1487:
hid their identity due to antisemitism in the partisan movement. Anti-Jewish legislation in the liberated areas was canceled by the Slovak
National Council, but the attitude of the local population varied: some risked their lives to hide Jews, and others turned them in to the police. Unlike in 1942, the death penalty was in effect for rescuers; the majority provided help for a fee, although there were also cases of selfless rescues. Many Jews spent six to eight months in makeshift shelters or bunkers in the mountains, while others hid in the houses of non-Jews. Regardless, Jews required money for six to eight months of living expenses and the help of non-Jews willing to provide assistance. Some of the Jews in shelters had to return home later in the winter, risking capture, because of the hunger and cold. Living openly and continuing to work under false papers was typically only possible in Bratislava.
19:
918:
1357:
1204:
608:
1564:
740:
enterprises, and
Aryanization was applied to larger Jewish-owned companies which were acquired by competitors. In many cases, Aryanizers inexpert in business struck deals with former Jewish owners and employees so the Jews would keep working for the company. The Aryanization of businesses did not bring the anticipated revenue into the Slovak treasury, and only 288 of the liquidated businesses produced income for the state by July 1942. The Aryanization and liquidation of businesses was nearly complete by January 1942, resulting in 64,000 of 89,000 Jews losing their means of support. Manufactured Jewish impoverishment was a pressing social problem for the Slovak government until unemployed Jews were deported in 1942.
1669:
1411:
1512:, Einsatzkommando 13 and collaborators arrested hundreds of Jews over the night of 13/14 September. The victims were deported to Sereď or Ilava and thence to Auschwitz, where most were murdered. Einsatzgruppe H reported that some Jews were able to escape because of insufficient personnel, but that both Germans and Slovaks generally supported the roundups and helped track down evaders. After the defeat of the uprising, the German forces also hunted the Jews hiding in the mountains. Although most victims were arrested during the first two months of occupation, the hunt for the Jews continued until 30 March 1945, when a Jewish prisoner was taken to Sereď just three days before the camp was liberated.
875:, antisemitic laws initially defined Jews by religion rather than ancestry; Jews who were baptized before 1918 were considered Christian. By September 1940, Jews were banned from secondary and higher education and from all non-Jewish schools, and forbidden from owning motor vehicles, sports equipment, or radios. Local authorities had imposed anti-Jewish measures on their own; the head of the Šariš-Zemplín region ordered local Jews to wear a yellow band around their left arm from 5 April 1941, leading to physical attacks against Jews. In mid-1941, as the focus shifted to restricting Jews' civil rights after they had been deprived of their property through Aryanization,
1775:
1073:
530:
401:
1299:; about one third of those who fled to Hungary survived the war. Many owners of Aryanized businesses applied for work exemptions for the Jewish former owners. In some cases this was a fictitious Aryanization; other Aryanizers, motivated by profit, kept the Jewish former owners around for their skills. About 2,000 Jews had false papers identifying themselves as Aryans. Some Christian clergy baptized Jews, even those who were not sincere converts. Although conversion after 1939 did not exempt Jews from deportation, being baptized made it easier to obtain other exemptions and some clergy edited records to predate baptisms.
803:
1729:, the commander of Einsatzgruppe H, committed suicide in 1946 during extradition to Czechoslovakia; Wisliceny was tried, convicted and executed in Bratislava in 1948. Tiso (who had fled to Austria) was extradited to Czechoslovakia, convicted of treason and collaboration, sentenced to death on 15 April 1947, and executed three days later. According to the court, his "most immoral, most unchristian, and most inhuman" action was ordering the deportation of the Slovak Jews. Other perpetrators, including Tuka, were also tried, convicted, and executed. Both Tiso and Tuka were tried under
1545:. Brunner raided the castle on 11 October; all but three of the prisoners were taken to Sereď and deported to Auschwitz on 17 October. In mid-October, an office was established at the former Jewish Center to hunt down Jews in hiding, which tortured captured Jews into revealing the names and addresses of other Jews. The one to two thousand Jews left in Bratislava were ordered to turn themselves in on 20 November or face imprisonment, but few did so. Half of the Jews arrested after 19 November were in Bratislava, most in hiding with false papers. Henri Dunand of the
1131:
sometimes deported exemption-holders. The victims were given only four hours' warning, to prevent them from escaping. Beatings and forcible shaving were commonplace, as was subjecting Jews to invasive searches to uncover hidden valuables. Although some guards and local officials accepted bribes to keep Jews off the transports, the victim would typically be deported on the next train. Others took advantage of their power to rape Jewish women. Jews were only allowed to bring 50 kilograms (110 lb) of personal items with them, but even this was frequently stolen.
1239:
lost 85 to 90 percent of its Jewish population, Žilina reported that almost half of its Jews remained after the deportation. The deportees were held briefly in five camps in
Slovakia before deportation; 26,384 from Žilina, 7,500 from Patrónka, 7,000 from Poprad, 4,463 from Sereď, and 4,000 to 5,000 from Nováky. Nineteen trains went to Auschwitz, and another thirty-eight went to ghettos and concentration and extermination camps in the Lublin District. Only a few hundred survived the war, most at Auschwitz; almost no one survived in Lublin District.
369:
1231:. At this time of the speech, the Slovak government had accurate information on the mass murder of the deportees from Slovakia; an official request to inspect the camps where Slovak Jews were held in Poland was denied by Eichmann. Three more transports occurred in September and October 1942 before ceasing until 1944. By the end of 1942, only 500 or 600 Slovak Jews were still alive at Auschwitz. Thousands of surviving Slovak Jews in the Lublin District were shot on 3–4 November 1943 during
160:
664:
864:
1646:, a small village 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) away from Banská Bystrica. Upon the capture of the rebel stronghold, Jews, partisans, Romanis, and others arrested in the area were held in the prison in the town. Of these, 743 people were brought to Kremnička for execution in a series of massacres between November and March, by Einsatzgruppe H and the POHG. Victims included 280 women and 99 children; half were Jewish. Hundreds of people were murdered at the nearby village of
648:(Ks) in property (38 percent of the national wealth). The process is also described as "Slovakization", as the Slovak government took steps to ensure that ethnic Slovaks, rather than Germans or other minorities, received the stolen Jewish property. Due to the intervention of the German Party and Nazi Germany, ethnic Germans received 8.3 percent of the stolen property, but most German applicants were refused, underscoring the freedom of action of the Slovak government.
1397:, issued documents to 3,000 Jews allowing them to legally cross the border, bringing the total number of Jews in Slovakia to 25,000. Between 14 May and 7 July 437,000 Jews were deported from Hungary, most to Auschwitz; including many Slovak Jews in the country. To counter the perceived security threat of Jews in the Šariš-Zemplín region with the front line moving westward, on 15 May 1944 the Slovak government ordered Jews to move to the western part of the country.
660:
the land officially passed to the state in May 1942. The First
Aryanization Law was passed in April 1940. Through a process known as "voluntary Aryanization", Jewish business owners could suggest a "qualified Christian candidate" who would assume at least a 51-percent stake in the company. After three months, 50 businesses out of more than 12,000 were Aryanized and 179 were liquidated. HSĽS radicals and the Slovak Republic's German backers sought a harsher policy.
11671:
744:
main beneficiaries of
Aryanization were members of Slovak fascist political parties and paramilitary groups, who were eager to acquire Jewish property but had little expertise in running businesses. During the Slovak Republic's existence, the government gained 1,100 million Ks from Aryanization and spent 900–950 million Ks on enforcing anti-Jewish measures. In 1942, it paid the German government another 300 million Ks for the deportation of 58,000 Jews.
1730:
843:
60 for labor. Although the ÚŽ had to supplement the workers' pay to meet the legal minimum, the labor camps greatly increased the living standard of Jews impoverished by
Aryanization. By September, 5,500 Jews were performing manual labor for private companies at about 80 small labor centers, most of which were dissolved in the final months of 1941 as part of the preparation for deportation. Construction began on three larger camps –
619:. Between December 1938 and February 1939, more than 2.25 million Kčs were transferred illegally to the Czech lands, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom; further amounts were transferred legally. Slovak government officials took advantage of the circumstances to purchase the property of wealthy Jewish emigrants at a significant discount, a precursor to the state-sponsored transfer of Jewish property as part of
1576:
the intended capacity. Brunner took over the camp's administration from the Slovak government at the end of
September. About 11,700 people were deported on eleven transports; the first five (from 30 September to 17 October) went to Auschwitz, where most of the victims were gassed. The final transport to Auschwitz, on 2 November, arrived after the gas chambers were shut down. Later transports left for
1014:. No record survives of this meeting, at which the deportation of Jews from Slovakia was probably first discussed, leading to historiographical debate over who proposed the idea. Even if the Germans made the offer, the Slovak decision was not motivated by German pressure. In November 1941, the Slovak government permitted the German government to deport the 659 Slovak Jews living in the Reich and the
1692:. Although a postwar Czechoslovak law negated property transactions arising from Nazi persecution, the autonomous Slovak government refused to apply it. Heirless property was nationalized in 1947 into the Currency Liquidation Fund. Those who had stolen Jewish property were reluctant to return it; former resistance members had also appropriated some stolen property. Conflict over restitution led to
1303:
agricultural experts, whose professions had shortages). One thousand Jews were protected by presidential exemptions, mostly in addition to other exemptions. As well as the exempted Jews, around 2,500 were interned in labor camps, and a thousand were serving in the Sixth Labor
Battalion. When the deportations were halted, the government knew the whereabouts of only 2,500 Jews without exemptions.
635:. By early 1941, further emigration was impossible; even Jews who received valid United States visas were not allowed transit visas through Germany. The total number of Slovak Jewish emigrants has been estimated at 5,000 to 6,000. As 45,000 lived in the areas ceded to Hungary, the 1940 census found that 89,000 Jews lived in the Slovak Republic, 3.4 percent of the population.
890:. The Jewish Code excluded Jews from public life, restricting the hours that they were allowed to travel and shop, and barring them from clubs, organizations, and public events. Jews also had to pay a 20-percent tax on all property. Government propaganda boasted that the Jewish Code was the strictest set of anti-Jewish laws in Europe. The president could issue
510:, leader of the party's radical fascist wing, was appointed prime minister. Both wings of the party struggled for Germany's favor. The radical wing of the party was pro-German, while the conservatives favored autonomy from Germany; the radicals relied on the Hlinka Guard and German support, while Tiso was popular among the clergy and the population.
1156:, visited Bratislava on 10 April, and he and Tuka agreed that further deportations would target whole families and eventually remove all Jews from Slovakia. The family transports began on 11 April, and took their victims to the Lublin District. During the first half of June 1942 ten transports stopped briefly at Majdanek, where able-bodied men were
1611:, departing 26 November, ended up at Ravensbrück. According to a Czechoslovak criminal investigation, another 800 Jews were deported in two transports from eastern Slovakia on 16 October and 16 December. Details on the transports leaving from locations other than Sereď is fragmentary, and the total number of deportees is not known. Slovak historian
777:, who thwarted anti-Jewish orders to the best of his ability: he sabotaged a census of Jews in eastern Slovakia which was intended to justify their removal to the west of the country; Wisliceny had him arrested in April 1941. The Central Economic Office appointed the more cooperative Arpad Sebestyen as Schwartz's replacement. Wisliceny set up a
1029:, which retroactively legalized the deportation of Jews, authorized the removal of their citizenship, and regulated exemptions. Opposition centered on economic, moral, and legal obstacles, but, as Mach later stated, "every who has spoken on this issue has said that we should get rid of Jews". The official Catholic representative and Bishop of
248:, many Slovak Jews moved to cities and joined all the professions; others remained in the countryside, mostly working as artisans, merchants, and shopkeepers. Jews spearheaded the nineteenth-century economic changes that led to greater commerce in rural areas; by the end of the century some 70 percent of the bankers and businessmen in the
1861:
is "a paradox for postcommunist
Slovakia’s identity construction" because it was the first nominally independent Slovak state. Emphasizing its independence carries with it a greater responsibility for the deportation of Jews during the Holocaust, but if not, then it loses its role as legitimation for
1267:
and other antisemitic myths while urging
Catholics to treat Jews humanely. The Catholic Church ultimately chose not to discipline any of the Slovak Catholics who were complicit in the regime's actions. Officials from the ÚŽ and several of the most influential Slovak rabbis sent petitions to Tiso, but
1238:
Between 25 March and 20 October 1942, almost 58,000 Jews (two-thirds of the population) were deported. The exact number is unknown due to discrepancies in the sources. The deportations disproportionately affected poorer Jews from eastern Slovakia. Although the Šariš-Zemplín region in eastern Slovakia
903:
increased assaults on Jews, engaged in antisemitic demonstrations on a daily basis, and harassed non-Jews judged insufficiently antisemitic. The law enabled the Central Economic Office to force Jews to change their residence. This provision was put into effect on 4 October 1941, when 10,000 of 15,000
739:
of Jewish property and the Aryanization or liquidation of Jewish businesses. In a corrupt process overseen by Morávek's office, 10,000 Jewish businesses (mostly shops) were liquidated and the remainder – about 2,300 – were Aryanized. Liquidation benefited small Slovak businesses competing with Jewish
659:
four-percent quota of the numbers of Jews allowed to practice law; Jews were also forbidden to write for non-Jewish publications. The Land Reform Act of February 1940 turned 101,423 hectares (250,620 acres) of land owned by 4,943 Jews, more than 40 percent of it arable, over to the State Land Office;
1841:
was established in 2002 to provide access to the records of both the Slovak Republic and Communist state. The post-Communist government enacted laws for the restitution of Jewish property, but residency and citizenship requirements prevented emigrants from filing claims. In 2002, ten percent of the
989:
In mid-1941, the Germans demanded (per previous agreements) another 20,000 Slovak laborers to work in Germany. Slovakia refused to send gentile Slovaks and instead offered an equal number of Jewish workers, although it did not want to be burdened with their families. A letter sent on 15 October 1941
842:
The first labor centers were established in early 1941 by the ÚŽ as retraining courses for Jews forced into unemployment; 13,612 Jews had applied for the courses by February, far exceeding the programs' capacity. On 4 July, the Slovak government issued a decree conscripting all Jewish men aged 18 to
1741:
law that mandated the death penalty for the suppression of the Slovak National Uprising; their roles in the Holocaust were a subset of the crimes for which they were convicted. The authors of some of the more egregious antisemitic articles and caricatures were prosecuted after the war. The trials
1687:
of the prewar population, had been murdered. In addition to the 10,000 to 11,000 Jews who survived in Slovakia, 9,000 Jews returned who had been deported to concentration camps or fled abroad, and 10,000 Jews survived in the Hungarian-annexed territories. By the end of 1945, 33,000 Jews were living
1926:
because the Slovak authorities frequently avoided implementing measures pushed by the Germans when such measures did not suit Slovak priorities. According to German historian Barbara Hutzelmann, "Although the country was not independent, in the full sense of the word, it would be too simplistic to
1575:
Sereď concentration camp was the primary facility for interning Jews before their deportation. Although there were no transports until the end of September, the Jews experienced harsh treatment (including rape and murder) and severe overcrowding as the population swelled to 3,000 – more than twice
1486:
After the uprising began, thousands of Jews fled to the mountainous interior and partisan-controlled areas around Banská Bystrica, including many who left the labor camps after the guards fled. Around 1,600 to 2,000 Jews fought as partisans, ten percent of the total insurgent force, although many
1456:
The uprising provided the Germans with an opportunity to implement the Final Solution in Slovakia. Anti-Jewish actions were nominally controlled by the Slovak Ministry of Defense, but in practice the Germans dictated policy. Unlike the deportations of 1942, the roundups of Jews were organized and
743:
Aryanization resulted in an immense financial loss for Slovakia and great destruction of wealth. The state failed to raise substantial funds from the sale of Jewish property and businesses, and most of its gains came from the confiscation of Jewish-owned bank accounts and financial securities. The
643:
Aryanization in Slovakia, the seizure of Jewish-owned property and exclusion of Jews from the economy, was justified by the stereotype (reinforced by HSĽS propaganda) of Jews obtaining their wealth by oppressing Slovaks. Between 1939 and 1942, the HSĽS regime received widespread popular support by
1130:
were in charge of rounding up the Jews, guarding the transit centers, and eventually forcing them into train cars for deportation. A German officer was stationed at each of the concentration centers. Official exemptions were supposed to keep certain Jews from being deported, but local authorities
772:
outside the Reich and German-occupied Poland, the ÚŽ was the only secular Jewish organization allowed to exist in Slovakia; membership was required of all Jews. Leaders of the Jewish community were divided about how to respond to this development. Although some argued that the ÚŽ would be used to
1302:
After the deportations, between 22,000 and 25,000 Jews were still in Slovakia. Some 16,000 Jews had exemptions; there were 4,217 converts to Christianity before 1939, at least 985 Jews in mixed marriages, and 9,687 holders of economic exemptions (particularly doctors, pharmacists, engineers, and
731:
and under Tuka's control, in September 1940. The Central Economic Office was tasked with assuming ownership of Jewish-owned property. Jews were required to register their property; their bank accounts (valued at 245 million Ks in August 1941) were frozen, and withdrawals were limited to 1,000 Ks
1388:
groups. Preparations for the uprising evoked mixed feelings in the remaining Slovak Jews, who feared that an uprising would bring about a crackdown on their community. Underground groups organized at the Sereď and Nováky labor camps. Slovak authorities began to re-register Jews in January 1944,
1347:
that the transports would soon resume. In early 1943, the Hlinka Guard and Department 14 prepared for the resumption of deportations: registering Jews, canceling economic exemptions, and hunting down Jews in hiding. A plan to dispatch four trains between 18 and 22 April was not implemented. In
813:
Jews serving in the army were segregated into a labor unit in April 1939 and were stripped of their rank at the end of the year. From 1940, male Jews and Romani people were obliged to work for the national defense (generally manual labor on construction projects) for two months every year. All
1637:
After the German invasion, about 4,000 people were murdered in Slovakia, mostly by Einsatzgruppe H, but with help from local collaborators. About half (2,000) of the victims were Jews; other victims included partisans, supporters of the uprising, and Romani people. One of the first executions
1765:
and nationalization of many businesses after the war. The number of Jewish communities decreased from the postwar high of 126 to 25, while the population decreased by 80 percent. Only a few thousand Jews were left by the end of 1949. Many of those who chose to stay changed their surnames and
1495:
Jews who were captured were briefly imprisoned at local prisons or the Einsatzgruppe H office in Bratislava, from which they were sent to Sereď for deportation. Local authorities provided lists of Jews, and many local residents also denounced Jews. In the first half of September there were
1790:
in which the Czechoslovak government accused fourteen Communists (eleven of them Jewish) of belonging to a Zionist conspiracy. Political censorship hampered the study of the Holocaust, and memorials to the victims of fascism did not mention Jews. In the 1960s, which were characterized by a
1311:
During 1943, enforcement of anti-Jewish laws lessened, and many Jews stopped wearing the yellow star. Nevertheless, the remaining Jews – even those with exemptions – lived in constant fear of deportation. The ÚŽ worked to improve conditions for laborers in the Slovak camps and to increase
904:
Jews in Bratislava (who were not employed or intermarried) were ordered to move to fourteen towns. The relocation was paid for and carried out by the ÚŽ's Department of Special Tasks. Although the Jews were ordered to leave by 31 December, fewer than 7,000 people had moved by March 1942.
985:
confronted the president with reliable reports of the mass murder of Jewish civilians in the Ukraine. Slovak newspapers wrote many articles attempting to refute rumors that deported Jews were mistreated, pointing to general knowledge by mid-1942 that deported Jews were no longer alive.
7560:
1343:, Slovak politicians realized that a German defeat was likely. Some HSĽS politicians (especially those in the radical faction) blamed economic setbacks on the Jews and agitated for the deportation of the remaining population. On 7 February 1943, Mach announced at a rally in
1352:
in Latin on 8 March condemning antisemitism and totalitarianism and defending the rights of all Jews. Germany put increasing pressure on the Slovak Republic to hand over its remaining Jews in 1943 and 1944, but Slovak politicians did not agree to resume the deportations.
1291:
Many Jews learned about the fate awaiting them during the first half of 1942, from sources such as letters from deported Jews or escapees. Around 5,000 to 6,000 Jews fled to Hungary to avoid the deportations, many by paying bribes or with help from paid smugglers and the
559:"; anti-Jewish legislation was the only concrete measure that he promised. The persecution of Jews was a key element of the state's domestic policy. Discriminatory measures affected all aspects of life, serving to isolate and dispossess Jews before they were deported.
588:, and the German Party participated. The deportees included young children, the elderly, and pregnant women. A few days later, Tiso canceled the operation; most of the Jews were allowed to return home in December. More than 800 were confined to makeshift tent camps at
1452:
for the uprising. Nevertheless, the Slovak government preferred the concentration of Jews in concentration camps in Slovakia to their deportation. Tiso asked for the Germans to spare at least baptized Jews and those in mixed marriages, but his requests were ignored.
1866:
and endorsed by the government sparked international controversy (and was eventually withdrawn from the school curriculum) because it portrayed Jews as living happily in labor camps during the war. Tiso and the Slovak Republic have been the focus of Catholic and
83:. The exclusion of Jews from the economy impoverished the community, which encouraged the government to conscript them for forced labor. On 9 September 1941, the government passed the Jewish Code, which it claimed to be the strictest anti-Jewish law in Europe.
1223:. This occurred for nine transports, the last of which arrived on 21 October 1942. From 1 August to 18 September, no transports departed; most of the Jews not exempt from deportation had already been deported or had fled to Hungary. In mid-August, Tiso gave a
1447:
instructed Burzio to tell Tiso that the Vatican condemned the persecution of individuals for their race or nationality. The United States and Switzerland issued formal protests against the deportation of Jews. Slovak propaganda blamed the Jews and
1172:. Some groups stayed only briefly before they were deported again to the extermination camps, while other groups remained in the ghettos for months or years. Some of the deportees ended up in the forced-labor camps in the Lublin District (such as
1108:. Slovak officials promised that deportees would be allowed to return home after a fixed period, and many Jews initially believed that it was better to report for deportation rather than risk reprisals against their families. On 25 March 1942, the
1836:
in 2004. During the 1990s, many memorials were constructed to commemorate Holocaust victims, and in October 2001 Slovakia designated 9 September (the anniversary of the passage of the Jewish Code) as Holocaust Victims and Racial Hatred Day. The
1393:, including Carpathian Ruthenia and the areas ceded by Czechoslovakia in 1938. The Slovak Jews who had fled to Hungary tried to return, but many were arrested at the border and deported directly to Auschwitz. The Slovak ambassador in Budapest,
838:
the following year. Although the Ministry of Defense was pressured by the Ministry of the Interior to release the Jews for deportation in 1942, it refused. The battalion was disbanded in 1943, and the Jewish laborers were sent to work camps.
1096:. Lists of those to be deported were drawn up by Department 14 based on statistical data provided by the Jewish Center's Department for Special Tasks. Even within Slovakia, Jews were transported in cattle wagons. At the border station in
7755:
Johnson, Owen V. (2005). "Židovská komunita na Slovensku medzi ceskoslovenskou parlamentnou demokraciou a slovenským štátom v stredoeurópskom kontexte, Eduard Nižnanský (Prešov, Slovakia: Universum, 1999), 292 pp., 200 crowns (Slovak)".
1049:
for transport. The 500 Reichsmark fee was equivalent to about USD$ 125 at the time, or $ 2,300 today. The Germans promised in exchange that the Jews would never return, and Slovakia could keep all confiscated property. Except for the
570:, a Nazi official who had been sent to Bratislava, coauthored a plan with Tiso and other HSĽS politicians to deport impoverished and foreign Jews to the territory ceded to Hungary. Meanwhile, Jews with a net worth of over 500,000
707:
for Slovakia, arriving in August. He aimed to impoverish the Jewish community so it would become a burden on non-Jewish Slovaks, who would then agree to deport them. At Wisliceny's instigation, the Slovak government created the
1312:
productivity, to strengthen the incentive to keep their workers in Slovakia. In 1943, the labor camps earned 39 million Ks for the Slovak Republic. The halt in deportations from Slovakia enabled the Working Group to launch the
328:
affected Jewish-owned businesses and also increased economic antisemitism. Economic underdevelopment and perceptions of discrimination in Czechoslovakia led a plurality (about one-third) of Slovaks to support the conservative,
288:
at the expense of Slovak ambitions. During the Holocaust, leading members of the Slovak government cited their belief that Jews were Hungarians or served Hungarian interests as a reason for their persecution and deportation.
929:
The highest levels of the Slovak government were aware by late 1941 of mass murders of Jews in German-occupied territories. In July 1941, Wisliceny organized a visit by Slovak government officials to several camps run by
1541:, aided by 600 HS and POHG collaborators and a Luftwaffe unit that guarded the streets: around 1,600 Jews were arrested and taken to Sereď. Some 300 Jews with foreign citizenship were temporarily housed in a castle in
538:
1116:
for Auschwitz with 1,000 unmarried Jewish women between the ages of 16 and 45. During the first wave of deportations (which ended on 2 April), 6,000 young, single Jews were deported to Auschwitz and Majdanek.
7142:
644:
promising Slovak citizens that they would be enriched by property confiscated from Jews and other minorities. They stood to gain a significant amount of money; in 1940, Jews registered more than 4.322 billion
1255:, Vatican Undersecretary of State, wrote in a private memo: "Everyone understands that the Holy See cannot stop Hitler. But who can understand that it does not know how to rein in a priest?" According to a
1761:, losing any right to restitution, and were threatened with deportation. Most Jews in Slovakia emigrated to Israel or other countries in the years after the war. Emigration accelerated in 1948 after the
773:
implement anti-Jewish measures, more saw participation in the ÚŽ as a way to help their fellow Jews by delaying the implementation of such measures and alleviating poverty. The first leader of the ÚŽ was
1862:
the current Slovak republic. Holocaust relativism in Slovakia tends to manifest as attempts to absolve the Tiso government of blame by deflecting responsibility onto Germans and Jews. A 1997 textbook by
1320:
to spare the surviving Jews under German occupation. It also smuggled aid to Jews in Poland, and helped Polish Jews escape to Hungary via Slovakia. In late April 1944 two Auschwitz escapees,
7266:
11497:
11161:
9382:
6932:
623:. The Slovak government's attempts to prevent capital flight and foreign countries' unwillingness to admit Jewish refugees hindered would-be emigrants. In 1940, Bratislava became a hub for
11502:
1025:, the Slovaks responded "with enthusiasm". Tuka presented the proposal to the government on 3 March, and they were debated in parliament three days later. On 15 May, parliament approved
615:
Initially, many Jews believed that the measures taken against them would be temporary. Nevertheless, some attempted to emigrate and take their property with them, particularly after the
498:, Slovakia renounced much of its foreign policy and military autonomy to Germany in exchange for border guarantees and economic assistance. It was neither fully independent nor a German
10650:
7488:
Hradská, Katarína (2016). "Dislokácie Židov z Bratislavy na jeseň 1941" [The Displacement of Jews from Bratislava in Autumn 1941]. In Roguľová, Jaroslava; Hertel, Maroš (eds.).
1619:
consider that 14,150 deportees can be verified and the true figure may be higher. The Slovak regime also transferred several hundred political prisoners to German custody. Deported to
1599:
for Auschwitz on 1 and 5 September; Fatran estimates that the total number of deportees was about 400. In September and October, at least 131 people were deported from Slovakia via
1461:, who had participated in the organization of transports of Jews from France and Greece, arrived in Slovakia to arrange the deportation of the country's remaining Jews. The SS unit
11819:
732:(later 150 Ks) per week. The 22,000 Jews who worked in salaried employment were targeted: non-Jews had to obtain Central Economic Office permission to employ Jews and pay a fee.
11173:
10677:
1638:
occurred in the Topoľčany district, where Einsatzkommando 14 began its mass roundups of Jews. Many of the arrested Jews were taken to Sereď for deportation, but 53 were shot in
79:
declared independence from Czechoslovakia. The Slovak government blamed the Jews for the territorial losses. Jews were targeted for discrimination and harassment, including the
1465:, including Einsatzkommandos 13, 14, and 29, was formed to suppress the uprising immediately after it began and round up Jews and Romani people. Local collaborators, including
1109:
452:. Hungary was awarded much of southern Slovakia on 2 November, including 40 percent of Slovakia's arable land and 270,000 people who had declared Czechoslovak ethnicity.
10312:
1813:
on free expression, while anti-Zionist propaganda, much of it imported from the Soviet Union, intensified and veered into antisemitism after Israeli victory in the 1967
11185:
1164:, where the remaining victims were murdered. Most of the trains brought their victims (30,000 in total) to ghettos whose inhabitants had been recently deported to the
10966:
8854:
709:
10842:
11829:
8069:
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Paulovičová, Nina (2013). "The "Unmasterable Past"? The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Slovakia". In Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata (eds.).
189:
have been documented in the territory of modern-day Slovakia, but significant Jewish presence was ended with the expulsions following the Hungarian defeat at the
11505:
8924:
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Fatran, Gila (2002) . "The Struggle for Jewish Survival during the Holocaust". In Długoborski, Wacław; Tóth, Dezider; Teresa, Świebocka; Mensfelt, Jarek (eds.).
815:
713:
301:
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8495:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Translated by Kramarikova, Marianna. Bloomington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 881–883.
8457:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Translated by Kramarikova, Marianna. Bloomington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 874–877.
1144:
897:
The racial definition of Jews was criticized by the Catholic Church, and converts were eventually exempted from some of the requirements. The Hlinka Guard and
8741:
848:
10702:
10347:
321:
11849:
7787:
1140:
7216:
7551:
Hutzelmann, Barbara (2018). "Einführung: Slowakei" [Introduction: Slovakia]. In Hutzelmann, Barbara; Hausleitner, Mariana; Hazan, Souzana (eds.).
7442:(2011). "Jews and non-Jews in the Aryanization Process: Comparison of France and the Slovak State, 1939–45". In Kosmala, Beate; Verbeeck, Georgi (eds.).
774:
604:, attracted international criticism, reduced British investment, increased dependence on German capital, and were a rehearsal for the 1942 deportations.
1523:... so was the kick, administered by an S.S.-man to a tardy Jew received by the large crowd ... with hand claps and cries of support and encouragement.
566:, antisemitic rioting broke out in Bratislava; newspapers justified the riots with Jews' alleged support for Hungary during the partition negotiations.
11707:
946:. The visitors understood that Jews in the camps lived under conditions which would eventually cause their deaths. Slovak soldiers participated in the
459:, banning opposition parties, shutting down independent newspapers, distributing antisemitic and anti-Czech propaganda, and founding the paramilitary
11229:
10478:
9354:
7503:
7405:
1067:
11380:
9460:
8380:
1026:
1021:
Early in 1942, Tuka and Wisliceny discussed the deportation of Jews from Slovakia. As indicated by a cable from the German ambassador to Slovakia,
1537:
Some Jews had been arrested in Bratislava by 20 September. The largest roundup was carried out in the city during the night of 28/29 September by
1483:(POHG), were essential to Einsatzgruppe H's work. Collaborators denounced those in hiding, impersonated partisans, and aided with interrogations.
1185:
10063:
8959:
8859:
8126:
Legge, Jerome S. (2018). "Collaboration, Intelligence, and the Holocaust: Ferdinand Ďurčanský, Slovak Nationalism, and the Gehlen Organization".
1842:
value of the nationalized heirless property was released into a fund that paid for Jewish education and Holocaust memorials. As of January 2019,
1711:
876:
449:
1832:. After Mečiar's fall in 1998, the Slovak government promoted Holocaust remembrance to demonstrate the country's European identity before it
894:
protecting individual Jews from the law. Employed Jews were initially exempt from some of the code's requirements, such as wearing the star.
11752:
10682:
8909:
8647:
1558:
1268:
he did not reply. Ludin reported that the deportations were "very unpopular", but few Slovaks took action against them. By March 1942, the
1184:). Unusually, the deportees in the Lublin District were quickly able to establish contact with the Jews remaining in Slovakia, which led to
304:
broke out in the aftermath of the declaration of independence (1918–1920), although the violence was not nearly as serious as in Ukraine or
11096:
10940:
10835:
9465:
9377:
8692:
1875:
867:
Headline of 21 September 1941 propaganda-ministry publication: "We've dealt with the Jews! The strictest laws against Jews are Slovakia's."
11190:
8555:
1219:
Transports went to Auschwitz after mid-June, where a minority of the victims were selected for labor and the remainder were killed in the
954:; they brought word of the mass shootings of Jews, and participated in at least one of the massacres. Some Slovaks were aware of the 1941
440:, was key to the regime with many of its leaders being bishops, priests, or laymen. Under Tiso's leadership, the Slovak government opened
10381:
10205:
8896:
1899:
1054:(which paid 30 Reichsmarks per person), Slovakia was the only country which paid to deport its Jewish population. According to historian
549:. Jewish businesses were robbed, and physical attacks on Jews occurred both spontaneously and at the instigation of the Hlinka Guard and
186:
1549:
provided funding for a clandestine group led by Arnold Lazar, which provided money, food, and clothing to Jews in hiding in Bratislava.
11237:
10342:
9269:
8811:
7620:
91:
7532:
Hutzelmann, Barbara (2016). "Slovak Society and the Jews: Attitudes and Patterns of Behaviour". In Bajohr, Frank; Löw, Andrea (eds.).
1615:
estimated that 13,500 Jews were deported in 1944 and 1945, of whom 10,000 died, but Israeli historian Gila Fatran and Czech historian
9129:
1766:
abandoned religious practice to fit in with the Slovak middle class. In 2019, the Jewish population was estimated at 2,000 to 3,000.
1449:
11224:
9565:
8539:
1604:
18:
10416:
9865:
9086:
8453:
Nižňanský, Eduard; Rajcan, Vanda; Hlavinka, Ján (2018a). "Nováky". In Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
1999:
Gain equivalent to USD$ 27.5 million at the time, or $ 513,000,000 today. Loss equivalent to $ 22.5 million or $ 420,000,000 today.
1693:
1663:
1647:
1546:
8491:
Nižňanský, Eduard; Rajcan, Vanda; Hlavinka, Ján (2018b). "Sereď". In Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
1288:, head of Department 14, and Wisliceny. It is unknown if the group's efforts had any connection with the halting of deportations.
11937:
11674:
11627:
11553:
11244:
11178:
10828:
10764:
10285:
10013:
9408:
9359:
9177:
9023:
9001:
8655:
8397:
8005:
1443:
Burzio met with Tiso on 22 and 29 September, reportedly calling Tiso a liar when the president denied knowledge of deportations.
1269:
917:
7489:
11700:
11287:
9589:
9073:
8806:
8072:[The phenomenon of corruption in the so-called solutions to the "Jewish questions" in Slovakia between 1938 and 1945].
7470:
1833:
1806:
555:. In his first radio address following the establishment of the Slovak State in 1939, Tiso emphasized his desire to "solve the
524:
8611:
1272:(an underground organization which operated under the auspices of the ÚŽ) had formed to oppose the deportations. Its leaders,
11927:
11593:
9134:
9040:
8519:
8500:
8481:
8462:
8443:
8424:
8405:
7681:
7655:
7634:
7609:
7572:
7541:
7522:
7478:
7451:
7425:
7391:
7360:
7335:
7313:
7280:
7255:
7230:
7205:
7182:
7156:
7131:
7104:
7079:
7060:
7038:
6988:
6961:
6942:
6921:
6902:
6872:
891:
495:
385:
11532:
11449:
11415:
9969:
9387:
9227:
9144:
8821:
7796:
7626:
7305:
7028:
6998:
6605:
1969:
1838:
1643:
1632:
8514:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Bloomington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 889–890.
8476:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Bloomington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 878–880.
8419:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Bloomington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 854–855.
11558:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11510:
10931:
10774:
10607:
10252:
9715:
9455:
1015:
935:
886:, the code defined Jews in terms of ancestry, banned intermarriage, and required that all Jews over six years old wear a
882:
The Slovak parliament passed the Jewish Code on 9 September 1941, which contained 270 anti-Jewish articles. Based on the
11295:
8276:
1762:
1356:
1203:
1058:, "the fact that the Tiso regime let Germany do the dirty work should not conceal its desire to “cleanse” the economy".
11907:
11111:
9803:
8816:
8571:
7707:
7247:
1377:
476:
475:
militia. HSĽS imprisoned thousands of its political opponents, but never carried out a sentence of capital punishment.
1224:
607:
284:), and national antisemitism: Jews were strongly associated with the Hungarian state and accused of sympathizing with
11922:
11917:
11693:
11537:
9584:
9329:
8438:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Bloomington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 871.
8155:
Lônčíková, Michala (2017). "Was the antisemitic propaganda a catalyst for tensions in the Slovak-Jewish relations?".
1563:
1425:, which broke out on 29 August 1944. The insurgent forces seized central Slovakia but were defeated on 27 October at
1177:
998:
to make room for deported Jews from Slovakia and Germany. In late October, Tiso, Tuka, Mach, and Čatloš visited the
138:
9599:
9535:
8186:"The discussions of Nazi Germany on the deportation of Jews in 1942 – the examples of Slovakia, Rumania and Hungary"
537:
Immediately after it came to power in 1938, the autonomous government began firing Jewish government employees. The
352:
as the solution to Slovakia's problems. The party began to emphasize antisemitism during the late 1930s following a
106:; only a few hundred survived until the end of the war. The Slovak government organized the transports and paid 500
11932:
11598:
11586:
11444:
10870:
10370:
9827:
9604:
9545:
9520:
9309:
9237:
8879:
8685:
8591:
7346:
1747:
1577:
1480:
123:
7726:
Cichopek-Gajraj, Anna (2018). "Nepokradeš! Nálady a postoje slovenské společnosti k židovské otázce, 1938–1945 ".
6980:
2724:
2140:
11603:
11197:
11043:
9448:
9443:
9124:
8886:
7645:
7466:
7008:
1968:
Equivalent to USD$ 108 million at the time, or $ 2,010,000,000 today. All currency conversions are made from the
1858:
1743:
1037:, requested separate settlements in Poland for converts to Christianity. The Slovak government agreed to pay 500
951:
692:
405:
154:
145:
in 1989. The Slovak government's complicity in the Holocaust continues to be disputed by far-right nationalists.
34:
7384:
Searching for Justice after the Holocaust: Fulfilling the Terezin Declaration and Immovable Property Restitution
1092:
as forced laborers. Department 14 organized the deportations, while the Slovak Transport Ministry provided the
541:
was founded on 23 January 1939 to discuss anti-Jewish legislation. The state-sponsored media demonized Jews as "
11912:
11407:
11372:
10265:
10078:
9540:
8773:
7864:
7194:
The Making of the Slovak People's Party: Religion, Nationalism and the Culture War in Early 20th-Century Europe
1810:
1165:
797:
758:
When Wisliceny arrived, all Jewish community organizations were dissolved and the Jews were forced to form the
441:
245:
10240:
8415:
Rajcan, Vanda (2018a). "Bratislava/Patrónka". In Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
8212:
Nižňanský, Eduard (2014). "On Relations between the Slovak Majority and Jewish Minority During World War II".
5281:
778:
663:
424:, to Germany. HSĽS took advantage of the ensuing political chaos to declare Slovakia's autonomy on 6 October.
11319:
10737:
10577:
9740:
9594:
9575:
9555:
9525:
9418:
7809:
1981:
The Land Reform Act did not explicitly target Jews, but it was rarely enforced against non-Jewish landowners.
1825:
1620:
645:
111:
11632:
9647:
8032:
1882:
and is especially popular with younger voters, promotes a positive view of the Slovak Republic. Its leader,
1668:
823:
600:
on the new Slovak–Hungarian border during the winter. The Slovak deportations occurred just after Germany's
10602:
10165:
9793:
9662:
9637:
9515:
9108:
8235:
Paulovičová, Nina (2018). "Holocaust Memory and Antisemitism in Slovakia: The Postwar Era to the Present".
1753:
The Czechoslovak government supported Zionism, insisting that Jews assimilate into Czechoslovak culture or
1340:
1173:
1103:
1085:
1051:
958:, in which 23,600 Jews, many of them deported from Hungary, were shot in western Ukraine. Defense minister
955:
95:
10235:
7561:
Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945
1181:
133:, survivors faced renewed antisemitism and difficulty regaining stolen property; most emigrated after the
11351:
10784:
10769:
10670:
10516:
10440:
9652:
9609:
9570:
9470:
9304:
9170:
8678:
7952:
7096:
1847:
1616:
1208:
1089:
437:
297:
226:
11760:
11464:
9762:
8736:
7893:
Büchler, Yehoshua (1996). "First in the Vale of Affliction: Slovakian Jewish Women in Auschwitz, 1942".
1673:
844:
807:
684:
683:, Germany demanded the replacement of several members of the cabinet with reliably pro-German radicals.
11492:
11217:
10642:
10521:
10491:
10410:
10327:
10160:
9798:
9696:
9657:
9614:
9550:
9423:
9299:
7514:
7463:
The Tragedy of the Jews of Slovakia 1938–1945: Slovakia and the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question"
6864:
6856:
1232:
1212:
1161:
1153:
1251:
opposed deportation, fearing that such actions from a Catholic government would discredit the church.
1041:
per deportee (ostensibly to cover shelter, food, retraining and housing) and an additional fee to the
486:
proclaimed its independence with German support and protection. Germany annexed and invaded the Czech
273:
11575:
10280:
10095:
9642:
9619:
9530:
9392:
9244:
9219:
9081:
8869:
1084:
The original deportation plan, approved in February 1942, entailed the deportation of 7,000 women to
947:
470:
218:
1863:
1654:'s Jewish cemetery was used as an execution site; 218 bodies were exhumed after the end of the war.
1410:
164:
110:
per Jew for the supposed cost of resettlement. The persecution of Jews resumed in August 1944, when
11716:
11459:
11311:
11303:
11127:
10759:
10714:
10260:
10040:
9579:
9560:
9507:
9491:
9438:
9433:
9344:
9334:
9324:
9276:
9259:
9249:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9139:
8993:
8937:
8933:
8929:
7352:
5133:
1937:
emphasizes German influence on Slovak internal and external politics and describes it as a "German
1468:
1422:
1415:
1077:
1018:
to German-occupied Poland, with the proviso that their confiscated property be passed to Slovakia.
872:
726:
722:
718:
333:
300:. Jews lived in 227 communities (in 1918) and their population was estimated at 135,918 (in 1921).
261:
115:
76:
11656:
10185:
8746:
8434:
Hlavinka, Ján (2018). "Marianka". In Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
7439:
11395:
11271:
11119:
10752:
10742:
10468:
10022:
9750:
9428:
9413:
9339:
9319:
9314:
9294:
9264:
9254:
9096:
8510:
Rajcan, Vanda (2018c). "Žilina". In Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
8472:
Rajcan, Vanda (2018b). "Poprad". In Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
7694:(2007). "The Robbery of Jewish Property in Eastern European States Allied with Nazi Germany". In
7174:
4899:
1801:
1701:
1373:
1034:
464:
308:. Slovak nationalists associated Jews with the Czechoslovak state and accused them of supporting
9819:
9058:
977:
181:
Before 1939, Slovakia had never been an independent country; its territory had been part of the
86:
In 1941, the Slovak government negotiated with Nazi Germany for the mass deportation of Jews to
11143:
10948:
10463:
10230:
9709:
9287:
9281:
9163:
9016:
8305:
Ward, James Mace (2002). ""People Who Deserve It": Jozef Tiso and the Presidential Exemption".
7241:
1293:
1281:
305:
277:
87:
9974:
6615:
6305:
2150:
1774:
1227:
in which he described Jews as the "eternal enemy" and justified the deportations according to
753:
11469:
11075:
10697:
10322:
10275:
9939:
9690:
9091:
8070:"Fenomén korupcie v procese tzv. riešenia "židovskej otázky" na Slovensku v rokoch 1938–1945"
7815:
7197:
7090:
6894:
5291:
1886:, once described Jews as "devils in human skin". Members of the party have been charged with
1708:
estimates that at least 36 Jews were murdered and more than 100 injured in postwar violence.
1697:
1589:
1188:. The fate of the Jews deported from Slovakia was ultimately "sealed within the framework of
1157:
959:
764:(Jewish Center, ÚŽ, subordinate to the Central Economic Office) in September 1940. The first
529:
433:
400:
353:
285:
281:
9053:
8095:"Jews and Gentiles in Central and Eastern Europe during the Holocaust in history and memory"
7619:
Kubátová, Hana (2014). "Jewish Resistance in Slovakia, 1938–1945". In Henry, Patrick (ed.).
1421:
Concerned about the increase in resistance, Germany invaded Slovakia; this precipitated the
463:. Parties for the German and Hungarian minorities were allowed under HSĽS hegemony, and the
11013:
10660:
10597:
10180:
9964:
9855:
9833:
9728:
9723:
9704:
8389:
8237:
8185:
7291:
7148:
1829:
1705:
1390:
1336:
931:
542:
118:. Another 13,500 Jews were deported and hundreds to thousands were murdered in Slovakia by
11343:
10914:
10526:
7789:
Synagogue Architecture in Slovakia Towards Creating a Memorial Landscape of Lost Community
7691:
7120:
The Jew in Czech and Slovak Imagination, 1938–89: Antisemitism, the Holocaust, and Zionism
1919:
651:
The first anti-Jewish law, passed on 18 April 1939 and not systematically enforced, was a
502:, but occupied an intermediate status. In October 1939, Tiso, leader of the conservative-
8:
11879:
10747:
10655:
10501:
10088:
8751:
8267:
7591:
1879:
1783:
1568:
1508:(7 September), during which 616 Jews were arrested and imprisoned in Ilava and Sereď. In
1381:
1361:
1329:
1169:
1113:
1044:
680:
672:
632:
571:
546:
491:
269:
234:
134:
103:
11685:
9883:
9873:
7859:
7832:
7587:
7115:
1197:
190:
10974:
10127:
10122:
9629:
8778:
8330:
8270:[Einsatzgruppe H in Uprising-era Slovakia (1944–1945) and Postwar Prosecution]
8254:
8214:
8172:
8114:
7842:
7743:
7647:
Bringing the Dark Past to Light. The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe
7583:
7508:
1787:
1538:
1189:
1072:
995:
939:
802:
616:
563:
445:
357:
253:
238:
182:
69:
11385:
8631:
8342:
Ward, James Mace (2015). "The 1938 First Vienna Award and the Holocaust in Slovakia".
7862:(1991). "The deportation of Slovakian Jews to the Lublin District of Poland in 1942".
7839:
Slovak Jews in Theresienstadt, Sachsenhausen, Ravensbrück and Bergen-Belsen, 1944/1945
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
1688:
in Slovakia. Many survivors had lost their entire families, and a third suffered from
1426:
11335:
10952:
10732:
10592:
10423:
10337:
10304:
10218:
10035:
10001:
8515:
8496:
8477:
8458:
8439:
8420:
8401:
8359:
8334:
8322:
8293:
8258:
8223:
8200:
8176:
8143:
8118:
8094:
8081:
8056:
7989:
7964:
7939:
7910:
7881:
7747:
7703:
7677:
7665:
7651:
7630:
7605:
7568:
7537:
7518:
7474:
7447:
7435:
7421:
7404:(2017). "The Murder of European Jewry: Nazi Genocide in Continental Perspective". In
7387:
7356:
7331:
7309:
7276:
7251:
7226:
7201:
7178:
7152:
7127:
7123:
7100:
7075:
7056:
7034:
7012:
6984:
6957:
6938:
6917:
6898:
6887:
6868:
1821:
1529:
1430:
1256:
1149:
349:
193:
in 1526. Many Jews immigrated in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Jews from
142:
11279:
7323:
7004:
Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States: Decisions and Annotations
1854:
589:
11639:
11327:
11212:
11166:
11009:
10709:
10687:
10506:
10496:
10225:
10213:
10195:
10132:
9006:
8979:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8849:
8756:
8351:
8318:
8314:
8285:
8268:"Einsatzgruppe H na povstaleckém Slovensku (1944–1945) a poválečné trestní stíhání"
8246:
8164:
8135:
8106:
8048:
8017:
7931:
7902:
7873:
7834:
Slovenští Židé v Terezíně, Sachsenhausenu, Ravensbrücku a Bergen-Belsenu, 1944/1945
7819:
7765:
7735:
7597:
3058:
1887:
1868:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1394:
1317:
1296:
1277:
1252:
1228:
1093:
852:
782:
700:
413:
330:
325:
222:
210:
73:
61:
11202:
9878:
9840:
8168:
8110:
7739:
7092:
The Pope's Dilemma: Pius XII Faces Atrocities and Genocide in the Second World War
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
1758:
695:
with that of Germany. Another result of the Salzburg talks was the appointment of
11649:
11400:
11135:
11029:
11017:
10890:
10820:
10779:
10619:
10612:
10429:
10332:
10190:
10170:
10083:
9919:
9048:
8864:
8022:
7805:
7413:
7379:
7166:
7002:
1938:
1462:
1385:
1349:
991:
982:
654:
556:
429:
337:
309:
202:
198:
119:
99:
10878:
5445:
2722:
1757:. Jews who had declared German or Hungarian nationality on a prewar census were
971:
72:, signed in November. The following year, with German encouragement, the ruling
11765:
10851:
10692:
10587:
10486:
10457:
10149:
10113:
10068:
9778:
9685:
9028:
8919:
8008:[No Man’s Land in 1938. Deportation beyond the Bounds of Citizenship].
7695:
7669:
7401:
7348:
Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia
7272:
2739:
1883:
1846:(the official Israeli memorial to the Holocaust) has recognized 602 Slovaks as
1497:
1369:
1325:
1264:
1055:
999:
943:
883:
863:
831:
785:
688:
578:. Between 4 and 7 November, 4,000 or 7,600 Jews were deported, in a chaotic,
575:
567:
268:". In the western Slovak lands, anti-Jewish riots broke out in the wake of the
230:
65:
10073:
9893:
8954:
7016:
1585:
1434:
1285:
781:
in the ÚŽ to ensure the prompt implementation of Nazi decrees, appointing the
11901:
11731:
11436:
10960:
10582:
10511:
10402:
10270:
10100:
10057:
9903:
9888:
9186:
9063:
9011:
8914:
8904:
8717:
8363:
8326:
8297:
8227:
8204:
8147:
8085:
8060:
8001:
7993:
7968:
7943:
7914:
7885:
7601:
7382:; Boyd, Kathryn Lee; Nelson, Kristen L.; Shah, Rajika L. (2019). "Slovakia".
1796:
1792:
1736:
1581:
1458:
1380:
and democratic opponents of the regime. Other anti-fascists retreated to the
963:
736:
345:
265:
206:
54:
10997:
8670:
8250:
1344:
879:
of the Ministry of the Interior was formed to enforce anti-Jewish measures.
280:
was joined by the stereotypical view of Jews as exploiters of poor Slovaks (
22:
A Slovak propaganda poster exhorts readers not to "be a servant to the Jew".
11869:
11799:
11775:
11581:
11207:
11063:
10956:
10855:
10794:
9944:
9929:
9924:
9898:
9851:
9783:
9745:
9495:
8949:
8874:
7906:
7409:
7144:
Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation
7048:
7024:
6882:
5384:
5382:
5380:
1934:
1923:
1689:
1612:
1501:
1220:
1011:
1007:
887:
704:
668:
620:
597:
507:
499:
483:
460:
456:
344:: HSĽS). HSĽS viewed minority groups such as Czechs, Hungarians, Jews, and
257:
249:
46:
42:
38:
8289:
7935:
7877:
7534:
The Holocaust and European Societies: Social Processes and Social Dynamics
3896:
3618:
11884:
11770:
11644:
10902:
10800:
10317:
9934:
9788:
8355:
8139:
7769:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5484:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4832:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3202:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2346:
1814:
1517:
Half of Bratislava was on its feet this morning to watch the show of the
1321:
1313:
1193:
1145:
List of Holocaust transports from Slovakia § Transports to Auschwitz
1127:
1022:
601:
503:
421:
417:
368:
313:
293:
141:
censored discussion of the Holocaust; free speech was restored after the
107:
50:
11423:
8388:
Rajcan, Vanda; Vadkerty, Madeline; Hlavinka, Ján (2018). "Slovakia". In
6482:
5409:
5377:
4701:
4689:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
990:
indicates that plans were being made for the mass murder of Jews in the
432:
and HSĽS leader, became prime minister of the Slovak autonomous region.
159:
11739:
11051:
10789:
10624:
10397:
10175:
8944:
8052:
7564:
7496:
Candidates for Power and Success. Formation of Elites in Modern History
7444:
Facing the Catastrophe: Jews and non-Jews in Europe during World War II
7222:
1843:
1038:
1003:
626:
593:
487:
425:
11233:
7268:
Vanished History: The Holocaust in Czech and Slovak Historical Culture
5481:
4829:
3873:
3373:
1805:, focused on Slovak culpability for the Holocaust. Following the 1968
1639:
1141:
List of Holocaust transports from Slovakia § Transports to Lublin
317:
11791:
10629:
10435:
8768:
7243:
Finale der Vernichtung: die Einsatzgruppe H in der Slowakei 1944/1945
3363:
3361:
2910:
2567:
2423:
2219:
1990:
Equivalent to USD$ 6.125 million at the time, or $ 114,200,000 today.
1683:
captured Slovakia by the end of April 1945. Around 69,000 Jews,
1260:
11839:
10290:
7977:
7957:
Bohemia: Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Böhmischen Länder
7700:
Robbery and Restitution: The Conflict over Jewish Property in Europe
6997:
3077:
1608:
1509:
168:
10155:
9955:
8783:
8646:
8554:
7823:
6494:
5691:
5451:
2760:
1872:
1680:
1600:
1542:
1444:
1332:
to Hungary and Switzerland; it reached the Western Allies in July.
1248:
967:
767:
214:
130:
8512:
Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
8493:
Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
8474:
Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
8455:
Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
8436:
Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
8417:
Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
8394:
Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
6681:
6621:
6084:
3419:
3417:
3358:
1596:
444:
with Hungary regarding their border. The dispute was submitted to
8788:
6934:
Beyond Violence: Jewish Survivors in Poland and Slovakia, 1944–48
6283:
6281:
6279:
5587:
5585:
4299:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
1273:
1097:
819:
696:
194:
30:
9155:
7055:. Translated by Styan, Martin. Bratislava: Hajko & Hajková.
6192:
6144:
5109:
4951:
4419:
4417:
4415:
3961:
1076:
Restored train car used to transport Slovak Jews. SŽ stands for
1030:
735:
A second Aryanization law was passed in November, mandating the
10665:
9103:
8826:
8396:. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Vol. 3. Bloomington:
7465:. Translated by Mensfeld, Jarek. Oświęcim and Banská Bystrica:
6729:
6669:
6329:
6317:
5976:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5753:
5751:
5749:
4939:
4617:
3925:
3693:
3414:
3402:
1959:
Around USD$ 64,000 or equivalent to USD$ 1,387,000 in 2023.
1878:
party, which is represented in the national parliament and the
1754:
1746:
officials as traitors, thereby exonerating Slovak society from
1651:
1348:
response to the threatened resumption, Slovak bishops issued a
1068:
List of Holocaust transports from Slovakia § Initial phase
922:
579:
348:
as a destructive influence on the Slovak nation, and presented
7033:. Vol. 2 (3 ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
6801:
6693:
6559:
6557:
6293:
6276:
6264:
6240:
6228:
6048:
5964:
5954:
5952:
5937:
5915:
5913:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5643:
5641:
5582:
3949:
3462:
3127:
3039:
3015:
2723:
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (June 1938).
2628:
2008:
Equivalent to USD$ 975,000 at the time, or $ 18,200,000 today.
1650:, where the victims' bodies were burned after they were shot.
827:
10030:
7955:[The deportation of the Jews from Slovakia 1944–45].
6777:
6530:
6346:
6344:
5524:
4860:
4412:
4376:
4340:
4173:
3990:
3988:
3836:
3834:
3630:
3331:
3329:
3275:
3027:
2991:
2334:
2130:
2128:
2115:
2113:
2079:
1950:
Around USD$ 14,000 or equivalent to USD$ 308,000 in 2023.
1505:
1433:
into 1945. A new government was sworn in, with Tiso's cousin
835:
533:
Government propaganda ordering Jews to "Get out of Slovakia!"
209:
settled east of the mountains, forming a separate community (
29:
was the systematic dispossession, deportation, and murder of
8542:[Detached Battalion] (in Slovak). Terezín Initiative
7491:
Adepti Moci a úspechu. Etablovanie Elít V Moderných Dejinách
7328:
Yellow Star, Red Star: Holocaust Remembrance After Communism
6356:
6204:
6180:
6168:
6108:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5817:
5746:
5722:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5500:
5399:
5397:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5085:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4927:
4805:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4453:
4429:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4066:
3851:
3849:
3819:
3797:
3795:
3744:
3669:
3647:
3645:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3304:
3302:
3180:
3178:
3088:
3086:
2645:
2643:
611:
Temporary passport issued in 1940 to a Jew who fled to Italy
356:
in 1938 and anti-Jewish laws passed by Hungary, Poland, and
7650:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 549–590.
7596:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–192.
6657:
6633:
6554:
6096:
6000:
5949:
5925:
5910:
5857:
5768:
5766:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5653:
5638:
5597:
5257:
5233:
5185:
5097:
5027:
5025:
4915:
4889:
4887:
4848:
4400:
4328:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4149:
4113:
3756:
3717:
3540:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3117:
3115:
3113:
2966:
2964:
2858:
2856:
2718:
2716:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2531:
2478:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2370:
2324:
2322:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2258:
2256:
2197:
2195:
1100:, the Hlinka Guard handed the transports off to the German
814:
recruits considered Jewish or Romani were allocated to the
8648:"The Holocaust in Subcarpathian Rus and Southern Slovakia"
6542:
6506:
6341:
5869:
5778:
5121:
4783:
4781:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4605:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4470:
4468:
4253:
4251:
4190:
4188:
3985:
3831:
3807:
3734:
3732:
3608:
3606:
3528:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3326:
3314:
2981:
2979:
2805:
2783:
2781:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2168:
2125:
2110:
2033:
2031:
2029:
1429:. Partisans withdrew to the mountains and continued their
574:(Kčs) were arrested in an unsuccessful attempt to prevent
11715:
6818:
6816:
6765:
6645:
6593:
6422:
6060:
5836:
5807:
5805:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5609:
5536:
5457:
5394:
5333:
5297:
5221:
5049:
4963:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4480:
4388:
4364:
4275:
4224:
4137:
4096:
4063:
4036:
4012:
3937:
3861:
3846:
3792:
3642:
3591:
3518:
3516:
3479:
3477:
3441:
3299:
3175:
3083:
2885:
2883:
2868:
2640:
2466:
2399:
2307:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
1400:
8490:
8452:
7582:
Kamenec, Ivan (2011). "The Slovak state, 1939–1945". In
6458:
6252:
6036:
5790:
5763:
5703:
5626:
5512:
5415:
5388:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5321:
5037:
5022:
5010:
4884:
4817:
4707:
4695:
4593:
4545:
4352:
4311:
4236:
3429:
3214:
3110:
2961:
2853:
2713:
2696:
2667:
2543:
2382:
2358:
2319:
2280:
2253:
2207:
2192:
7386:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 401–413.
6753:
6717:
6705:
6446:
6434:
6410:
6400:
6398:
6385:
6383:
6120:
5988:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5572:
5570:
5309:
5269:
5149:
5073:
5000:
4998:
4985:
4983:
4872:
4778:
4766:
4737:
4713:
4677:
4665:
4653:
4557:
4497:
4465:
4441:
4263:
4248:
4212:
4185:
4125:
4053:
4051:
4000:
3973:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3780:
3768:
3729:
3681:
3657:
3603:
3579:
3557:
3555:
3341:
3190:
3098:
3003:
2976:
2900:
2898:
2778:
2604:
2490:
2026:
1437:
as prime minister; Jozef remained president. The papal
438:
the religion of 80 percent of the country's inhabitants
221:, communities split in the mid-nineteenth century into
10548:
8387:
7953:"Die Deportation der Juden aus der Slowakei 1944–1945"
7676:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 595–600.
7171:
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
6828:
6813:
6789:
6569:
6518:
6470:
6216:
6072:
6024:
5881:
5802:
5672:
5494:
5469:
5421:
5173:
5161:
4842:
4793:
4516:
4161:
3900:
3624:
3513:
3501:
3474:
3396:
3287:
3265:
3263:
3250:
3248:
3208:
2943:
2880:
2841:
2586:
2436:
2352:
2232:
2091:
2067:
1559:
List of Holocaust transports from Slovakia § 1944
5433:
5356:
5209:
5197:
4641:
3489:
3163:
2949:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2655:
2592:
2442:
2243:
2241:
2156:
1242:
64:, Slovakia unilaterally declared its autonomy within
8612:"Under 30s would vote far-right Kotleba the next PM"
8372:
7218:
Gates of Tears: the Holocaust in the Lublin District
6741:
6581:
6395:
6380:
6368:
6156:
6132:
6012:
5893:
5734:
5567:
5555:
5245:
5061:
4995:
4980:
4725:
4629:
4569:
4533:
4287:
4200:
4084:
4048:
4024:
3906:
3705:
3567:
3552:
3233:
2895:
2817:
2766:
2616:
1389:
prompting some to flee to Hungary. On 19 March 1944
6889:
Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945
3260:
3245:
3151:
2555:
2519:
2507:
2454:
2055:
513:
68:, but lost significant territory to Hungary in the
10850:
8006:"Země nikoho 1938. Deportace za hranice občanství"
7053:On the Trail of Tragedy: The Holocaust in Slovakia
6886:
4581:
3139:
2829:
2793:
2679:
2268:
2238:
2180:
1778:Holocaust Memorial at Rybné námestie in Bratislava
1339:and other reversals in the increasingly unpopular
2411:
2043:
1376:to plan an insurrection; the council united both
818:, which worked at military construction sites at
539:Committee for the Solution of the Jewish Question
11899:
7930:(2). Translated by Greenwood, Naftali: 164–201.
7434:
7418:Beyond the Racial State: Rethinking Nazi Germany
3423:
3408:
3367:
3052:
1890:, which has been a criminal offense since 2001.
372:Slovak territorial losses to Hungary in 1938 (2
10323:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
8092:
7725:
7113:
6954:Last Folio: Textures of Jewish Life in Slovakia
6930:
6783:
6611:
6500:
6488:
6335:
6311:
6299:
6270:
6246:
6234:
4305:
3931:
3033:
3021:
2997:
582:-like operation in which the Hlinka Guard, the
7811:Rescue of Jews in the Slovak State (1939–1945)
7698:; Goschler, Constantin; Ther, Philipp (eds.).
7378:
6699:
6687:
6314:, pp. 104–105, 111–112, 118–119, 127–129.
6287:
1642:on 11 September. The largest execution was in
53:in 1940, an estimated 69,000 were murdered in
11701:
10836:
10683:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
9171:
8700:
8686:
8572:"Mazurek not prosecuted for Holocaust denial"
8035:[Aryanization in Slovakia 1939–1945]
7980:[The trial of Vojtech Tuka in 1946].
7072:Mapping Jewish Loyalties in Interwar Slovakia
7069:
2134:
1795:, discussion of the Holocaust opened up. The
1607:and the third at Auschwitz. A transport from
631:operatives organizing illegal immigration to
296:, Slovakia became part of the new country of
81:confiscation of their property and businesses
8381:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
8265:
7922:Fatran, Gila (1994). "The "Working Group"".
7702:. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 81–96.
7239:
6951:
6362:
6210:
6198:
6186:
6174:
6150:
6114:
6090:
6054:
6006:
5982:
5970:
5958:
5943:
5931:
5919:
5830:
5757:
5728:
5666:
5647:
5603:
5591:
5506:
2146:
1928:
1518:
1474:
1466:
1438:
1259:(SD) report, Burzio threatened Tiso with an
1121:
1101:
1042:
975:
898:
765:
759:
691:, who aligned the anti-Jewish policy of the
624:
583:
550:
468:
244:Although they were not as integrated as the
10382:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
8234:
7803:
7664:
7643:
7214:
6807:
6735:
6675:
6663:
6639:
6563:
6536:
6512:
6350:
6323:
5191:
5103:
4957:
4921:
4905:
4866:
4623:
4334:
4155:
3994:
3967:
3699:
3546:
3133:
2673:
2649:
2634:
2405:
2262:
1900:Historiography of the Holocaust in Slovakia
1734:
1328:, reached Slovakia. The Working Group sent
1316:, an unsuccessful effort to bribe SS chief
1263:. Slovak bishops were equivocal, endorsing
652:
252:were Jewish. Although a few Jews supported
11708:
11694:
10843:
10829:
9178:
9164:
8693:
8679:
8630:
7550:
7531:
6711:
5851:
5620:
5549:
5403:
5350:
5127:
4974:
4945:
4107:
4078:
3855:
3840:
3825:
3813:
3801:
3651:
3636:
3597:
3468:
3456:
3308:
3281:
3227:
3184:
3121:
3092:
2970:
2862:
2707:
2472:
2393:
2376:
2364:
2328:
2201:
2119:
2037:
1972:'s determination of wartime exchange rate.
562:In the days after the announcement of the
455:HSĽS consolidated its power by passing an
396:) annexed by Czechoslovakia after the war.
237:, complete by 1896, many Jews adopted the
9130:Persecution of Czechs in the Slovak State
8610:
8592:"Extremist charged with Holocaust denial"
8590:
8570:
8211:
8183:
8154:
8021:
7690:
7289:
7165:
7074:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
6937:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6834:
6822:
6795:
6464:
5863:
5772:
5716:
5697:
5463:
5227:
4933:
4823:
4491:
4423:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4346:
4322:
4242:
4179:
4143:
4042:
4018:
3955:
3867:
3435:
3352:
3078:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission 1968
3009:
2985:
2174:
1922:disagrees that the Tiso government was a
1784:government's attitude to Jews and Zionism
1457:carried out by German forces. SS officer
8433:
8392:; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.).
8067:
7975:
7618:
7581:
7088:
6452:
6440:
6416:
6258:
6042:
5796:
5632:
5518:
5327:
5287:
5031:
4893:
4811:
4787:
4772:
4760:
4748:
4599:
4358:
3675:
3196:
3104:
2787:
2761:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis 2019
2610:
2537:
2501:
2484:
2313:
2301:
1786:shifted after 1948, leading to the 1952
1773:
1667:
1664:Postwar anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia
1562:
1409:
1368:In late 1943, leading army officers and
1355:
1202:
1071:
916:
862:
801:
662:
606:
528:
479:resulted in a 95-percent vote for HSĽS.
399:
367:
158:
17:
11628:Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II
8656:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
8537:
8509:
8471:
8414:
8398:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
7892:
7858:
7841:] (PhD thesis) (in Czech). Prague:
7754:
7487:
7400:
7322:
7264:
7140:
7047:
7023:
6855:
6759:
6723:
6651:
6627:
6599:
6575:
6548:
6524:
6476:
6126:
5994:
5452:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
5315:
5275:
5263:
5239:
5155:
5115:
5091:
5079:
4719:
4683:
4671:
4659:
4510:
4474:
4459:
4447:
4435:
4406:
4269:
4257:
4218:
4194:
4167:
4131:
4119:
4006:
3979:
3786:
3774:
3762:
3750:
3738:
3723:
3687:
3663:
3612:
3585:
3573:
3335:
3320:
3293:
2847:
2289:
2213:
2162:
1414:Situation during the first days of the
921:Jews forced to dig their own graves in
602:deportation of thousands of Polish Jews
11900:
8030:
8000:
7978:"Proces s Vojtechom Tukom v roku 1946"
7950:
7921:
7785:
7536:. London: Springer. pp. 167–185.
7471:Museum of the Slovak National Uprising
7460:
7191:
6970:
6222:
6078:
6030:
5887:
5875:
5811:
5784:
5685:
5475:
5427:
5416:Nižňanský, Rajcan & Hlavinka 2018a
5389:Nižňanský, Rajcan & Hlavinka 2018b
5371:
5179:
5167:
4854:
4799:
4708:Nižňanský, Rajcan & Hlavinka 2018a
4696:Nižňanský, Rajcan & Hlavinka 2018b
4611:
4527:
3534:
3522:
3507:
3483:
3169:
2955:
2874:
2823:
2811:
2772:
2661:
2598:
2448:
2104:
2085:
2073:
2061:
1850:for risking their lives to save Jews.
1820:A nationalist resurgence followed the
1807:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1401:Resumption of deportations (1944–1945)
970:to Tiso by February 1942. Both bishop
942:to employ them in forced labor on the
907:
798:Ústredňa Židov § Retraining camps
525:1938 deportation of Jews from Slovakia
490:the following day, and Hungary seized
363:
11689:
10824:
10547:
10368:
9999:
9490:
9489:
9159:
8674:
8558:. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
8245:(1). Indiana University Press: 4–34.
8125:
8093:Kubátová, Hana; Láníček, Jan (2017).
7830:
6911:
6881:
6374:
6102:
6066:
6018:
5904:
5740:
5439:
5251:
5215:
5203:
5139:
5004:
4878:
4731:
4647:
4551:
4539:
4281:
3943:
3561:
3495:
3254:
3239:
2904:
2622:
1672:Names of murdered Jews at the former
687:was replaced as interior minister by
9970:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
8538:Bachnár, Alexander (7 August 2011).
8341:
8304:
7797:Center for Jewish Studies Heidelberg
7627:Catholic University of America Press
7344:
7030:The Destruction of the European Jews
6999:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission
6952:Dojc, Yuri; Krausová, Katya (2011).
6916:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
6771:
6747:
6587:
6428:
6404:
6389:
6162:
6138:
5576:
5561:
5530:
5495:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
5303:
5067:
5055:
5043:
5016:
4989:
4843:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
4635:
4587:
4575:
4563:
4293:
4230:
4206:
4090:
4057:
4030:
3919:
3901:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
3711:
3625:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
3397:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
3269:
3209:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
3157:
3145:
2944:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
2889:
2835:
2799:
2690:
2587:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
2561:
2549:
2525:
2513:
2460:
2437:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
2417:
2353:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
2340:
2274:
2247:
2233:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018
2186:
2049:
1970:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission
1134:
420:, the German-speaking region of the
354:wave of Jewish refugees from Austria
11559:1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division
10775:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
7851:
7622:Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis
7563:(in German). Vol. 13. Munich:
1160:for labor; the trains continued to
1016:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
241:and customs to advance in society.
13:
10369:
7248:Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
5142:, pp. 88–89, 99, Chapter 5–7
2735:. Government Printing Office: 550.
1704:in August 1946. Polish historian
1405:
1243:Opposition, exemption, and evasion
788:(a Viennese Jew) as its director.
518:
506:branch of HSĽS, became president;
477:Un-free elections in December 1938
90:. Between March and October 1942,
14:
11949:
9185:
8374:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
8033:"Arizácia na Slovensku 1939–1945"
1927:see this German-protected state (
1603:; two of the transports ended at
1120:Members of the Hlinka Guard, the
272:; more riots occurred due to the
80:
11670:
11669:
10338:Polish leaders and intellectuals
9828:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
7553:Slowakei, Rumänien und Bulgarien
7371:
6861:Hitler, the Allies, and the Jews
2002:
1993:
1933:) simply as a 'puppet regime'."
1748:responsibility for the Holocaust
1694:intimidation and violent attacks
1571:walking towards the gas chambers
1481:Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions
1306:
747:
514:Anti-Jewish measures (1938–1941)
342:Hlinkova slovenská ľudová strana
324:in the 1920s. In the 1930s, the
264:, Jews being branded "agents of
256:, by the mid-nineteenth century
185:for a thousand years. Seventeen
124:Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions
9125:History of the Jews in Slovakia
8632:"Names of Righteous by Country"
7718:
7672:; Baumel, Judith Tydor (eds.).
7557:Slovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria
7467:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
7070:Klein-Pejšová, Rebekah (2015).
7009:U.S. Government Printing Office
6979:] (in Slovak). Bratislava:
1984:
1975:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1912:
1696:, including the September 1945
1633:Kremnička and Nemecká massacres
1567:Jewish women and children from
791:
638:
494:with German acquiescence. In a
380:). Germany annexed location (4
155:History of the Jews in Slovakia
10266:Attack on the twentieth convoy
10079:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
8344:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
8319:10.1080/00905992.2002.10540508
8128:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
7924:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
7895:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
7865:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
7758:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
7420:. Cambridge University Press.
6931:Cichopek-Gajraj, Anna (2014).
1552:
1061:
858:
779:Department for Special Affairs
712:(ÚHÚ), led by Slovak official
404:Administrative regions of the
1:
9024:Department of Special Affairs
8556:"Consumer Price Index, 1800–"
8169:10.1080/17504902.2016.1209839
8111:10.1080/17504902.2016.1209838
7740:10.1080/13501674.2018.1505360
2015:
1826:dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1759:stripped of their citizenship
1621:Mauthausen concentration camp
1364:arrive at Auschwitz, May 1944
855:– in September of that year.
172:
148:
11928:Slovakia during World War II
10603:Jewish war conspiracy theory
9794:Extermination through labour
8023:10.31577/forhist.2019.13.1.7
7728:East European Jewish Affairs
7330:. Cornell University Press.
6956:. Indiana University Press.
3424:Dreyfus & Nižňanský 2011
3409:Dreyfus & Nižňanský 2011
3368:Dreyfus & Nižňanský 2011
3053:Dreyfus & Nižňanský 2011
2020:
1828:in 1993 and the nationalist
1822:fall of the Communist regime
1791:liberalization known as the
1657:
1626:
1211:where Jews were shot during
1052:Independent State of Croatia
956:Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre
143:fall of the Communist regime
96:Auschwitz concentration camp
7:
11554:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps
10785:Righteous Among the Nations
10000:
9471:Righteous Among the Nations
8266:Šindelářová, Lenka (2013).
7590:; Brown, Martin D. (eds.).
7240:Šindelářová, Lenka (2013).
7215:Silberklang, David (2013).
7097:University of Toronto Press
6784:Kubátová & Láníček 2017
6612:Kubátová & Láníček 2018
3932:Kubátová & Láníček 2018
3034:Kubátová & Láníček 2018
2998:Kubátová & Láníček 2018
1893:
1848:Righteous Among the Nations
1490:
912:
246:Jews of Bohemia and Moravia
187:medieval Jewish communities
10:
11954:
11938:Germany–Slovakia relations
11218:Slovak Insurgent Air Force
11198:Jan Žižka partisan brigade
10522:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
10492:Lithuanian Security Police
10411:Reich Security Main Office
9378:Evidence and documentation
8378:
8184:Nižňanský, Eduard (2011).
7804:Paulovičová, Nina (2012).
7515:Slovak Academy of Sciences
7089:Kornberg, Jacques (2015).
6865:Cambridge University Press
6843:
6630:, pp. 73, 84–85, 166.
2725:"Federal Reserve Bulletin"
1661:
1630:
1595:Two small transports left
1556:
1233:Operation Harvest Festival
1213:Operation Harvest Festival
1162:Sobibor extermination camp
1154:Reich Security Main Office
1138:
1065:
795:
751:
522:
276:in 1882–1883. Traditional
260:had become a theme in the
171:shortly after completion,
152:
11908:The Holocaust in Slovakia
11875:The Holocaust in Slovakia
11862:
11811:
11784:
11751:
11724:
11665:
11620:
11576:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
11567:
11546:
11498:1st Czechoslovak Division
11485:
11478:
11435:
11363:
11320:Bratislava–Brno Offensive
11264:
11257:
11154:
11104:
11095:
11042:
10990:
10939:
10930:
10869:
10862:
10738:Books and other resources
10725:
10641:
10570:
10566:
10543:
10477:
10449:
10390:
10377:
10364:
10303:
10251:
10204:
10141:
10111:
10049:
10021:
10012:
10008:
9995:
9953:
9912:
9864:
9850:
9812:
9771:
9671:
9628:
9506:
9502:
9485:
9401:
9370:
9270:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
9197:
9193:
9117:
9109:Nation's Memory Institute
9072:
9039:
8992:
8895:
8870:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
8842:
8835:
8799:
8726:
8708:
8702:The Holocaust in Slovakia
8041:Acta Oeconomica Pragensia
7778:
7502:(in Slovak). Bratislava:
7345:Ward, James Mace (2013).
7306:National Memory Institute
7304:(in Slovak). Bratislava:
7290:Sokolovič, Peter (2009).
6977:The Struggle for Survival
5700:, pp. 391, 395, 403.
4908:, p. 62, Chapter IV
2343:, pp. 161, 163, 166.
1839:National Memory Institute
1834:joined the European Union
1769:
1476:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
1192:" along with that of the
1123:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
900:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
873:Catholic teaching on race
705:adviser on Jewish affairs
585:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
552:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
496:treaty signed on 23 March
471:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel
219:schism in Hungarian Jewry
92:58,000 Jews were deported
60:After the September 1938
27:The Holocaust in Slovakia
11923:Antisemitism in Slovakia
11918:The Holocaust by country
11465:Sereď concentration camp
11186:Jan Hus partisan brigade
11128:Slovak National Uprising
10328:People with disabilities
10261:Aid and Rescue Committee
9140:Slovak National Uprising
8031:Hallon, Ľudovít (2007).
7976:Fedorčák, Peter (2015).
7814:(PhD thesis). Edmonton:
7602:10.1017/CBO9780511780141
7353:Cornell University Press
7293:Hlinkova Garda 1938–1945
7246:(in German). Darmstadt:
6981:Múzeum Židovskej Kultúry
6914:Rethinking the Holocaust
6848:
6491:, pp. 165–166, 169.
5533:, pp. 249–250, 252.
5118:, pp. 315–316, 319.
2729:Federal Reserve Bulletin
2147:Dojc & Krausová 2011
2088:, pp. 17–18, 20–21.
1905:
1857:states that the wartime
1824:in 1989, leading to the
1674:Sereď concentration camp
1423:Slovak National Uprising
1416:Slovak National Uprising
808:Sereď concentration camp
316:accusations occurred in
262:Slovak national movement
139:postwar Communist regime
129:After liberation by the
116:Slovak National Uprising
112:Germany invaded Slovakia
11933:Mass murder in Slovakia
11820:Slovenské ľudové noviny
11533:11th Infantry Battalion
10469:Order Police battalions
9135:Presidential exemptions
9097:Partisan Congress riots
8855:Central Economic Office
8251:10.2979/antistud.2.1.02
8199:(Supplement): 111–136.
7668:(2001). "Slovakia". In
7265:Sniegon, Tomas (2014).
7192:Lorman, Thomas (2019).
7175:Oxford University Press
1802:The Shop on Main Street
1702:Partisan Congress riots
1391:Germany invaded Hungary
1374:Slovak National Council
710:Central Economic Office
442:negotiations in Komárno
274:Tiszaeszlár blood libel
229:, and more assimilated
11174:Czech National Council
10949:Konstantin von Neurath
10318:Soviet urban residents
9409:International response
9383:Contemporary knowledge
9017:Michael Dov Weissmandl
8800:Massacres and roundups
8652:Holocaust Encyclopedia
8540:"Odtabuizovaný prápor"
8530:
8068:Kamenec, Ivan (2011).
7831:Putík, Daniel (2015).
7786:Borský, Maroš (2005).
7674:Holocaust Encyclopedia
7298:Hlinka Guard 1938–1945
6912:Bauer, Yehuda (2002).
1929:
1864:Milan Stanislav Ďurica
1779:
1735:
1676:
1572:
1525:
1519:
1475:
1467:
1439:
1418:
1365:
1294:Zionist youth movement
1282:Michael Dov Weissmandl
1216:
1122:
1102:
1081:
1043:
976:
966:reported massacres in
926:
925:, Ukraine, 4 July 1941
899:
868:
810:
766:
760:
676:
653:
625:
612:
584:
551:
534:
482:On 14 March 1939, the
469:
409:
397:
384:) and established the
341:
278:religious antisemitism
178:
88:German-occupied Poland
23:
11913:Jewish Slovak history
11717:Slovak People's Party
11470:Theresienstadt Ghetto
11416:Kremnička and Nemecká
10920:Chief of Intelligence
10765:Memorials and museums
10703:Reparations Agreement
10698:Holocaust restitution
10276:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
9799:Human experimentation
9638:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
8822:Kremnička and Nemecká
8390:Megargee, Geoffrey P.
8290:10.51134/sod.2013.039
7951:Fatran, Gila (1996).
7816:University of Alberta
7517:). pp. 315–324.
7198:Bloomsbury Publishing
7141:Láníček, Jan (2013).
6971:Fatran, Gila (2007).
6895:Yale University Press
6105:, pp. 54, 68–69.
6093:, pp. 96–97, 99.
1777:
1755:emigrate to Palestine
1671:
1631:Further information:
1566:
1557:Further information:
1515:
1496:large-scale raids in
1413:
1384:mountains and formed
1359:
1206:
1186:extensive aid efforts
1139:Further information:
1075:
1066:Further information:
920:
866:
824:Liptovský Svätý Peter
816:Sixth Labor Battalion
806:Restored barracks at
805:
796:Further information:
666:
610:
532:
446:arbitration in Vienna
403:
371:
334:Slovak People's Party
282:economic antisemitism
162:
153:Further information:
77:Slovak People's Party
21:
11538:1st Armoured Brigade
9965:Jewish Ghetto Police
9834:Politische Abteilung
9729:Risiera di San Sabba
9590:Natzweiler-Struthof
9059:Karel František Koch
8616:The Slovak Spectator
8596:The Slovak Spectator
8576:The Slovak Spectator
8400:. pp. 842–852.
8307:Nationalities Papers
8238:Antisemitism Studies
7907:10.1093/hgs/10.3.299
7629:. pp. 504–518.
7625:. Washington, D.C.:
7473:. pp. 141–162.
7007:. Washington, D.C.:
6774:, pp. 276, 278.
6501:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
6489:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
6431:, pp. 258, 263.
6336:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
6312:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
6300:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
6271:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
6247:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
6235:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
5306:, pp. 236, 238.
5094:, pp. 283, 303.
5058:, pp. 583, 587.
4960:, pp. 279, 297.
4948:, pp. 176, 178.
4462:, pp. 159, 161.
4438:, pp. 313, 320.
4306:Cichopek-Gajraj 2014
4233:, pp. 216, 230.
3970:, pp. 570, 572.
3958:, pp. 295, 428.
3753:, pp. 315, 321.
3022:Cichopek-Gajraj 2018
2814:, pp. 103, 112.
2552:, pp. 172, 216.
1871:commemorations. The
1853:Political scientist
1799:-winning 1965 film,
1706:Anna Cichopek-Gajraj
1337:Battle of Stalingrad
932:Organization Schmelt
547:of the Slovak nation
543:enemies of the state
448:by Nazi Germany and
233:factions. Following
197:settled west of the
11880:Salzburg Conference
11761:Ferdinand Ďurčanský
11587:Emergency Divisions
11493:Czechoslovak Legion
11460:Carpathian Ruthenia
11120:Vrba–Wetzler report
11081:Minister of Defence
10871:Government-in-exile
10743:Days of remembrance
10656:Holocaust survivors
10651:Depopulated shtetls
10502:Rollkommando Hamann
10348:Jehovah's Witnesses
10166:Kamianets-Podilskyi
9228:Bohemia and Moravia
9145:Tiso's Holíč speech
8880:Emergency Divisions
7982:Človek a Spoločnosť
7936:10.1093/hgs/8.2.164
7878:10.1093/hgs/6.2.151
7593:Slovakia in History
7414:Wetzell, Richard F.
7380:Bazyler, Michael J.
6738:, pp. 566–567.
6700:Bazyler et al. 2019
6690:, pp. 401–402.
6688:Bazyler et al. 2019
6678:, pp. 564–565.
6503:, pp. 228–230.
6326:, pp. 556–557.
6288:Bazyler et al. 2019
6201:, pp. 107–108.
6153:, pp. 105–106.
6069:, pp. 52, 211.
5878:, pp. 104–105.
5787:, pp. 100–101.
5266:, pp. 284–285.
5242:, pp. 280–281.
5046:, pp. 232–233.
5019:, pp. 587–588.
4814:, pp. 514–515.
4626:, pp. 296–297.
4614:, pp. 180–181.
4426:, pp. 325–326.
4409:, pp. 222–223.
4385:, pp. 143–144.
4349:, pp. 346–347.
4284:, pp. 177–178.
4182:, pp. 324–325.
4122:, pp. 776–777.
3946:, pp. 176–177.
3765:, pp. 191–192.
3726:, pp. 186–187.
3702:, pp. 260–262.
3678:, pp. 188–189.
3627:, pp. 846–847.
3537:, pp. 144–145.
3471:, pp. 173–174.
3338:, pp. 770–771.
3323:, pp. 769–770.
3284:, pp. 169–170.
3211:, pp. 843–844.
3136:, pp. 596–597.
2877:, pp. 149–150.
2637:, pp. 551–552.
2540:, pp. 184–185.
2487:, pp. 180–182.
2355:, pp. 842–843.
2304:, pp. 179–180.
1880:European Parliament
1623:, many died there.
1569:Carpathian Ruthenia
1362:Carpathian Ruthenia
1280:and Orthodox rabbi
1215:on 3 November 1943.
1170:extermination camps
1114:Poprad transit camp
1078:Slovenské Železnice
1045:Deutsche Reichsbahn
948:invasions of Poland
908:Deportations (1942)
871:In accordance with
685:Ferdinand Ďurčanský
681:Salzburg Conference
673:Salzburg Conference
633:Mandatory Palestine
572:Czechoslovak koruna
492:Carpathian Ruthenia
412:The September 1938
364:Slovak independence
270:Revolutions of 1848
235:Jewish emancipation
135:1948 Communist coup
104:General Governorate
51:Jews in the country
11296:Čajánek's barracks
10975:Karl Hermann Frank
10726:History and memory
10630:Forced euthanasia
10578:Nazi racial policy
10281:Danish underground
10128:Operation Reinhard
10123:Wannsee Conference
9054:Pavel Peter Gojdič
8836:Major perpetrators
8812:List of transports
8618:. 28 November 2019
8578:. 7 September 2016
8356:10.1093/hgs/dcv004
8215:Yad Vashem Studies
8193:Historický časopis
8140:10.1093/hgs/dcy029
8053:10.18267/j.aop.187
7843:Charles University
7770:10.1093/hgs/dci033
7692:Tönsmeyer, Tatjana
7666:Rothkirchen, Livia
7567:. pp. 18–45.
7436:Dreyfus, Jean-Marc
7122:. Leiden, Boston:
6810:, pp. 17, 20.
6551:, pp. 58, 62.
5985:, pp. 99–100.
4936:, pp. 62, 70.
4566:, pp. 8, 234.
4554:, pp. 75, 97.
3639:, pp. 24, 29.
2892:, pp. 94, 96.
2135:Klein-Pejšová 2015
1780:
1677:
1573:
1539:Einsatzkommando 29
1431:guerrilla campaign
1419:
1366:
1217:
1196:, in the words of
1190:Operation Reinhard
1152:, the head of the
1088:and 13,000 men to
1082:
1080:(Slovak Railways).
996:General Government
940:East Upper Silesia
927:
869:
811:
677:
617:invasion of Poland
613:
564:First Vienna Award
535:
410:
398:
254:Slovak nationalism
239:Hungarian language
183:Kingdom of Hungary
179:
114:and triggered the
70:First Vienna Award
24:
11893:
11892:
11855:
11845:
11835:
11825:
11804:
11796:
11785:Paramilitary wing
11744:
11736:
11683:
11682:
11616:
11615:
11612:
11611:
11428:
11420:
11412:
11392:
11377:
11356:
11348:
11340:
11332:
11324:
11316:
11308:
11300:
11292:
11284:
11276:
11253:
11252:
11182:
11170:
11140:
11132:
11124:
11116:
11091:
11090:
11038:
11037:
10953:Reinhard Heydrich
10915:František Moravec
10818:
10817:
10814:
10813:
10810:
10809:
10661:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
10608:Jewish emigration
10598:Hitler's prophecy
10593:Haavara Agreement
10539:
10538:
10535:
10534:
10527:Ypatingasis būrys
10424:Sicherheitsdienst
10360:
10359:
10356:
10355:
10299:
10298:
10219:Bielski partisans
9991:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9983:
9982:
9822:Totenkopfverbände
9481:
9480:
9153:
9152:
8988:
8987:
8727:Camps and prisons
8521:978-0-253-02373-5
8502:978-0-253-02373-5
8483:978-0-253-02373-5
8464:978-0-253-02373-5
8445:978-0-253-02373-5
8426:978-0-253-02373-5
8407:978-0-253-02373-5
8157:Holocaust Studies
8099:Holocaust Studies
7860:Büchler, Yehoshua
7683:978-0-300-08432-0
7657:978-0-8032-2544-2
7636:978-0-8132-2589-0
7611:978-1-139-49494-6
7574:978-3-11-049520-1
7543:978-1-137-56984-4
7524:978-80-224-1503-3
7480:978-83-88526-15-2
7453:978-1-84520-471-6
7440:Nižňanský, Eduard
7427:978-1-316-73286-1
7393:978-0-19-092306-8
7362:978-0-8014-6812-4
7337:978-1-5017-4240-8
7315:978-80-89335-10-7
7282:978-1-78238-294-2
7257:978-3-534-73733-8
7232:978-965-308-464-3
7207:978-1-350-10938-4
7184:978-0-19-280436-5
7158:978-1-137-31747-6
7133:978-90-04-36244-4
7106:978-1-4426-2828-1
7081:978-0-253-01562-4
7062:978-80-88700-68-5
7040:978-0-300-09592-0
6990:978-80-8060-206-2
6963:978-0-253-22377-7
6944:978-1-107-03666-6
6923:978-0-300-09300-1
6904:978-0-300-05913-7
6874:978-0-511-51183-7
6654:, pp. 89–90.
6602:, pp. 69–70.
6539:, pp. 15–16.
6363:Šindelářová 2013b
6211:Šindelářová 2013a
6199:Šindelářová 2013a
6187:Šindelářová 2013a
6175:Šindelářová 2013a
6151:Šindelářová 2013a
6115:Šindelářová 2013a
6091:Šindelářová 2013a
6057:, pp. 91–92.
6055:Šindelářová 2013a
6007:Šindelářová 2013a
5983:Šindelářová 2013a
5973:, pp. 92–93.
5971:Šindelářová 2013a
5959:Šindelářová 2013a
5946:, pp. 88–89.
5944:Šindelářová 2013a
5932:Šindelářová 2013a
5920:Šindelářová 2013a
5866:, pp. 76–77.
5831:Šindelářová 2013b
5758:Šindelářová 2013b
5729:Šindelářová 2013b
5667:Šindelářová 2013a
5648:Šindelářová 2013a
5604:Šindelářová 2013a
5594:, pp. 85–86.
5592:Šindelářová 2013a
5507:Šindelářová 2013b
4881:, pp. 71–72.
4869:, pp. 77–78.
4763:, pp. 83–84.
4308:, pp. 15–16.
3828:, pp. 30–31.
3370:, pp. 24–25.
2379:, pp. 20–21.
2316:, pp. 81–82.
2292:, pp. 16–17.
2216:, pp. 6, 10.
2177:, pp. 49–50.
2122:, pp. 18–19.
2107:, pp. 47–48.
2076:, pp. 16–17.
1920:Tatjana Tönsmeyer
1918:German historian
1830:Mečiar government
1617:Lenka Šindelářová
1440:chargé d'affaires
1150:Reinhard Heydrich
1135:Family transports
978:chargé d'affaires
775:Heinrich Schwartz
679:At the July 1940
302:Anti-Jewish riots
207:Jews from Galicia
11945:
11863:Related articles
11853:
11850:Slovenská pravda
11843:
11833:
11823:
11802:
11794:
11742:
11734:
11710:
11703:
11696:
11687:
11686:
11673:
11672:
11657:Western betrayal
11640:Munich Agreement
11599:Slovak Air Force
11483:
11482:
11426:
11418:
11410:
11390:
11389:
11375:
11354:
11346:
11338:
11330:
11328:Prague Offensive
11322:
11314:
11306:
11304:Slovak–Hungarian
11298:
11290:
11288:Carpatho-Ukraine
11282:
11274:
11262:
11261:
11241:
11213:Slovak partisans
11194:
11176:
11164:
11162:Council of Three
11138:
11130:
11122:
11114:
11102:
11101:
11076:Ferdinand Čatloš
10937:
10936:
10908:foreign minister
10867:
10866:
10845:
10838:
10831:
10822:
10821:
10710:Holocaust denial
10688:Nuremberg trials
10678:Postwar violence
10633:
10568:
10567:
10545:
10544:
10507:Special Brigades
10497:Nederlandsche SS
10464:Police Regiments
10388:
10387:
10366:
10365:
10226:Ghetto uprisings
10214:Jewish partisans
10161:Harvest Festival
10133:Holocaust trains
10019:
10018:
10010:
10009:
9997:
9996:
9862:
9861:
9758:
9736:
9718:
9699:
9681:
9504:
9503:
9487:
9486:
9195:
9194:
9180:
9173:
9166:
9157:
9156:
9118:Related articles
9092:Topoľčany pogrom
9007:Gisi Fleischmann
8980:Dieter Wisliceny
8976:
8941:
8925:Augustín Morávek
8850:Abwehrgruppe 218
8840:
8839:
8807:1938 deportation
8714:
8695:
8688:
8681:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8643:
8641:
8639:
8627:
8625:
8623:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8587:
8585:
8583:
8567:
8565:
8563:
8551:
8549:
8547:
8525:
8506:
8487:
8468:
8449:
8430:
8411:
8367:
8338:
8301:
8273:
8262:
8231:
8208:
8190:
8180:
8151:
8122:
8089:
8064:
8038:
8027:
8025:
7997:
7972:
7947:
7918:
7889:
7852:Journal articles
7846:
7827:
7806:Himka, John-Paul
7800:
7794:
7773:
7751:
7713:
7687:
7661:
7640:
7615:
7578:
7547:
7528:
7512:
7501:
7484:
7457:
7446:. Oxford: Berg.
7431:
7406:Pendas, Devin O.
7397:
7366:
7341:
7319:
7303:
7286:
7261:
7236:
7211:
7188:
7167:Longerich, Peter
7162:
7137:
7114:Kubátová, Hana;
7110:
7085:
7066:
7044:
7020:
6994:
6967:
6948:
6927:
6908:
6892:
6878:
6838:
6832:
6826:
6820:
6811:
6808:Paulovičová 2018
6805:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6781:
6775:
6769:
6763:
6757:
6751:
6745:
6739:
6736:Paulovičová 2013
6733:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6691:
6685:
6679:
6676:Paulovičová 2013
6673:
6667:
6664:Paulovičová 2013
6661:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6640:Paulovičová 2013
6637:
6631:
6625:
6619:
6609:
6603:
6597:
6591:
6585:
6579:
6573:
6567:
6564:Paulovičová 2013
6561:
6552:
6546:
6540:
6537:Paulovičová 2018
6534:
6528:
6522:
6516:
6513:Paulovičová 2018
6510:
6504:
6498:
6492:
6486:
6480:
6474:
6468:
6462:
6456:
6450:
6444:
6438:
6432:
6426:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6393:
6387:
6378:
6372:
6366:
6360:
6354:
6351:Paulovičová 2018
6348:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6324:Paulovičová 2013
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6285:
6274:
6268:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6238:
6232:
6226:
6220:
6214:
6208:
6202:
6196:
6190:
6184:
6178:
6172:
6166:
6160:
6154:
6148:
6142:
6136:
6130:
6124:
6118:
6112:
6106:
6100:
6094:
6088:
6082:
6076:
6070:
6064:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6040:
6034:
6028:
6022:
6016:
6010:
6004:
5998:
5992:
5986:
5980:
5974:
5968:
5962:
5956:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5923:
5917:
5908:
5902:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5849:
5834:
5828:
5815:
5809:
5800:
5794:
5788:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5761:
5755:
5744:
5738:
5732:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5683:
5670:
5664:
5651:
5645:
5636:
5630:
5624:
5618:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5589:
5580:
5574:
5565:
5559:
5553:
5547:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5479:
5473:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5392:
5386:
5375:
5369:
5354:
5348:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5295:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5243:
5237:
5231:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5192:Paulovičová 2012
5189:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5104:Rothkirchen 2001
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4993:
4987:
4978:
4972:
4961:
4958:Paulovičová 2012
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4922:Paulovičová 2012
4919:
4913:
4906:Paulovičová 2012
4903:
4897:
4891:
4882:
4876:
4870:
4867:Paulovičová 2012
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4624:Silberklang 2013
4621:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4514:
4508:
4495:
4489:
4478:
4472:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4335:Paulovičová 2012
4332:
4326:
4320:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4156:Paulovičová 2013
4153:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4061:
4055:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3995:Paulovičová 2018
3992:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3968:Paulovičová 2013
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3904:
3898:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3844:
3838:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3700:Paulovičová 2012
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3550:
3547:Rothkirchen 2001
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3371:
3365:
3356:
3350:
3339:
3333:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3258:
3252:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3134:Rothkirchen 2001
3131:
3125:
3119:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3081:
3075:
3056:
3050:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2974:
2968:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2908:
2902:
2893:
2887:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2737:
2736:
2720:
2711:
2705:
2694:
2688:
2677:
2674:Paulovičová 2018
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2650:Paulovičová 2018
2647:
2638:
2635:Paulovičová 2013
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2406:Paulovičová 2012
2403:
2397:
2391:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2263:Paulovičová 2018
2260:
2251:
2245:
2236:
2230:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1932:
1916:
1888:Holocaust denial
1869:ultranationalist
1740:
1728:
1698:Topoľčany pogrom
1686:
1533:
1522:
1520:Judenevakuierung
1478:
1472:
1442:
1318:Heinrich Himmler
1297:Hashomer Hatzair
1278:Gisi Fleischmann
1257:Security Service
1253:Domenico Tardini
1229:Christian ethics
1198:Yehoshua Büchler
1125:
1107:
1048:
981:
960:Ferdinand Čatloš
952:the Soviet Union
902:
783:collaborationist
771:
763:
730:
714:Augustín Morávek
701:Dieter Wisliceny
658:
630:
587:
554:
474:
414:Munich Agreement
395:
391:
383:
379:
375:
331:ethnonationalist
326:Great Depression
225:(the majority),
213:) influenced by
211:Unterlander Jews
191:Battle of Mohács
177:
174:
74:ethnonationalist
62:Munich Agreement
49:. Out of 89,000
11953:
11952:
11948:
11947:
11946:
11944:
11943:
11942:
11898:
11897:
11894:
11889:
11858:
11807:
11780:
11747:
11720:
11714:
11684:
11679:
11661:
11650:Sudeten Germans
11608:
11594:Government Army
11563:
11542:
11474:
11431:
11383:
11359:
11249:
11227:
11188:
11150:
11136:Prague uprising
11087:
11044:Slovak Republic
11034:
11030:Emanuel Moravec
11018:Richard Bienert
11014:Jaroslav Krejčí
10986:
10980:Chief of Police
10967:Reichsprotektor
10926:
10858:
10849:
10819:
10806:
10721:
10637:
10631:
10620:Madagascar Plan
10613:Kindertransport
10562:
10561:
10531:
10473:
10445:
10430:Ordnungspolizei
10386:
10373:
10352:
10295:
10247:
10200:
10171:Maly Trostenets
10142:Mass executions
10137:
10107:
10045:
10004:
9979:
9949:
9908:
9846:
9808:
9767:
9756:
9734:
9716:
9697:
9679:
9667:
9624:
9498:
9477:
9397:
9388:Hidden children
9366:
9224:Czechoslovakia
9189:
9184:
9154:
9149:
9113:
9068:
9049:Giuseppe Burzio
9035:
8984:
8962:
8927:
8891:
8887:Slovak Republic
8865:Einsatzgruppe H
8831:
8795:
8722:
8712:
8704:
8699:
8669:
8660:
8658:
8637:
8635:
8621:
8619:
8601:
8599:
8598:. 2 August 2017
8581:
8579:
8561:
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8522:
8503:
8484:
8465:
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8427:
8408:
8383:
8377:
8370:
8271:
8188:
8074:Forum Historiae
8036:
8010:Forum Historiae
7854:
7849:
7792:
7781:
7776:
7721:
7716:
7710:
7684:
7670:Laqueur, Walter
7658:
7637:
7612:
7575:
7544:
7525:
7506:
7504:Forum Historiae
7499:
7481:
7454:
7428:
7402:Bloxham, Donald
7394:
7374:
7369:
7363:
7338:
7324:Subotić, Jelena
7316:
7301:
7283:
7258:
7233:
7208:
7185:
7159:
7134:
7107:
7082:
7063:
7041:
6991:
6964:
6945:
6924:
6905:
6875:
6857:Aronson, Shlomo
6851:
6846:
6841:
6833:
6829:
6821:
6814:
6806:
6802:
6794:
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6782:
6778:
6770:
6766:
6758:
6754:
6746:
6742:
6734:
6730:
6722:
6718:
6712:Yad Vashem 2019
6710:
6706:
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6694:
6686:
6682:
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5870:
5862:
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5852:Hutzelmann 2018
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5621:Hutzelmann 2018
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5550:Hutzelmann 2018
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5404:Hutzelmann 2018
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5351:Hutzelmann 2018
5349:
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5162:
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5138:
5134:
5128:Hutzelmann 2016
5126:
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5114:
5110:
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5015:
5011:
5003:
4996:
4988:
4981:
4975:Hutzelmann 2018
4973:
4964:
4956:
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4946:Hutzelmann 2016
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4142:
4138:
4130:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4108:Hutzelmann 2018
4106:
4097:
4089:
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4079:Hutzelmann 2018
4077:
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3907:
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3856:Hutzelmann 2018
3854:
3847:
3841:Hutzelmann 2016
3839:
3832:
3826:Hutzelmann 2018
3824:
3820:
3814:Hutzelmann 2016
3812:
3808:
3802:Hutzelmann 2018
3800:
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3652:Hutzelmann 2018
3650:
3643:
3637:Hutzelmann 2018
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3611:
3604:
3598:Hutzelmann 2018
3596:
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3506:
3502:
3494:
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3469:Hutzelmann 2016
3467:
3463:
3457:Hutzelmann 2018
3455:
3442:
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3415:
3407:
3403:
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3342:
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3327:
3319:
3315:
3309:Hutzelmann 2016
3307:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3282:Hutzelmann 2016
3280:
3276:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3228:Hutzelmann 2018
3226:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3185:Hutzelmann 2016
3183:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3122:Hutzelmann 2018
3120:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3093:Hutzelmann 2016
3091:
3084:
3076:
3059:
3051:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2977:
2971:Hutzelmann 2018
2969:
2962:
2954:
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2911:
2903:
2896:
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2863:Hutzelmann 2018
2861:
2854:
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2806:
2798:
2794:
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2779:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2740:
2721:
2714:
2708:Hutzelmann 2018
2706:
2697:
2689:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2629:
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2597:
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2544:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2491:
2483:
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2473:Hutzelmann 2016
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2394:Hutzelmann 2018
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2383:
2377:Hutzelmann 2018
2375:
2371:
2365:Hutzelmann 2018
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2329:Hutzelmann 2018
2327:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2202:Hutzelmann 2018
2200:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2126:
2120:Hutzelmann 2018
2118:
2111:
2103:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2038:Hutzelmann 2018
2036:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1896:
1859:Slovak Republic
1772:
1744:Slovak Republic
1714:
1684:
1666:
1660:
1635:
1629:
1561:
1555:
1535:
1527:
1500:(3 September),
1493:
1469:SS-Heimatschutz
1463:Einsatzgruppe H
1427:Banská Bystrica
1408:
1406:German invasion
1403:
1350:pastoral letter
1341:war in the east
1309:
1245:
1225:speech in Holič
1147:
1137:
1110:first transport
1070:
1064:
1010:) and met with
992:Lublin District
983:Giuseppe Burzio
936:imprisoned Jews
915:
910:
861:
800:
794:
756:
750:
716:
693:Slovak Republic
655:numerus clausus
641:
557:Jewish Question
527:
521:
519:Initial actions
516:
430:Catholic priest
406:Slovak Republic
393:
389:
386:Protection Zone
381:
377:
373:
366:
350:Slovak autonomy
310:Czechoslovakism
203:Oberlander Jews
199:Tatra Mountains
175:
157:
151:
120:Einsatzgruppe H
100:Lublin District
35:Slovak Republic
12:
11:
5:
11951:
11941:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11891:
11890:
11888:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11866:
11864:
11860:
11859:
11857:
11856:
11846:
11836:
11826:
11815:
11813:
11809:
11808:
11806:
11805:
11797:
11788:
11786:
11782:
11781:
11779:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11766:Alexander Mach
11763:
11757:
11755:
11749:
11748:
11746:
11745:
11737:
11728:
11726:
11722:
11721:
11713:
11712:
11705:
11698:
11690:
11681:
11680:
11678:
11677:
11666:
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11660:
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11610:
11609:
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11601:
11596:
11591:
11590:
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11579:
11571:
11569:
11565:
11564:
11562:
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11556:
11550:
11548:
11544:
11543:
11541:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11529:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11500:
11495:
11489:
11487:
11480:
11476:
11475:
11473:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11441:
11439:
11433:
11432:
11430:
11429:
11421:
11413:
11405:
11404:
11403:
11398:
11378:
11369:
11367:
11361:
11360:
11358:
11357:
11349:
11341:
11333:
11325:
11317:
11309:
11301:
11293:
11285:
11277:
11268:
11266:
11259:
11255:
11254:
11251:
11250:
11248:
11247:
11242:
11222:
11221:
11220:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11183:
11171:
11158:
11156:
11152:
11151:
11149:
11148:
11147:
11146:
11133:
11125:
11117:
11108:
11106:
11099:
11093:
11092:
11089:
11088:
11086:
11085:
11084:
11083:
11073:
11072:
11071:
11069:Prime Minister
11061:
11060:
11059:
11048:
11046:
11040:
11039:
11036:
11035:
11033:
11032:
11027:
11026:
11025:
11023:Prime minister
11007:
11006:
11005:
10994:
10992:
10988:
10987:
10985:
10984:
10983:
10982:
10972:
10971:
10970:
10945:
10943:
10934:
10928:
10927:
10925:
10924:
10923:
10922:
10912:
10911:
10910:
10900:
10899:
10898:
10896:Prime Minister
10888:
10887:
10886:
10875:
10873:
10864:
10860:
10859:
10852:Czechoslovakia
10848:
10847:
10840:
10833:
10825:
10816:
10815:
10812:
10811:
10808:
10807:
10805:
10804:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10756:
10755:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10729:
10727:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10719:
10718:
10717:
10715:trivialization
10707:
10706:
10705:
10695:
10693:Eichmann trial
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10674:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10653:
10647:
10645:
10639:
10638:
10636:
10635:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10616:
10615:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10588:Nuremberg Laws
10585:
10580:
10574:
10572:
10571:Early elements
10564:
10563:
10560:
10559:
10556:
10553:
10552:Early elements
10549:
10541:
10540:
10537:
10536:
10533:
10532:
10530:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10487:Arajs Kommando
10483:
10481:
10475:
10474:
10472:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10458:Einsatzgruppen
10453:
10451:
10447:
10446:
10444:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10427:
10421:
10420:
10419:
10408:
10400:
10394:
10392:
10385:
10384:
10378:
10375:
10374:
10371:Responsibility
10362:
10361:
10358:
10357:
10354:
10353:
10351:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10309:
10307:
10301:
10300:
10297:
10296:
10294:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10257:
10255:
10249:
10248:
10246:
10245:
10244:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10223:
10222:
10221:
10210:
10208:
10202:
10201:
10199:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10150:Einsatzgruppen
10145:
10143:
10139:
10138:
10136:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10119:
10117:
10114:Final Solution
10109:
10108:
10106:
10105:
10104:
10103:
10093:
10092:
10091:
10086:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10053:
10051:
10047:
10046:
10044:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10027:
10025:
10016:
10006:
10005:
9993:
9992:
9989:
9988:
9985:
9984:
9981:
9980:
9978:
9977:
9975:Ústredňa Židov
9972:
9967:
9961:
9959:
9951:
9950:
9948:
9947:
9942:
9940:Theresienstadt
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9916:
9914:
9910:
9909:
9907:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9870:
9868:
9859:
9848:
9847:
9845:
9844:
9837:
9830:
9825:
9816:
9814:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9779:Einsatzgruppen
9775:
9773:
9769:
9768:
9766:
9765:
9760:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9675:
9673:
9669:
9668:
9666:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9634:
9632:
9626:
9625:
9623:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9585:Mittelbau-Dora
9582:
9573:
9568:
9566:Kraków-Płaszów
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9512:
9510:
9500:
9499:
9483:
9482:
9479:
9478:
9476:
9475:
9474:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9456:Rescue of Jews
9453:
9452:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9405:
9403:
9399:
9398:
9396:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9374:
9372:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9362:
9357:
9349:
9348:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9291:
9290:
9279:
9274:
9273:
9272:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9241:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9201:
9199:
9191:
9190:
9183:
9182:
9175:
9168:
9160:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9121:
9119:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9100:
9099:
9094:
9084:
9078:
9076:
9070:
9069:
9067:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9045:
9043:
9037:
9036:
9034:
9033:
9032:
9031:
9029:Karol Hochberg
9021:
9020:
9019:
9014:
9009:
8998:
8996:
8990:
8989:
8986:
8985:
8983:
8982:
8977:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8922:
8920:Alexander Mach
8917:
8912:
8907:
8901:
8899:
8893:
8892:
8890:
8889:
8884:
8883:
8882:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8846:
8844:
8837:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8803:
8801:
8797:
8796:
8794:
8793:
8792:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8762:
8761:
8760:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8730:
8728:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8720:
8715:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8698:
8697:
8690:
8683:
8675:
8668:
8667:
8644:
8628:
8608:
8588:
8568:
8552:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8526:
8520:
8507:
8501:
8488:
8482:
8469:
8463:
8450:
8444:
8431:
8425:
8412:
8406:
8384:
8379:Main article:
8376:
8371:
8369:
8368:
8339:
8313:(4): 571–601.
8302:
8284:(4): 582–603.
8277:Soudobé dějiny
8263:
8232:
8209:
8181:
8163:(1–2): 76–98.
8152:
8134:(2): 224–248.
8123:
8090:
8065:
8047:(7): 148–160.
8028:
8002:Frankl, Michal
7998:
7973:
7963:(37): 98–119.
7948:
7919:
7901:(3): 299–325.
7890:
7872:(2): 151–166.
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7828:
7824:10.7939/R33H33
7801:
7795:(PhD thesis).
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7764:(2): 314–317.
7752:
7734:(2): 253–255.
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7709:978-0857455642
7708:
7688:
7682:
7662:
7656:
7641:
7635:
7616:
7610:
7584:Teich, Mikuláš
7579:
7573:
7548:
7542:
7529:
7523:
7485:
7479:
7458:
7452:
7432:
7426:
7398:
7392:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7361:
7342:
7336:
7320:
7314:
7287:
7281:
7273:Berghahn Books
7262:
7256:
7237:
7231:
7212:
7206:
7189:
7183:
7163:
7157:
7138:
7132:
7111:
7105:
7086:
7080:
7067:
7061:
7045:
7039:
7021:
6995:
6989:
6973:Boj o prežitie
6968:
6962:
6949:
6943:
6928:
6922:
6909:
6903:
6879:
6873:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6835:Spectator 2017
6827:
6823:Spectator 2016
6812:
6800:
6796:Spectator 2019
6788:
6776:
6764:
6762:, p. 209.
6752:
6750:, p. 277.
6740:
6728:
6726:, p. 211.
6716:
6704:
6702:, p. 411.
6692:
6680:
6668:
6666:, p. 575.
6656:
6644:
6642:, p. 574.
6632:
6620:
6604:
6592:
6590:, p. 269.
6580:
6568:
6566:, p. 558.
6553:
6541:
6529:
6517:
6505:
6493:
6481:
6469:
6465:Lônčíková 2017
6457:
6445:
6433:
6421:
6409:
6407:, p. 262.
6394:
6392:, p. 265.
6379:
6367:
6365:, p. 597.
6355:
6340:
6338:, p. 117.
6328:
6316:
6304:
6292:
6290:, p. 402.
6275:
6263:
6261:, p. 518.
6251:
6239:
6227:
6225:, p. 115.
6215:
6213:, p. 115.
6203:
6191:
6189:, p. 105.
6179:
6177:, p. 106.
6167:
6165:, p. 253.
6155:
6143:
6141:, p. 256.
6131:
6129:, p. 337.
6119:
6117:, p. 104.
6107:
6095:
6083:
6081:, p. 102.
6071:
6059:
6047:
6045:, p. 871.
6035:
6033:, p. 112.
6023:
6011:
5999:
5997:, p. 177.
5987:
5975:
5963:
5948:
5936:
5924:
5909:
5892:
5890:, p. 105.
5880:
5868:
5864:Nižňanský 2014
5856:
5835:
5833:, p. 590.
5816:
5814:, p. 119.
5801:
5799:, p. 516.
5789:
5777:
5773:Nižňanský 2014
5762:
5760:, p. 592.
5745:
5733:
5731:, p. 587.
5721:
5717:Nižňanský 2014
5702:
5698:Longerich 2010
5690:
5688:, p. 101.
5671:
5652:
5637:
5635:, p. 517.
5625:
5608:
5596:
5581:
5579:, p. 251.
5566:
5564:, p. 249.
5554:
5535:
5523:
5521:, p. 515.
5511:
5509:, p. 585.
5499:
5497:, p. 849.
5480:
5478:, p. 113.
5468:
5466:, p. 408.
5464:Longerich 2010
5456:
5444:
5442:, p. 226.
5432:
5430:, p. 188.
5420:
5418:, p. 876.
5408:
5393:
5391:, p. 882.
5376:
5355:
5332:
5330:, p. 192.
5320:
5318:, p. 203.
5308:
5296:
5280:
5278:, p. 286.
5268:
5256:
5244:
5232:
5230:, p. 405.
5228:Longerich 2010
5220:
5218:, p. 237.
5208:
5206:, p. 229.
5196:
5194:, p. 229.
5184:
5182:, p. 181.
5172:
5170:, p. 178.
5160:
5158:, p. 162.
5148:
5132:
5130:, p. 171.
5120:
5108:
5106:, p. 599.
5096:
5084:
5082:, p. 303.
5072:
5070:, p. 235.
5060:
5048:
5036:
5034:, p. 190.
5021:
5009:
4994:
4992:, p. 589.
4979:
4962:
4950:
4938:
4934:Nižňanský 2014
4926:
4924:, p. 187.
4914:
4898:
4896:, p. 110.
4883:
4871:
4859:
4847:
4845:, p. 848.
4828:
4824:Lônčíková 2017
4816:
4804:
4802:, p. 167.
4792:
4777:
4765:
4753:
4736:
4724:
4722:, p. 151.
4712:
4710:, p. 874.
4700:
4698:, p. 881.
4688:
4686:, p. 879.
4676:
4674:, p. 855.
4664:
4662:, p. 889.
4652:
4650:, p. 187.
4640:
4638:, p. 584.
4628:
4616:
4604:
4602:, p. 189.
4592:
4580:
4578:, p. 234.
4568:
4556:
4544:
4532:
4530:, p. 181.
4515:
4513:, p. 320.
4496:
4494:, p. 326.
4492:Longerich 2010
4479:
4477:, p. 160.
4464:
4452:
4450:, p. 785.
4440:
4428:
4424:Longerich 2010
4411:
4399:
4397:, p. 325.
4395:Longerich 2010
4387:
4383:Longerich 2010
4375:
4373:, p. 347.
4371:Sokolovič 2009
4363:
4361:, p. 107.
4351:
4347:Sokolovič 2009
4339:
4337:, p. 264.
4327:
4323:Nižňanský 2014
4310:
4298:
4296:, p. 579.
4286:
4274:
4272:, p. 302.
4262:
4260:, p. 153.
4247:
4243:Nižňanský 2014
4235:
4223:
4221:, p. 777.
4211:
4209:, p. 576.
4199:
4197:, p. 301.
4184:
4180:Longerich 2010
4172:
4160:
4158:, p. 555.
4148:
4146:, p. 121.
4144:Nižňanský 2011
4136:
4134:, p. 778.
4124:
4112:
4095:
4093:, p. 230.
4083:
4062:
4060:, p. 233.
4047:
4045:, p. 116.
4043:Nižňanský 2011
4035:
4033:, p. 229.
4023:
4021:, p. 285.
4019:Longerich 2010
4011:
4009:, p. 463.
3999:
3984:
3982:, p. 110.
3972:
3960:
3956:Longerich 2010
3948:
3936:
3934:, p. 107.
3924:
3922:, p. 232.
3905:
3903:, p. 847.
3872:
3870:, p. 224.
3868:Longerich 2010
3860:
3845:
3843:, p. 176.
3830:
3818:
3816:, p. 175.
3806:
3791:
3789:, p. 321.
3779:
3777:, p. 192.
3767:
3755:
3743:
3741:, p. 775.
3728:
3716:
3714:, p. 226.
3704:
3692:
3690:, p. 774.
3680:
3668:
3666:, p. 181.
3656:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3615:, p. 180.
3602:
3590:
3588:, p. 177.
3578:
3566:
3551:
3549:, p. 597.
3539:
3527:
3525:, p. 166.
3512:
3510:, p. 143.
3500:
3498:, p. 176.
3488:
3486:, p. 165.
3473:
3461:
3440:
3436:Nižňanský 2014
3428:
3413:
3401:
3399:, p. 846.
3372:
3357:
3353:Nižňanský 2014
3340:
3325:
3313:
3311:, p. 170.
3298:
3296:, p. 769.
3286:
3274:
3272:, p. 215.
3259:
3244:
3242:, p. 228.
3232:
3213:
3201:
3199:, p. 177.
3189:
3187:, p. 169.
3174:
3172:, p. 151.
3162:
3160:, p. 221.
3150:
3138:
3126:
3109:
3107:, p. 510.
3097:
3095:, p. 174.
3082:
3080:, p. 655.
3057:
3038:
3026:
3024:, p. 254.
3014:
3010:Tönsmeyer 2007
3002:
2990:
2986:Lônčíková 2017
2975:
2960:
2958:, p. 148.
2948:
2946:, p. 845.
2909:
2907:, p. 227.
2894:
2879:
2867:
2852:
2850:, p. 316.
2840:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2790:, p. 506.
2777:
2765:
2738:
2712:
2695:
2678:
2666:
2664:, p. 226.
2654:
2639:
2627:
2625:, p. 226.
2615:
2613:, p. 188.
2603:
2601:, p. 149.
2591:
2589:, p. 844.
2566:
2564:, p. 165.
2554:
2542:
2530:
2528:, p. 216.
2518:
2516:, p. 203.
2506:
2504:, p. 184.
2489:
2477:
2475:, p. 168.
2465:
2463:, p. 184.
2453:
2451:, p. 216.
2441:
2439:, p. 843.
2422:
2410:
2398:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2279:
2267:
2252:
2237:
2235:, p. 842.
2218:
2206:
2191:
2179:
2175:Nižňanský 2014
2167:
2155:
2139:
2124:
2109:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1884:Marian Kotleba
1855:Jelena Subotić
1809:, authorities
1771:
1768:
1763:Communist coup
1731:Decree 33/1945
1659:
1656:
1628:
1625:
1605:Kraków-Płaszów
1590:Theresienstadt
1554:
1551:
1514:
1492:
1489:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1370:intelligentsia
1326:Alfred Wetzler
1308:
1305:
1265:Jewish deicide
1244:
1241:
1136:
1133:
1112:departed from
1063:
1060:
1056:Donald Bloxham
1027:Decree 68/1942
944:Reichsautobahn
914:
911:
909:
906:
884:Nuremberg Laws
860:
857:
793:
790:
786:Karol Hochberg
761:Ústredňa Židov
754:Ústredňa Židov
752:Main article:
749:
746:
689:Alexander Mach
640:
637:
576:capital flight
568:Adolf Eichmann
520:
517:
515:
512:
376:) and 1939 (3
365:
362:
322:Šalavský Gemer
298:Czechoslovakia
250:Slovak uplands
201:, forming the
150:
147:
66:Czechoslovakia
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11950:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11905:
11903:
11896:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11867:
11865:
11861:
11852:
11851:
11847:
11842:
11841:
11837:
11832:
11831:
11827:
11822:
11821:
11817:
11816:
11814:
11810:
11801:
11798:
11793:
11790:
11789:
11787:
11783:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11758:
11756:
11754:
11750:
11741:
11738:
11733:
11732:Andrej Hlinka
11730:
11729:
11727:
11723:
11718:
11711:
11706:
11704:
11699:
11697:
11692:
11691:
11688:
11676:
11668:
11667:
11664:
11658:
11655:
11651:
11648:
11647:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11635:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11625:
11623:
11619:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11588:
11585:
11584:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11577:
11573:
11572:
11570:
11566:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11551:
11549:
11545:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11531:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11508:
11507:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11490:
11488:
11484:
11481:
11477:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11442:
11440:
11438:
11434:
11425:
11422:
11417:
11414:
11409:
11406:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11393:
11387:
11382:
11379:
11374:
11371:
11370:
11368:
11366:
11362:
11353:
11350:
11345:
11342:
11337:
11334:
11329:
11326:
11321:
11318:
11313:
11310:
11305:
11302:
11297:
11294:
11289:
11286:
11281:
11278:
11273:
11270:
11269:
11267:
11263:
11260:
11256:
11246:
11245:Working Group
11243:
11239:
11235:
11231:
11226:
11223:
11219:
11216:
11215:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11203:Obrana národa
11201:
11199:
11196:
11192:
11187:
11184:
11180:
11175:
11172:
11168:
11163:
11160:
11159:
11157:
11153:
11145:
11142:
11141:
11137:
11134:
11129:
11126:
11121:
11118:
11113:
11110:
11109:
11107:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11094:
11082:
11079:
11078:
11077:
11074:
11070:
11067:
11066:
11065:
11062:
11058:
11055:
11054:
11053:
11050:
11049:
11047:
11045:
11041:
11031:
11028:
11024:
11021:
11020:
11019:
11015:
11011:
11008:
11004:
11001:
11000:
10999:
10996:
10995:
10993:
10989:
10981:
10978:
10977:
10976:
10973:
10969:
10968:
10964:
10963:
10962:
10961:Wilhelm Frick
10958:
10954:
10950:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10942:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10929:
10921:
10918:
10917:
10916:
10913:
10909:
10906:
10905:
10904:
10901:
10897:
10894:
10893:
10892:
10889:
10885:
10882:
10881:
10880:
10877:
10876:
10874:
10872:
10868:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10853:
10846:
10841:
10839:
10834:
10832:
10827:
10826:
10823:
10802:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10754:
10751:
10750:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10730:
10728:
10724:
10716:
10713:
10712:
10711:
10708:
10704:
10701:
10700:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10658:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10648:
10646:
10644:
10640:
10634:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10614:
10611:
10610:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10583:Nazi eugenics
10581:
10579:
10576:
10575:
10573:
10569:
10565:
10557:
10554:
10551:
10550:
10546:
10542:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10512:Topf and Sons
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10484:
10482:
10480:
10479:Collaborators
10476:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10459:
10455:
10454:
10452:
10448:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10431:
10428:
10425:
10422:
10418:
10417:Referat IV B4
10415:
10414:
10413: (RSHA)
10412:
10409:
10407:
10405:
10404:Schutzstaffel
10401:
10399:
10396:
10395:
10393:
10391:Organizations
10389:
10383:
10380:
10379:
10376:
10372:
10367:
10363:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10333:Romani people
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10310:
10308:
10306:
10302:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10286:Working Group
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10271:Kastner train
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10258:
10256:
10254:
10250:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10228:
10227:
10224:
10220:
10217:
10216:
10215:
10212:
10211:
10209:
10207:
10203:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10151:
10147:
10146:
10144:
10140:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10110:
10102:
10099:
10098:
10097:
10094:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10081:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10059:
10058:Kristallnacht
10055:
10054:
10052:
10048:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10028:
10026:
10024:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10011:
10007:
10003:
9998:
9994:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9962:
9960:
9958:
9957:
9952:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9917:
9915:
9911:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9869:
9867:
9863:
9860:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9843:
9842:
9841:Sanitätswesen
9838:
9836:
9835:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9823:
9818:
9817:
9815:
9811:
9805:
9804:Death marches
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9776:
9774:
9770:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9719:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9700:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9677:
9676:
9674:
9670:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9635:
9633:
9631:
9630:Extermination
9627:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9605:Sachsenhausen
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9546:Herzogenbusch
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9521:Bergen-Belsen
9519:
9517:
9514:
9513:
9511:
9509:
9508:Concentration
9505:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9488:
9484:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9458:
9457:
9454:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9444:United States
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9411:
9410:
9407:
9406:
9404:
9400:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9369:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9350:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9332:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9289:
9286:
9285:
9284:and colonies
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9271:
9268:
9267:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9225:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9202:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9187:The Holocaust
9181:
9176:
9174:
9169:
9167:
9162:
9161:
9158:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9116:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9089:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9079:
9077:
9075:
9071:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9038:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9022:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9012:Oskar Neumann
9010:
9008:
9005:
9004:
9003:
9002:Working Group
9000:
8999:
8997:
8995:
8994:Jewish Center
8991:
8981:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8961:
8960:Josef Witiska
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8915:Otomar Kubala
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8905:Alois Brunner
8903:
8902:
8900:
8898:
8894:
8888:
8885:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8860:Department 14
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8841:
8838:
8834:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8804:
8802:
8798:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8731:
8729:
8725:
8719:
8718:The Holocaust
8716:
8711:
8710:
8707:
8703:
8696:
8691:
8689:
8684:
8682:
8677:
8676:
8673:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8633:
8629:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8557:
8553:
8541:
8536:
8535:
8523:
8517:
8513:
8508:
8504:
8498:
8494:
8489:
8485:
8479:
8475:
8470:
8466:
8460:
8456:
8451:
8447:
8441:
8437:
8432:
8428:
8422:
8418:
8413:
8409:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8386:
8385:
8382:
8375:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8350:(1): 76–108.
8349:
8345:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8278:
8269:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8239:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8216:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8187:
8182:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8105:(1–2): 1–16.
8104:
8100:
8096:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8080:(2): 96–112.
8079:
8076:(in Slovak).
8075:
8071:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8016:(1): 92–115.
8015:
8012:(in Slovak).
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7984:(in Slovak).
7983:
7979:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7959:(in German).
7958:
7954:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7866:
7861:
7857:
7856:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7835:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7798:
7791:
7790:
7784:
7783:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7724:
7723:
7711:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7653:
7649:
7648:
7642:
7638:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7623:
7617:
7613:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7594:
7589:
7585:
7580:
7576:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7549:
7545:
7539:
7535:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7516:
7510:
7505:
7497:
7493:
7492:
7486:
7482:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7459:
7455:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7410:Roseman, Mark
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7376:
7372:Book chapters
7364:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7349:
7343:
7339:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7311:
7307:
7299:
7295:
7294:
7288:
7284:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7263:
7259:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7244:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7224:
7221:. Jerusalem:
7220:
7219:
7213:
7209:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7145:
7139:
7135:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7112:
7108:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7093:
7087:
7083:
7077:
7073:
7068:
7064:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7049:Kamenec, Ivan
7046:
7042:
7036:
7032:
7031:
7026:
7025:Hilberg, Raul
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6955:
6950:
6946:
6940:
6936:
6935:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6915:
6910:
6906:
6900:
6896:
6893:. New Haven:
6891:
6890:
6884:
6883:Bauer, Yehuda
6880:
6876:
6870:
6866:
6863:. Cambridge:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6853:
6836:
6831:
6824:
6819:
6817:
6809:
6804:
6797:
6792:
6785:
6780:
6773:
6768:
6761:
6756:
6749:
6744:
6737:
6732:
6725:
6720:
6713:
6708:
6701:
6696:
6689:
6684:
6677:
6672:
6665:
6660:
6653:
6648:
6641:
6636:
6629:
6624:
6617:
6613:
6608:
6601:
6596:
6589:
6584:
6578:, p. 67.
6577:
6572:
6565:
6560:
6558:
6550:
6545:
6538:
6533:
6527:, p. 61.
6526:
6521:
6515:, p. 17.
6514:
6509:
6502:
6497:
6490:
6485:
6479:, p. 51.
6478:
6473:
6467:, p. 86.
6466:
6461:
6455:, p. 44.
6454:
6453:Fedorčák 2015
6449:
6443:, p. 41.
6442:
6441:Fedorčák 2015
6437:
6430:
6425:
6419:, p. 42.
6418:
6417:Fedorčák 2015
6413:
6406:
6401:
6399:
6391:
6386:
6384:
6377:, p. 91.
6376:
6371:
6364:
6359:
6353:, p. 15.
6352:
6347:
6345:
6337:
6332:
6325:
6320:
6313:
6308:
6302:, p. 94.
6301:
6296:
6289:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6273:, p. 61.
6272:
6267:
6260:
6259:Kubátová 2014
6255:
6249:, p. 19.
6248:
6243:
6237:, p. 31.
6236:
6231:
6224:
6219:
6212:
6207:
6200:
6195:
6188:
6183:
6176:
6171:
6164:
6159:
6152:
6147:
6140:
6135:
6128:
6123:
6116:
6111:
6104:
6099:
6092:
6087:
6080:
6075:
6068:
6063:
6056:
6051:
6044:
6043:Hlavinka 2018
6039:
6032:
6027:
6021:, p. 53.
6020:
6015:
6009:, p. 89.
6008:
6003:
5996:
5991:
5984:
5979:
5972:
5967:
5961:, p. 90.
5960:
5955:
5953:
5945:
5940:
5934:, p. 88.
5933:
5928:
5922:, p. 93.
5921:
5916:
5914:
5907:, p. 52.
5906:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5889:
5884:
5877:
5872:
5865:
5860:
5854:, p. 44.
5853:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5832:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5813:
5808:
5806:
5798:
5797:Kubátová 2014
5793:
5786:
5781:
5775:, p. 73.
5774:
5769:
5767:
5759:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5743:, p. 42.
5742:
5737:
5730:
5725:
5719:, p. 74.
5718:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5699:
5694:
5687:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5669:, p. 82.
5668:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5650:, p. 84.
5649:
5644:
5642:
5634:
5633:Kubátová 2014
5629:
5623:, p. 45.
5622:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5606:, p. 86.
5605:
5600:
5593:
5588:
5586:
5578:
5573:
5571:
5563:
5558:
5552:, p. 43.
5551:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5532:
5527:
5520:
5519:Kubátová 2014
5515:
5508:
5503:
5496:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5477:
5472:
5465:
5460:
5453:
5448:
5441:
5436:
5429:
5424:
5417:
5412:
5406:, p. 41.
5405:
5400:
5398:
5390:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5374:, p. 99.
5373:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5353:, p. 42.
5352:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5329:
5328:Kamenec 2011a
5324:
5317:
5312:
5305:
5300:
5293:
5289:
5288:Kornberg 2015
5284:
5277:
5272:
5265:
5260:
5254:, p. 86.
5253:
5248:
5241:
5236:
5229:
5224:
5217:
5212:
5205:
5200:
5193:
5188:
5181:
5176:
5169:
5164:
5157:
5152:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5129:
5124:
5117:
5112:
5105:
5100:
5093:
5088:
5081:
5076:
5069:
5064:
5057:
5052:
5045:
5040:
5033:
5032:Kamenec 2011a
5028:
5026:
5018:
5013:
5007:, p. 97.
5006:
5001:
4999:
4991:
4986:
4984:
4977:, p. 40.
4976:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4959:
4954:
4947:
4942:
4935:
4930:
4923:
4918:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4895:
4894:Kamenec 2011b
4890:
4888:
4880:
4875:
4868:
4863:
4856:
4851:
4844:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4826:, p. 91.
4825:
4820:
4813:
4812:Kubátová 2014
4808:
4801:
4796:
4790:, p. 84.
4789:
4788:Kornberg 2015
4784:
4782:
4775:, p. 82.
4774:
4773:Kornberg 2015
4769:
4762:
4761:Kornberg 2015
4757:
4751:, p. 83.
4750:
4749:Kornberg 2015
4745:
4743:
4741:
4734:, p. 47.
4733:
4728:
4721:
4716:
4709:
4704:
4697:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4673:
4668:
4661:
4656:
4649:
4644:
4637:
4632:
4625:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4600:Kamenec 2011a
4596:
4589:
4584:
4577:
4572:
4565:
4560:
4553:
4548:
4542:, p. 96.
4541:
4536:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4512:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4461:
4456:
4449:
4444:
4437:
4432:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4408:
4403:
4396:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4372:
4367:
4360:
4359:Kamenec 2011b
4355:
4348:
4343:
4336:
4331:
4325:, p. 66.
4324:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4307:
4302:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4278:
4271:
4266:
4259:
4254:
4252:
4245:, p. 87.
4244:
4239:
4232:
4227:
4220:
4215:
4208:
4203:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4181:
4176:
4170:, p. 70.
4169:
4164:
4157:
4152:
4145:
4140:
4133:
4128:
4121:
4116:
4110:, p. 32.
4109:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4092:
4087:
4081:, p. 34.
4080:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4044:
4039:
4032:
4027:
4020:
4015:
4008:
4003:
3997:, p. 10.
3996:
3991:
3989:
3981:
3976:
3969:
3964:
3957:
3952:
3945:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3869:
3864:
3858:, p. 39.
3857:
3852:
3850:
3842:
3837:
3835:
3827:
3822:
3815:
3810:
3804:, p. 31.
3803:
3798:
3796:
3788:
3783:
3776:
3771:
3764:
3759:
3752:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3713:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3677:
3676:Kamenec 2011a
3672:
3665:
3660:
3654:, p. 29.
3653:
3648:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3600:, p. 30.
3599:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3575:
3570:
3564:, p. 70.
3563:
3558:
3556:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3531:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3504:
3497:
3492:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3470:
3465:
3459:, p. 38.
3458:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3438:, p. 50.
3437:
3432:
3426:, p. 25.
3425:
3420:
3418:
3411:, p. 26.
3410:
3405:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3355:, p. 70.
3354:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3322:
3317:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3295:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3257:, p. 65.
3256:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3236:
3230:, p. 27.
3229:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3210:
3205:
3198:
3197:Kamenec 2011a
3193:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3148:, p. 97.
3147:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3124:, p. 28.
3123:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3105:Kubátová 2014
3101:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3055:, p. 24.
3054:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3036:, p. 95.
3035:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3012:, p. 90.
3011:
3006:
3000:, p. 43.
2999:
2994:
2988:, p. 85.
2987:
2982:
2980:
2973:, p. 25.
2972:
2967:
2965:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2865:, p. 26.
2864:
2859:
2857:
2849:
2844:
2838:, p. 96.
2837:
2832:
2826:, p. 95.
2825:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2802:, p. 93.
2801:
2796:
2789:
2788:Kubátová 2014
2784:
2782:
2775:, p. 97.
2774:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2710:, p. 21.
2709:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2693:, p. 92.
2692:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2652:, p. 11.
2651:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2611:Kamenec 2011a
2607:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2538:Kamenec 2011a
2534:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2502:Kamenec 2011a
2498:
2496:
2494:
2486:
2485:Kamenec 2011a
2481:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2408:, p. 91.
2407:
2402:
2396:, p. 22.
2395:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2367:, p. 20.
2366:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2331:, p. 23.
2330:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2314:Kornberg 2015
2310:
2303:
2302:Kamenec 2011a
2298:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2277:, p. 87.
2276:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2250:, p. 79.
2249:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2204:, p. 19.
2203:
2198:
2196:
2189:, p. 76.
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2165:, p. 35.
2164:
2159:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2137:, p. 11.
2136:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2064:, p. 15.
2063:
2058:
2052:, p. 12.
2051:
2046:
2040:, p. 18.
2039:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1797:Academy Award
1794:
1793:Prague Spring
1789:
1788:Slánský trial
1785:
1776:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1737:ex post facto
1732:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1712:Josef Witiska
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:Bergen-Belsen
1579:
1578:Sachsenhausen
1570:
1565:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1528:29 September
1524:
1521:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1459:Alois Brunner
1454:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1307:Hiatus (1943)
1304:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:Working Group
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1104:Schutzpolizei
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1035:Ján Vojtaššák
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
987:
984:
980:
979:
973:
969:
965:
964:Jozef Turanec
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
924:
919:
905:
901:
895:
893:
889:
885:
880:
878:
877:Department 14
874:
865:
856:
854:
850:
846:
840:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
809:
804:
799:
789:
787:
784:
780:
776:
770:
769:
762:
755:
748:Jewish Center
745:
741:
738:
737:expropriation
733:
728:
724:
720:
715:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
674:
670:
665:
661:
657:
656:
649:
647:
646:Slovak koruna
636:
634:
629:
628:
622:
618:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
553:
548:
544:
540:
531:
526:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
473:
472:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
450:Fascist Italy
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
402:
387:
370:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:Romani people
343:
339:
335:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:magyarization
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:. Due to the
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
170:
166:
165:New Synagogue
161:
156:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
56:
55:the Holocaust
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
20:
16:
11895:
11874:
11870:Slovak State
11848:
11838:
11828:
11818:
11800:Hlinka Guard
11776:Vojtech Tuka
11633:
11582:Hlinka Guard
11574:
11454:
11450:Protectorate
11381:Heydrichiáda
11208:Out Distance
11080:
11068:
11064:Vojtech Tuka
11056:
11022:
11002:
10979:
10965:
10957:Kurt Daluege
10932:Protectorate
10919:
10907:
10895:
10883:
10879:Edvard Beneš
10856:World War II
10795:Yizkor books
10456:
10403:
10148:
10096:in Lithuania
10056:
9954:
9839:
9832:
9821:
9755:
9733:
9714:
9695:
9678:
9461:by Catholics
9330:Soviet Union
9232:
9198:By territory
8950:Vojtech Tuka
8875:Hlinka Guard
8733:In Slovakia
8701:
8659:. Retrieved
8651:
8636:. Retrieved
8634:. Yad Vashem
8620:. Retrieved
8615:
8600:. Retrieved
8595:
8580:. Retrieved
8575:
8560:. Retrieved
8544:. Retrieved
8511:
8492:
8473:
8454:
8435:
8416:
8393:
8373:
8347:
8343:
8310:
8306:
8281:
8280:(in Czech).
8275:
8242:
8236:
8222:(2): 47–90.
8219:
8213:
8196:
8192:
8160:
8156:
8131:
8127:
8102:
8098:
8077:
8073:
8044:
8043:(in Czech).
8040:
8013:
8009:
7988:(4): 41–52.
7985:
7981:
7960:
7956:
7927:
7923:
7898:
7894:
7869:
7863:
7838:
7833:
7810:
7788:
7761:
7757:
7731:
7727:
7719:Book reviews
7699:
7696:Dean, Martin
7673:
7646:
7621:
7592:
7588:Kováč, Dušan
7556:
7552:
7533:
7495:
7490:
7462:
7443:
7417:
7383:
7347:
7327:
7297:
7292:
7271:. New York:
7267:
7242:
7217:
7193:
7170:
7147:. New York:
7143:
7119:
7116:Láníček, Jan
7091:
7071:
7052:
7029:
7003:
6976:
6972:
6953:
6933:
6913:
6888:
6860:
6830:
6803:
6791:
6786:, p. 3.
6779:
6767:
6760:Sniegon 2014
6755:
6743:
6731:
6724:Subotić 2019
6719:
6707:
6695:
6683:
6671:
6659:
6652:Sniegon 2014
6647:
6635:
6628:Sniegon 2014
6623:
6607:
6600:Sniegon 2014
6595:
6583:
6576:Sniegon 2014
6571:
6549:Sniegon 2014
6544:
6532:
6525:Sniegon 2014
6520:
6508:
6496:
6484:
6477:Láníček 2013
6472:
6460:
6448:
6436:
6424:
6412:
6370:
6358:
6331:
6319:
6307:
6295:
6266:
6254:
6242:
6230:
6218:
6206:
6194:
6182:
6170:
6158:
6146:
6134:
6127:Kamenec 2007
6122:
6110:
6098:
6086:
6074:
6062:
6050:
6038:
6026:
6014:
6002:
5995:Aronson 2004
5990:
5978:
5966:
5939:
5927:
5883:
5871:
5859:
5792:
5780:
5736:
5724:
5693:
5628:
5599:
5557:
5526:
5514:
5502:
5471:
5459:
5447:
5435:
5423:
5411:
5323:
5316:Kamenec 2007
5311:
5299:
5283:
5276:Kamenec 2007
5271:
5264:Kamenec 2007
5259:
5247:
5240:Kamenec 2007
5235:
5223:
5211:
5199:
5187:
5175:
5163:
5156:Büchler 1991
5151:
5143:
5135:
5123:
5116:Kamenec 2007
5111:
5099:
5092:Kamenec 2007
5087:
5080:Kamenec 2007
5075:
5063:
5051:
5039:
5012:
4953:
4941:
4929:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4874:
4862:
4850:
4819:
4807:
4795:
4768:
4756:
4727:
4720:Büchler 1991
4715:
4703:
4691:
4684:Rajcan 2018b
4679:
4672:Rajcan 2018a
4667:
4660:Rajcan 2018c
4655:
4643:
4631:
4619:
4607:
4595:
4590:, p. 8.
4583:
4571:
4559:
4547:
4535:
4511:Büchler 1996
4475:Büchler 1991
4460:Büchler 1991
4455:
4448:Hilberg 2003
4443:
4436:Büchler 1996
4431:
4407:Kamenec 2007
4402:
4390:
4378:
4366:
4354:
4342:
4330:
4301:
4289:
4277:
4270:Büchler 1996
4265:
4258:Büchler 1991
4238:
4226:
4219:Hilberg 2003
4214:
4202:
4195:Büchler 1996
4175:
4168:Bloxham 2017
4163:
4151:
4139:
4132:Hilberg 2003
4127:
4120:Hilberg 2003
4115:
4086:
4038:
4026:
4014:
4007:Hilberg 2003
4002:
3980:Láníček 2013
3975:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3927:
3863:
3821:
3809:
3787:Hradská 2016
3782:
3775:Kamenec 2007
3770:
3763:Kamenec 2007
3758:
3751:Hradská 2016
3746:
3739:Hilberg 2003
3724:Kamenec 2007
3719:
3707:
3695:
3688:Hilberg 2003
3683:
3671:
3664:Kamenec 2007
3659:
3632:
3620:
3613:Kamenec 2007
3593:
3586:Kamenec 2007
3581:
3574:Bachnár 2011
3569:
3542:
3530:
3503:
3491:
3464:
3431:
3404:
3336:Hilberg 2003
3321:Hilberg 2003
3316:
3294:Hilberg 2003
3289:
3277:
3235:
3204:
3192:
3165:
3153:
3141:
3129:
3100:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2951:
2870:
2848:Johnson 2005
2843:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2795:
2768:
2732:
2728:
2676:, p. 8.
2669:
2657:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2444:
2420:, p. 9.
2413:
2401:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2309:
2297:
2290:Láníček 2013
2270:
2265:, p. 5.
2214:Láníček 2013
2209:
2182:
2170:
2163:Láníček 2013
2158:
2142:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1935:Ivan Kamenec
1924:puppet state
1914:
1852:
1819:
1811:cracked down
1800:
1781:
1752:
1710:
1690:tuberculosis
1678:
1636:
1613:Ivan Kamenec
1594:
1574:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1494:
1485:
1455:
1420:
1367:
1334:
1330:their report
1310:
1301:
1290:
1246:
1237:
1221:gas chambers
1218:
1207:Trenches at
1178:Dęblin–Irena
1148:
1119:
1083:
1020:
1012:Adolf Hitler
1008:East Prussia
988:
972:Karol Kmeťko
962:and General
928:
896:
881:
870:
841:
812:
792:Forced labor
757:
742:
734:
678:
669:Adolf Hitler
650:
642:
639:Aryanization
621:Aryanization
614:
561:
536:
508:Vojtech Tuka
500:puppet state
484:Slovak State
481:
465:German Party
461:Hlinka Guard
457:enabling act
454:
411:
291:
258:antisemitism
243:
180:
128:
85:
59:
47:World War II
43:Nazi Germany
39:client state
26:
25:
15:
11885:Koso affair
11854:(1936–1945)
11844:(1933–1940)
11834:(1919–1945)
11824:(1910–1930)
11812:Periodicals
11803:(1938–1945)
11795:(1923–1927)
11771:Karol Sidor
11753:Politicians
11743:(1939–1945)
11735:(1913–1938)
11645:Sudetenland
11604:Slovak Army
11445:Sudetenland
11384: [
11373:17 November
11352:Operation B
11228: [
11189: [
11144:Czech Radio
11010:Alois Eliáš
10903:Jan Masaryk
10801:Never again
10632:(Action T4)
10558:Remembrance
10343:Homosexuals
10313:Soviet POWs
10241:Częstochowa
9789:Gas chamber
9600:Ravensbrück
9541:Gross-Rosen
9536:Flossenbürg
9419:Philippines
9351:Yugoslavia
9310:Netherlands
9238:Sudetenland
8963: [
8955:Anton Vašek
8928: [
8910:Izidor Koso
8897:Individuals
8638:28 November
8562:29 November
7507: [
7095:. Toronto:
6614:, pp.
6223:Fatran 1996
6079:Fatran 1996
6031:Fatran 1996
5888:Fatran 1996
5876:Fatran 1996
5812:Fatran 1996
5785:Fatran 1996
5686:Fatran 1996
5476:Fatran 1996
5428:Fatran 1994
5372:Fatran 1996
5180:Fatran 1994
5168:Fatran 1994
4857:, abstract.
4855:Fatran 1994
4800:Fatran 1994
4612:Fatran 2007
4528:Fatran 2007
3535:Fatran 2002
3523:Fatran 1994
3508:Fatran 2002
3484:Fatran 1994
3170:Hallon 2007
2956:Hallon 2007
2875:Hallon 2007
2824:Frankl 2019
2812:Frankl 2019
2773:Frankl 2019
2662:Lorman 2019
2599:Hallon 2007
2449:Lorman 2019
2105:Lorman 2019
2086:Borský 2005
2074:Borský 2005
2062:Borský 2005
1930:Schutzstaat
1815:Six-Day War
1715: [
1586:Ravensbrück
1553:Deportation
1395:Ján Spišiak
1372:formed the
1322:Rudolf Vrba
1314:Europa Plan
1286:Anton Vašek
1194:Polish Jews
1168:or Sobibor
1128:gendarmerie
1094:cattle cars
1062:First phase
1039:Reichsmarks
1023:Hanns Ludin
1000:Wolf's Lair
888:yellow star
859:Jewish Code
717: [
467:formed the
434:Catholicism
422:Czech lands
418:Sudetenland
408:(1939–1945)
314:Blood libel
294:World War I
176: 1931
108:Reichsmarks
11902:Categories
11740:Jozef Tiso
11365:War crimes
11312:Dukla Pass
11112:Anthropoid
11097:Resistance
11052:Jozef Tiso
10998:Emil Hácha
10891:Jan Šrámek
10863:Government
10790:Yad Vashem
10770:Uniqueness
10625:Nisko Plan
10398:Nazi Party
10206:Resistance
10176:Ninth Fort
10041:Vel' d'Hiv
9813:Nazi units
9751:Westerbork
9741:Amersfoort
9595:Neuengamme
9576:Mauthausen
9556:Kaiserwald
9526:Buchenwald
9305:Luxembourg
8945:Jozef Tiso
8817:Bratislava
8765:Elsewhere
8661:8 February
8602:16 January
8582:16 January
8546:23 January
7565:De Gruyter
7351:. Ithaca:
7223:Yad Vashem
7196:. London:
7173:. Oxford:
7017:1041397012
6375:Bauer 1994
6103:Putík 2015
6067:Putík 2015
6019:Putík 2015
5905:Putík 2015
5741:Putík 2015
5440:Bauer 2002
5290:, p.
5252:Bauer 1994
5216:Bauer 2002
5204:Bauer 2002
5140:Bauer 1994
5005:Bauer 1994
4879:Bauer 1994
4732:Putík 2015
4648:Putík 2015
4552:Bauer 1994
4540:Bauer 1994
4282:Bauer 2002
3944:Bauer 2002
3562:Bauer 1994
3496:Bauer 2002
3255:Bauer 1994
3240:Legge 2018
2905:Legge 2018
2623:Legge 2018
2149:, p.
2016:References
1844:Yad Vashem
1685:77 percent
1662:See also:
1382:Carpathian
1360:Jews from
1345:Ružomberok
1335:After the
1276:organizer
1126:, and the
1004:Rastenburg
974:and papal
892:exemptions
627:Aliyah Bet
594:Miloslavov
523:See also:
488:rump state
426:Jozef Tiso
416:ceded the
227:Status Quo
149:Background
11792:Rodobrana
11634:Fall Grün
11506:Squadrons
11437:Holocaust
11419:(1944–45)
11057:President
11003:President
10884:President
10748:Education
10643:Aftermath
10555:Aftermath
10517:Trawnikis
10441:Wehrmacht
10436:Waffen-SS
10236:Białystok
10064:Bucharest
10036:Marseille
9913:Elsewhere
9874:Białystok
9686:Breendonk
9663:Treblinka
9516:Auschwitz
9300:Lithuania
9074:Aftermath
8769:Auschwitz
8622:5 January
8364:8756-6583
8335:154244279
8327:1465-3923
8298:1210-7050
8259:165383570
8228:0084-3296
8205:0018-2575
8177:151817674
8148:8756-6583
8119:151788822
8086:1337-6861
8061:1804-2112
7994:1335-3608
7969:0523-8587
7944:8756-6583
7915:8756-6583
7886:8756-6583
7748:165456557
7051:(2007) .
7027:(2003) .
6772:Ward 2013
6748:Ward 2013
6588:Ward 2013
6429:Ward 2013
6405:Ward 2013
6390:Ward 2013
6163:Ward 2013
6139:Ward 2013
5577:Ward 2013
5562:Ward 2013
5531:Ward 2013
5304:Ward 2013
5068:Ward 2013
5056:Ward 2002
5044:Ward 2013
5017:Ward 2002
4990:Ward 2002
4636:Ward 2002
4588:Ward 2013
4576:Ward 2013
4564:Ward 2013
4294:Ward 2002
4231:Ward 2013
4207:Ward 2002
4091:Ward 2013
4058:Ward 2013
4031:Ward 2013
3920:Ward 2013
3712:Ward 2013
3270:Ward 2013
3158:Ward 2013
3146:Ward 2015
2890:Ward 2015
2836:Ward 2015
2800:Ward 2015
2691:Ward 2015
2562:Ward 2013
2550:Ward 2013
2526:Ward 2013
2514:Ward 2013
2461:Ward 2013
2418:Ward 2013
2341:Ward 2013
2275:Ward 2015
2248:Ward 2015
2187:Ward 2015
2050:Ward 2013
2021:Citations
1939:satellite
1658:Aftermath
1644:Kremnička
1627:Massacres
1547:Red Cross
1498:Topoľčany
1378:Communist
1284:, bribed
1261:interdict
1174:Poniatowa
1086:Auschwitz
832:Svätý Jur
667:Tiso and
590:Veľký Kýr
286:Hungarian
45:, during
11675:Category
11455:Slovakia
11424:Ploština
11408:Životice
11396:Kobylisy
11344:Racibórz
11258:Military
10733:Academia
10186:Piaśnica
10156:Babi Yar
10084:Jedwabne
10023:Roundups
9956:Judenrat
9920:Budapest
9691:Mechelen
9653:Majdanek
9610:Stutthof
9571:Majdanek
9466:by Poles
9424:Portugal
9402:Response
9393:Timeline
9371:Overview
9233:Slovakia
9220:Bulgaria
9087:Violence
9064:Oľšavica
9041:Rescuers
8784:Majdanek
8747:Patrónka
8004:(2019).
7416:(eds.).
7326:(2019).
7169:(2010).
7149:Springer
7118:(2018).
7001:(1968).
6885:(1994).
6859:(2004).
1894:See also
1873:neo-Nazi
1742:painted
1700:and the
1681:Red Army
1601:Zakopane
1543:Marianka
1491:Roundups
1479:and the
1445:Pius XII
1386:partisan
1249:Holy See
1209:Majdanek
1158:selected
1090:Majdanek
968:Zhytomyr
934:, which
913:Planning
768:Judenrat
699:officer
504:clerical
223:Orthodox
215:Hasidism
205:, while
131:Red Army
122:and the
98:and the
11725:Leaders
11486:Western
11336:Slivice
11272:Sudeten
11265:Battles
11105:Actions
10760:Lessons
10196:Rumbula
10069:Dorohoi
10050:Pogroms
10002:Victims
9852:Ghettos
9784:Gas van
9772:Methods
9746:Schoorl
9724:Bolzano
9672:Transit
9658:Sobibor
9648:Chełmno
9615:Vaivara
9551:Hinzert
9496:ghettos
9449:Vatican
9355:Croatia
9345:Ukraine
9335:Belarus
9325:Romania
9277:Hungary
9260:Germany
9250:Estonia
9245:Denmark
9215:Belgium
9210:Austria
9205:Albania
8789:Sobibor
8713:Part of
7808:(ed.).
7559:].
6844:Sources
6616:217–218
1876:Kotleba
1648:Nemecká
1640:Nemčice
1502:Trenčín
1274:Zionist
1182:Krychów
1098:Zwardon
994:of the
820:Sabinov
671:at the
598:Šamorín
358:Romania
320:and in
318:Trenčin
195:Moravia
102:of the
33:in the
11840:Nástup
11830:Slovák
11719:(HSĽS)
11621:Topics
11547:Soviet
11427:(1945)
11411:(1944)
11401:Lidice
11391:(1942)
11376:(1939)
11355:(1945)
11347:(1945)
11339:(1945)
11331:(1945)
11323:(1945)
11315:(1944)
11307:(1939)
11299:(1939)
11291:(1939)
11283:(1938)
11280:Liptaň
11275:(1938)
11155:Groups
11139:(1945)
11131:(1944)
11123:(1944)
11115:(1942)
10666:Bricha
10432:(Orpo)
10305:Others
10291:Żegota
10253:Rescue
10231:Warsaw
10191:Ponary
10101:Kaunas
9904:Warsaw
9889:Lublin
9879:Kraków
9866:Poland
9710:Drancy
9643:Belzec
9620:Warsaw
9531:Dachau
9439:Turkey
9434:Sweden
9360:Serbia
9340:Russia
9320:Poland
9315:Norway
9295:Latvia
9265:Greece
9255:France
9104:Aliyah
8843:Groups
8827:Zvolen
8779:Lublin
8774:Bełżec
8752:Poprad
8742:Nováky
8518:
8499:
8480:
8461:
8442:
8423:
8404:
8362:
8333:
8325:
8296:
8257:
8226:
8203:
8175:
8146:
8117:
8084:
8059:
7992:
7967:
7942:
7913:
7884:
7779:Theses
7746:
7706:
7680:
7654:
7633:
7608:
7571:
7540:
7521:
7498:]
7477:
7450:
7424:
7390:
7359:
7334:
7312:
7300:]
7279:
7254:
7229:
7204:
7181:
7155:
7130:
7103:
7078:
7059:
7037:
7015:
6987:
6960:
6941:
6920:
6901:
6871:
5144:passim
4910:passim
1770:Legacy
1652:Zvolen
1609:Prešov
1588:, and
1532:report
1510:Žilina
1504:, and
1473:(HS),
1450:Czechs
1435:Štefan
1180:, and
1166:Bełżec
1143:, and
1002:(near
923:Zboriv
851:, and
849:Nováky
834:, and
703:as an
675:, 1940
596:, and
580:pogrom
545:" and
392:). (1
388:in (5
338:Slovak
306:Poland
292:After
231:Neolog
169:Žilina
137:. The
11479:Units
11388:]
11240:]
11193:]
10991:Czech
10780:Humor
10753:Films
10450:Units
10181:Odesa
10031:Izieu
9945:Vilna
9930:Minsk
9925:Kovno
9899:Radom
9763:Sereď
9580:Gusen
9561:Kauen
9492:Camps
9429:Spain
9414:Japan
9288:Libya
9282:Italy
8975:]
8940:]
8757:Vyhne
8737:Sereď
8331:S2CID
8272:(PDF)
8255:S2CID
8189:(PDF)
8173:S2CID
8115:S2CID
8037:(PDF)
7837:[
7793:(PDF)
7744:S2CID
7555:[
7511:]
7500:(PDF)
7494:[
7302:(PDF)
7296:[
7124:Brill
6975:[
6849:Books
1906:Notes
1733:, an
1727:]
1597:Čadca
1506:Nitra
853:Vyhne
845:Sereď
836:Zohor
729:]
11568:Axis
11225:ÚVOD
10941:Nazi
10671:List
10426:(SD)
10406:(SS)
10089:Lviv
10074:Iași
10014:Jews
9935:Riga
9894:Lwów
9884:Łódź
9856:list
9705:Gurs
9578:and
9494:and
8663:2020
8640:2019
8624:2020
8604:2019
8584:2019
8564:2019
8548:2019
8516:ISBN
8497:ISBN
8478:ISBN
8459:ISBN
8440:ISBN
8421:ISBN
8402:ISBN
8360:ISSN
8323:ISSN
8294:ISSN
8224:ISSN
8201:ISSN
8144:ISSN
8082:ISSN
8057:ISSN
7990:ISSN
7965:ISSN
7940:ISSN
7911:ISSN
7882:ISSN
7704:ISBN
7678:ISBN
7652:ISBN
7631:ISBN
7606:ISBN
7569:ISBN
7538:ISBN
7519:ISBN
7475:ISBN
7469:and
7448:ISBN
7422:ISBN
7388:ISBN
7357:ISBN
7332:ISBN
7310:ISBN
7277:ISBN
7252:ISBN
7227:ISBN
7202:ISBN
7179:ISBN
7153:ISBN
7128:ISBN
7101:ISBN
7076:ISBN
7057:ISBN
7035:ISBN
7013:OCLC
6985:ISBN
6958:ISBN
6939:ISBN
6918:ISBN
6899:ISBN
6869:ISBN
1782:The
1679:The
1324:and
1247:The
1031:Spiš
950:and
428:, a
163:The
37:, a
31:Jews
11526:313
11521:312
11516:311
11511:310
11503:RAF
10854:in
9820:SS-
9082:SRP
8531:Web
8352:doi
8315:doi
8286:doi
8247:doi
8165:doi
8136:doi
8107:doi
8049:doi
8018:doi
7932:doi
7903:doi
7874:doi
7820:doi
7766:doi
7736:doi
7598:doi
2151:119
938:in
828:Láb
167:in
94:to
41:of
11904::
11386:cs
11238:pl
11236:;
11234:de
11232:;
11230:cs
11191:cs
11179:cs
11167:cs
11016:,
11012:,
10959:,
10955:,
10951:,
9757:sk
9735:nl
9717:it
9698:fr
9680:be
8973:sv
8971:;
8969:fr
8967:;
8965:de
8938:sk
8936:;
8934:de
8932:;
8930:cs
8654:.
8650:.
8614:.
8594:.
8574:.
8358:.
8348:29
8346:.
8329:.
8321:.
8311:30
8309:.
8292:.
8282:XX
8274:.
8253:.
8241:.
8220:42
8218:.
8197:59
8195:.
8191:.
8171:.
8161:23
8159:.
8142:.
8132:32
8130:.
8113:.
8103:23
8101:.
8097:.
8055:.
8045:15
8039:.
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7986:18
7961:37
7938:.
7926:.
7909:.
7899:10
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7880:.
7868:.
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7762:19
7760:.
7742:.
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5611:^
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1941:".
1817:.
1750:.
1725:sv
1723:;
1721:fr
1719:;
1717:de
1592:.
1584:,
1580:,
1530:SD
1235:.
1200:.
1176:,
1033:,
1006:,
847:,
830:,
826:,
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727:sk
725:;
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721:;
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697:SS
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436:,
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