:
9907:
9895:
9867:
9855:
9836:
9815:
9810:History of War
9796:
9778:
9753:
9741:
9713:
9706:
9686:
9660:
9637:
9628:
9606:
9604:, p. 103.
9594:
9564:
9553:on 15 May 2008
9534:
9520:
9508:
9496:
9484:
9472:
9460:
9448:
9422:. No. 2.
9406:
9389:
9377:
9365:
9339:
9328:(2): 105β121.
9308:
9296:
9284:
9272:
9253:
9241:
9229:
9217:
9205:
9193:
9184:
9175:
9163:
9148:
9136:
9124:
9112:
9097:
9085:
9073:
9061:
9049:
9037:
9025:
9013:
9001:
8989:
8977:
8975:. Pages 78β82.
8956:
8944:
8925:
8900:
8888:
8866:
8854:
8852:, p. 195.
8842:
8817:
8791:
8779:
8754:
8726:
8683:
8679:Pretorius 2011
8671:
8659:
8647:
8635:
8623:
8611:
8599:
8597:, p. 140.
8587:
8585:, p. 571.
8575:
8559:
8547:
8545:, p. 207.
8535:
8510:
8479:
8465:
8444:
8437:
8416:
8401:
8383:
8371:
8364:
8340:
8338:, p. 573.
8336:Pakenham 1991a
8328:
8316:
8303:
8301:, p. 276.
8291:
8278:
8271:
8244:
8231:
8216:
8204:
8188:
8166:
8140:
8105:
8074:
8043:
8036:
8016:
8009:
7989:
7982:
7962:
7955:
7935:
7928:
7908:
7901:
7881:
7852:
7840:
7806:
7780:
7768:
7756:
7744:
7742:, p. 134.
7732:
7725:
7695:
7688:
7665:
7658:
7640:
7633:978-1167481994
7632:
7610:
7597:
7582:
7575:
7554:
7547:
7521:
7484:
7469:
7457:
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7400:
7393:
7345:
7331:
7309:
7276:
7251:
7226:
7204:
7179:
7150:
7117:War in History
7103:
7077:
7048:
7022:
7015:
6997:
6967:
6950:
6948:, p. 309.
6938:
6931:
6913:
6895:
6876:
6865:(2): 147β158.
6849:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6804:
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6744:
6731:
6722:
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6704:
6643:
6641:
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6628:
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6604:
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6580:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6541:First Boer War
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6479:
6476:
6463:
6462:Commemorations
6460:
6454:
6451:
6412:Battle of Mons
6393:
6392:Final overview
6390:
6349:Mahatma Gandhi
6241:Prime Minister
6237:Queen Victoria
6215:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6183:Redvers Buller
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6141:Koos de la Rey
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6045:Edward Brabant
6035:
6032:
6023:
6020:
6007:Richard Seddon
5974:
5971:
5940:
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5933:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5786:prime minister
5729:
5726:
5706:Breaker Morant
5692:Peter Handcock
5653:, formerly of
5605:Main article:
5596:
5593:
5576:Cape Coloureds
5572:British Ceylon
5552:
5549:
5545:Horse Memorial
5504:Port Elizabeth
5495:
5492:
5449:Khaki election
5391:
5388:
5356:Main article:
5353:
5350:
5328:
5299:fall of France
5267:Boer rebellion
5218:
5215:
5196:kangaroo court
5176:Peter Handcock
5088:Peter Handcock
5084:Breaker Morant
4963:Peter Handcock
4916:Boer Commandos
4910:active in the
4908:mounted rifles
4889:Main article:
4886:
4883:
4880:
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4785:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4759:
4756:
4752:Emily Hobhouse
4705:Ten Years' War
4701:Scorched Earth
4681:Emily Hobhouse
4673:Lizzie van Zyl
4655:
4615:
4612:
4582:
4581:Nonwhite roles
4579:
4571:British Empire
4538:
4535:
4525:of France and
4511:Russian Empire
4479:Main article:
4476:
4473:
4420:
4417:
4386:Boer commandos
4378:
4375:
4342:Koos De La Rey
4336:
4333:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4292:
4282:
4279:
4267:Andries CronjΓ©
4247:scorched earth
4238:
4235:
4217:they had used
4213:
4210:
4159:
4156:
4147:
4144:
4097:British Empire
4080:
4077:
4029:
4026:
3969:Main article:
3966:
3963:
3941:In Natal, the
3916:Surrender Hill
3894:
3891:
3841:
3838:
3826:Charles Warren
3800:
3799:
3714:
3712:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3673:
3634:Koos de la Rey
3551:
3548:
3530:Kimberley Mine
3459:northern Natal
3450:
3447:
3421:prone position
3374:
3371:
3351:Redvers Buller
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3329:Queen Victoria
3296:
3293:
3284:
3281:
3265:Roger Casement
3252:Lord Salisbury
3244:Barney Barnato
3242:such as Beit,
3218:
3215:
3135:
3132:
3122:
3119:
3059:Boer commandos
3005:Main article:
3002:
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2806:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2787:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2733:First Boer War
2708:In the 1880s,
2678:First Boer War
2665:
2662:
2632:The June 1899
2578:, prompting a
2528:in June 1884.
2520:
2517:
2496:Engelse oorlog
2447:First Boer War
2434:
2431:
2407:scorched earth
2403:Lord Kitchener
2339:
2336:
2290:self-governing
2230:scorched earth
2214:Koos de la Rey
2192:khaki election
2184:Lord Salisbury
2157:Lord Kitchener
2071:Boer republics
2067:British Empire
2059:AngloβBoer War
2014:
2013:
2011:
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1618:Tugela Heights
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1380:Tugela Heights
1377:
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1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:Morocco (1911)
1208:
1206:Ouaddai (1909)
1203:
1201:Morocco (1909)
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1171:Namibia (1904)
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1146:Fashoda (1898)
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:Ashanti (1895)
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1086:Dahomey (1892)
1083:
1078:
1073:
1071:Dahomey (1890)
1068:
1063:
1061:Eritrea (1889)
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1026:Tunisia (1881)
1023:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1008:
997:
996:
989:
982:
974:
966:
965:
952:
951:
929:
916:
915:
911:
910:
878:Boer Commandos
875:
852:
851:
847:
846:
832:Martinus Steyn
758:Koos de la Rey
735:
709:Herbert Plumer
665:Redvers Buller
586:
585:
581:
580:
578:
577:
562:
547:
532:
517:
502:
487:
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460:
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209:United Kingdom
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138:
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131:
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120:
119:
117:
116:
115:on 27 Feb 1900
109:Redvers Buller
105:
99:
93:
87:
81:
74:
62:
61:
50:
49:
43:
42:
32:First Boer War
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15884:
15873:
15870:
15868:
15865:
15863:
15862:Canadian Army
15860:
15858:
15855:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15815:
15813:
15812:Victorian era
15810:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15793:
15790:
15788:
15785:
15783:
15780:
15778:
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15773:
15770:
15768:
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15758:
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15710:
15709:
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15576:
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15569:
15566:
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15509:
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15425:
15423:
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15320:
15317:
15314:
15311:
15308:
15305:
15302:
15299:
15296:
15293:
15290:
15287:
15284:
15281:
15278:
15275:
15274:Ikhwan revolt
15272:
15269:
15266:
15263:
15260:
15257:
15254:
15251:
15248:
15245:
15242:
15239:
15236:
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15227:
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15094:
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15073:
15070:
15067:
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15055:
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15049:
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15040:
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15025:
15022:
15019:
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15010:
15007:
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15001:
14998:
14995:
14992:
14989:
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14953:
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14920:
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14908:
14905:
14902:
14899:
14896:
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14884:
14881:
14878:
14875:
14872:
14869:
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14863:
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14857:
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14851:
14848:
14845:
14842:
14839:
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14827:
14824:
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14818:
14815:
14812:
14809:
14806:
14803:
14800:
14797:
14794:
14791:
14788:
14785:
14782:
14779:
14776:
14773:
14770:
14767:
14764:
14761:
14758:
14755:
14752:
14749:
14746:
14743:
14740:
14737:
14734:
14731:
14728:
14725:
14722:
14721:Spice Islands
14719:
14716:
14713:
14710:
14707:
14704:
14701:
14698:
14695:
14692:
14689:
14686:
14683:
14680:
14679:Santo Domingo
14677:
14674:
14671:
14668:
14665:
14662:
14659:
14656:
14653:
14650:
14647:
14644:
14641:
14638:
14635:
14632:
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14620:
14613:
14610:
14607:
14604:
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14598:
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14577:
14574:
14571:
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14562:
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14538:
14535:
14532:
14529:
14526:
14523:
14520:
14517:
14514:
14511:
14508:
14505:
14502:
14499:
14496:
14493:
14490:
14487:
14484:
14481:
14478:
14475:
14472:
14469:
14468:Pontiac's War
14466:
14463:
14460:
14457:
14454:
14451:
14448:
14445:
14442:
14439:
14436:
14433:
14430:
14427:
14424:
14421:
14420:Carnatic Wars
14418:
14415:
14412:
14409:
14406:
14403:
14400:
14397:
14394:
14391:
14390:Tuscarora War
14388:
14385:
14382:
14381:
14379:
14373:
14366:
14363:
14360:
14357:
14354:
14351:
14348:
14345:
14342:
14339:
14336:
14333:
14330:
14327:
14324:
14321:
14318:
14315:
14312:
14309:
14306:
14303:
14300:
14297:
14294:
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14288:
14285:
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14279:
14276:
14273:
14270:
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14264:
14261:
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14255:
14252:
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14246:
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14234:
14230:
14226:
14218:
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14211:
14206:
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14185:
14184:
14173:
14166:
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14155:
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14147:
14145:
14139:
14128:
14124:
14121:
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14114:
14110:
14107:
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14093:
14089:
14086:
14082:
14079:
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14065:
14061:
14058:
14054:
14053:
14051:
14045:
14038:
14034:
14031:
14027:
14024:
14023:Die Spoorbund
14020:
14017:
14013:
14010:
14006:
14003:
13999:
13996:
13992:
13989:
13985:
13982:
13978:
13975:
13971:
13968:
13964:
13961:
13957:
13954:
13950:
13947:
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13940:
13936:
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13926:
13922:
13919:
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13912:
13908:
13905:
13901:
13898:
13894:
13891:
13887:
13886:
13884:
13878:
13871:
13867:
13864:
13863:Workers Party
13860:
13857:
13853:
13850:
13846:
13843:
13839:
13836:
13832:
13829:
13825:
13822:
13818:
13815:
13811:
13808:
13804:
13801:
13797:
13794:
13790:
13787:
13783:
13780:
13776:
13773:
13769:
13766:
13762:
13759:
13755:
13752:
13748:
13745:
13741:
13738:
13737:Radio Freedom
13734:
13731:
13727:
13724:
13720:
13717:
13713:
13710:
13706:
13703:
13699:
13696:
13692:
13689:
13688:Oranjewerkers
13685:
13682:
13678:
13675:
13671:
13668:
13664:
13661:
13657:
13654:
13650:
13647:
13643:
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13608:
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13510:
13507:
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13500:
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13479:
13475:
13472:
13468:
13465:
13461:
13458:
13454:
13451:
13447:
13444:
13440:
13437:
13433:
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13426:
13423:
13419:
13416:
13412:
13409:
13405:
13402:
13398:
13395:
13391:
13388:
13384:
13381:
13377:
13374:
13370:
13367:
13363:
13360:
13356:
13353:
13349:
13346:
13342:
13339:
13335:
13334:
13332:
13330:organisations
13326:
13323:
13321:organisations
13317:
13310:
13309:
13304:
13301:
13300:
13295:
13292:
13291:
13286:
13283:
13279:
13276:
13275:
13270:
13267:
13263:
13260:
13256:
13253:
13249:
13246:
13242:
13239:
13235:
13232:
13231:
13226:
13223:
13222:
13217:
13214:
13210:
13207:
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13186:
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13181:
13179:
13175:
13164:
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13157:
13154:
13150:
13147:
13143:
13140:
13136:
13133:
13129:
13126:
13122:
13119:
13118:Tshwane riots
13115:
13112:
13108:
13105:
13101:
13098:
13094:
13091:
13087:
13084:
13080:
13077:
13073:
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13059:
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13049:
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13017:
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13003:
13000:
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12881:
12878:
12874:
12871:
12867:
12864:
12860:
12857:
12853:
12850:
12846:
12843:
12842:Project Coast
12839:
12836:
12832:
12829:
12825:
12822:
12821:Mafeje affair
12818:
12813:
12809:
12808:
12806:
12802:
12799:
12795:
12792:
12791:Durban Moment
12788:
12785:
12784:Rivonia Trial
12781:
12774:
12770:
12767:
12763:
12762:
12760:
12756:
12753:
12749:
12746:
12742:
12739:
12738:Disinvestment
12735:
12732:
12728:
12725:
12721:
12718:
12714:
12713:
12711:
12707:
12704:
12700:
12697:
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12674:
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12637:
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12603:
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12578:
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12571:
12568:
12564:
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12559:
12555:
12547:
12543:
12539:
12536:
12532:
12529:
12525:
12522:
12518:
12515:
12511:
12508:
12504:
12501:
12497:
12494:
12493:1820 Settlers
12490:
12487:
12483:
12482:
12480:
12478:
12474:
12467:
12463:
12460:
12456:
12453:
12449:
12446:
12442:
12439:
12435:
12432:
12428:
12425:
12421:
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12405:
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12398:
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12391:
12389:
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12382:
12378:
12370:
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12358:
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12350:
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12120:
12118:
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12047:
12043:
12040:
12035:
12031:
12030:
12019:
12015:
12011:
12010:
12005:
12001:
11997:
11993:
11989:
11988:
11983:
11982:Reitz, Deneys
11979:
11976:
11972:
11967:
11966:maps volume 4
11963:
11960:
11957:
11956:maps volume 3
11953:
11950:
11947:
11946:maps volume 2
11943:
11940:
11937:
11936:maps volume 1
11933:
11930:
11929:
11925:
11924:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11905:
11900:
11896:
11891:
11886:
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11875:
11871:
11867:
11865:9780797033214
11861:
11857:
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11846:
11842:
11838:
11834:
11832:9780621083606
11828:
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11809:
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11804:
11798:
11794:
11790:
11786:
11784:9780797012394
11780:
11776:
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11765:
11761:
11757:
11756:
11750:
11746:
11742:
11738:
11734:
11729:
11728:
11725:
11721:
11718:(1969β1996).
11717:
11713:
11712:
11700:
11695:
11691:
11686:
11682:
11677:
11676:
11664:
11662:9-6220-9423-6
11658:
11654:
11651:. Hong Kong:
11650:
11645:
11643:
11638:
11633:
11629:
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11413:1-85833-733-X
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11293:0-380-71999-1
11289:
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11269:0-7474-0976-5
11265:
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11185:0-665-99382-X
11181:
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11157:
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11151:0-394-42742-4
11147:
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11118:
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11077:
11075:0-7969-2061-3
11071:
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11046:
11042:
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11034:
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11026:
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11009:
11005:
11001:
10997:
10995:0-253-31075-X
10991:
10987:
10982:
10978:
10972:
10968:
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10963:
10957:
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10949:
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10939:
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10893:
10889:
10884:
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10878:1-4264-9111-5
10874:
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10599:
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10498:
10477:. 31 May 2017
10476:
10472:
10466:
10458:
10451:
10435:
10431:
10424:
10416:
10415:History Today
10412:
10405:
10398:
10393:
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10379:
10371:
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10275:
10274:
10269:
10263:
10256:
10250:
10242:
10241:
10236:
10230:
10222:
10221:
10216:
10210:
10203:
10197:
10190:
10189:0-312-37897-1
10186:
10182:
10176:
10169:
10164:
10157:
10152:
10145:
10140:
10133:
10128:
10121:
10116:
10109:
10104:
10096:
10090:
10088:
10079:
10072:
10064:
10057:
10055:
10045:
10029:
10023:
10007:
10001:
9982:
9975:
9968:
9953:
9946:
9944:
9936:
9935:Pulsifer 2017
9931:
9929:
9927:
9919:
9914:
9912:
9904:
9903:Stirling 2009
9899:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9876:
9874:
9872:
9864:
9859:
9851:
9850:History Today
9847:
9840:
9832:
9828:
9822:
9820:
9811:
9807:
9800:
9792:
9788:
9782:
9767:
9763:
9757:
9750:
9745:
9737:
9733:
9729:
9722:
9720:
9718:
9709:
9703:
9699:
9698:
9690:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9667:
9665:
9657:
9652:
9650:
9648:
9646:
9644:
9642:
9632:
9616:
9610:
9603:
9598:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9568:
9552:
9548:
9544:
9538:
9530:
9524:
9517:
9512:
9505:
9500:
9493:
9488:
9482:, p. 88.
9481:
9476:
9469:
9464:
9458:, p. 34.
9457:
9452:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9421:
9417:
9410:
9402:
9401:
9393:
9386:
9381:
9374:
9369:
9354:. 3 June 2020
9353:
9352:New Statesman
9349:
9343:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9323:
9319:
9312:
9306:, p. 97.
9305:
9300:
9293:
9288:
9281:
9276:
9268:
9264:
9257:
9251:
9245:
9238:
9233:
9227:, p. 110
9226:
9221:
9214:
9209:
9202:
9197:
9188:
9179:
9173:, p. 113
9172:
9167:
9160:
9155:
9153:
9145:
9140:
9134:, p. 203
9133:
9128:
9122:, p. 107
9121:
9116:
9110:, p. 105
9109:
9104:
9102:
9094:
9089:
9082:
9077:
9070:
9065:
9058:
9053:
9046:
9041:
9034:
9029:
9022:
9017:
9010:
9005:
8998:
8993:
8986:
8981:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8960:
8953:
8948:
8940:
8936:
8929:
8914:
8910:
8904:
8897:
8892:
8876:
8870:
8863:
8858:
8851:
8846:
8831:
8827:
8821:
8805:
8801:
8795:
8789:, p. 32.
8788:
8783:
8768:
8767:www.bbc.co.uk
8764:
8758:
8743:
8739:
8733:
8731:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8694:
8687:
8680:
8675:
8668:
8663:
8656:
8651:
8644:
8639:
8633:, p. 80.
8632:
8627:
8620:
8615:
8608:
8603:
8596:
8591:
8584:
8583:Pakenham 1991
8579:
8573:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8557:, p. 46.
8556:
8551:
8544:
8539:
8524:
8520:
8514:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8483:
8475:
8469:
8461:
8457:
8451:
8449:
8440:
8438:9781990915116
8434:
8430:
8423:
8421:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8402:0-9581356-0-6
8398:
8394:
8387:
8380:
8375:
8367:
8361:
8357:
8356:Pan Macmillan
8353:
8352:
8344:
8337:
8332:
8326:
8320:
8314:, pp. 259β262
8313:
8307:
8300:
8295:
8288:
8282:
8274:
8268:
8264:
8263:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8241:
8235:
8227:
8226:Boer Politics
8220:
8214:, p. 24.
8213:
8212:Surridge 2000
8208:
8201:
8197:
8192:
8184:
8177:
8175:
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8171:
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7466:
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7434:
7426:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7396:
7394:0-394-42742-4
7390:
7385:
7384:
7378:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7358:
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7334:
7328:
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7313:
7294:
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7280:
7265:
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7255:
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7214:
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7092:
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7081:
7065:
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7055:
7053:
7036:
7032:
7026:
7018:
7012:
7008:
7001:
6993:
6987:
6979:
6978:
6971:
6965:, p. 79.
6964:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6947:
6942:
6934:
6928:
6924:
6917:
6909:
6902:
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6853:
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6758:
6754:
6748:
6741:
6735:
6726:
6717:
6708:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6692:United States
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6660:Sweden-Norway
6657:
6653:
6647:
6639:
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6603:
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6408:
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6300:
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6282:
6280:
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6264:
6259:
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6230:
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6119:
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6029:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5959:
5956:
5950:
5945:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5918:12 pound guns
5915:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5853:
5849:
5847:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5805:William Otter
5801:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5746:
5740:
5735:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5701:
5700:court-martial
5697:
5696:George Witton
5693:
5689:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5638:Great Britain
5635:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5592:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5568:British India
5563:
5558:
5548:
5546:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5511:
5505:
5500:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5480:United States
5475:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5415:
5411:
5410:An TΓΊr Gloine
5407:
5402:
5397:
5387:
5385:
5384:Easter Rising
5380:
5379:bittereinders
5375:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5349:
5347:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5315:Bittereinders
5311:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5268:
5262:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5100:Civil Service
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5042:
5037:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5017:
5015:
5014:George Witton
5011:
5010:Elim Hospital
5007:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4991:coup de grΓ’ce
4988:
4984:
4980:
4979:Koedoes River
4976:
4972:
4967:
4964:
4959:
4956:
4955:Alfred Taylor
4952:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4853:Β£866,000,000
4852:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4763:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4721:
4717:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4693:
4686:
4683:in a British
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4649:refugee camps
4645:
4643:
4635:
4632:Tents in the
4630:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4562:
4554:
4548:
4543:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4495:Sweden-Norway
4492:
4488:
4482:
4472:
4470:
4469:Northern Cape
4466:
4462:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4416:
4414:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:Wolmaransstad
4351:
4345:
4343:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4312:
4308:
4299:
4291:
4289:
4288:Meyer de Kock
4278:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4164:
4155:
4153:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4064:De Gelderland
4058:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4028:Boers retreat
4025:
4022:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3972:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3929:greets Major
3928:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3899:Magersfontein
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3851:
3848:Boer General
3846:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3796:
3793:
3785:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743: β
3742:
3738:
3737:Find sources:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3715:This section
3713:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3676:Private Smith
3672:
3670:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3593:Cape Midlands
3590:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3292:
3290:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3236:Alfred Milner
3228:
3223:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3178:Martini-Henry
3175:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3131:
3129:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3086:German Kaiser
3082:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3057:, before the
3056:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3013:
3008:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:Cape to Cairo
2987:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2871:Β£441,000,000
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2852:Β£908,000,000
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2790:Relative 2010
2788:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2776:(fine ounces)
2772:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:1898 to 1910
2752:
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2617:of 1895. Dr.
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2584:Witwatersrand
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2376:Magersfontein
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2199:
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2197:bittereinders
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2166:
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2134:Magersfontein
2131:
2127:
2123:
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2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
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2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:Transvaal War
2052:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Middelfontein
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
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1969:
1966:
1964:
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1959:
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1809:Biddulphsberg
1807:
1805:
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1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
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1774:Magersfontein
1772:
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1470:Middelfontein
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1385:3rd Ladysmith
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1373:Bloody Sunday
1371:
1370:
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1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
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1326:
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1323:Willow Grange
1321:
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1313:2nd Ladysmith
1311:
1309:
1308:1st Ladysmith
1306:
1304:
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1226:Darfur (1916)
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1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
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1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:Mufilo (1907)
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:Angola (1902)
1164:
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1005:
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983:
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949:
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940:bitter-enders
930:
927:
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912:
906:
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857:
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628:
622:
621:Alfred Milner
617:
611:
606:
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593:
588:
587:
582:
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563:
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548:
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544:United States
533:
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518:
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473:
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430:Sweden-Norway
420:
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390:
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377:
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356:
344:
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19:
15857:1902 endings
15648:Peacekeeping
15622:World War II
15611:
15595:Kandyan Wars
15244:Iraqi Revolt
15140:
15099:Matabeleland
15075:North Borneo
15069:Matabeleland
15021:Saskatchewan
14823:Upper Canada
14817:Lower Canada
14775:Persian Gulf
14691:Persian Gulf
14631:Newfoundland
14612:Polygar Wars
14582:Kandyan Wars
14534:Nootka Sound
14181:
14141:Histories of
13835:United Party
13744:Reform Party
13681:Orangia Unie
13306:
13297:
13290:Swart gevaar
13288:
13272:
13228:
13219:
13160:
13062:Blikkiesdorp
12388:Pre-colonial
12241:Natal Colony
12225:Zulu Kingdom
12139:South Africa
12100:
12058:The Boer War
12057:
12053:at Wikiquote
12016:(cc402-67).
12013:
12007:
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11732:
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11719:
11701:. Greenwood.
11698:
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11680:
11648:
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11607:the original
11602:
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11459:. Retrieved
11452:the original
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11014:12 September
11012:. Retrieved
11007:
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10937:
10925:. Retrieved
10921:the original
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10892:the original
10868:
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10854:
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10634:. Retrieved
10630:the original
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10577:the original
10550:
10546:
10537:
10504:
10479:. Retrieved
10474:
10465:
10455:Gous, Nico.
10450:
10438:. Retrieved
10434:the original
10423:
10414:
10404:
10397:Sibbald 1993
10392:
10378:
10370:the original
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10062:
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10032:. Retrieved
10022:
10010:. Retrieved
10000:
9988:. Retrieved
9967:
9955:. Retrieved
9898:
9890:the original
9885:
9863:O'Leary 1999
9858:
9849:
9839:
9830:
9809:
9804:Rickard, J.
9799:
9790:
9781:
9769:. Retrieved
9765:
9756:
9744:
9736:the original
9731:
9696:
9689:
9681:the original
9676:
9631:
9621:19 September
9619:. Retrieved
9609:
9597:
9585:. Retrieved
9581:the original
9567:
9555:. Retrieved
9551:the original
9537:
9523:
9511:
9504:Farwell 1976
9499:
9487:
9475:
9463:
9451:
9439:. Retrieved
9419:
9409:
9399:
9392:
9380:
9373:McElwee 1974
9368:
9356:. Retrieved
9351:
9342:
9325:
9321:
9311:
9299:
9292:Onselen 2003
9287:
9280:Onselen 1982
9275:
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8964:
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8947:
8934:
8928:
8916:. Retrieved
8912:
8903:
8891:
8881:12 September
8879:. Retrieved
8869:
8862:Sibbald 1993
8857:
8845:
8833:. Retrieved
8829:
8820:
8808:. Retrieved
8804:The Guardian
8803:
8794:
8787:Wessels 2010
8782:
8770:. Retrieved
8766:
8757:
8745:. Retrieved
8741:
8696:
8692:
8686:
8674:
8667:Warwick 1983
8662:
8650:
8643:O'Brien 1988
8638:
8626:
8614:
8602:
8590:
8578:
8550:
8543:Cameron 1986
8538:
8526:. Retrieved
8522:
8513:
8501:. Retrieved
8492:
8482:
8468:
8460:the original
8428:
8392:
8386:
8374:
8350:
8343:
8331:
8324:
8319:
8312:The Boer War
8311:
8306:
8294:
8286:
8281:
8261:
8239:
8234:
8225:
8219:
8207:
8196:Jeffery 2000
8191:
8182:
8157:. Retrieved
8153:
8143:
8118:
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8108:
8096:. Retrieved
8087:
8077:
8065:. Retrieved
8056:
8046:
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7868:
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7831:. Retrieved
7822:
7797:. Retrieved
7793:
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7524:
7512:. Retrieved
7477:
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7440:
7433:
7424:
7383:The Boer War
7382:
7336:. Retrieved
7322:
7312:
7300:. Retrieved
7279:
7267:. Retrieved
7263:
7254:
7242:. Retrieved
7238:
7229:
7217:. Retrieved
7207:
7195:. Retrieved
7191:
7182:
7170:. Retrieved
7165:
7123:(1): 15β43.
7120:
7116:
7106:
7094:. Retrieved
7090:
7080:
7068:. Retrieved
7063:
7039:. Retrieved
7034:
7025:
7006:
7000:
6976:
6970:
6963:Wessels 2011
6941:
6922:
6916:
6889:
6885:
6879:
6862:
6858:
6852:
6840:. Retrieved
6836:the original
6831:
6827:
6817:
6798:
6769:Lloyd George
6764:
6756:
6747:
6739:
6734:
6725:
6716:
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6646:
6559:
6518:
6465:
6456:
6447:Buffelspoort
6444:
6420:
6403:
6383:
6382:
6367:
6366:
6355:
6354:
6347:
6346:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6329:on the right
6308:
6307:
6284:
6283:
6272:
6271:
6261:Memorial at
6218:
6217:
6136:Piet Joubert
6121:Philip Botha
6110:Boer leaders
6084:
6080:"hensoppers"
6079:
6076:
6056:
6037:
6034:South Africa
6025:
6016:
6004:
6000:South Africa
5960:
5957:
5954:
5907:Leliefontein
5898:
5864:Description
5850:
5846:Commonwealth
5842:
5838:
5825:
5810:
5802:
5775:
5771:
5759:
5743:
5711:
5705:
5685:
5674:
5671:
5659:
5631:
5585:
5564:
5560:
5542:
5538:boiling down
5529:
5526:
5517:
5512:
5508:
5476:
5472:
5457:
5455:government.
5453:Conservative
5442:
5434:Arthur Lynch
5419:
5378:
5376:
5361:
5345:
5343:
5336:
5332:
5331:The bearer,
5330:
5324:Deneys Reitz
5319:
5313:
5310:Freedom Wars
5309:
5307:
5287:
5264:
5259:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5209:by director
5186:after being
5184:firing squad
5172:Harry Morant
5168:British Army
5165:
5161:manslaughter
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5097:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5029:Bandolierkop
5018:
5003:
4999:Duivelskloof
4995:Harry Picton
4987:firing squad
4983:Harry Morant
4968:
4960:
4944:
4901:British Army
4894:
4876:
4872:Β£211,156,000
4871:
4866:
4839:Β£201,907,000
4761:
4745:
4729:
4713:
4698:
4661:The Boer War
4660:
4646:
4639:
4634:Bloemfontein
4608:
4600:
4592:
4584:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4531:veggeneraals
4530:
4513:, including
4484:
4461:Manie Maritz
4458:
4446:
4426:
4422:
4410:
4390:
4362:
4346:
4338:
4325:
4316:
4297:
4284:
4275:
4270:
4260:
4256:
4231:
4215:
4202:Nooitgedacht
4194:
4178:
4169:
4149:
4141:
4125:Saint Helena
4122:
4102:
4062:
4059:
4047:
4031:
4024:casualties.
4021:Diamond Hill
4018:
4009:Sanna's Post
4002:
3993:Saint Helena
3974:
3951:
3940:
3937:(1868β1914).
3931:Hubert Gough
3903:
3896:
3886:
3879:
3875:Modder River
3855:
3830:
3819:
3815:
3788:
3782:October 2020
3779:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3736:
3724:Please help
3719:verification
3716:
3687:Tugela River
3680:
3669:Tommy Atkins
3652:
3623:
3619:Orange River
3612:
3597:
3585:Lord Methuen
3573:
3568:Earl Roberts
3541:
3539:
3522:
3514:
3502:
3493:Ian Hamilton
3491:and Colonel
3486:
3463:
3425:
3417:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3347:I Army Corps
3343:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3289:Bloemfontein
3286:
3277:
3232:
3211:
3208:
3197:
3194:
3183:
3171:
3158:
3152:
3124:
3114:
3110:
3098:
3093:
3083:
3068:
3052:
3041:Bechuanaland
3022:
3007:Jameson Raid
3001:Jameson Raid
2993:
2979:
2954:
2948:
2789:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2742:
2730:
2710:Bechuanaland
2707:
2698:Sotho people
2694:Moshoeshoe I
2683:
2631:
2627:
2623:Johannesburg
2615:Jameson Raid
2611:Cecil Rhodes
2608:
2595:
2586:area of the
2580:diamond rush
2573:
2562:
2530:
2522:
2504:South Africa
2501:
2450:
2444:
2423:
2411:
2405:, adopted a
2399:
2391:Lord Roberts
2388:
2353:
2297:
2278:Orange River
2246:strongpoints
2226:
2195:
2169:Bloemfontein
2153:Lord Roberts
2146:
2142:British Army
2087:
2069:and the two
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2022:
2020:
1998:Duivelskloof
1978:Nooitgedacht
1973:Leliefontein
1968:Rhenosterkop
1948:Diamond Hill
1794:Sanna's Post
1784:Poplar Grove
1769:Modder River
1578:Elandslaagte
1515:Hart's River
1485:Duivelskloof
1460:Nooitgedacht
1455:Leliefontein
1450:Rhenosterkop
1425:Diamond Hill
1400:Sanna's Post
1390:Poplar Grove
1338:Modder River
1303:Elandslaagte
1268:
1150:
1131:Benin (1897)
1066:Congo (1895)
1036:Egypt (1882)
1031:Sudan (1881)
955:
947:
942:surrendered
925:
904:
897:
892:6,000β7,000
877:
869:
862:
855:
830:
809:Piet Joubert
744:
654:Paul Methuen
596:
345:
260:Bechuanaland
236:Natal Colony
191:Belligerents
160:
141:South Africa
85:Elands River
71:
53:Part of the
40:
15617:World War I
15364:Suez Crisis
15262:Transjordan
15166:West Africa
15143:(1899β1902)
15137:(1898β1901)
15129:Six-Day War
15077:(1894β1905)
15065:(1891β1895)
15045:Mashonaland
15009:Mahdist War
14949:Shimonoseki
14879:(1847β1901)
14789:(1824β1901)
14757:Cape Colony
14655:Cape Colony
14614:(1799β1805)
14608:(1799β1803)
14596:(1798β1800)
14584:(1796β1818)
14558:Cape Colony
14548:(1793β1806)
14530:(1788β1934)
14426:Nova Scotia
14396:Yamasee War
14367:(1694β1700)
14341:Child's War
14329:2nd Tangier
14323:1st Tangier
14319:(1655β1739)
14269:Saint Kitts
14247:(1593β1603)
13274:Rooi gevaar
13153:2021 unrest
13083:Nkandlagate
12912:Third Force
12773:Rugby union
12371:(1981β1994)
12363:(1979β1994)
12355:(1977β1994)
12347:(1976β1994)
12339:(1910β1961)
12331:(1902β1910)
12323:(1902β1910)
12315:(1886β1891)
12307:(1885β1887)
12299:(1884β1888)
12291:(1882β1885)
12283:(1882β1883)
12275:(1870β1873)
12267:(1861β1879)
12259:(1856β1902)
12251:(1854β1902)
12243:(1843β1910)
12235:(1839β1843)
12227:(1816β1897)
12219:(1795β1910)
12217:Cape Colony
12209: 1780
12194: 1780
12181:(1652β1806)
12171: 1220
12164: 1075
11309:(1): 15β22.
10636:12 November
10440:12 November
10268:"No. 27475"
10235:"No. 27171"
10215:"No. 27168"
10170:, p. .
10158:, p. .
10156:Powell 2015
10134:, p. .
10132:Witton 2003
10120:Peddie 2009
9751:, p. .
9602:Wilcox 2002
9518:, p. .
9516:Wilcox 2002
9492:Pocock 1917
9480:Jacson 1908
9304:Swardt 1998
9282:, p. .
8835:1 September
8810:1 September
8747:1 September
8681:, p. .
8669:, p. .
8645:, p. .
8607:Ploeger1985
8379:Wilcox 2002
8299:Searle 2004
8200:Inglis 1974
7848:Bester 1994
7778:, p. .
7776:Nathan 1941
7766:, p. .
7465:Gronum 1977
7302:15 December
7239:History.com
7192:History.com
7172:20 February
7096:27 November
6773:Keir Hardie
6652:Netherlands
6286:John McCrae
6146:Paul Kruger
6131:Piet CronjΓ©
6116:Louis Botha
6087:light horse
6041:Grahamstown
5988:New Zealand
5973:New Zealand
5930:World War I
5798:sovereignty
5794:Francophone
5627: 1900
5426:imperialism
5374:(Namibia).
5246:Lord Milner
5231:Quebec City
5060:Australians
4977:, near the
4932:Pietersburg
4924:Fort Edward
4867:Grand total
4820:Β£47,500,000
4809:Β£67,670,000
4798:Β£63,737,000
4787:Β£23,000,000
4547:Vereeniging
4467:in the far
4419:Cape Colony
4402:Bakenlaagte
4223:blockhouses
4039:Komatipoort
3989:Piet CronjΓ©
3850:Piet de Wet
3833:Vaal Krantz
3691:Louis Botha
3525:Sol Plaatje
3510:Piet CronjΓ©
3489:John French
3478:Penn Symons
3254:, despised
3227:LeeβMetford
3186:Lee-Metford
3149:(Transvaal)
3143:Paul Kruger
3094:coup d'Γ©tat
3064:Krugersdorp
3025:Alfred Beit
2994:uitlanders'
2986:Delagoa Bay
2974:casus belli
2970:Paul Kruger
2951:shanty town
2936:Β£19,991,658
2919:Β£15,539,219
2902:Β£12,146,307
2830:Β£14,046,686
2811:Β£15,141,376
2774:Gold output
2690:Drakensberg
2645:Paul Kruger
2537:Netherlands
2427:Crimean War
2356:Cape Colony
2316:New Zealand
2250:barbed wire
2242:blockhouses
2202:Louis Botha
2176:Paul Kruger
2098:Cape Colony
2003:Bakenlaagte
1789:Driefontein
1696:Faber's Put
1628:Laing's Nek
1562:Natal Front
1500:Bakenlaagte
1420:Faber's Put
1395:Driefontein
1363:Vaal Krantz
1298:Talana Hill
1141:Chad (1898)
923:934 missing
919:22,092 dead
791:Piet CronjΓ©
769:Louis Botha
746:Paul Kruger
401:Netherlands
325:New Zealand
224:Cape Colony
177:Territorial
57:during the
15706:Categories
15446:involving
15268:Pink's War
15160:Somaliland
14997:Basutoland
14751:Guadeloupe
14733:Xhosa Wars
14715:Seychelles
14697:Guadeloupe
14685:Martinique
14552:Rohilkhand
14516:Gold Coast
14486:Rohilkhand
14444:Bengal War
14281:Pequot War
14092:Greyshirts
13856:Volksparty
13387:Black Sash
13048:Xenophobia
13041:Travelgate
12798:Border War
12602:Bantustans
12500:Great Trek
12445:Xhosa Wars
12305:Upingtonia
12289:Stellaland
11375:29 January
11346:2 February
11087:. Abacus.
10525:1036947483
10475:bwm.org.au
10108:Duffy 2009
9918:Chase 2012
9771:26 October
9529:"Boer War"
9456:Davis 1900
9237:Leach 2012
9225:Leach 2012
9213:Leach 2012
9201:Leach 2012
9171:Leach 2012
9159:Leach 2012
9144:Leach 2012
9132:Leach 2012
9120:Leach 2012
9108:Leach 2012
9093:Leach 2012
9081:Leach 2012
9069:Leach 2012
9057:Leach 2012
9045:Leach 2012
9033:Leach 2012
9021:Leach 2012
9009:Leach 2012
8997:Leach 2012
8985:Leach 2012
8952:Leach 2012
8619:Marsh 1994
8595:Blake 2010
8572:Jones 1996
8555:Blake 2010
8493:libcom.org
7850:, p.
7244:25 January
7219:25 January
7041:25 January
6809:References
6638:Queensland
6565:Federation
6274:Sam Hughes
6267:Emil Fuchs
6053:Basutoland
6011:Parliament
5977:See also:
5881:Zand River
5870:Paardeberg
5778:Anglophone
5732:See also:
5681:Kelly Gang
5620:Australian
5599:See also:
5581:World Wars
5555:See also:
5346:status quo
5252:-educated
5200:stage play
5104:grand jury
5064:Africaners
4850:Β£9,249,000
4640:The term "
4537:Conclusion
4442:Groenkloof
4429:Kritzinger
4320:Bothaville
4117:Simonstown
4109:Simons Bay
4043:Mozambique
3752:newspapers
3615:Black Week
3443:Le Creusot
3439:field guns
3412:Christians
3407:Veldkornet
3225:A British
3121:Escalation
2956:Uitlanders
2885:Β£7,179,074
2868:Β£1,014,687
2849:Β£2,024,278
2722:Damaraland
2686:Basutoland
2603:uitlanders
2597:uitlanders
2558:Great Trek
2459:-speaking
2262:skirmishes
2106:irregulars
2094:foreigners
1885:Groenkloof
1804:Zand River
1779:Paardeberg
1613:Vaal Kranz
1480:Groenkloof
1445:Bothaville
1368:Paardeberg
1161:Aro (1901)
931:6,189 dead
894:Cape Boers
248:Basutoland
15717:Boer Wars
15456:Sri Lanka
15400:Falklands
15396:(1963β67)
15390:(1962β66)
15384:(1962β90)
15372:(1962β76)
15360:(1955β59)
15354:(1954β59)
15348:(1952β60)
15342:(1948β60)
15336:(1946β50)
15328:Indonesia
15324:(1945β46)
15322:Indochina
15318:(1944β48)
15306:(1936β39)
15300:(1936β39)
15288:(1931β32)
15282:(1930β31)
15276:(1927β30)
15258:(1922β24)
15256:Kurdistan
15240:(1919β20)
15216:(1916β17)
15196:Nyasaland
15192:(1914β15)
15186:(1914β15)
15174:(1903β04)
15168:(1901β02)
15162:(1900β20)
15125:(1897β98)
15119:(1897β98)
15101:(1896β97)
15071:(1893β94)
15035:(1886β89)
15011:(1881β99)
15005:(1880β81)
14999:(1880β81)
14993:(1879β80)
14981:(1875β76)
14967:Abyssinia
14963:(1866β71)
14957:(1864β65)
14945:(1863β64)
14937:Kagoshima
14933:(1857β58)
14927:(1857β59)
14921:(1856β60)
14915:(1856β57)
14909:(1854β56)
14907:Γ
land War
14891:(1848β49)
14867:(1845β50)
14861:(1845β46)
14855:(1845β72)
14849:(1839β42)
14843:(1839β42)
14837:(1839β41)
14825:(1837β38)
14819:(1837β38)
14813:(1831β33)
14807:(1831β32)
14801:(1828β32)
14795:(1824β26)
14771:(1817β18)
14747:(1814β16)
14741:(1812β15)
14735:(1811β79)
14729:(1810β11)
14709:Mauritius
14681:(1808β09)
14663:(1806β07)
14639:(1803β05)
14602:(1798β99)
14572:(1795β96)
14566:(1795β96)
14542:(1789β92)
14518:(1781β82)
14512:(1779β84)
14506:(1775β82)
14500:(1775β83)
14488:(1773β74)
14482:(1769β73)
14476:(1765β71)
14470:(1763β66)
14464:(1762β63)
14452:(1758β61)
14446:(1756β65)
14440:(1756β63)
14434:(1754β63)
14428:(1749β55)
14422:(1746β63)
14416:(1744β48)
14410:(1740β42)
14404:(1722β25)
14398:(1715β17)
14392:(1711β15)
14386:(1702β13)
14361:(1688β97)
14355:(1688β91)
14343:(1686β90)
14337:(1675β78)
14313:(1654β60)
14307:(1654β67)
14301:(1649β53)
14295:(1641β53)
14283:(1634β38)
14253:(1609β46)
13308:Volkstaat
13299:Uitlander
13230:Boerehaat
13206:Anarchism
13013:Arms Deal
12976:apartheid
12636:Pass laws
12613:Apartheid
12558:1910β1948
12477:1815β1910
12415:1652β1815
11996:801364049
11874:813492747
11841:769254652
11793:612581136
11745:798106662
11539:141755145
11461:23 August
11280:(1991a).
11251:145286422
10927:19 August
10753:cite book
10720:0002-8738
10559:cite book
10494:Citations
10481:28 August
10337:110398601
10255:The Times
9677:Maclean's
9656:Webb 2010
9468:Watt 1982
9436:2199-3408
8973:Cape Town
8721:152156450
8713:1057-0314
8135:0018-2559
8098:28 August
8067:28 August
7874:28 August
7833:28 August
7799:28 August
7514:28 August
7145:220749361
7070:4 January
6986:cite book
6842:19 August
6738:From the
6680:Australia
6536:Volkstaat
6428:attrition
6303:pneumonia
6299:pathology
6156:Jan Smuts
6071:Salisbury
6067:Rhodesian
6057:uitlander
5922:artillery
5829:Guerrilla
5767:Great War
5666:geography
5595:Australia
5368:Jan Smuts
5192:folk hero
5141:solicitor
5137:barrister
4947:Afrikaner
4899:(BVC), a
4836:Sub-total
4817:1902β1903
4806:1901β1902
4795:1900β1901
4784:1899β1900
4747:The Times
4742:dysentery
4725:Coloureds
4603:Holkrantz
4413:Lydenburg
4406:Swaziland
4358:Tweebosch
4113:Cape Town
4093:Cape Town
4035:Bergendal
4005:Kroonstad
3883:Colesberg
3580:Cape Town
3543:Sitzkrieg
3474:Ladysmith
3317:The Globe
3313:The Times
3037:Rhodesian
2933:4,706,433
2916:3,658,241
2899:2,859,482
2882:1,690,100
2859:(MayβDec)
2827:3,946,545
2821:(JanβOct)
2808:4,295,608
2746:gold rush
2653:commandos
2576:Kimberley
2473:Afrikaans
2457:Afrikaans
2421:in 1910.
2384:Spion Kop
2372:Stormberg
2368:Kimberley
2360:Ladysmith
2304:Australia
2274:Transvaal
2206:Jan Smuts
2138:Stormberg
2122:Kimberley
2118:Ladysmith
2027:Afrikaans
1963:Bergendal
1872:Stormberg
1867:Kimberley
1754:Kimberley
1701:Tweebosch
1608:Spion Kop
1593:Chieveley
1510:Tweebosch
1440:Bergendal
1358:Spion Kop
1343:Stormberg
1318:Chieveley
1293:Kimberley
820:Jan Smuts
499:Australia
338:Australia
113:Ladysmith
111:entering
55:Boer Wars
15463:Domestic
15388:Malaysia
15310:Ethiopia
15208:Peshawar
14973:Manitoba
14955:Duar War
14251:Virginia
14183:Category
14085:Boeremag
13576:Jeugkrag
13527:Het Volk
13221:Baasskap
13163:incident
12766:Olympics
12345:Transkei
12148:polities
12146:Defunct
12090:Archived
11984:(1929).
11962:volume 4
11952:volume 3
11942:volume 2
11932:volume 1
11136:(1979).
11035:(1974).
10734:(2002).
10529:Archived
9981:Archived
8918:27 April
8497:Archived
8411:61567917
8242:, p. 480
8238:Walker,
8092:Archived
8061:Archived
7827:Archived
7719:. 1910.
7508:Archived
7379:(1979).
7293:Archived
7137:26061736
6759:, 2004.)
6626:Victoria
6602:Tasmania
6478:See also
6468:Canberra
6263:Plymouth
6022:Rhodesia
5996:Auckland
5916:and two
5892:Doornkop
5773:Africa.
5655:Ballarat
5589:Klondike
5069:Pretoria
4951:Valdezia
4847:Interest
4575:dominion
4370:Jan Kemp
4329:Groenkop
4152:burghers
3987:General
3674:β
3638:trenches
3558:General
3403:commando
3256:jingoism
3188:and the
3102:Holloway
3071:Matabele
2714:Botswana
2712:(modern
2550:Huguenot
2395:Pretoria
2364:Mafeking
2338:Overview
2300:Rhodesia
2293:dominion
2222:ambushes
2165:Pretoria
2126:Mafeking
2051:Boer War
1983:Helvetia
1953:Witpoort
1943:Doornkop
1814:Groenkop
1691:Mafeking
1686:Kraaipan
1505:Groenkop
1465:Helvetia
1430:Witpoort
1415:Doornkop
1288:Mafeking
1283:Kraaipan
863:Colonial
850:Strength
272:Rhodesia
149:Eswatini
135:Location
107:General
91:Mafeking
15494:Foreign
15382:Sarawak
15334:Sarawak
15226:Nigeria
15214:Mohmand
15202:Nigeria
15153:century
14811:Malacca
14805:Jamaica
14763:Algiers
14703:Reunion
14649:Surinam
14624:century
14570:Grenada
14564:Jamaica
14456:Jamaica
14377:century
14317:Jamaica
14245:Ireland
14238:century
14225:English
13988:SAAPAWU
13319:Defunct
13282:Slavery
12486:Mfecane
12009:Hansard
11642:excerpt
11243:3595118
11041:Cassell
10583:21 July
9441:10 July
9420:Arcadia
9358:19 July
8528:8 April
8503:8 April
8224:Guyot.
8159:8 April
7269:15 July
7197:23 July
6753:written
6696:Denmark
6684:Belgium
6664:Ireland
6656:Germany
6563:Before
6407:cavalry
6049:Wepener
5754:Ontario
5750:Toronto
5662:climate
5616:British
5530:chevril
5484:Germany
5468:rickets
5291:Malayan
5178:of the
5023:of the
4969:3. The
4738:measles
4733:rations
4519:Georgia
4507:Ireland
4491:Germany
4366:Rooiwal
4294:Joiners
4271:joiners
4227:raiders
4133:Bermuda
3912:typhoid
3887:laagers
3822:Colenso
3766:scholar
3624:At the
3399:burgers
3190:Enfield
3075:Mashona
3031:of the
3017:Jameson
2865:238,994
2846:574,043
2792:value (
2781:Value (
2767:No. of
2731:In the
2726:Namibia
2688:in the
2548:French
2519:Origins
2380:Colenso
2182:led by
2130:Colenso
2116:placed
2110:militia
2038:
2008:Rooiwal
1764:Graspan
1759:Belmont
1603:Colenso
1520:Rooiwal
1353:Colenso
1333:Graspan
1328:Belmont
950:~51,445
948:Total:
938:21,256
928:~99,284
926:Total:
887:15,000
882:25,000
874:100,000
860:347,000
856:British
793: (
559:Denmark
514:Belgium
443:Ireland
416:Germany
179:changes
145:Lesotho
15453:
15442:Major
15402:(1982)
15378:(1962)
15376:Brunei
15366:(1956)
15330:(1945)
15312:(1943)
15294:(1935)
15270:(1925)
15264:(1923)
15252:(1921)
15246:(1920)
15234:(1919)
15228:(1918)
15222:(1917)
15220:Quebec
15210:(1915)
15204:(1915)
15198:(1915)
15180:(1906)
15131:(1899)
15113:(1897)
15107:(1897)
15095:(1896)
15089:(1896)
15083:(1895)
15059:(1891)
15053:(1891)
15047:(1890)
15041:(1888)
15039:Hazara
15029:(1885)
15023:(1885)
15017:(1882)
14987:(1879)
14975:(1870)
14969:(1868)
14951:(1864)
14939:(1863)
14903:(1854)
14897:(1852)
14885:(1848)
14883:Ceylon
14873:(1847)
14871:Canton
14831:(1839)
14783:(1823)
14781:Guiana
14777:(1819)
14765:(1816)
14759:(1815)
14753:(1815)
14723:(1810)
14717:(1810)
14711:(1810)
14705:(1810)
14699:(1810)
14693:(1809)
14687:(1809)
14675:(1807)
14669:(1807)
14657:(1806)
14651:(1804)
14645:(1804)
14633:(1800)
14590:(1798)
14578:(1795)
14576:Ceylon
14560:(1795)
14554:(1794)
14536:(1789)
14524:(1786)
14494:(1774)
14458:(1762)
14349:(1687)
14331:(1664)
14325:(1662)
14305:Acadia
14289:(1641)
14277:(1628)
14275:Quebec
14271:(1626)
14265:(1622)
14259:(1612)
14257:Swally
13939:FOSATU
13786:SAYRCO
13758:SADECO
13674:Occupy
13213:Azania
13161:Lady R
13090:Racism
12919:CODESA
12380:Events
12369:Ciskei
12281:Goshen
12211:β1819)
12196:β1817)
11994:
11968:(1910)
11958:(1908)
11948:(1907)
11938:(1906)
11872:
11862:
11839:
11829:
11791:
11781:
11743:
11659:
11624:
11586:
11565:
11537:
11410:
11290:
11266:
11249:
11241:
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