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at this period embellished the sanctuary with astonishing numbers of bronze dedicatory statues but today only a few fragments (fingers and toes or horses' hooves) as well as the marble bases on which they stood, survive to illustrate this wealth. Unfortunate political alliances led to the sack of the
415:
There are "an elaborate series of terracotta revetments found scattered about the temple site. These include roof tiles, simas, at least two series of antefixes decorated in relief with human busts, a sphinx acroterion and 10 fragmentary metope plaques with painted representations." The metopes
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in stone recreates or imitates earlier buildings in wood. The two sets "are commonly held to be the oldest metopes known so far". It is argued that both sets are too large ("way too high"), at about 90 cm, for the function traditionally assigned to them in the wood-to-stone model, but instead
642:, intervenes between the slabs and the foundations of the Archaic temple which carried the painted metopes. Thus, although the site of the temple was obviously of special importance from at least the end of the Mycenaean period, there is no demonstrable architectural continuity.
297:
Thermios of about 630 to 610 BC, "one of the earliest developed Doric temples known and a monument of primary importance for our knowledge of the history of Greek architecture". The most famous survivals are the
Archaic terracotta
387:, the wooden columns were replaced with stone, but the entablature seems to have been left. There were fifteen columns on each side, and five at each end (counting the corner ones twice), also a row of ten columns down the
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It is not known whether the sanctuary had a formal boundary before the
Hellenistic period when substantial fortification walls with gates and towers were built on three sides of the enclosure. At the same time, three long
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painted pottery of around the 630s BC is the main basis for the dating of the temple, though the clay is local, and the potters may also have been. Some are "inscribed in a mixed alphabet which may well be
Aitolian".
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were built within the precinct and the spring just to the south of the temple (perhaps the original reason for the location of the site) was enclosed to form a fine stone-lined "fountain" or pool.
306:, which are among the earliest examples of this art form in Greece. What is left of these, and other finds from the site, are now in the museum at Thermos, with a selection of the best pieces in
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in terracotta, a recent innovation for the Greeks; the extra weight compared to thatch or wooden shingles was perhaps a factor driving the change to building with stone.
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A large rectangular building (Megaron B) which underlies the
Archaic Temple of Apollo was long thought to demonstrate the hypothetical development of the Archaic
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608:). This was using a tenth-century dating, abandoned many decades ago; statuettes found underneath it date to about 700 BC. In fact it may have been a lean-to.
360:, and "is the first of the great tiled buildings" to survive with readable remains. Originally the walls were mud brick, the columns wood, and the
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By the 1st century BC burials were being made into the sites of the large public buildings, suggesting the site was abandoned as a sanctuary.
861:, by Stillwell, Richard. MacDonald, William L. McAlister, Marian Holland. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press. 1976, Online at Perseus
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include a large gorgon head and various mythological subjects, inside vertical borders of rosettes. One of the best preserved shows
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above them. The overall dimensions are c. 40 x 125 ft (12.13 x 38.23 m). It had a very early and rather deep example of an
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can all be dated to the Late
Helladic IIA period c. 1500 BC. This settlement continued to flourish throughout the
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was never fully rebuilt and expanded, as happened to most of its contemporaries. It has one of the best preserved
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and until a late date the
Aetolian League was a loose association with a tribal basis rather than a group of
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demonstrate that "the Doric frieze was a decorative rather a structural feature" from the start.
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The Making of the Doric Temple: Architecture, Religion, and Social Change in
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Because of the gradually diminishing significance of the site, this very early temple of
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suggesting that the roof was partly renewed or remodelled in the mid-6th century.
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There are fragments of two sets of antefixes, the second set with heads of men and
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The ancient name is preserved in the nearby contemporary Greek village of
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Thermos was not a city in the sense of a built-up urban centre like
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Recent excavations conducted by
Professor I. Papapostolou for the
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A"), elliptical and square houses with finds of pottery in the
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period: a long apsidal building (with one rounded end: "
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Thermos was already an important regional centre in the
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form from the
Mycenaean palace with the addition of a
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36th
Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities
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for the dinner table. Their similarity in style to
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186:Site notes
115:38°33′34″N
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244:Thermon
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