Trial by combat - Knowledge

730: 742: 785:, with Jacques le Gris claiming that he had not committed the crime and Marguerite being with child, it was decided that guilt could not be decided through a standard jury trial, and a judicial duel was ordered. The duel put three lives in the hands of fate: Jacques le Gris, the accused, Jean de Carrouges, and the accuser, Marguerite. In the duel, the survivor of the said duel would be considered the winner of the claim. If Jacques le Gris won the duel, not only would Jean de Carrouges die but his pregnant wife would also be put to death for the crime of being a false accuser. 892:, meaning on public lands. The herald read the accusation out loud and gave the defendant one last chance to confess. If the latter did not do so, the duel would begin, and it was the responsibility of the issuer of the challenge to deliver (or attempt) the first blow. Incapacitating injuries or death would dictate victory, although other scenarios were possible as well. For instance, if the defendant could successfully parry all blows delivered by the agent until sundown, the defendant would be considered the victor. 273: 205: 940: 1808:"il y avoit même déjà long-tems que le parlement connoissoit des causes de duel, témoins ceux dont on a parlé ci – devant, & entr'autres celui qu'il ordonna en 1386 entre Carouge & Legris; ce dernier étoit accusé par la femme de Carouge d'avoir attenté à son honneur. Legris fut tué dans le combat, & partant jugé coupable; néanmoins dans la suite il fut reconnu innocent par le témoignage de l'auteur même du crime, qui le déclara en mourant". 29: 396:(that is, in the act of committing his crime), if he attempted to escape from prison, or if there was such strong evidence of guilt that there could be no effective denial, the defendant could not challenge. Similarly, if the plaintiff was a woman, above 60 years of age, a minor, lame or blind, they could decline the challenge, and the case would be determined by a jury. Peers of the realm, priests, and citizens of the 476:'s household records marks a promise to pay Thomas of Brydges an annual retainer fee for acting as champion, with additional stipend and expenses paid for each fight. In criminal cases, an approver was often chosen from the accomplices of the accused or from prison to do the fighting for the crown. Approvers sometimes were given their freedom after winning five trials but sometimes were hanged anyway. 487:. The role of the squire was to attend the battle and to arrange the particulars of the ceremony with the opposing squire. Over time, squires would meet and resolve disputes during negotiations over combat. Ample time was made for this by creating a process for checking the saddle and bridle of horses for prayer scrolls and enchantments and requiring litigants to exchange gloves (the origin of " 2203: 28 March 1983) ("I also note that defendant's offer to waive its counterclaim on the condition that plaintiff accepts a challenge of trial by combat to death is not a form of relief this Court, or any court in this country, would or could authorise. Dueling is a crime and the defendant is therefore cautioned against such further requests for unlawful relief."). 650:). The king again stepped in, and judges acted to delay proceedings. No record survives of the outcome of the case, but no contemporary account speaks of the trial by battle actually taking place. The last certain judicial battle in Britain was in Scotland in 1597, when Adam Bruntfield accused James Carmichael of murder and killed him in battle. 1869: 600:

The dispute probably concerned dynastic power within the territory of the O'Connors, and the parties, Teig and Conor, had accused each other of treason; the privy council granted their wish for trial by combat to take place on the following day, and for another such trial between two other members of

165:

81, dated to 712–730 AD) prescribes a trial by combat in the event of two families disputing the boundary between their lands. A handful of earth taken from the disputed piece of land is put between the contestants and they are required to touch it with their swords, each swearing that their claim is

609:

The first combat was performed at the time and place accordingly with observation of all due ceremonies as so short a time would suffer, wherein both parties showed great courage by a desperate fight: In which Conor was slain and Teig hurt but not mortally, the more was the pity: Upon this Wednesday

318:

show similar material. While commoners were required to present their case to a judge before duelling, members of the nobility did have the right to challenge each other for duels without the involvement of the judiciary, so that duels of this kind were separate from the judicial duel already in the

252:

of 1230 recognizes the judicial duel as an important function to establish guilt or innocence in cases of insult, injury, or theft. The combatants are armed with swords and shields and may wear linen and leather clothing, but their heads and feet must be bare and their hands only protected by light

968:

In 2020, a man named David Zachary Ostrom requested a trial by combat in response to a custody and property dispute with his ex-wife over their children. Following Ostrom requesting trial by combat, he was court-ordered to be administered a sanity test and was temporarily restricted from parenting

915:

A special kind of fighter called a chekvar was engaged to duel another chekavar on behalf of two opposing Rulers parties to prevent the explosion of a blood feud. For this two chekavar fight each other in an arena for the king and die. For this they used sword and parija. When one of the chekavar

788:

In late December, shortly after Christmas, the combatants met just outside the walls of the abbey of Saint-Martin-des-Champs in the northern Paris suburbs. After a lengthy ceremony, the battle was joined, and after a furious and bloody encounter, Carrouges stabbed his opponent with a sword and

471:

Civil disputes were handled differently from criminal cases. In civil cases, women, the elderly, the infirm of body, minors, and—after 1176—the clergy could choose a jury trial or could have champions named to fight in their stead. Hired champions were technically illegal but are obvious in the

1367:

The earliest reference to the battle, I believe, in any account of a trial in England, is at the end of the case of Bishop Wulfstan v. Abbot Walter, in 1077. The controversy was settled, and we read: 'Thereof there are lawful witnesses ... who said and heard this, ready to prove it by oath and

873:) of an injury of words or deeds he received, in matters that could not be reliably proven in a courtroom. In turn, the defendant had to issue a "mentita", meaning that he had to tell the agent "you lie", which consisted of an injury of words. After this, the agent had to issue a notarised 269:, prohibits judicial duels altogether, stating that the emperor had come to this decision on seeing that too many innocent men were convicted by the practice just for being physically weak. Nevertheless, judicial duels continued to be popular throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. 610:

following Mortogh Cogge appeared in the same place brought by the captains to the listes, and there stayed 2 hours making proclamation against his enemy by drum and trumpet, but he appeared not ... The only thing we commend in this action was the diligent travail of Sir

2430:

An historical, topographical, and descriptive view of the county palatine of Durham: comprehending the various subjects of natural, civil, and ecclesiastical geography, agriculture, mines, manufactures, navigation, trade, commerce, buildings, antiquities, curiosities, public

565:. The battle was intended to resolve a dispute over which clan was to hold the right flank in an upcoming battle of both clans (and several others) against Clan Cameron. The Clan Macpherson is thought to have won, but only twelve men survived from the original sixty. 253:

gloves. The accuser is to await the accused at the designated place of combat. If the accused does not appear after being summoned three times, the accuser may execute two cuts and two stabs against the wind, and his matter will be treated as if he had won the fight.

952:

At the time of independence in 1776, trial by combat had not been abolished and it has never formally been abolished since. The question of whether trial by combat remains a valid alternative to civil action has been argued to remain open, at least in theory. In

2314: 601:

the same sept to take place on the Wednesday following. The first combat took place as appointed, with the combatants "in their shirts with swords, targetts and skulles". An account of the proceedings as observed by one of the privy councillors is given in the

789:

claimed victory, being rewarded with substantial financial gifts and a position in the royal household. The duel was watched by the royal court, several royal dukes, and thousands of ordinary Parisians and was recorded in several notable chronicles including

729: 416:

and sorcery. If the defendant was defeated and still alive, he was to be hanged on the spot. However, if he defeated his opponent, or if he were able to fend off his opponent from sunrise to sunset, he would go free. If the plaintiff said the word

467:

were devised to enable litigants to avail themselves of the jury even in the sort of actions that were traditionally tried by wager of battle. The practice of averting trial by combat led to the modern concept of attorneys representing litigants.

882:

The defendant had the important advantage of the election of weapons. This was done to ensure that the institution would not be abused by the strong to overpower the weak, although the system was gamed in many ways bordering on the illegal.

622:], who equally and openly seemed to countenance the champions, but secretly with very good concurrence, both with us and between themselves, with such regard of her Majesty's service, as giveth us cause to commend them to your Lordships. 2284: 1020: 843:(626–636), is supposed to have been accused by a disappointed lover of a plot to poison the king and take another man. King Arioald consented that her innocence should be tested by single combat between her accuser and a 969:

rights. Upon successfully clearing his sanity test, Ostrom's parenting time was restored. Ostrom has since admitted that he initially made the request for trial by combat in order to attract media attention to his case.

2306: 32:

A 1540s depiction of a judicial combat in Augsburg in 1409, between Marshal Wilhelm von Dornsberg and Theodor Haschenacker. Dornsberg's sword broke early in the duel, but he proceeded to kill Haschenacker with his own

965:, Donald J. Evans set out the possibility of a trial by battle in the setting of a lawyer's office. A tongue-in-cheek motion during 2015 for trial by combat in response to a civil suit was rejected in 2016. 462:

in 1166. With the emergence of the legal profession in the thirteenth century, lawyers, guarding the safety of the lives and limbs of their clients, steered people away from the wager of battle. A number of

1163: 2364: 689:

instituted by the accuser directly against the accused. It was not, unlike the contemporary appeal, a proceeding in a court of superior jurisdiction reviewing the proceedings of a lower court.

2169: 2254: 377:

The last certain trial by battle in England occurred in 1446: a servant accused his master of treason, and the master drank too much wine before the battle and was slain by the servant. In

2276: 2130: 2338: 214:(early to mid-14th century), illustrating the provision that the two combatants must "share the sun", i.e. align themselves perpendicular to the Sun so that neither has an advantage. 1832: 815: 1131:. Early Irish law Series volume III (2016 reprint with revised bibliography ed.). Dublin: School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. pp. 211–213. 899:

of the 16th century, dueling became illegal; however, its customs were maintained and utilized by most middle to upper social classes until the beginning of the 19th century.

657:, Parliament considered a bill that would have abolished appeals of murder and trials by battle in the American colonies. It was successfully opposed by Member of Parliament 847:. The accuser having been slain, Gundeberga was declared innocent. This was the first instance of a trial by combat in the history of Italy. In the 730s, the Lombard king 421:("I am vanquished") and gave up the fight, he was to be declared infamous, deprived of the privileges of a freeman, and was liable for damages to his successful opponent. 1705: 510:

with sharp iron tips. The duelling ground was typically sixty feet square. Commoners were allowed a rectangular leather shield and could be armed with a suit of leather

706:

One inconvenience attending this mode of proceeding is, that the party who institutes it must be willing, if required, to stake his life in support of his accusation.

642:

It is uncertain when the last actual trial by battle in Britain took place. While some references speak of such a trial being held in 1631, records indicate that King

653:

Proposals to abolish trial by battle were made in the 17th century, and twice in the 18th, but were unsuccessful. In 1774, as part of the legislative response to the

1998: 1891: 1810: 1768: 1397: 916:

defeated or killed the other in the public duel called the ankam, the two parties considered the matter closed without either having spilled any of their own blood.

646:

intervened to prevent the battle. A 1638 case is less clear: it involved a legal dispute between Ralf Claxton and Richard Lilburne (the latter the father of

1153: 196:

An unusual variant, the marital duel, involved combat between a husband and wife, with the former physically handicapped in some way. The loser was killed.

2356: 443: 2246: 381:

and Ireland, the practice was continued into the sixteenth century. In 1446, a trial by combat was arranged between two quarrelling Irish magnates,

1979: 221:

in 967 expressly sanctioned the practice of Germanic tribal law even if it did not figure in the more "imperial" Roman law. The celebrated case of

2336: 854:

The jurisprudence of judicial duelling in Italy is particularly well documented in the 15th and 16th centuries. In particular, the treatises of

851:(712–744) had lost confidence in the likelihood that the trial by battle would provide justice. He knew that the practice was subject to abuse. 630:

also refers to the trial and censures the parties for having allowed the English to entice them into the proceedings. It is also referred to in

2002: 1983: 810: 539:

By 1300, the wager of combat had all but died out in favour of trial by jury. One of the last mass trials by combat in Scotland, the

532:, "defeated", which acknowledged "(I am) vanquished." The party who did so, however, whether litigant or champion, was punished with 2502: 1651: 334:

codex names seven offences that in the absence of witnesses were considered grave enough to warrant a judicial duel, viz. murder,

781:, whom he accused of raping his wife Marguerite when Carrouges was in Paris conducting business. After lengthy hearings at the 988: 176:

prescribed combat between witnesses of each side, rather than between the accuser and the accused, and briefly allowed for the

2543: 2471: 2449: 2163: 2097: 2070: 2028: 1963: 1697: 1600: 1581: 1322: 1303: 1257: 1212: 1136: 858:(1536), Giovanni Battista Pigna (1554) and Girolamo Mutio (1560) have contributed to shed considerable light on the subject. 665:, on the other hand, supported the abolition, calling the appeal and wager "superstitious and barbarous to the last degree". 2335:

Kilander, Gustaf (January 6, 2021). "Rudy Giuliani calls for 'trial by combat' to settle election in rant at wild DC rally".

1422: 1218: 1866: 1760: 1624: 1476: 433:(1077), eleven years after the Conquest. Significantly, the names of the parties suggest that it was a dispute between a 392:

The wager of battle was not always available to the defendant in an appeal of murder. If the defendant were taken in the

2307:"Man who requested trial by combat in custody dispute clears sanity test, requests testing for ex-wife and her attorney" 2439: 1684: 699: 2533: 920:, the most ancient and important form of India, was practiced in Kerala. Its origins date back to the 12th century. 573:

The last trial by combat under the authority of an English monarch is thought to have taken place during the reign of

2419: 2124: 1842: 1391: 658: 382: 1012:, where a judicial duel is among the violent events culminating in a judicial battle between the clans before King 710: 320: 241:. For the following three centuries, there was latent tension between the traditional regional laws and Roman law. 698:

in 1818. Pronouncing judgment in favour of the accused's plea claiming the wager of battle, Justice Bayley of the

89:

in general, which is known to many cultures worldwide, trial by combat is known primarily from the customs of the

848: 714: 961:

rejected the defendant's request for "trial by combat to the death" on the grounds that dueling was illegal. In

2196: 285: 879:, or a notice of challenge, to the defendant, which, if accepted, would set the formal proceedings in motion. 2018: 615: 2114: 2087: 2060: 549:

in 1396. This event took the form of a pitched battle between teams of around thirty men each, representing

56:

to settle accusations in the absence of witnesses or a confession in which two parties in dispute fought in

886:

The duel would take place on the land of a lord impartial to both parties, or if this was not practicable,

794: 498:

Early trials by combat allowed a variety of weapons, particularly for knights. Later, commoners were given

404:) could also decline the battle if challenged. If the actual battle took place, it would occur in judicial 2045: 488: 522:. The litigants appeared in person. The combat was to begin before noon and be concluded before sunset. 362:

Wager of battle, as the trial by combat was called in English, appears to have been introduced into the

2507: 2200: 2153: 1050: 958: 627: 371: 1637:

Acquitted on a Charge of murdering a Girl, and on being rearrested claimed Trial by Battle, April 1818

593:), who were persuaded by two judges (referred to in the account below) to bring the matter before the 2592: 1158: 1094: 1028: 790: 2224: 1009: 594: 741: 525:

Either combatant could end the fight and lose his case by crying out the word "Craven!", from the

1861: 619: 319:

Middle Ages and were not affected by the latter's abolition in the early 16th century by Emperor

222: 1793: 757:

ordered for two of his servants to engage in trial by combat against each other when he found a

1204: 1045: 1013: 1004: 980: 574: 562: 536:. Fighting continued until one party was dead or disabled. The last man standing won his case. 226: 166:

lawful. The losing party besides forfeiting their claim to the land is required to pay a fine.

1888: 1676: 1528: 1381: 2463: 2412:

History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War: 1603–1642

1698:"SHEPHERD, Samuel (1760–1840), of 38 Bloomsbury Square, Mdx. | History of Parliament Online" 861:

The fundamental aspects of Italy's duelling customs were the following. The offended party (

2277:"Man requests 'trial by combat' with Japanese swords to settle a dispute with Iowa ex-wife" 1619: 1336: 1101: 987:, made claims of voter fraud and called for a "trial by combat". The rally resulted in the 770: 643: 611: 492: 1285:

History of the Royal Hospital Kilmainham, from Its Original Foundation to the Present Time

447:, from around 1187, appears to have considered it the chief mode of trial, at least among 177: 8: 896: 672:

was the most direct way, in the common law, of challenging someone's right to a piece of

661:, who called the appeal of murder "that great pillar of the Constitution". Writer and MP 541: 459: 448: 386: 2228: 1671: 1659: 1648: 1358: 1341: 782: 694: 473: 367: 144: 2577: 2539: 2467: 2445: 2415: 2159: 2120: 2093: 2066: 2024: 1959: 1885:

The Encyclopædia Britannica, or, Dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature

1838: 1387: 1208: 1132: 1088: 1054: 774: 631: 458:

replaced trial by ordeal, which had been the mode of proof for crown pleas since the

314: 230: 152: 125: 61: 1952:

In the Service of Mars: Proceedings from the Western Martial Arts Workshop 1999–2009

1950:

Leoni, Tom (2010). Mele, Gregory (ed.). "Judicial Duel in Sixteenth-century Italy".

1680: 1350: 1034: 750: 654: 586: 405: 102: 90: 932:

lineage. It was during their period that kalaripayattu spread widely in southern

2478: 2342: 1895: 1873: 1856: 1655: 1426: 1419: 1198: 1039: 925: 855: 778: 769:

In December 1386, one of the last trials by combat authorised by the French King

718: 678: 550: 546: 173: 157: 148: 124:

and it does not figure in the traditions of Middle Eastern antiquity such as the

86: 20: 2213:

Evans, Donald J. (May 1985). "Forgotten Trial Techniques: The Wager of Battle".

2089:

Mapping the History of Ayurveda: Culture, Hegemony and the Rhetoric of Diversity

802: 721:. At the same time, the writ of right and criminal appeals was also abolished. 1082: 758: 397: 389:

intervened personally to persuade them to settle their differences peacefully.

289: 247: 237:

to cease its imposition of judicial duels on their newly converted subjects in

234: 218: 155:) prescribed different particulars, such as equipment and rules of combat. The 1614: 1484: 303: 2586: 2572: 1728: 984: 977: 917: 908: 754: 673: 647: 590: 582: 578: 554: 507: 480: 464: 57: 272: 1816:

Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers

1066: 999: 973: 713:

abolished wager of battle the following year, in February 1819, in an Act (

683: 662: 602: 434: 169: 53: 773:

was fought in Paris. The trial was fought to decide a case brought by Sir

276:

Depiction of a judicial duel between a man and a woman by Hans Talhoffer (

204: 2215: 1200:

Medieval Justice: Cases and Laws in France, England and Germany, 500-1500

686: 401: 327:

of modern times which were outlawed only as late as in the 19th century.

133: 98: 93:. The practice was "almost universal in Europe" according to medievalist 69: 2232: 2048:. Centre for South and Southeast Asian Studies – via Google Books. 147:. Being rooted in Germanic tribal law, the various regional laws of the 1828: 1736: 1383:

Legan Antiquities: A Collection of Essays Upon Ancient Laws and Customs

1362: 939: 921: 832: 820: 761:

had been killed in his forest and one accused the other of the crime.

634:. This was a trial not at common law but under consiliar jurisdiction. 581:

in Ireland on 7 September 1583. The dispute was between members of the

558: 526: 499: 455: 413: 374:

and remained in use for the duration of the High and Late Middle Ages.

363: 347: 309: 184: 94: 1418:

For an extensive list of cases of trial by battle from this time, see

2441:

A New Miscellany-at-Law: Yet Another Diversion for Lawyers and Others

2020:

The Other Rāma: Matricide and Genocide in the Mythology of Paraśurāma

1076: 343: 297: 121: 28: 2357:"'Game of Thrones' recap: Tyrion's life at stake in trial by combat" 1354: 1749:

Gregory of Tours. A History of the Franks. Pantianos Classics, 1916

1184: 1154:"'Game of Thrones': Trial by combat was a real option, says writer" 1024: 929: 912: 844: 836: 806: 378: 292:

depicts techniques to be applied in such duels, separately for the

189: 110: 106: 1071: 840: 798: 797:. It has since been covered by several notable texts, including 515: 438: 400:(the last pursuant to their guarantee of ancient liberties under 351: 335: 238: 114: 1496: 1494: 933: 533: 511: 503: 484: 479:

In practice, a person facing trial by combat was assisted by a

339: 293: 1444: 1432: 183:

In medieval Scandinavia, the practice survived throughout the

2345:

The Independent. Washington, DC. Retrieved November 14, 2022.

907:

In the 15th century in the Malabar region of India, the same

692:

Such a private prosecution was last conducted in the case of

129: 16:

Method of settling accusations within Germanic law by dueling

2116:

Jumbos and Jumping Devils: A Social History of Indian Circus

2062:

Jumbos and Jumping Devils: A Social History of Indian Circus

1491: 1456: 72:, gradually disappearing in the course of the 16th century. 1935:

The Mirror of Justice: Literary Reflections of Legal Crises

429:

The earliest case in which wager of battle is recorded was

409: 324: 208:

Depiction of a judicial combat in the Dresden codex of the

65: 2503:"Trial by Combat and the Myths of Our Modern Legal System" 491:") and sometimes to go to separate churches and give five 1727: 2578:

Charters relating to Judicial Duels, 11th – 12th Century

2462:(reprint ed.), The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., p. 733:"The plaintiff opening his case before the judge", from 346:

of one's lord, "imprisonment" (possibly in the sense of

1506: 1019:

The Carrouges–le Gris trial of 1386 was the subject of

2559:

Trial by Fire and Battle in Medieval German Literature

1909:

The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I

1256:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFQuennellQuennell1964 (

911:

competition was held by the Thiyya caste, who are the

408:, 60 feet (18 m) square, following the taking of 2535:

Medievalism and the Quest for the "Real" Middle Ages

514:, bare to the knees and elbows and covered by a red 172:

governing its use appear from the year 803 onwards.

2501:Rennix, Brianna; Abraham, Sparky (September 2020). 745:Duel between Jacques Le Gris and Jean de Carrouges 1287:. Dublin: William Curry & Co. pp. 92–93. 1023:by Eric Jager. This book was adapted into a 2008 2584: 2492:Quennell, Marjorie; Quennell, C. H. B. (1969) , 2491: 2043: 1251: 284:Trial by combat plays a significant role in the 132:. However, it is recorded in the medieval Irish 2400:2 vols. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, LL S. 2. 1599:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShoenfeld2001 ( 1580:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShoenfeld2001 ( 963:Forgotten Trial Techniques: The Wager of Battle 495:(for the five wounds of Christ) to the church. 2532:and legal violence", in Simmons, Clare (ed.), 2458:Neilson, George; Sereni, Angelo Piero (2009), 2247:"Staten Island lawyer demands trial by combat" 1049:is put through two trials by combat, with the 68:. It remained in use throughout the European 64:. In essence, it was a judicially sanctioned 2500: 2457: 2427: 1887:, Volume 13, Adam & Charles Black, 1857, 1524: 1500: 1462: 1450: 1438: 1420:Bigelow's Placita Anglo-Normanica (1066–1195) 1386:. F.H. Thomas law book Company. p. 128. 1247: 1245: 887: 874: 868: 862: 357: 301: 257: 245: 209: 1924:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, p. 165. 1339:(15 May 1891). "The Older Modes of Trial". 300:(mace and shield) variants, although other 1937:, Princeton University Press, 2018, p. 74. 1329: 1321:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHall1926 ( 1302:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBurn1820 ( 1276: 1242: 764: 737:(15th century), National Library of Paris. 2523: 2044:Sankaranarayanan, K. C. (20 April 1994). 1594: 1575: 2524:Shoenfeld, Mark (1997), "Waging battle: 2409: 1945: 1943: 1761:"What Really Happened at the Last Duel?" 1512: 1481:Scottish Event & Historical Timeline 1053:after he's falsely convicted of killing 938: 811:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition 740: 728: 385:, and the Prior of Kilmainham, but King 271: 203: 27: 2556: 2494:A History of Everyday Things in England 2437: 2428:Mackenzie, Eneas; Ross, Marvin (1834), 2016: 1563: 1551: 1539: 1270: 1151: 1122: 1120: 1118: 867:or agent) had to accuse the defendant ( 229:of 1215 deprecated judicial duels, and 2585: 2354: 2085: 2023:. State University of New York Press. 1335: 1282: 1145: 605:Ireland 63/104/69 (spelling adapted): 120:It was unknown in Anglo-Saxon law and 2486:Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters 2212: 2151: 2145: 2112: 1997: 1991: 1978: 1972: 1949: 1940: 1827: 1821: 1758: 1545: 1379: 1196: 1126: 989:storming of the United States Capitol 717:) introduced by the Attorney General 143:The practice is regulated in various 2152:Menon, A. Sreedhara (4 March 2011). 2133:from the original on 8 December 2023 2106: 1474: 1468: 1316: 1297: 1166:from the original on 27 October 2021 1115: 845:nobleman who undertook to defend her 199: 2058: 1627:from the original on 26 August 2017 1291: 13: 2367:from the original on 14 March 2023 2257:from the original on 21 March 2021 2086:Girija, K. P. (25 November 2021). 1771:from the original on 21 March 2021 735:Cérémonies des Gages des Batailles 97:. It was in use among the ancient 14: 2604: 2566: 2404:Calendar of State Papers: Ireland 2317:from the original on 8 March 2024 2287:from the original on 8 March 2024 2172:from the original on 8 March 2024 2046:"The Keralites and the Sinhalese" 2017:Collins, Brian (1 October 2020). 1708:from the original on 23 July 2019 1702:www.historyofparliamentonline.org 1400:from the original on 8 March 2024 1221:from the original on 8 March 2024 383:James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormonde 2433:, vol. 2, Mackenzie and Den 2410:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (2000), 1911:, University Press, 1909, p. 50. 1051:second trial forcing him to flee 1027:documentary and dramatized in a 947: 323:, evolving into the gentlemanly 2573:Appeal of Murder, etc. Act 1819 2348: 2329: 2299: 2269: 2239: 2206: 2184: 2079: 2052: 2037: 2010: 1927: 1914: 1901: 1878: 1850: 1802: 1783: 1759:Elema, Ariella (4 March 2016). 1752: 1743: 1730:Appeal of Murder, etc. Act 1819 1720: 1690: 1664: 1642: 1607: 1588: 1569: 1557: 1533: 1518: 1412: 1373: 1310: 715:Appeal of Murder, etc. Act 1819 568: 518:of a light type of silk called 2389:Bagwell, Richard (1885–1890), 1264: 1233: 1190: 1178: 1152:Dotinga, Randy (15 May 2014). 1008:dramatizes the lead-up to the 472:record. A 1276 document among 424: 288:in the 15th century. Notably, 60:; the winner of the fight was 1: 2538:, Routledge, pp. 61–86, 2484:O'Donovan, John (1851) (ed.) 2383: 2155:Kerala History and its Makers 2113:Nisha, P. R. (12 June 2020). 1380:White, Edward Joseph (1913). 994: 637: 263: 262:, an anonymous legal code of 2496:(4 ed.), B. T. Batsford 2438:Megarry, Sir Robert (2005), 2355:Eyerly, Alan (2 June 2014). 1790:Chroniques de Jean Froissart 1623:. The Ex-Classics Web Site. 1252:Quennell & Quennell 1964 928:and others were warriors of 813:, and also by the 2004 book 795:Grandes Chroniques de France 180:in cases involving clerics. 7: 2398:Capitularia Regum Francorum 2119:. Oxford University Press. 2065:. Oxford University Press. 2059:P.R, Nisha (12 June 2020). 1958:. Freelance Academy Press. 1060: 976:on January 6, 2021, former 589:from King's County (modern 330:Hans Talhoffer in his 1459 10: 2609: 1283:Burton, Nathaniel (1843). 1129:A Guide to Early Irish Law 959:Delaware Court of Chancery 628:Annals of the Four Masters 577:in the inner courtyard of 489:throwing down the gauntlet 80: 75: 18: 2158:. D C Books. p. 81. 2102:– via Google Books. 2075:– via Google Books. 2033:– via Google Books. 1525:Mackenzie & Ross 1834 1501:Neilson & Sereni 2009 1463:Neilson & Sereni 2009 1451:Neilson & Sereni 2009 1439:Neilson & Sereni 2009 1159:Christian Science Monitor 1095:Subpoena ad testificandum 972:At a rally for President 724: 483:, often referred to as a 358:Great Britain and Ireland 286:German schools of fencing 225:, is a good example. The 2396:Boretius, Alfred (1883) 2391:Ireland under the Tudors 2225:American Bar Association 2092:. Taylor & Francis. 1999:Pigna, Giovanni Battista 1920:Katherine Fischer Drew, 1475:Gunn, Robert M. (1998). 1108: 1010:Battle of the North Inch 902: 826: 2557:Ziegler, V. L. (2004), 1862:History of the Lombards 1792:(Book III, § 122) 765:Judicial combat of 1386 451:entitled to bear arms. 296:(sword and shield) and 223:Gero, Count of Alsleben 19:For the 1976 film, see 2414:, Adegi Graphics LLC, 2341:6 October 2021 at the 1660:Sir William Blackstone 1127:Kelly, Fergus (1988). 1046:A Song of Ice and Fire 1014:Robert III of Scotland 1005:The Fair Maid of Perth 944: 888: 875: 869: 863: 791:Froissart's Chronicles 746: 738: 708: 632:Holinshed's chronicles 624: 302: 281: 258: 246: 227:Fourth Lateran Council 215: 210: 62:proclaimed to be right 34: 1933:Theodore Ziolkowski, 1872:21 March 2021 at the 1867:Book 4., Chapter XLI. 1685:Court of King's Bench 1654:21 March 2021 at the 1477:"Clan Battle of 1396" 942: 744: 732: 704: 607: 444:Tractatus of Glanvill 275: 207: 163:recension Lantfridana 31: 2552:The Newgate Calendar 1894:8 March 2024 at the 1620:The Newgate Calendar 1425:8 March 2024 at the 1197:Janin, Hunt (2009). 1102:Subpoena duces tecum 943:Kalaripayattu Combat 145:Germanic legal codes 2311:Des Moines Register 2281:Des Moines Register 2251:The Washington Post 1907:Frederick Pollock, 1677:1 B. & Ald. 405 897:Counter-Reformation 616:Master of the Rolls 595:Irish privy council 542:Battle of the Clans 460:Assize of Clarendon 259:Kleines Kaiserrecht 187:in the form of the 178:Ordeal of the Cross 2526:Ashford v Thornton 2192:McNatt v. Richards 1672:Ashford v Thornton 1615:"Abraham Thornton" 1342:Harvard Law Review 983:and Trump lawyer, 955:McNatt v. Richards 945: 783:Parlement of Paris 747: 739: 695:Ashford v Thornton 431:Wulfstan v. Walter 368:Kingdom of England 354:/fraud, and rape. 282: 280:, Folio 80r, 1459) 233:in 1216 asked the 216: 52:) was a method of 35: 2545:978-0-7146-5145-3 2481:available online. 2473:978-1-58477-985-8 2451:978-1-84113-554-0 2361:Los Angeles Times 2165:978-81-264-3782-5 2099:978-1-000-48142-6 2072:978-0-19-099207-1 2030:978-1-4384-8040-4 1965:978-0-9825911-5-4 1818:, Volume 5, 1755. 1542:, pp. 63–64. 1453:, pp. 42–45. 1441:, pp. 46–51. 1319:, pp. 44–45. 1214:978-0-7864-4502-8 1203:. Jefferson, NC: 1138:978-1-85500-214-2 1089:Might makes right 1055:Joffrey Baratheon 775:Jean de Carrouges 561:in front of King 474:Bishop Swinefield 315:Codex Wallerstein 231:Pope Honorius III 200:Holy Roman Empire 153:Holy Roman Empire 126:code of Hammurabi 2600: 2593:Trials by combat 2562: 2548: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2497: 2476: 2454: 2434: 2424: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2352: 2346: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2210: 2204: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2014: 2008: 2007: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1947: 1938: 1931: 1925: 1918: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1882: 1876: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1825: 1819: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1694: 1688: 1675: (1818) 1668: 1662: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1489: 1488: 1487:on 17 July 2007. 1483:. Archived from 1472: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1337:Thayer, James B. 1333: 1327: 1326: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1249: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1194: 1188: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1124: 1035:Tyrion Lannister 891: 878: 872: 866: 751:Gregory of Tours 655:Boston Tea Party 597:for resolution. 545:, took place in 308:such as that of 307: 268: 265: 261: 251: 213: 103:Ripuarian Franks 91:Germanic peoples 2608: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2583: 2582: 2569: 2546: 2514: 2512: 2511:(Sept/Oct 2020) 2508:Current Affairs 2474: 2460:Trial by Combat 2452: 2422: 2386: 2381: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2353: 2349: 2343:Wayback Machine 2334: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2211: 2207: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2166: 2150: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2127: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2057: 2053: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2015: 2011: 1996: 1992: 1980:Mutio, Girolamo 1977: 1973: 1966: 1948: 1941: 1932: 1928: 1919: 1915: 1906: 1902: 1896:Wayback Machine 1883: 1879: 1874:Wayback Machine 1857:Paul the Deacon 1855: 1851: 1845: 1826: 1822: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1774: 1772: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1669: 1665: 1656:Wayback Machine 1647: 1643: 1630: 1628: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1538: 1534: 1523: 1519: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1492: 1473: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1427:Wayback Machine 1417: 1413: 1403: 1401: 1394: 1378: 1374: 1355:10.2307/1321424 1334: 1330: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1281: 1277: 1269: 1265: 1255: 1250: 1243: 1239:book I, art. 63 1238: 1234: 1224: 1222: 1215: 1195: 1191: 1183: 1179: 1169: 1167: 1150: 1146: 1139: 1125: 1116: 1111: 1063: 1040:Game of Thrones 997: 950: 926:Aromal Chekavar 905: 856:Achille Marozzo 829: 779:Jacques le Gris 777:against squire 767: 727: 719:Samuel Shepherd 679:criminal appeal 640: 571: 551:Clan Macpherson 427: 372:Norman Conquest 360: 278:Ms.Thott.290.2º 266: 202: 174:Louis the Pious 158:Lex Alamannorum 151:(and the later 149:Frankish Empire 87:trial by ordeal 83: 78: 46:trial by battle 42:wager of battle 38:Trial by combat 24: 21:Trial by Combat 17: 12: 11: 5: 2606: 2596: 2595: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2568: 2567:External links 2565: 2564: 2563: 2561:, Camden House 2554: 2549: 2544: 2521: 2498: 2489: 2482: 2472: 2455: 2450: 2435: 2425: 2420: 2407: 2401: 2394: 2393:3 vols. London 2385: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2347: 2328: 2298: 2268: 2238: 2205: 2183: 2164: 2144: 2125: 2105: 2098: 2078: 2071: 2051: 2036: 2029: 2009: 1990: 1971: 1964: 1939: 1926: 1913: 1900: 1877: 1849: 1843: 1820: 1801: 1782: 1751: 1742: 1719: 1689: 1663: 1641: 1606: 1595:Shoenfeld 2001 1587: 1576:Shoenfeld 2001 1568: 1556: 1544: 1532: 1517: 1515:, p. 249. 1505: 1503:, p. 326. 1490: 1467: 1465:, p. 159. 1455: 1443: 1431: 1411: 1392: 1372: 1328: 1309: 1290: 1275: 1263: 1241: 1232: 1213: 1207:. p. 17. 1189: 1177: 1144: 1137: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1098: 1091: 1086: 1083:Gravi de pugna 1079: 1074: 1069: 1062: 1059: 1002:'s 1828 novel 996: 993: 949: 946: 904: 901: 835:, wife of the 831:About AD 630, 828: 825: 766: 763: 726: 723: 682:was a private 644:Charles I 639: 636: 620:Nicholas White 570: 567: 465:legal fictions 426: 423: 398:City of London 370:following the 359: 356: 290:Hans Talhoffer 248:Sachsenspiegel 235:Teutonic Order 219:Otto the Great 211:Sachsenspiegel 201: 198: 82: 79: 77: 74: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2605: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2444:, Hart Pub., 2443: 2442: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2421:1-4021-8410-7 2417: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2332: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2209: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2187: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2148: 2132: 2128: 2126:9780190992071 2122: 2118: 2117: 2109: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2082: 2074: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2055: 2047: 2040: 2032: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2013: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1994: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1975: 1967: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1946: 1944: 1936: 1930: 1923: 1917: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1844:0-7126-6190-5 1840: 1836: 1835: 1834:The Last Duel 1830: 1824: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1755: 1746: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1723: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1686: 1683: at 457, 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1649:outlined here 1645: 1638: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1610: 1602: 1597:, p. 62. 1596: 1591: 1583: 1578:, p. 61. 1577: 1572: 1566:, p. 62. 1565: 1560: 1554:, p. 66. 1553: 1548: 1541: 1536: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1514: 1513:Gardiner 2000 1509: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1464: 1459: 1452: 1447: 1440: 1435: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1399: 1395: 1393:1-110-36250-1 1389: 1385: 1384: 1376: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1332: 1324: 1318: 1313: 1305: 1300:, p. 86. 1299: 1294: 1286: 1279: 1273:, p. 65. 1272: 1267: 1259: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1236: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1193: 1186: 1181: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1148: 1140: 1134: 1130: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1001: 992: 990: 986: 985:Rudy Giuliani 982: 979: 978:New York City 975: 970: 966: 964: 960: 956: 948:United States 941: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 918:Kalaripayattu 914: 910: 909:Kalaripayattu 900: 898: 893: 890: 884: 880: 877: 871: 865: 859: 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 824: 822: 818: 817: 816:The Last Duel 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 762: 760: 756: 755:Childebert II 752: 749:According to 743: 736: 731: 722: 720: 716: 712: 707: 703: 701: 697: 696: 690: 688: 685: 681: 680: 675: 674:real property 671: 670:writ of right 666: 664: 660: 656: 651: 649: 648:John Lilburne 645: 635: 633: 629: 623: 621: 617: 613: 606: 604: 598: 596: 592: 591:County Offaly 588: 587:O'Connor Faly 584: 580: 579:Dublin Castle 576: 566: 564: 560: 556: 555:Clan Davidson 552: 548: 544: 543: 537: 535: 531: 528: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 508:quarterstaves 505: 501: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 477: 475: 469: 466: 461: 457: 456:trial by jury 454:Around 1219, 452: 450: 446: 445: 440: 436: 432: 422: 420: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 390: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 326: 322: 317: 316: 311: 306: 305: 299: 295: 291: 287: 279: 274: 270: 260: 254: 250: 249: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 212: 206: 197: 194: 192: 191: 186: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 146: 141: 139: 138:Din Techtugad 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 73: 71: 67: 63: 59: 58:single combat 55: 51: 50:judicial duel 47: 43: 39: 30: 26: 22: 2558: 2551: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2513:. Retrieved 2506: 2493: 2485: 2479:1890 edition 2459: 2440: 2429: 2411: 2403: 2397: 2390: 2369:. Retrieved 2360: 2350: 2331: 2319:. Retrieved 2310: 2301: 2289:. Retrieved 2280: 2271: 2259:. Retrieved 2250: 2241: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2191: 2186: 2174:. Retrieved 2154: 2147: 2135:. Retrieved 2115: 2108: 2088: 2081: 2061: 2054: 2039: 2019: 2012: 2003: 1993: 1984: 1974: 1955: 1951: 1934: 1929: 1921: 1916: 1908: 1903: 1884: 1880: 1860: 1852: 1833: 1823: 1815: 1809: 1804: 1789: 1785: 1773:. Retrieved 1764: 1754: 1745: 1735:– via 1729: 1722: 1710:. Retrieved 1701: 1692: 1670: 1666: 1644: 1636: 1629:. Retrieved 1618: 1609: 1590: 1571: 1564:Megarry 2005 1559: 1552:Megarry 2005 1547: 1540:Megarry 2005 1535: 1520: 1508: 1485:the original 1480: 1470: 1458: 1446: 1434: 1414: 1402:. Retrieved 1382: 1375: 1366: 1349:(2): 66–67. 1346: 1340: 1331: 1312: 1293: 1284: 1278: 1271:Megarry 2005 1266: 1254:, p. 76 1235: 1225:17 September 1223:. Retrieved 1199: 1192: 1180: 1168:. Retrieved 1157: 1147: 1128: 1100: 1093: 1081: 1067:Battle royal 1044: 1038: 1033: 1018: 1003: 1000:Walter Scott 998: 974:Donald Trump 971: 967: 962: 957:(1983), the 954: 951: 906: 894: 889:alla macchia 885: 881: 860: 853: 830: 814: 803:Encyclopédie 787: 768: 748: 734: 709: 705: 700:King's Bench 693: 691: 677: 669: 667: 663:Edmund Burke 659:John Dunning 652: 641: 625: 612:Lucas Dillon 608: 603:State papers 599: 572: 569:16th century 540: 538: 529: 524: 519: 497: 478: 470: 453: 442: 430: 428: 418: 393: 391: 376: 361: 331: 329: 321:Maximilian I 313: 283: 277: 255: 243: 217: 195: 188: 182: 170:Capitularies 168: 162: 156: 142: 137: 119: 84: 54:Germanic law 49: 45: 41: 37: 36: 25: 2216:ABA Journal 1922:Magna Carta 1837:, Century, 1829:Jager, Eric 1797:(in French) 1021:a 2004 book 702:said that: 687:prosecution 575:Elizabeth I 500:war hammers 449:aristocrats 425:Middle Ages 402:Magna Carta 304:Fechtbücher 267: 1300 134:Brehon Laws 99:Burgundians 70:Middle Ages 2384:References 2176:10 October 1794:p. 102 ff. 1737:Wikisource 1681:106 ER 149 1170:24 October 995:In fiction 922:Unniyarcha 833:Gundeberga 821:Eric Jager 771:Charles VI 711:Parliament 638:Modern era 563:Robert III 559:North Inch 527:Old French 414:witchcraft 364:common law 310:Paulus Kal 298:Franconian 185:Viking Age 136:, such as 95:Eric Jager 2515:2 October 2321:18 August 2291:18 August 2227:: 66–68. 2197: 6987 2004:Il Duello 1985:Il Duello 1814:entry in 1687: (UK) 1631:14 August 1404:14 August 1317:Hall 1926 1298:Burn 1820 1205:McFarland 1077:Gladiator 1029:2021 film 913:Chekavars 895:With the 849:Liutprand 557:, on the 348:abduction 344:desertion 122:Roman law 2587:Category 2406:(London) 2371:14 March 2365:Archived 2339:Archived 2315:Archived 2285:Archived 2255:Archived 2233:20758130 2201:Del. Ch. 2170:Archived 2131:Archived 2001:(1554), 1982:(1560), 1892:Archived 1870:Archived 1831:(2004), 1769:Archived 1706:Archived 1652:Archived 1625:Archived 1423:Archived 1398:Archived 1368:battle.' 1219:Archived 1185:Boretius 1164:Archived 1061:See also 1025:BBC Four 930:Chekavar 876:cartello 809:and the 807:Voltaire 684:criminal 614:and the 534:outlawry 530:cravanté 412:against 387:Henry VI 379:Scotland 312:and the 190:holmgang 111:Lombards 2530:Ivanhoe 2488:(1851). 2477:. Full 2137:1 March 1775:26 July 1712:12 July 1363:1321424 1072:Fencing 841:Arioald 837:Lombard 799:Diderot 759:buffalo 753:, King 516:surcoat 504:cudgels 394:mainour 366:of the 352:perjury 336:treason 294:Swabian 239:Livonia 128:or the 107:Alamans 85:Unlike 81:Origins 76:History 2542: 2470: 2448: 2418: 2261:16 May 2231: 2199: ( 2195:, 2162: 2123: 2096: 2069: 2027: 1962: 1889:p. 640 1841: 1765:HROARR 1732: 1529:p. 300 1390: 1361: 1211: 1135: 934:Kerala 864:attore 725:France 676:. The 520:sendal 512:armour 485:squire 481:second 441:. The 439:Norman 437:and a 419:craven 340:heresy 115:Swedes 113:, and 40:(also 33:sword. 2229:JSTOR 2223:(5). 1359:JSTOR 1187:1.117 1109:Notes 1037:from 981:mayor 903:India 839:King 827:Italy 618:[ 547:Perth 506:, or 493:pence 435:Saxon 410:oaths 406:lists 332:Thott 130:Torah 2540:ISBN 2517:2021 2468:ISBN 2446:ISBN 2416:ISBN 2373:2023 2323:2020 2293:2020 2263:2016 2178:2021 2160:ISBN 2139:2023 2121:ISBN 2094:ISBN 2067:ISBN 2025:ISBN 1960:ISBN 1839:ISBN 1811:Duel 1777:2019 1714:2019 1633:2016 1601:help 1582:help 1406:2016 1388:ISBN 1323:help 1304:help 1258:help 1227:2020 1209:ISBN 1172:2021 1133:ISBN 1043:and 793:and 668:The 626:The 583:sept 553:and 325:duel 256:The 244:The 66:duel 2464:326 2431:... 1658:by 1351:doi 870:reo 819:by 801:'s 585:of 350:), 48:or 2589:: 2528:, 2505:. 2466:, 2363:. 2359:. 2313:. 2309:. 2283:. 2279:. 2253:. 2249:. 2221:71 2219:. 2168:. 2129:. 1954:. 1942:^ 1865:, 1859:, 1767:. 1763:. 1704:. 1700:. 1679:, 1635:. 1617:. 1527:, 1493:^ 1479:. 1396:. 1365:. 1357:. 1345:. 1244:^ 1217:. 1162:. 1156:. 1117:^ 1057:. 1031:. 1016:. 991:. 936:. 924:, 823:. 805:, 502:, 342:, 338:, 264:c. 193:. 140:. 117:. 109:, 105:, 101:, 44:, 2519:. 2375:. 2325:. 2295:. 2265:. 2235:. 2180:. 2141:. 1968:. 1956:I 1898:. 1799:. 1779:. 1739:. 1716:. 1603:) 1584:) 1429:. 1408:. 1353:: 1347:5 1325:) 1306:) 1260:) 1229:. 1174:. 1141:. 161:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index