81:). This school of Mulla Sadra in Islamic philosophy is usually called al-hikmat al-muta’āliyah. It is a most appropriate name for his school, not only for historical reasons, but also because the doctrines of Mulla Sadra are both hikmah or theosophy in its original sense and an intellectual vision of the transcendent which leads to the Transcendent Itself. So Mulla Sadra’s school is transcendent for both historical and
88:
When Mulla Sadra talked about hikmah or theosophy in his words, he usually meant the transcendent philosophy. He gave many definitions to the term hikmah, the most famous one defining hikmah as a vehicle through which “man becomes an intelligible world resembling the objective world and similar to
184:
In his view, reality is existence, in a variety of ways, and these different ways look to us like essences. What first affects us are things that exist and we form ideas of essences afterward, so existence precedes essence. This position referred to as primacy of existence
164:
For Mulla Sadra, "existence precedes the essence and is thus principle since something has to exist first and then have an essence." This is primarily the argument that lies at the heart of Mulla Sadra's philosophy. Mulla Sadra substituted a
180:
Mulla Sadra effected a revolution in the metaphysics of being by his thesis that there are no immutable essences, but that each essence is determined and variable according to the degree of intensity of its act of existence.
358:
200:. Sartre said that human beings have no essence before their existence because, there is no Creator, no God. This is the meaning of "existence precedes essence" in Sartre's existentialism.
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160:"The existent being that has an essence must then be caused and existence that is pure existence ... is therefore a Necessary Being."
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in the 20th century. Mulla Sadra brought "a new philosophical insight in dealing with the nature of
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Mulla Sadra's existentialism is therefore fundamentally different from
Western existentialism of
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Another central concept of Mulla Sadra's philosophy is the theory of "substantial motion" (
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Islamic
Philosophy from its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy
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217:
213:
542:
Evolution and Bahá'í Belief: ʻAbduʼl-Bahá's
Response to Nineteenth-century Darwinism
514:
Kalin, Ibrahim (March 2001), "Sadr al-Din
Shirazi (Mulla Sadra) (b. 1571-1640)", in
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of existence for the traditional metaphysics of essences, and giving priority
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A concept that lies at the heart of Mulla Sadra's philosophy is the idea of "
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156:. Sayyid Jalal Ashtiyani later summarized Mulla Sadra's concept as follows:
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described a similar concept a century after Mulla Sadra's work.
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is considered to be just as important to
Islamic philosophy as
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426:"Averroes' Reason: A Medieval Tale of Christianity and Islam"
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running through the entire cosmos including the category of
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907:
897:
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710:
294:- panta rhei - "everything is in a state of flux"), while
594:. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
586:
371:
404:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., pp. 9 & 39,
377:Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present
1464:
945:
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16:Doctrine and philosophy developed by Mulla Sadra
288:described a similar concept centuries earlier (
37:(d.1635 CE), is one of two main disciplines of
592:Sadr al-Din Shirazi and Transcendent Theosophy
614:
540:Brown, Keven; Von Kitzing, Eberhard (2001),
272:), Sadra defines change as an all-pervasive
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607:
570:Suhrawardi and the School of Illumination
132:. This was the opposite of the idea of "
108:" and created "a major transition from
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402:Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy
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236:who had accepted change only in four
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41:that are currently live and active.
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89:the order of universal existence”.
13:
14:
1499:
544:, Kalimat Press, pp. 222–3,
128:", a key foundational concept of
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26:(حكمت متعاليه), the doctrine and
521:Resources on Islam & Science
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507:
495:
486:
477:
474:Corbin (1993), pp. 342 and 343
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65:, and by contextual extension
1:
1394:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
1384:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
975:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
561:
92:Mulla Sadra's philosophy and
1061:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
424:Irwin, Jones (Autumn 2002),
224:) and penetration of being (
7:
568:Razavi, Mehdi Amin (1997).
502:Existentialism and Humanism
362:(2006), SUNY Press, passim.
301:
100:'s philosophy later was to
44:
10:
1504:
1339:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
1239:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
1153:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
308:Transcendence (philosophy)
290:
140:" previously supported by
126:existence precedes essence
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1087:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
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518:; Kalin, Ibrahim (eds.),
210:al-harakat al-jawhariyyah
116:" in Islamic philosophy.
483:Corbin (1993), pp. 342-3
400:Kamal, Muhammad (2006),
343:
150:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
51:al-hikmat al-muta’āliyah
24:al-hikmat al-muta’āliyah
1071:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
1020:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
980:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
1404:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
1354:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
1315:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
1183:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1010:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
832:Transcendent theosophy
162:
20:Transcendent theosophy
1188:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
158:
53:comprises two terms:
1419:Reza Davari Ardakani
1295:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
1229:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
1178:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1092:Afdal al-Din Kashani
492:Leaman (2007), p. 35
379:. SUNY. p. 37.
83:metaphysical reasons
57:(meaning literally,
1379:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
1300:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
1290:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
1249:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
759:Medieval psychology
731:Natural philosophy
588:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
373:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
61:; and technically,
32:Persian philosopher
1483:Islamic philosophy
1478:Iranian philosophy
1473:Persian philosophy
1389:Abdolkarim Soroush
1234:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
1148:Hajji Bektash Wali
684:medieval astronomy
630:Islamic philosophy
452:, pp. 129–30)
328:Iranian philosophy
323:Islamic philosophy
204:Substantial motion
173:to existence over
152:and his school of
144:and his school of
102:Western philosophy
39:Islamic philosophy
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1305:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
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1224:Jalaladdin Davani
1173:Nasir al-Din Tusi
995:Abu Hatim al-Razi
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935:
296:Gottfried Leibniz
214:celestial spheres
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1434:Hasanzadeh Amoli
1429:Mostafa Malekian
1399:Taha Abdurrahman
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1444:Partawi Shah
1439:Javadi Amoli
1424:Ahmad Fardid
1369:Martin Lings
1219:Hajji Bayram
1193:Ibn Taymiyya
1122:Omar Khayyám
1107:Ayn-al-Quzat
1102:Ahmad Yasavi
1015:Ibn Masarrah
949:by century (
947:Philosophers
842:Contemporary
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1359:René Guénon
1349:Gohar Shahi
1285:Mulla Sadra
1209:Ibn Khaldun
820:metaphysics
766:(mysticism)
748:(education)
726:Metaphysics
705:(dialectic)
691:Eschatology
668:(intellect)
463:Razavi 1997
450:Razavi 1997
356:S.H. Nasr,
167:metaphysics
148:as well as
71:muta’āliyah
35:Mulla Sadra
1467:Categories
1214:Yunus Emre
1158:Ibn Sab’in
1127:Suhrawardi
1117:Ibn Tufail
1036:Al-Ghazali
990:Apharabius
825:psychology
795:Avicennism
657:(theology)
562:References
527:2008-02-04
286:Heraclitus
238:categories
146:Avicennism
63:philosophy
28:philosophy
1488:Theosophy
1275:Mir Damad
1268:17th–19th
1202:14th–16th
1168:al-Abharī
1163:Ibn Arabi
1097:Ahi Evren
1056:Bahmanyār
815:cosmology
800:Averroism
733:(physics)
679:astrology
674:Cosmology
504:, page 27
291:Πάντα ῥεῖ
278:substance
230:Aristotle
171:Ab initio
138:existence
136:precedes
73:(meaning
67:theosophy
55:al-hikmat
1112:Averroes
1051:Ibn Hazm
1046:Avicenna
1000:Al Amiri
970:Al-Kindi
963:9th–10th
873:ʼIjtihād
858:ʻAṣabīya
851:Concepts
790:Farabism
745:Madrasah
590:(1997).
375:(2006).
302:See also
258:position
242:quantity
240:, i.e.,
234:Ibn Sina
175:quiddity
142:Avicenna
94:ontology
45:Overview
1331:present
893:Maslaha
777:Schools
764:Sufism
648:Alchemy
318:Ma'rifa
274:reality
250:quality
134:essence
106:reality
75:exalted
923:Tawḥīd
883:ʻIrfān
696:Ethics
654:Aqidah
641:Fields
576:
548:
408:
383:
313:Hikmah
282:jawhar
264:) and
187:Arabic
69:) and
59:wisdom
1329:20th–
928:Ummah
918:Shūrā
913:Qiyās
903:Qadar
888:Ijmāʿ
868:Iʻjaz
785:Early
739:Peace
721:Logic
702:Kalam
436:LXXXX
344:Notes
266:place
1259:Jami
1141:13th
1080:12th
1029:11th
908:Qalb
898:Nafs
878:ʻIlm
810:Sufi
712:Fiqh
574:ISBN
546:ISBN
406:ISBN
381:ISBN
284:)."
270:‘ayn
262:wad’
254:kayf
246:kamm
232:and
222:fayd
218:flow
863:Ḥāl
665:Aql
438:(2)
256:),
248:),
193:).
112:to
77:or
22:or
1469::
951:CE
434:,
428:,
189::
177:.
85:.
953:)
663:'
622:e
615:t
608:v
582:.
461:(
448:(
389:.
280:(
268:(
260:(
252:(
244:(
220:(
185:(
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