31:
609:
367:
639:(not hand-to-hand fighting) were shown by the defendants, and the court supported the possibility that the "contestants" killed POWs by sword, which in its view would suggest that the story is not "completely false in an important part". In December 2006, the Supreme Court of Japan upheld the decision of the
343:. The modern historical consensus is that the stories did not occur as they were described. The original accounts printed in the newspaper described the killings as hand-to-hand combat; however, historians have suggested that they were most likely a part of Japanese mass killings of Chinese prisoners of war.
576:
as a whole." In turn, the controversy "increased the
Japanese people's knowledge of the Atrocity and raised their awareness of being victimizers in a war of imperialist aggression despite efforts to the contrary by conservative revisionists." In a later book, Wakabayashi quotes Joshua Fogel as saying
536:
In Japan, the articles sparked fierce debate about the
Nanjing Massacre, with the veracity of the killing contest a particularly contentious point of debate. Over the following years, many authors have argued over whether the Nanjing Massacre even occurred, with viewpoints on the subject also being a
1226:
However, as many historians point out today, the stories of hyped heroism, in which those soldiers courageously killed a number of enemies in hand-to-hand combat with swords, couldn't be taken at face value. ... The three researchers interviewed by author for this project, Daqing Yang, Ikuhiko Hata,
559:
prisoners. Uno compares his experiences with those of the two lieutenants from the killing contest. Although he had believed the inspirational tales of hand-to-hand combat in his youth, after his own experience in the war, he came to believe the killings were more likely brutal executions. Uno adds,
448:
Other soldiers and historians have noted the unlikelihood of the lieutenants' alleged heroics, which entailed killing enemy after enemy in fierce hand-to-hand combat. Noda himself, on returning to his hometown, admitted this during a speech that "I killed only four or five with sword in the real
558:
In a later work, Katsuichi Honda placed the account of the killing contest into the context of its effect on
Imperial Japanese forces in China. In one instance, Honda notes Japanese veteran Shintaro Uno's autobiographical description of the effect on his sword after consecutively beheading nine
630:
Judge Akio Doi ruled against the plaintiffs. The court argued that as both soldiers were deceased, discussions over their wartime behavior do not infringe on their "honor and privacy rights". Instead, it could be claimed that a false narrative infringed on the plaintiffs' "affection for and
563:
Whatever you say, it's silly to argue about whether it happened this way or that way when the situation is clear. There were hundreds of thousands of soldiers like Mukai and Noda, including me, during those fifty years of war between Japan and China. At any rate, it was nothing more than a
352:
635:... extremely questionable" but that second-hand discussions of the news story do not constitute slander; instead, it has become part of a historical discussion wherein "the evaluation as a historical fact is still in the undetermined situation." Some evidence of killing
428:
Both officers supposedly surpassed their goal during the heat of battle, making it difficult to determine which officer had actually won the contest. Therefore, (according to the journalists Asami Kazuo and Suzuki Jiro, writing in the
453:... After we captured an enemy trench, we'd tell them, 'Ni Lai Lai.' The Chinese soldiers were stupid enough to come out the trench toward us one after another. We'd line them up and cut them down from one end to the other."
481:. On trial with the two men was Gunkichi Tanaka, a Japanese Army captain who personally killed over 300 Chinese POWs and civilians with his sword during the massacre. All three men were found guilty of
1180:
141:
926:
1102:
1234:
411:, in which the two men were described as vying with one another to be the first to kill 100 people with a sword. The competition supposedly took place en route to
1306:
one of the exhibits in evidence at the Tokyo
District Court, which revealed Noda and Mukai beheaded Chinese farmers with their swords during the killing contest.
80:
1346:
1207:
462:
103:
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923:
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1110:
631:
admiration for the two lieutenants", but the court dismissed this claim as well. The judge noted that "the contents of the news article are
1301:
339:
The news stories were rediscovered in the 1970s, which sparked a larger controversy over
Japanese war crimes in China, particularly the
1336:
278:
1058:
1136:
Wakabayashi, Bob
Tadashi (Summer 2000), "The Nanking 100-Man Killing Contest Debate: War Guilt Amid Fabricated Illusions, 1971–75",
1082:
1024:
590:
article has suggested that its presence allows revisionists to "sow seeds of doubt" about the accuracy of the entire collection.
230:
146:
826:"Historiography of the Nanking Massacre (1937–1938) in Japan and the People's Republic of China: evolution and characteristics"
626:, requesting ¥36,000,000 in compensation, and for Honda's publications to be retracted due to "inveracity". On 23 August 2005,
506:
117:
1321:
870:
837:
1242:
860:
568:
In 2000, Bob
Wakabayashi weighed in with his own study which concluded that although "the killing contest itself was a
126:
1190:
328:, over who could kill 100 people the fastest while using a sword. The two officers were later executed on charges of
419:, and was covered in four articles from 30 November 1937, to 13 December 1937; the last two being translated in the
1356:
595:
170:
1341:
1331:
975:
581:
577:
that "to accept the story as true and accurate requires a leap of faith that no balanced historian can make."
271:
17:
136:
1063:[Congressman Inada published the incidents regarding the court on the hundred man killing contest].
612:
Noda, center, and Mukai, right, during their trial for war crimes in China. Gunkichi Tanaka is on the left.
41:
news coverage of the contest on 13 December 1937. Mukai (left) and Noda (right). The bold headline reads,
1213:
478:
108:
45:'Incredible Record' Behead 100 People—Mukai 106 – 105 Noda—Both 2nd Lieutenants Go Into Extra Innings".
244:
789:
1326:
1272:
652:
519:) published a 118-page document pertaining to the events of Nanjing. The story was unreported by the
382:
264:
53:
765:
533:, which focused on interviews with Chinese survivors of the World War II occupation and massacres.
325:
333:
237:
212:
131:
616:
In April 2003, the families of
Toshiaki Mukai and Tsuyoshi Noda filed a defamation suit against
1351:
321:
177:
490:
184:
1212:, Graduate School of Journalism of the University of Missouri-Columbia, 172, archived from
640:
627:
482:
1070:
8:
664:
329:
205:
163:
89:
75:
489:
and the subsequent massacre, and sentenced to death. On 28 January 1948, the three were
1227:
and Akira
Fujiwara said that the contest could have been mere mass murder of prisoners.
1161:
527:
brought the issue to the attention of the public with a series of articles written for
466:
461:
After the war, a written record of the contest found its way into the documents of the
433:
of 13 December), they decided to begin another contest with the goal of 150 kills. The
360:
191:
1016:
1186:
1153:
971:
866:
833:
572:" by journalists, it "provoked a full-blown controversy as to the historicity of the
516:
494:
486:
70:
1241:, University of Pittsburgh: JURIST Legal News and Research Services, archived from
1145:
729:
684:
622:
601:
573:
421:
416:
376:
340:
198:
61:
1291:
1172:
955:
930:
636:
617:
524:
30:
539:
520:
1315:
1157:
529:
470:
445:
100 People—Mukai 106 – 105 Noda—Both 2nd
Lieutenants Go Into Extra Innings".
356:
251:
1182:
The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan's National Shame
964:
The Nanjing massacre: a Japanese journalist confronts Japan's national shame
511:
In Japan, the contest was lost to the obscurity of history until 1967, when
1235:"Japanese court rules newspaper didn't fabricate 1937 Chinese killing game"
1176:
959:
544:
967:
935:
825:
658:
586:
821:
537:
predictor for whether they believed the contest was a fabrication. The
512:
474:
1165:
1010:
1008:
584:
in China includes a display on the contest among its many exhibits. A
1149:
1005:
412:
351:
904:
798:, p. 37, Postwar Judgment: II. Nanking War Crimes Tribunal.
608:
564:
commonplace occurrence during the so-called Chinese Disturbance.
555:
media companies retract their wartime reporting of the contest.
366:
442:
388:
743:
741:
777:
738:
569:
832:, Institut des civilisations, Paris: Collège de France,
497:. Mukai and Noda were both 35 years old; Tanaka was 42.
801:
370:
Noda at Sugamo Prison after his arrest by the U.S. Army
1302:
Mochizuki's Memories "Watashi no Shina-jihen" (私の支那事変)
993:
1039:
774:, Postwar Judgment: II. Nanking War Crimes Tribunal.
879:
753:
81:
International Committee for the Nanjing Safety Zone
899:The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography
733:The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography
1287:Full text of all articles pertaining to the event
1209:The Nanking Massacre: Nanking War Crimes Tribunal
1103:"War and reconciliation: a tale of two countries"
465:. In 1947, the two soldiers were arrested by the
1313:
1297:Decision of the Tokyo District Court (full text)
1144:(2), The Society for Japanese Studies: 307–340,
463:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
104:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
27:1937 event during the Japanese invasion of China
305:
404:
394:
299:
312:was a newspaper account of a contest between
272:
1292:百人斬り訴訟で東京地裁は遺族の敗訴だが朝日新聞記事と東京日日新聞記事は違う点を無視の報道
620:, Kashiwa Shobō, the Asahi Shimbun, and the
1135:
924:U.S. sea patrols fuel war of words in print
783:
747:
493:at a selected spot in the mountains of the
437:headline of the story of 13 December read
279:
265:
1347:Massacres of the Second Sino-Japanese War
951:
949:
947:
945:
691:) can be translated as "you, come, come".
593:The contest is depicted in the 1994 film
1232:
1205:
1100:
1045:
999:
830:Historians of Asia on Political Violence
795:
771:
607:
365:
350:
29:
1130:, New York: Macmillan, pp. 305–308
862:The Rape of Nanking: A Historical Study
231:American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking
147:Japanese history textbook controversies
14:
1314:
1125:
1027:from the original on 30 September 2009
942:
865:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
507:Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre
456:
118:Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre
1171:
910:
885:
858:
819:
807:
759:
523:until 1971, when Japanese journalist
1014:
500:
316:(3 June 1912 – 28 January 1948) and
718:The making of the "Rape of Nanking"
710:
346:
24:
1258:
127:Death toll of the Nanjing Massacre
25:
1368:
1337:20th-century mass murder in China
1233:Heneroty, Kate (23 August 2005),
1101:Kingston, Jeff (10 August 2008),
1017:"Victory for Japan's war critics"
859:Sheng, Zhang (8 November 2021).
547:have publicly demanded that the
1093:
1051:
990:(Berghahn Books, 2007), p. 280.
980:
916:
891:
852:
813:
596:Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre
171:Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre
1206:Kajimoto, Masato (July 2015),
1015:Hogg, Chris (23 August 2005).
988:The Nanking Atrocity 1937–1938
723:
677:
387:covered a contest between two
380:and its sister newspaper, the
320:(1912 – 28 January 1948), two
142:Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall
13:
1:
1128:My Twenty-five Years in China
1069:. 17 May 2007. Archived from
913:, pp. 126–127, Footnote.
820:Nanta, Arnaud (13 May 2021),
698:
137:Nanjing Massacre Memorial Day
1322:Massacres committed by Japan
703:
599:, as well as the 2009 film,
324:officers serving during the
7:
1138:Journal of Japanese Studies
1109:, p. 9, archived from
1060:国の名誉守りたい 稲田衆院議員 「百人斬り裁判」を本に
646:
515:(a professor of history at
479:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
306:
295:hundred man killing contest
109:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
99:Hundred man killing contest
10:
1373:
504:
477:to China and tried by the
326:Japanese invasion of China
986:Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi,
824:; Kumar, Sanchit (eds.),
688:
582:Nanjing Massacre Memorial
431:Tokyo Nichi-Nichi Shimbun
405:
395:
383:Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun
300:
36:Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun
1126:Powell, John B. (1945),
1059:
939:, 1 November 2015, p. 18
670:
543:and Japanese politician
415:, prior to the infamous
391:officers, Toshiaki Mukai
359:after his arrest by the
336:for their involvement.
71:Battle of Nanking (1937)
52:This article is part of
1357:Mass stabbings in China
334:crimes against humanity
238:The Good Man of Nanking
213:The Truth about Nanjing
132:Nanjing Massacre denial
613:
566:
377:Osaka Mainichi Shimbun
371:
363:
178:City of Life and Death
46:
1342:Competitions in Japan
1332:1937 murders in China
966:. 1999, pp. 131–132,
611:
561:
485:committed during the
441:'Incredible Record'
369:
354:
33:
641:Tokyo District Court
628:Tokyo District Court
491:executed by shooting
1273:Nanking (1937–1945)
1245:on 25 February 2011
810:, pp. 125–127.
665:Japanese war crimes
653:Nanking (1937–1945)
457:Trial and execution
307:hyakunin-giri kyōsō
245:The Rape of Nanking
164:The Battle of China
90:Japanese war crimes
76:Nanjing Safety Zone
929:2015-11-02 at the
922:Schreiber, Mark, "
901:. 2000, pp. 81–82.
614:
372:
364:
192:The Flowers of War
185:Don't Cry, Nanking
47:
1113:on 5 October 2016
897:Fogel, Joshua A.
872:978-3-11-065289-5
839:978-2-7226-0575-6
716:Takashi Yoshida.
517:Waseda University
501:Modern assessment
495:Yuhuatai District
487:Battle of Nanjing
473:. They were then
401:and Tsuyoshi Noda
289:
288:
16:(Redirected from
1364:
1327:Nanjing Massacre
1253:
1252:
1250:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1185:, M. E. Sharpe,
1173:Honda, Katsuichi
1168:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1073:on 6 August 2014
1055:
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978:
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856:
850:
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848:
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811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
784:Wakabayashi 2000
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
748:Wakabayashi 2000
745:
736:
730:Fogel, Joshua A.
727:
721:
714:
692:
690:
681:
634:
623:Mainichi Shimbun
574:Nanking Atrocity
469:and detained at
452:
440:
422:Japan Advertiser
417:Nanjing Massacre
410:
408:
407:
400:
398:
397:
347:Wartime accounts
341:Nanjing Massacre
311:
309:
303:
302:
281:
274:
267:
62:Nanjing Massacre
49:
48:
44:
40:
21:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1261:
1259:Further reading
1256:
1248:
1246:
1219:
1217:
1216:on 13 July 2015
1197:
1195:
1193:
1116:
1114:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1076:
1074:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1013:
1006:
998:
994:
985:
981:
956:Katsuichi Honda
954:
943:
931:Wayback Machine
921:
917:
909:
905:
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739:
728:
724:
715:
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682:
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673:
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632:
618:Katsuichi Honda
525:Katsuichi Honda
509:
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459:
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402:
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297:
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42:
38:
28:
23:
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5:
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1169:
1150:10.2307/133271
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1050:
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992:
979:
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915:
903:
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878:
871:
851:
838:
812:
800:
788:
786:, p. 319.
776:
764:
762:, p. 128.
752:
750:, p. 307.
737:
735:. 2000, p. 82.
722:
720:. 2006, p. 64.
708:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
694:
693:
683:"Ni Lai Lai" (
675:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
662:
655:
648:
645:
540:Sankei Shimbun
521:Japanese press
502:
499:
458:
455:
348:
345:
314:Toshiaki Mukai
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57:
26:
18:Toshiaki Mukai
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1352:Sword attacks
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1211:
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1204:
1194:
1192:0-7656-0335-7
1188:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1177:Gibney, Frank
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1167:
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1155:
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1129:
1124:
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1099:
1098:
1084:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1066:Fukui Shimbun
1062:
1054:
1047:
1046:Heneroty 2005
1042:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1001:
1000:Kingston 2008
996:
989:
983:
977:
973:
969:
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961:
957:
952:
950:
948:
946:
938:
937:
932:
928:
925:
919:
912:
907:
900:
894:
888:, p. ix.
887:
882:
874:
868:
864:
863:
855:
841:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
809:
804:
797:
796:Kajimoto 2015
792:
785:
780:
773:
772:Kajimoto 2015
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761:
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571:
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560:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:
534:
532:
531:
530:Asahi Shimbun
526:
522:
518:
514:
508:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:Sugamo Prison
468:
464:
454:
446:
444:
436:
432:
426:
424:
423:
418:
414:
390:
386:
384:
379:
378:
374:In 1937, the
368:
362:
358:
357:Sugamo Prison
353:
344:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:Japanese Army
319:
318:Tsuyoshi Noda
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68:
67:
66:
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
37:
32:
19:
1305:
1247:, retrieved
1243:the original
1238:
1225:
1218:, retrieved
1214:the original
1208:
1196:, retrieved
1181:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1115:, retrieved
1111:the original
1106:
1094:Bibliography
1081:– via
1075:. Retrieved
1071:the original
1064:
1053:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1020:
1002:, p. 9.
995:
987:
982:
963:
960:Frank Gibney
934:
918:
906:
898:
893:
881:
861:
854:
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621:
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545:Tomomi Inada
538:
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98:
35:
1279:In Japanese
1249:24 February
1239:Paper Chase
1198:24 February
1107:Japan Times
968:M.E. Sharpe
936:Japan Times
822:Cheng, Anne
659:Tameshigiri
587:Japan Times
570:fabrication
435:Nichi Nichi
1316:Categories
1265:In English
976:0765603357
911:Honda 1999
886:Honda 1999
808:Honda 1999
760:Honda 1999
699:References
513:Tomio Hora
505:See also:
483:atrocities
475:extradited
330:war crimes
54:the series
1175:(1999) ,
1158:0095-6848
1031:8 January
704:Citations
602:John Rabe
467:U.S. Army
361:U.S. Army
355:Mukai at
199:John Rabe
1220:4 August
1077:9 August
1025:Archived
1021:BBC News
927:Archived
845:11 March
647:See also
553:Mainichi
389:Japanese
1179:(ed.),
685:Chinese
413:Nanjing
206:Nanking
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1166:133271
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1083:47NEWS
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443:Behead
301:百人斬り競争
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1162:JSTOR
1117:1 May
671:Notes
549:Asahi
396:向井 敏明
252:Tokyo
222:Books
155:Films
1251:2010
1222:2016
1200:2010
1187:ISBN
1154:ISSN
1119:2017
1079:2013
1033:2010
972:ISBN
867:ISBN
847:2022
834:ISBN
580:The
551:and
406:野田 毅
332:and
293:The
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1146:doi
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