1042:, who alleged that 11 photos in the book were misrepresented or fake. One particular photo shows women and children walking across a bridge with Japanese soldiers, and captioned as "The Japanese rounded up thousands of women. Most were gang-raped or forced into military prostitution." Hata stated that the photo originally appeared in 1937 in a Japanese newspaper as part of a series of photos that showed peaceful scenes of Chinese villagers under Japanese occupation. He alleged that since she did not conduct research in Japan, she incorrectly portrayed Japan's postwar attitudes towards the atrocity.
1096:"If the Japanese Foreign Ministry and the rest of the Japanese government truly care about historical truth, then they should open all their wartime archives to the rest of the world … They shouldn’t mind inviting an international task force of historians – historians from the U.S., China, Japan, Korea, and other countries – to review all the high-level Japanese records from that era and publish them for general and scholarly consumptions. Trust me, if the newly released archival records disprove any of the facts in my book, I would be the first person to acknowledge this in the next edition of
1076:"The Japanese, like the Nazis, relied on deception to make mass executions and mass rapes more manageable. The hapless Chinese men, women and children rounded up by the Japanese were usually kept ignorant about their fate until it was too late to escape. In Nanking, women were guided to "marketplaces" to buy ducks and chicken, only to find platoons of soldiers waiting to rape them. Men were assured of food, shelter and safety by Japanese soldiers, only to be lured to remote areas and used for bayonet practice or decapitation contests."
996:; that her book contained incorrect historical dates and names because of her lack of training as a historian; that her personal feelings were evident in the book, making it lack intellectual rigor; that certain passages of her book were plagiarized; and that she placed an undue amount of attention to the actions of right-wing Japanese politicians and groups who refuse to acknowledge Japan's wartime crimes, while ignoring the contributions made by Japanese historians and groups who are preserving the memory of the massacre.
1116:“A campaign to deny the Nanking massacre itself by presenting the weaknesses of Iris Chang’s book is being developed. The massacre denial groups have been using these kinds of tactics to maintain there was no massacre by presenting the contradictions in testimony quoted or by the use of inappropriate photos. Yet it is impossible to deny the occurrence of the incident itself because of these few mistakes. It is an illogical jump in reasoning to deny that the Nanking massacre ever happened by attacking her book.”
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increasing numbers, recounting the atrocities they committed or witnessed. After years of government-enforced denial, Japanese middle school textbooks now carry accounts of the
Nanjing massacre as accepted truth. According to Efron, Japanese liberals alleged that the mistakes found in her book could undermine their endeavors, which include bringing the knowledge of the massacre to the Japanese public and pressuring the Japanese government into apologizing and atoning for the massacre.
781:," and "death by dogs." Based on the testimony of a survivor of the massacre, Chang also describes a killing contest amongst a group of Japanese soldiers to determine who could kill the fastest. On the rape that occurred during the massacre, Chang wrote that "certainly it was one of the greatest mass rapes in world history." She estimates that the number of women raped ranged from 20,000 to as many as 80,000, and states that women from all classes were raped, including
757:"—to narrate the events of the massacre from three different perspectives: that of the Japanese military, the Chinese victims, and of the Westerners who tried to help Chinese civilians. The second part concerns the postwar reaction to the massacre, especially that of the American and European governments. The third part of the book examines the circumstances that, Chang believed, have kept knowledge of the massacre out of public consciousness decades after the war.
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1206:, added a memorial dedicated to Chang, including her as the latest victim of the Nanjing Massacre, and drawing parallels between Chang and Vautrin, who also took her own life. Vautrin exhausted herself trying to protect women and children during the Nanjing Massacre and subsequently during the Japanese occupation of Nanjing, finally suffering a nervous breakdown in 1940. She returned to the US for medical treatment and killed herself a year later.
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killed actually came from a message sent by a
British reporter, concerning deaths not only in Nanjing but in other places as well. Additionally, Burress questioned her motivation for writing the book—whether she wrote it as an activist or as a historian, stating that the book "draws its emotional impetus" from her conviction to not let the Nanjing Massacre be forgotten by the world. Burress also cited
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Efron of the Los
Angeles Times, Chang defended the veracity of her research. She said that she corrected 10 errors, including incorrect dates and misspelled names. She rejected the publisher's attempt to annotate about 65 items in the book, stating that the suggested changes were additional details, interpretations or assertions by right-wing critics for which no evidence was provided. She wrote,
1089:. Chang argued that figure's use by a high-ranking Japanese government official was evidence that the Japanese government recognized 300,000 as the number of Chinese civilian deaths. Finally, she criticized Burress for his "nitpick" of small details in order to draw attention away from the scope and magnitude of the Nanjing Massacre, writing that such was a "common tactic" of Holocaust deniers.
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translation; one professor backed out because of pressure placed on his family from "an unknown organization"; and her publisher said he was risking his life by publishing her book. According to Japan scholar Ivan P. Hall, revisionist historians in Japan organized a committee of right-wing scholars to condemn the book with repeated appearances at the
725:. Vautrin's diary recounts her personal experience and feelings on the Nanjing Massacre; in it, an entry reads, "There probably is no crime that has not been committed in this city today." It was used as source material by Hua-ling Hu for a biography of Vautrin and her role during the Nanjing Massacre, entitled
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Since the editorial requests were against the publishing contract between Chang and her publisher, she decided to withdraw the
Japanese publication of her book and criticized her publisher for capitulating to right-wing threats. A Japanese translation of her book was not published and circulated in
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staff writer
Charles Burress wrote that Chang's quote of a secret telegram sent by Japan's foreign minister in 1938 was incorrectly cited as "compelling evidence" that Japanese troops killed at least 300,000 Chinese civilians in Nanjing. According to Burress, the figure of 300,000 Chinese civilians
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in Tokyo and throughout Japan. Her
Japanese publisher requested her to edit the book for the changes the right-wing Japanese scholars wanted made, which included deleting photographs, altering maps, and publishing a rebuttal to her book. According to the email correspondence between Chang and Soni
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I was suddenly in a panic that this terrifying disrespect for death and dying, this reversion in human social evolution, would be reduced to a footnote of history, treated like a harmless glitch in a computer program that might or might not again cause a problem, unless someone forced the world to
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The book discusses the research of historian Sun
Zhaiwei of the Jiangsu Academy of Social Sciences. In his 1990 paper, "The Nanking Massacre and the Nanking Population", Sun estimated the total number of people killed at 377,400. Using Chinese burial records, he calculated that the number of dead
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Chang spent two years on research for the book. She found source materials in the US, including diaries, films, and photographs of missionaries, journalists, and military officers who were in
Nanjing at the time of the massacre. Additionally, she traveled to Nanjing to interview survivors of the
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article called "Significant
Discoveries" on the subject of the Nanjing Massacre, in the forms of the diaries of two Westerners who were in Nanjing leading efforts to save lives during the Japanese invasion. The diaries documented the events of the Nanjing Massacre from the perspectives of their
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The book received both acclaim and criticism by the public and by academics. It has been praised as a work that "shows more clearly than any previous account" the extent and brutality of the episode, while elements of Chang's analysis of the motivations for the events, Japanese culture, and her
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said that Chang's book ignited an interest in Japan about the massacre, increasing the amount of publications about the massacre in Japan. He opined that a unified
Japanese view of the massacre doesn't exist because of the internal debates and contentions surrounding the massacre, and that the
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Chang also issued a rejoinder to Burress's argument that she incorrectly cited a telegram sent by Japan's foreign minister. She wrote that while the original figure of 300,000 Chinese civilian deaths in Nanjing was reported by a British reporter, this figure was cited in a message that Japan's
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holds at least 42 books about the Nanjing massacre and Japan's wartime misdeeds, 21 of which were written by liberals investigating Japan's wartime atrocities. In addition, Efron noted that geriatric Japanese soldiers have published their memoirs and have been giving speeches and interviews in
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In an attempt to prevent her Japanese publisher from releasing a Japanese translation of her book, right-wing Japanese groups threatened and pilloried Chang, her publisher and Japanese historians. A Japanese literary agency informed her that several Japanese historians declined to review the
785:. Furthermore, rape occurred in all locations and at all hours, and both very young and very old women were raped. Not even pregnant women were spared, Chang wrote, and that after gang rape, Japanese soldiers "sometimes slashed open the bellies of pregnant women and ripped out the
1049:, but the letter was not published by the newspaper. In the letter, she offered criticism of her own concerning Burress's article. She said Hata is considered as an untrustworthy scholar because of his regular contributions to ultra right-wing Japanese publications such as the
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for 10 weeks and sold more than 125,000 copies in four months. Several leading historians said they believe that Chang’s revelation of Japanese wartime crimes and the country’s postwar attempts to cover up and distort history will help raise public awareness of the incident.
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Nanjing Massacre and to read Chinese accounts and confessions by Japanese army veterans. Also, she incorporated the most recent work on the subject by Chinese and Chinese-American historians by including many disturbing photographs and a myriad of translated documents.
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she wrote that throughout her childhood, the Nanjing Massacre "remained buried in the back of mind as a metaphor for unspeakable evil." When she searched the local public libraries in her school and found nothing, she wondered why no one had written a book about it.
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According to William C. Kirby, Professor of History at Harvard University, Chang "shows more clearly than any previous account just what did," and that she "draws connections between the slaughter in Europe and in Asia of millions of innocents during World War II."
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She wrote that her book dealt with the "horror of the Japanese invasion of China," and that the caption reading "The Japanese rounded up thousands of women. Most were gang-raped or forced into military prostitution" contained two statements of indisputable fact.
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for amusement." Not all rape victims were women, according to the book, Chinese men were sodomized and forced to perform repulsive sexual acts. Some were forced to commit incest—fathers to rape their own daughters, brothers their sisters, sons their mothers.
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different views can be categorized into mutually exclusive thought groups. He alleged that some aspects of her book undermined the argument put forth by the "Great Massacre School of thought," which advocates for the validity of the findings at the
609:, a film containing a series of interviews with Chinese, American, and Japanese citizens. Chang began talking to Shao and Tong, and soon she was connected to a network of activists who felt the need to document and publicize the Nanjing Massacre.
1003:, disagreed with her description of the massacre. Entenmann opined that her explanations on why the massacre occurred were inadequate. Disagreements notwithstanding, he acknowledged that her book will help preserve the memory of the atrocity.
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exceeded the figure of 227,400. He then added estimates totaling 150,000 given by Japanese Imperial Army Major Ohta Hisao in a confessional report about the Japanese army's disposal efforts of dead bodies, arriving at the sum of 377,400 dead.
984:, wrote that the book was "Heartbreaking ... An utterly compelling book. The descriptions of the atrocities raise fundamental questions not only about imperial Japanese militarism but the psychology of the torturers, rapists, and murderers."
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in Nanjing that Rabe and other Westerners set up to protect Chinese civilians. Rabe's diary is over 800 pages, and contains one of the most detailed accounts of the Nanjing Massacre. Translated into English, it was published in 1998 by
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The subject of the Nanjing Massacre entered Chang's life again almost two decades later when she learned of producers who had completed documentary films about it. One of the producers was Shao Tzuping, who helped produce
1069:. In regards to his allegations of her misrepresentation of photos and captions, she wrote that Hata provided insufficient evidence to support his suggestion that the photos proved a peaceful Japanese occupation.
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for its refusal to rectify the atrocities. It also criticizes the Japanese people for their ignorance about the massacre. It is one of the first major English-language books to introduce the Nanjing Massacre to
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calculation of the total numbers killed and raped were criticized as inaccurate because of her lack of training as a historian. Chang's research on the book was credited with the finding of the diaries of
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The book depicted in detail the killing, torture, and rape that occurred during the Nanjing Massacre. Chang listed and described the kinds of torture that were visited upon the residents, including
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wrote that it was the "first comprehensive examination of the destruction of this Chinese imperial city," and that Chang "skillfully excavated from oblivion the terrible events that took place."
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in the first month of the massacre on January 17, 1938. The message acknowledged that "not less than three hundred thousand Chinese civilians slaughtered, many cases in cold blood."
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Chang wrote that there is "compelling evidence" that the Japanese themselves, at the time, believed that the death toll may have been as high as 300,000. She cited a message that
1815:
1100:. Moreover, I would help the Japanese government publicize the new facts to the world media and find prestigious publishers in the U.S. to translate the documents into English."
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opined that the bitter row over Iris Chang's book may leave Westerners with the misimpression that little has been written in Japan about the Nanjing Massacre, when in fact the
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and concludes that there were at least 200,000 casualties and at least 20,000 rape cases, and is considered to be the most sophisticated and credible thought group in Japan.
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called it "a powerful new work of history and moral inquiry" and stated that "Chang takes great care to establish an accurate accounting of the dimensions of the violence."
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Chang's critics alleged that she made an inappropriate and facile association between mass murder and Japanese culture, which included Japanese martial competitions and
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482:. It describes the events leading up to the Nanjing Massacre, provides a graphic detail of the war crimes and atrocities committed by Japanese troops, and lambasts the
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Iris Chang became an instant celebrity in the US: she was awarded honorary degrees; invited to give lectures and to discuss the Nanjing Massacre on shows such as
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976:, wrote, "Iris Chang's research on the Nanking holocaust yields a new and expanded telling of this World War II atrocity and reflects thorough research."
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1516:. National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Groups. p. 3.
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I can never shake my belief that I was being recruited, and later persecuted, by forces more powerful than I could have imagined. Whether it was the
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named her National Woman of the Year. The book's popularity prompted a lengthy book tour, with Chang visiting 65 cities in over a year and a half.
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666:. At the time of writing, the Japanese government classified Japan’s World War 2 archives, making archival records unavailable to investigators.
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readers alike, and has been translated into several languages. The book significantly renewed public interest in Japanese wartime conduct in
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Chang killed herself on November 9, 2004. A memorial service was held in China by Nanjing Massacre survivors coinciding with her funeral in
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1142:“I can assure you that virtually none of these errors had anything to do with the historical description of the Nanking massacre itself.”
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writers, and provided detailed accounts of atrocities that they saw, as well as information surrounding the circumstances of the
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Joshua A. Fogel (August 1998). "Reviewed Works: The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II by Iris Chang".
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721:, the American missionary who saved the lives of about 10,000 women and children when she provided them with shelter in
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at Harvard, wrote that the book is "scholarly, an exciting investigation and a work of passion." Beatrice S. Bartlett,
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In reference to the photo that shows women and children walking across a bridge with Japanese soldiers, she wrote:
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wrote that it was a "compelling account of a horrendous episode that, until recently, has been largely forgotten."
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2945:"Iris Chang's suicide stunned those she tried so hard to help — the survivors of Japan's 'Rape of Nanking'"
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or some other organization I will never know. As long as I am alive, these forces will never stop hounding me.
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The original version of a photograph used by Chang—the accuracy of the caption in the book is disputed
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and the procurator of the District Court of Nanjing in 1946 stated at least 300,000 were killed;
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Yang Daqing, "Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing",
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sold more than half a million copies when it was first published in the US, and according to
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Questions of How Many Chinese Were Killed by the Japanese Army in the Great Nanking Massacre
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2555:"The Horror: Should the Japanese atrocities in Nanking be equated with the Nazi Holocaust?"
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Chinese military specialist Liu Fang-chu proposed a figure of 430,000; officials at the
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2597:"Victims or Victimizers? Museums, Textbooks, and the War Debate in Contemporary Japan"
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is structured into three main parts. The first uses a technique—what Chang calls the "
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described the book as "a crushing indictment of the Japanese army's behavior." The
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All Military Aggression in China Including Atrocities Against Civilians and Others
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in August 2004. She began taking medications to stabilize her mood. She wrote:
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1482:. Global Alliance for Preserving the History of WW II in Asia. Archived from
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After publishing the book, Chang received hate mail, primarily from Japanese
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In December 1994, she attended a conference on the Nanjing Massacre, held in
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Le viol de Nankin – 1937 : un des plus grands massacres du XXe siècle
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As she wrote in the book's introduction, while she was at the conference:
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American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking: The Courage of Minnie Vautrin
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1622:"Historian Iris Chang won many battles/The war she lost raged within"
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The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944
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described her as "maybe the best young historian we've got;" and the
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Chang wrote of the death toll estimates given by different sources:
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813:(IMTFE) judges concluded that more than 260,000 people were killed;
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2023:. Asia Times. 2002-08-24. Archived from the original on 2002-08-26
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The Nazi Leader Who, in 1937, Became the Oskar Schindler of China
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The Nazi Leader Who, in 1937, Became the Oskar Schindler of China
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Chang responded to Burress' criticism in a letter written to the
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Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide
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1714:"Proposal for The Nanking Conference at Princeton University"
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The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II
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The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II
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has caused controversy in Japan. In 1999 Fujiwara said that:
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The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II
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As a child, Chang was told by her parents that during the
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In an interview, Chang challenged her critics by saying:
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member who was the leader of the Nanking Safety Zone, a
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Chang, Iris; The Rape of Nanking; Penguin, London, 1998
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argued the number killed was between 38,000 and 42,000.
2898:ザ・レイプ・オブ・南京—第二次世界大戦の忘れられたホロコースト. Translated by 巫召鴻.
2756:"LDP-DPJ group plan to scrutinize 'Rape of Nanking'"
2727:"Iris Chang's Letter to the San Francisco Chronicle"
2346:"War Again Is Raging Over Japan's Role in 'Nanking'"
1893:"Rabe's Records of "The Rape of Nanjing" Discovered"
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Memorial Hall of the Victims in the Nanjing Massacre
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Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies
2666:. University of the West of England. Archived from
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International Committee for the Nanjing Safety Zone
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2083:For One Veteran, Emperor Visit Should Be Atonement
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3074:Mills, Ami Chen, interviewer. 12 December 1996. "
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1943:The Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe
1895:. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. 1996-09-26
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711:The Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe
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2532:"Book Review: The Rape of Nanking by Iris Chang"
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2563:. Vol. 281, no. 4. pp. 110–116.
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1973:. Southern Illinois University. Archived from
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2302:"History's Shadow Foils Nanking Chronicle"
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2877:(in Japanese). 2007-12-17. Archived from
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1996:"Scarred by history: The Rape of Nanjing"
1971:"American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking"
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289:Japanese history textbook controversies
3210:
3039:Iris Chang and the Forgotten Holocaust
2943:McLaughlin, Kathleen E. (2004-11-20).
2536:Edogawa Women's Junior College Journal
2465:
2424:"Media Praise For The Rape of Nanking"
2367:
1719:. Princeton University. Archived from
1619:
1057:and another article that accused her,
462:of Chinese civilians committed by the
260:Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre
3108:
2773:
2594:
2588:
2529:
1651:
1065:of being part of a conspiracy of the
3243:Literature by Chinese-American women
2823:
2318:
2257:Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone
2188:Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone
1561:
1104:
577:and then to the United States after
2977:Excerpt of book: 18 January 2012. "
2229:Tang Shunsan, interview with Chang;
1779:. Penguin Group USA. Archived from
1122:Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University
1120:Associate Professor David Askew of
907:; and was featured on the cover of
16:1997 non-fiction book by Iris Chang
13:
3037:, interviewer. 20 February 1998. "
2808:. Japan Review Net. Archived from
2637:. St. Olaf College. Archived from
1539:Foreword by William C. Kirby, in:
1038:, a Japanese history professor at
982:University of California, Berkeley
964:, an associate in research at the
269:Death toll of the Nanjing Massacre
14:
3259:
3057:, interviewer. 11 January 1998. "
2966:
2508:. Yale University. Archived from
1477:"A Brief Biography of Iris Chang"
1365:『ザ・レイプ・オブ・南京—第二次世界大戦の忘れられたホロコースト』
1229:. Basic Books. 21 November 1997.
927:Organization of Chinese Americans
2595:Jeans, Roger B. (January 2005).
2530:Kelly, Timothy M. (March 2000).
1654:"Ted Leonsis Takes a Sharp Turn"
1150:
3003:Chang, Y. Y. 8 December 2006. "
2908:
2892:
2859:
2844:. December 2002. Archived from
2842:Japan Policy Research Institute
2798:
2748:
2681:
2652:
2627:
2601:The Journal of Military History
2567:
2553:David M. Kennedy (April 1998).
2523:
2498:
2440:
2397:Burress, Charles (2004-11-11).
2300:Carvajal, Doreen (1999-05-20).
2054:Chang, Iris. 18 January 2012. "
2048:
2013:
1988:
1933:
1906:
1885:
1846:
1833:
1814:Burress, Charles (1998-07-26).
1420:Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre
1202:, which contains a memorial to
1194:In the US, a Chinese garden in
313:Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre
1841:The American Historical Review
1645:
1500:
1469:
1335:
1319:
1318:). Oriental Publishing House (
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1293:
804:Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall
669:
560:
552:about the eponymous massacre.
284:Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall
1:
3090:, interviewer. 19 May 1998. "
3024:—includes analysis of photos.
3018:The Nanking Incident Archives
2450:. Basic Books. Archived from
2368:August, Oliver (2005-03-17).
2021:"An American hero in Nanking"
1462:
793:
760:
738:of Nanking" and Vautrin the "
555:
279:Nanjing Massacre Memorial Day
3084:. US: Metro Publishing, Inc.
2990:Efron, Sonni. 6 June 1999. "
2695:. 1999-06-18. Archived from
2344:Sonni Efron (June 6, 1999).
1652:Heath, Thomas (2006-07-31).
1620:Benson, Heidi (2005-04-17).
1570:The Journal of Asian Studies
1306:, translated by Ma Zhixing (
1135:Foreign Correspondents' Club
987:
900:The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
855:
717:The other diary belonged to
7:
3005:Iris’s Spirit is Everywhere
1412:
1209:
1163:, Chang was diagnosed with
1147:Japan until December 2007.
848:relayed to his contacts in
820:mentioned at least 200,000;
745:
633:
605:, produced and co-directed
251:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
241:Hundred man killing contest
10:
3264:
3223:20th-century history books
3094:" (video and transcript).
3061:" (video and transcript).
2973:Iris Chang's official site
1919:. Routledge. p. 121.
1916:Japan: Restless Competitor
1865:Alan S. Rosenbaum (2018).
1685:. Penguin Books. pp.
1386:2007 (Corrected version).
860:
607:In The Name of the Emperor
33:Cover of the first edition
3178:
3143:
2040:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1396:
1389:
1371:
1364:
953:The Philadelphia Inquirer
581:. In the introduction of
179:
167:
155:
141:
129:
118:
106:
96:
86:
76:
66:
56:
48:
38:
26:
3069:Also available on C-Span
2947:. SFGate. Archived from
2867:
2401:. SFGate. Archived from
1818:. SFGate. Archived from
1165:brief reactive psychosis
843:Japan's foreign minister
480:Second Sino-Japanese War
474:, immediately after the
213:Battle of Nanking (1937)
194:This article is part of
2577:. Sino-Japanese Studies
1913:Malcolm Trevor (2001).
1067:Chinese Communist Party
1047:San Francisco Chronicle
1030:San Francisco Chronicle
935:The Wall Street Journal
734:Chang dubbed Rabe the "
677:San Francisco Chronicle
380:The Good Man of Nanking
355:The Truth about Nanjing
274:Nanjing Massacre denial
184:www.irischang.net/books
3248:Nanjing Massacre books
3228:American history books
3218:1997 non-fiction books
3168:The Chinese in America
3152:Thread of the Silkworm
3029:Interviews with author
2781:"The Nanjing Incident"
2506:"Beatrice S. Bartlett"
1427:City of Life and Death
1177:
1144:
1118:
1102:
1078:
1025:
688:One diary was that of
631:
464:Imperial Japanese Army
320:City of Life and Death
3100:Also available on PBS
2868:「ザ・レイプ・オブ・南京」の日本語版が出版
2613:10.1353/jmh.2005.0025
2512:on September 20, 2006
2179:David Nelson Sutton,
1777:"The Rape of Nanking"
1249:, with a foreword by
1169:
1140:
1114:
1094:
1074:
1023:
1014:National Diet Library
626:
470:, the capital of the
3076:Breaking the Silence
2560:The Atlantic Monthly
2538:(15). Archived from
2232:Gao Xingzu, et al.,
2149:Gao Xingzu, et al.,
2138:, pp. 90-91, citing:
1507:Edward Drea (2006).
1314:), and Cui Naiying (
1059:MacArthur Foundation
941:The Atlantic Monthly
888:Good Morning America
755:Rashomon perspective
648:University of Oxford
583:The Rape of Nanking,
542:to fund and produce
450:about the 1937–1938
22:The Rape of Nanking
3160:The Rape of Nanking
3059:The Rape of Nanking
3022:Fact Finders' Forum
2662:The Rape of Nanking
2481:The Rape of Nanking
2478:Iris Chang (1998).
2272:The Rape of Nanking
2249:The Rape of Nanking
2219:, 24 February 1951;
2209:"A Debt of Blood,"
2203:The Rape of Nanking
2166:The Rape of Nanking
2136:The Rape of Nanking
2112:The Rape of Nanking
2075:The Rape of Nanking
1761:The Rape of Nanking
1681:The Rape of Nanking
1677:Iris Chang (1998).
1658:The Washington Post
1544:The Rape of Nanking
1541:Iris Chang (1998).
1110:The Rape of Nanking
1098:The Rape of Nanking
1006:Sonni Efron of the
917:invited her to the
866:The Rape of Nanking
829:Japanese historian
816:Japanese historian
751:The Rape of Nanking
683:Nanking Safety Zone
656:Columbia University
529:Nanking Safety Zone
484:Japanese government
387:The Rape of Nanking
306:The Battle of China
232:Japanese war crimes
218:Nanjing Safety Zone
23:
3187:Finding Iris Chang
2635:"Robert Entenmann"
2306:The New York Times
2213:, 7 February 1938;
2081:Catherine Rosair,
1940:John Rabe (1998).
1434:Don't Cry, Nanking
1390:『「ザ・レイプ・オブ・南京」を読む』
1026:
970:Emeritus Professor
905:The New York Times
871:The New York Times
701:demilitarized zone
664:Harvard University
534:The book prompted
334:The Flowers of War
327:Don't Cry, Nanking
21:
3205:
3204:
3051:on 19 March 2012.
2693:VikingPhoenix.com
2575:"Joshua A. Fogel"
2484:. Penguin Books.
2351:Los Angeles Times
2251:, p. 95, citing:
2077:, p. 89, citing:
1843:104 (1999), p. 7.
1547:. Penguin Books.
1328:978-7-5060-1052-8
1310:), Tian Huaibin (
1281:978-2-228-90520-6
1259:978-0-14-027744-9
1236:978-0-465-06835-7
1157:ultranationalists
1105:Reaction in Japan
1009:Los Angeles Times
921:; U.S. historian
592:Magee's Testament
476:Battle of Nanjing
472:Republic of China
431:
430:
189:
188:
175:DS796.N2 C44 1997
97:Publication place
49:Cover artist
3255:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3041:" (transcript).
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2918:. Archived from
2912:
2906:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
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2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2733:. Archived from
2723:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2660:"Book review of
2656:
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2297:
2286:
2274:, p. 95, citing:
2268:
2262:
2245:
2239:
2205:, p. 91, citing:
2199:
2193:
2168:, p. 91, citing:
2162:
2156:
2144:Nanking Outrages
2132:
2126:
2114:, p. 90, citing:
2108:
2102:
2090:Nanking Outrages
2071:
2065:
2052:
2046:
2045:
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2029:
2028:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1946:. Random House.
1937:
1931:
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1910:
1904:
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1901:
1900:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1862:
1853:
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1816:"Wars of Memory"
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1684:
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1668:
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1640:
1639:
1630:. Archived from
1617:
1594:
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1528:
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1304:
1295:
1253:. USA: Penguin.
1251:William C. Kirby
1240:
1228:
1055:Holocaust denial
1040:Nihon University
1001:St. Olaf College
978:Frederic Wakeman
879:Best Seller list
660:William C. Kirby
567:Nanjing Massacre
550:documentary film
452:Nanjing Massacre
446:book written by
423:
416:
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204:Nanjing Massacre
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88:Publication date
71:Nanjing Massacre
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2760:The Japan Times
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1455:The Tokyo Trial
1415:
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1153:
1107:
990:
974:Yale University
947:Chicago Tribune
923:Stephen Ambrose
915:Hillary Clinton
910:Reader's Digest
877:New York Times'
863:
858:
796:
763:
748:
736:Oskar Schindler
723:Ginling College
672:
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507:(including the
427:
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107:Media type
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3067:. US: C-Span.
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2874:People's Daily
2858:
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2806:"Ivan P. Hall"
2797:
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2542:on 2001-05-03.
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1087:Washington, DC
1063:Rupert Murdoch
989:
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972:of History at
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3081:Metroactive
3055:Lamb, Brian
3047:. US: PBS.
2095:Li En-han,
1341:CITIC Press
1339:. Beijing:
1322:). 382 pp.
919:White House
846:Kōki Hirota
670:The diaries
652:Carol Gluck
644:Rana Mitter
561:Inspiration
540:Ted Leonsis
509:Philippines
478:during the
456:mass murder
444:non-fiction
440:bestselling
163:951.04/2 21
81:Basic Books
3212:Categories
3137:Iris Chang
3092:Iris Chang
2955:2007-07-21
2926:2007-07-31
2885:2007-12-18
2852:2007-07-22
2816:2007-07-22
2791:2007-07-21
2766:2007-07-21
2741:2007-07-21
2703:2007-07-21
2674:2007-07-23
2645:2007-07-23
2581:2007-07-22
2516:2007-07-21
2458:2007-07-21
2433:2007-07-21
2409:2007-07-21
2380:2007-07-21
2311:2007-07-21
2027:2007-07-27
2006:2007-07-27
1981:2007-07-23
1899:2007-07-23
1826:2007-07-21
1787:2007-07-22
1730:2007-07-23
1663:2007-07-22
1638:2007-07-22
1493:2007-07-27
1463:References
1343:. 308 pp.
1185:California
1161:depression
794:Death toll
771:mutilation
761:Atrocities
740:Anne Frank
697:Nazi Party
618:California
599:John Magee
596:missionary
556:Background
538:executive
511:) and the
448:Iris Chang
196:the series
43:Iris Chang
3135:Works by
3064:Booknotes
2621:159900111
1275:. Payot.
1181:Los Altos
988:Criticism
894:Nightline
856:Reception
824:John Rabe
690:John Rabe
614:Cupertino
548:, a 2007
521:John Rabe
460:mass rape
341:John Rabe
112:Hardcover
77:Publisher
3049:Archived
2376:. London
2036:cite web
2000:BBC News
1413:See also
1356:Japanese
1210:Editions
1200:Virginia
746:Contents
634:Research
150:37281852
57:Language
3195:Nanking
3179:Related
2270:Chang,
2247:Chang,
2201:Chang,
2164:Chang,
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2073:Chang,
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1441:Nanking
1336:《南京大屠杀》
1303:《南京大屠杀》
1288:Chinese
1215:English
1196:Norfolk
994:bushido
861:Acclaim
787:fetuses
545:Nanking
513:Pacific
493:Eastern
489:Western
468:Nanjing
348:Nanking
180:Website
110:Print (
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1320:东方出版社
571:China
501:Korea
497:China
454:—the
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364:Books
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