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platforms and greatly augmented, the former was contracted, but notwithstanding this it seems clear that the sum of life activity fluctuated notably during the ages. It is believed that on the whole it was greatest at the periods of sea extension and mild climates, and least at the times of disruption and climatic intensification. This factor then acted antithetically to the carbonic acid freeing previously noted, and, so far as it went, tended to offset its effects
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33:
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In 1890, and again in 1897, Chamberlin wrote "The method of multiple working hypotheses", in which he advocated the importance of simultaneously evaluating several hypotheses, rejecting those that conflict with available data, and ending with the one hypothesis supported by the data. This stood in
579:
His papers are housed at the
University of Chicago archives and the Beloit College archives. The Beloit College archives also contain the papers of his son, Rollin T. Chamberlin (1881-1948), who was also a geologist, and later chaired the geology department at the University of Chicago. There are
437:
It now becomes necessary to assign agencies capable of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at a rate sufficiently above the normal rate of supply, at certain times, to produce glaciation; and on the other hand, capable of restoring it to the atmosphere at certain other times in sufficient
433:
A study of the life of the geological periods seems to indicate that there were very notable fluctuations in the total mass of living matter. To be sure there was a reciprocal relation between the life of the land and that of the sea, so that when the latter was extended upon the continental
492:(ca 100 million years) at the time. His speculations about the source of energy for such a long-lived Sun were prescient, involving the ability of the Sun to somehow extract energy from the inner structures of the atom.
359:
In 1876 Chamberlin became chief geologist for the
Wisconsin geological survey, supervising the completion of the survey and the publication of the four-volume report, for which he authored sections on glacial deposits,
1119:
429:
When the temperature is rising after a glacial episode, dissociation is promoted, and the ocean gives forth its carbon dioxide at an increased rate, and thereby assists in accelerating the amelioration of climate.
2441:
1477:
303:, where he received a classical education in Greek and Latin, while becoming interested in natural science. While a student at Beloit he directed a church choir and participated in athletics and debate.
399:, which encouraged scientists to find supporting data and not challenge it with difficult tests. The paper is considered a landmark on the scientific method, was an inspiration for the approach called
1521:
472:, received favorable support for almost a third of a century, but passed out of favor by the late 1930s. It ultimately was discarded in the 1940s by the realization it was incompatible with the
2432:
2293:
2082:
1514:
673:
Chamberlin, T. C. (May 1965). "The method of multiple working hypotheses: With this method the dangers of parental affection for a favorite theory can be circumvented".
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515:
124:
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1986:
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421:, and developed at length the idea that changes in climate could result from changes in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and wrote about
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in 1866, Chamberlin worked for two years as a teacher and later principal in a high school near Beloit. He was married to Alma Wilson in 1867.
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is still well-regarded. From his theories and other geological evidence he concluded that Earth was much older than assumed by
318:
1269:
443:
1309:
de
Vaucouleurs, G.; et al. (September 1975). "The new Martian nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union".
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329:. In 1873 he also became one of several part-time participants in conducting a comprehensive geological survey of
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buildings named for him on the Beloit
College and University of WisconsinâMadison campuses as well as a house in
526:, during an exploratory trip through China in 1909 as part of the Oriental Educational Investigation Commission.
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502:
496:
383:. The project brought him national attention and led to his appointment as head of the glacial division of the
224:
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Elliot, L.P.; B. W. Brook (2007). "Revisiting
Chamberlin: multiple working hypotheses for the 21st century".
601:
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317:
to strengthen his scientific background. Subsequently (1869â1873), he became professor of natural science at
1369:
1094:
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2028:
1250:
Eckel, Edwin, 1982, GSA Memoir 155, The
Geological Society of America â Life History of a Learned Society,
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Preliminary paper on the terminal moraine of the second glacial epoch (U.S. Geological Survey, 1882)
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In 1875 he started a business with his brother and sold spring water, a popular brand at the time.
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1031:"An Attempt to Frame a Working Hypothesis of the Cause of Glacial Periods on an Atmospheric Basis"
546:
to reconnoiter the
Eastern world as a potential site for the humanitarian projects of the nascent
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1915:
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1712:
1706:
191:
1378:
T. C. Chamberlin's 'Method of
Multiple Working Hypotheses': An encapsulation for modern students
419:
An
Attempt to Frame a Working Hypothesis of the Cause of Glacial Periods on an Atmospheric Basis
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1974:
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1491:
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407:
195:
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750:(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; London: At the Cambridge University Press, 1916.)
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2010:
1980:
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1068:
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978:
899:
851:
684:
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507:
462:
384:
187:
410:, where he remained as a professor until 1918. From 1898 to 1914 he was president of the
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1998:
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1962:
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313:
In 1868â1869, Chamberlin spent a year taking graduate courses, including geology, at the
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in
Wisconsin. He joined the Beloit faculty in 1873, where he was professor of geology,
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In 1892 Chamberlin accepted the offer to organize a department of geology at the new
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2016:
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990:
863:
728:
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658:
628:
338:
1436:
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Dott Robert H. Jr (2006). "Rock Stars: Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin (1843â1928)".
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circuit minister and farmer. He attended a preparatory academy before entering
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1968:
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365:
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921:
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in 1927. He was president of the Geological Society of America in 1894.
998:
842:
Chamberlin, T. C. (1890). "The method of multiple working hypotheses".
704:
635:
Chamberlin, T. C. (1890). "The method of multiple working hypotheses".
538:
as members of the Oriental Educational Investigation Commission led by
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888:"Studies for students: the method of multiple working hypotheses"
523:
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322:
177:
32:
572:
Chamberlin remained active professionally up until his death in
480:. A portion of the theory stating that smaller objects —
326:
1412:
Expedition photographs from Beloit College Digital Collections
257:
291:. When he was three years old his family moved north to near
251:
755:
Biographical Memoir of Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin: 1843-1928
353:
in North America is still in use, with minor modifications.
337:
work in southeastern Wisconsin, a region mantled with thick
597:
380:
265:; September 25, 1843 â November 15, 1928) was an American
1455:
University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
1451:
Guide to the Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin Papers 1878-1932
1370:
10.1130/1052-5173(2006)16[30:RSTCC]2.0.CO;2
245:
1176:"Guide to the Ernest DeWitt Burton Papers 1875-1969"
829:"Chamberlin Springs: Rest & Research Since 1875"
254:
248:
484:— gradually collided to build the planets by
242:
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1302:
1028:
961:
934:
885:
841:
2672:
2662:# denotes an interim/acting president/chancellor
1206:. Society of Economic Geologists. Archived from
2766:Presidents of the Geological Society of America
2691:Leaders of the University of Wisconsin-Madison
1407:Chamberlin holdings at Beloit College Archives
622:(Contributed and edited second volume in 1877)
600:are named in his honor. He is the namesake of
2771:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2426:
1515:
1398:Works by or about Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin
810:(Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1988;
730:Contribution to the Theory of Glacial Motion
629:The rock scorings of the great ice invasions
341:, led him to recognize multiple episodes of
964:"The method of multiple working hypotheses"
761:. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.
457:developed a theory of the formation of the
287:Chamberlin was born September 25, 1843, in
16:American geologist and educator (1843â1928)
2716:University of WisconsinâWhitewater faculty
2433:
2419:
1522:
1508:
1443:
672:
634:
470:Chamberlin-Moulton planetesimal hypothesis
115:ChamberlinâMoulton planetesimal hypothesis
31:
911:
620:Geology of Wisconsin: Survey of 1873-1879
279:, of which he was editor for many years.
1232:. The Geological Society of America, Inc
501:
1073:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
614:Outline of a Course of Oral Instruction
495:In 1905, Chamberlin was elected to the
387:in 1881. He later was president of the
2673:
1143:
127:(1881â1948), geologist and skeptic of
2414:
1503:
808:Webster's New Biographical Dictionary
553:Chamberlin was awarded the inaugural
444:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
876:(see 1965 reprint for free fulltext)
1422:Works by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin
1196:
13:
1341:
14:
2782:
2751:American academic journal editors
1391:
772:History of climate change science
438:amounts to produce mild climates.
2394:
1429:
778:Geological Features of Wisconsin
514:, Y. T. Wang (interpreter), and
238:
223:
144:Hayden Memorial Geological Award
2449:University of WisconsinâMadison
1276:
1261:
1244:
1222:
1168:
1137:
1112:
395:contrast to what he called the
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1061:
1022:
955:
928:
879:
835:
821:
801:
631:(U.S. Geological Survey, 1886)
559:Society of Economic Geologists
497:American Philosophical Society
446:in 1901 and the United States
442:Chamberlin was elected to the
1:
2741:People from Beloit, Wisconsin
2736:University of Michigan alumni
2731:University of Chicago faculty
2721:People from Mattoon, Illinois
1532:Geological Society of America
1149:"Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder"
794:
759:Biographical Memoirs, vol. 15
567:Geological Society of America
403:, and was reprinted in 1965.
1331:10.1016/0019-1035(75)90146-3
1069:"Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin"
991:10.1126/science.148.3671.754
864:10.1126/science.ns-15.366.92
697:10.1126/science.148.3671.754
659:10.1126/science.ns-15.366.92
518:(T. C. Chamberlin's son) at
448:National Academy of Sciences
282:
7:
1428:(public domain audiobooks)
765:
561:in 1924, and the inaugural
412:Chicago Academy of Sciences
10:
2787:
2443:Chancellors and presidents
1576:Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin
1437:Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin
1417:Biography by James S. Aber
1029:Chamberlin, T. C. (1899).
962:Chamberlin, T. C. (1965).
886:Chamberlin, T. C. (1897).
417:In 1899 Chamberlin wrote,
234:Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin
25:Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin
2726:American science teachers
2659:
2564:
2482:
2456:
2390:
2265:
2104:
1943:
1782:
1629:Charles Doolittle Walcott
1621:
1538:
1488:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1267:Beloit College Archives,
586:The University of Chicago
273:. In 1893 he founded the
222:
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213:
201:
183:
173:
166:
139:
120:
110:
93:
85:
63:
42:
30:
23:
2701:American science writers
1850:Walter Curran Mendenhall
1606:Benjamin Kendall Emerson
1383:January 9, 2020, at the
744:(three volumes, 1907â09)
607:
532:Rollin Thomas Chamberlin
530:In 1909, he and his son
453:In 1905, Chamberlin and
319:Whitewater Normal School
125:Rollin Thomas Chamberlin
1916:Arville Irving Levorsen
1713:Arthur Philemon Coleman
1707:George Ferdinand Becker
1482:University of Wisconsin
1376:Railsback, L. Bruce. "
748:The Origin of the Earth
590:lunar crater Chamberlin
389:University of Wisconsin
192:University of Wisconsin
37:Chamberlin in the 1870s
2761:Writers from Wisconsin
2711:Beloit College faculty
2290:Rob Van der Voo (2004)
2047:Konrad Bates Krauskopf
1826:Reginald Aldworth Daly
1773:William Berryman Scott
1695:Herman LeRoy Fairchild
1641:Samuel Franklin Emmons
1635:Newton Horace Winchell
1270:"Thomas C. Chamberlin"
1095:"Thomas C. Chamberlin"
576:on November 15, 1928.
548:Rockefeller Foundation
527:
440:
373:lead-zinc ore deposits
349:. His terminology for
315:University of Michigan
306:After graduation from
105:University of Michigan
2756:Writers from Illinois
2746:Penrose Medal winners
2706:Beloit College alumni
2353:Jonathan Price (2015)
2312:Judith Totman Parrish
2214:Robert D. Hatcher Jr.
1975:Walter Hermann Bucher
1838:William Henry Collins
1832:Charles Kenneth Leith
1737:John Campbell Merriam
1731:Charles Whitman Cross
505:
468:. Their theory, the
427:
408:University of Chicago
196:University of Chicago
2342:Suzanne Mahlburg Kay
2220:William R. Dickinson
2011:Thomas Brennan Nolan
1981:George Sherwood Hume
1934:William Walden Rubey
1814:R. A. F. Penrose Jr.
1689:William Morris Davis
1612:George Mercer Dawson
1210:on December 28, 2012
1204:"Penrose Gold Medal"
1124:search.amphilsoc.org
1120:"APS Member History"
671:(Reprinted in 1965:
582:Burton-Judson Courts
540:Ernest DeWitt Burton
510:, T. C. Chamberlin,
506:From left to right,
461:that challenged the
397:single ruling theory
385:US Geological Survey
188:Columbian University
2696:American geologists
2279:Anthony J. Naldrett
2226:David A. Stephenson
2202:Doris Malkin Curtis
2035:Wilmot Hyde Bradley
1999:Marland P. Billings
1993:Raymond Cecil Moore
1963:Wendell P. Woodring
1928:Chester R. Longwell
1665:Charles R. Van Hise
1647:John Casper Branner
1570:John William Dawson
1362:2006GSAT...16j..30D
1323:1975Icar...26...85D
1230:"Penrose Medalists"
1047:1899JG......7..751C
983:1965Sci...148..754C
904:1897JG......5..837C
856:1890Sci....15R..92.
689:1965Sci...148..754C
651:1890Sci....15R..92.
544:John D. Rockefeller
542:, and supported by
295:. His father was a
2401:Geology portal
2363:Isabel P. Montañez
2285:B. Clark Burchfiel
2238:George A. Thompson
2232:Eldridge M. Moores
2023:Harry Hammond Hess
2005:Hollis Dow Hedberg
1987:Richard J. Russell
1957:Thomas S. Lovering
1886:Douglas W. Johnson
1868:T. Wayland Vaughan
1820:Alfred Church Lane
1725:Frank Dawson Adams
1701:Eugene Allen Smith
1677:Grove Karl Gilbert
1564:Grove Karl Gilbert
1558:Alexander Winchell
1530:Presidents of the
1290:on January 3, 2014
1284:"Chamberlin House"
1145:Mather, Kirtley F.
1075:. February 9, 2023
1035:Journal of Geology
892:Journal of Geology
555:Penrose Gold Medal
528:
466:nebular hypothesis
455:Forest Ray Moulton
276:Journal of Geology
208:Alexander Winchell
151:Penrose Gold Medal
53:September 25, 1843
2668:
2667:
2408:
2407:
2381:J. Douglas Walker
2294:William A. Thomas
2136:Laurence L. Sloss
1880:Charles P. Berkey
1874:Eliot Blackwelder
1844:Nevin M. Fenneman
1767:Waldemar Lindgren
1755:Charles Schuchert
1749:James Furman Kemp
1552:James Dwight Dana
1498:
1497:
1489:Succeeded by
1463:Academic offices
1099:www.nasonline.org
977:(3671): 754â759.
831:. Beloit College.
683:(3671): 754â759.
293:Beloit, Wisconsin
289:Mattoon, Illinois
231:
230:
168:Scientific career
162:
155:
133:continental drift
79:Chicago, Illinois
67:November 15, 1928
57:Mattoon, Illinois
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2435:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2399:
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2375:Donald I. Siegel
2300:Stephen G. Wells
2196:Raymond A. Price
2190:Randolph Bromery
2166:Brian J. Skinner
2160:M. Gordon Wolman
2118:Charles L. Drake
2112:Robert Folinsbee
2095:Julian Goldsmith
2071:Richard H. Jahns
1862:Arthur Louis Day
1653:Raphael Pumpelly
1594:Edward Orton Sr.
1582:Nathaniel Shaler
1524:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1492:Charles K. Adams
1468:Preceded by
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1459:
1447:
1433:
1432:
1402:Internet Archive
1373:
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1306:
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1286:. Archived from
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1154:encyclopedia.com
1147:(May 23, 2018).
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819:
805:
789:Strong inference
724:
670:
602:Mount Chamberlin
534:traveled to the
516:R. T. Chamberlin
474:angular momentum
401:strong inference
391:(1887 to 1892).
339:glacial deposits
335:geologic mapping
264:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
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203:Doctoral advisor
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2336:George H. Davis
2261:
2256:Mary Lou Zoback
2244:Victor R. Baker
2184:Albert W. Bally
2142:Howard R. Gould
2100:
2083:John C. Maxwell
2059:Morgan J. Davis
2017:M. King Hubbert
1939:
1910:Norman L. Bowen
1904:Edward W. Berry
1856:Charles Palache
1778:
1743:Israel C. White
1617:
1600:J. J. Stevenson
1534:
1528:
1494:
1485:
1473:
1430:
1394:
1385:Wayback Machine
1344:
1342:Further reading
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1019:(free fulltext)
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949:10.1641/B570708
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738:R. D. Salisbury
610:
604:in California.
423:climate actions
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103:
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94:Alma mater
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2324:Joaquin Ruiz
2318:Jean M. Bahr
2077:Luna Leopold
2065:John Rodgers
2053:Ian Campbell
1898:Adolph Knopf
1796:Arthur Keith
1683:Arnold Hague
1575:
1476:
1441:Find a Grave
1353:
1349:
1317:(1): 85â98.
1314:
1310:
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1288:the original
1278:
1263:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:the original
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
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1139:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:
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1077:. Retrieved
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508:E. D. Burton
494:
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405:
396:
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358:
355:
312:
305:
286:
274:
233:
232:
184:Institutions
167:
101:(A.B., 1866)
18:
2686:1928 deaths
2681:1843 births
2178:Jack Oliver
2172:W. G. Ernst
2130:Leon Silver
1969:Ernst Cloos
1892:E. L. Bruce
1761:David White
1471:John Bascom
1129:January 24,
1104:January 24,
1079:January 24,
818:), p. 1099.
490:Lord Kelvin
366:Precambrian
347:Pleistocene
345:during the
86:Nationality
2675:Categories
2565:Chancellor
2556:Harrington
2505:Chamberlin
2490:Chadbourne
2457:Chancellor
1546:James Hall
1486:1887-1892
1294:January 3,
937:BioScience
795:References
343:glaciation
135:hypothesis
71:1928-11-16
49:1843-09-25
2483:President
2105:1976â2000
1944:1951â1975
1783:1926â1950
1622:1901â1925
1539:1889â1900
1478:President
1350:GSA Today
1188:April 24,
1160:April 24,
486:accretion
463:Laplacian
450:in 1903.
371:geology,
362:Paleozoic
331:Wisconsin
297:Methodist
283:Biography
267:geologist
218:Signature
2551:Elvehjem
2520:Van Hise
2474:Sterling
2208:E-An Zen
1426:LibriVox
1381:Archived
1007:17748786
922:30054868
872:17782687
766:See also
713:17748786
667:17782687
271:educator
121:Children
89:American
2651:Mnookin
2620:Shalala
2593:Clodius
2572:Fleming
2541:Dykstra
2536:Sellery
2495:Twombly
2469:Barnard
2464:Lathrop
2446:of the
1480:of the
1453:at the
1400:at the
1358:Bibcode
1319:Bibcode
1236:May 15,
1214:May 15,
1043:Bibcode
1015:7481185
999:1716334
979:Bibcode
971:Science
900:Bibcode
852:Bibcode
844:Science
742:Geology
721:7481185
705:1716334
685:Bibcode
676:Science
647:Bibcode
638:Science
574:Chicago
565:of the
557:of the
524:Sichuan
478:Jupiter
369:bedrock
323:zoology
178:Geology
129:Wegener
69: (
2635:Martin
2598:Weaver
2577:Sewell
2500:Bascom
2383:(2020)
2377:(2019)
2371:(2018)
2365:(2017)
2359:(2016)
2350:(2014)
2344:(2013)
2338:(2012)
2332:(2011)
2326:(2010)
2320:(2009)
2314:(2008)
2308:(2007)
2302:(2006)
2296:(2005)
2287:(2003)
2281:(2002)
2275:(2001)
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2252:(1999)
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2240:(1997)
2234:(1996)
2228:(1995)
2222:(1994)
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2061:(1969)
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2031:(1964)
2025:(1963)
2019:(1962)
2013:(1961)
2007:(1960)
2001:(1959)
1995:(1958)
1989:(1957)
1983:(1956)
1977:(1955)
1971:(1954)
1965:(1953)
1959:(1952)
1953:(1951)
1936:(1950)
1930:(1949)
1924:(1948)
1918:(1947)
1912:(1946)
1906:(1945)
1900:(1944)
1894:(1943)
1888:(1942)
1882:(1941)
1876:(1940)
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1858:(1937)
1852:(1936)
1846:(1935)
1840:(1934)
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1828:(1932)
1822:(1931)
1816:(1930)
1810:(1929)
1804:(1928)
1798:(1927)
1792:(1926)
1775:(1925)
1769:(1924)
1763:(1923)
1757:(1922)
1751:(1921)
1745:(1920)
1739:(1919)
1733:(1918)
1727:(1917)
1721:(1916)
1715:(1915)
1709:(1914)
1703:(1913)
1697:(1912)
1691:(1911)
1685:(1910)
1679:(1909)
1673:(1908)
1667:(1907)
1661:(1906)
1655:(1905)
1649:(1904)
1643:(1903)
1637:(1902)
1631:(1901)
1614:(1900)
1608:(1899)
1602:(1898)
1596:(1897)
1590:(1896)
1584:(1895)
1578:(1894)
1572:(1893)
1566:(1892)
1560:(1891)
1554:(1890)
1548:(1889)
1311:Icarus
1254:
1184:. 2007
1013:
1005:
997:
920:
870:
814:
757:". In
733:(1904)
719:
711:
703:
665:
616:(1872)
594:crater
592:and a
588:. The
379:, and
333:. His
327:botany
325:, and
174:Fields
161:(1927)
154:(1924)
147:(1920)
140:Awards
2646:Blank
2630:Wiley
2615:Cohen
2609:Shain
2604:Pound
2588:Young
2583:Kearl
2530:Frank
2525:Birge
2515:Birge
2510:Adams
2266:2001â
1011:S2CID
995:JSTOR
967:(PDF)
918:JSTOR
736:With
717:S2CID
701:JSTOR
608:Works
381:soils
2641:Ward
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