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and between 50,000 and 39,000 BP. In contrast, intervals of high aridity occurred around 76,000 BP, from 73,000 to 69,000 BP, from 55,000 to 51,000 BP, and from 31,400 to 12,600 BP. Since 84,000 BP, the vegetation of the region around the lake has been dominated by savanna-type plants.
402:
A scientific dispute was ongoing regarding the origin of the crater between supporters of volcanic origin (Wagner, 1922) and those who believed it is an impact crater (Rohleder, 1933) until 1990, when examination of the core from a borehole proved that it is an impact crater.
374:
show that the crater was regularly visited by people from as far back as 100,000 years ago in order to hunt and collect salt. Water in the crater comes from surface springs, ground water and rain water and is rich in dissolved
813:"Biocoenosis response to hydrological variability in Southern Africa during the last 84 ka BP: A study of lipid biomarkers and compound-specific stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes from the hypersaline Lake Tswaing"
1848:
1888:
1858:
1933:
1893:
357:
Lipid biomarkers and carbon and hydrogen isotopic ratios from the lake indicate the existence of regional humid climatic periods between 84,000 and 80,000 years
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561:
473:
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146:
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1032:
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1805:
1602:
1037:
1017:
576:
1908:
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212:
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between 1200 and 1800. Between 1912 and 1956 brine was pumped from the floor of the crater by the company
91:
812:
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817:
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1974:
1959:
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1969:
1964:
1954:
1928:
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1113:
906:
1467:
1218:
1088:
278:
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is 1.13 km in diameter and 100 m deep and its age is estimated to be 220,000 ± 52,000 years (
1873:
1384:
1253:
1183:
1223:
277:
province, South Africa. The crater and reserve are situated on a base of ancient granite of the
1833:
1800:
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1364:
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596:
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688:"An impact crater for the people: The Tswaing (Saltpan)crater, South Africa"
1938:
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28:
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Planetary and Space
Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton
1790:
1743:
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1153:
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586:
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some 30 to 50 m in diameter that was vaporised during the impact event.
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940:
Hartebeesthoek Radio
Astronomy Observatory writeup on the crater
910:
254:
who showed that craters such as
Tswaing are formed by impact.
341:
and the crater was also formerly known in
English as the
811:
Schmidt, F.; Oberhänsli, H.; Wilkes, H. (January 2014).
810:
349:, due to the highly saline lake on the crater floor.
1776:
National Museum of
Natural History (Transvaal Museum)
1781:
National Museum of
Cultural History (African Window)
634:
1643:
1550:
1578:South African National Museum of Military History
2104:
736:. South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO)
1766:
1629:
1536:
979:
965:
698:(6). NASA Astrophysics Data System: 827–828.
321:. Since 1996 it falls under the auspices of
1924:National Zoological Gardens of South Africa
907:"Tentative Lists, Tswaing Meteorite Crater"
391:people harvested the salt by filtering and
301:). The impactor is believed to have been a
1636:
1622:
1543:
1529:
972:
958:
945:City of Tswhane - Tswaing Meteorite Crater
27:
607:The impact crater is accompanied by the
245:
2128:Natural history museums in South Africa
758:"Tswaing and its environmental effects"
731:
685:
614:
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273:nature reserve, situated in northern
352:
1806:Willem Prinsloo Agricultural Museum
1603:Willem Prinsloo Agricultural Museum
1568:National Museum of Cultural History
747:
692:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
670:
399:in order to extract soda and salt.
71:30 to 50 m (98 to 164 ft)
13:
1909:Pretoria National Botanical Garden
1573:National Museum of Natural History
734:"Meteorites and Meteorite Craters"
712:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1999.tb01399.x
313:, another South African crater of
166:Asteroid impact location in Africa
14:
2144:
928:
33:Tswaing crater as seen from above
1072:
1066:
871:. Wondermondo. 11 February 2013.
658:List of impact craters in Africa
637:
452:
430:Crater seen from its eastern rim
424:
218:
211:
185:
178:
152:
145:
2001:Metropolitan routes in Pretoria
1889:Solomon Mahlangu Freedom Square
1859:Fort Klapperkop Military Museum
1796:Tswaing Meteorite Crater Museum
1552:Ditsong Museums of South Africa
887:Ditsong Museums of South Africa
839:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.11.004
551:Ditsong Museums of South Africa
323:Ditsong Museums of South Africa
2118:Impact craters of South Africa
899:
875:
861:
852:
804:
774:
725:
417:
1:
1503:Lunar and Planetary Institute
1335:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
762:Lunar and Planetary Institute
663:
16:Impact crater in South Africa
732:Reimold, W.U. (1998-04-27).
619:Tswaing is currently on the
328:
7:
1395:Planar deformation features
858:Tswaing information leaflet
818:Global and Planetary Change
686:Koeberl, Christian (1999).
630:
516:Onderstepoort Road ( M35),
317:origin, lies north-west of
265:for "place of salt") is an
55:1.13 km (0.70 mi)
10:
2149:
2123:Pleistocene impact craters
1498:Impact Field Studies Group
883:"Tswaing Meteorite Crater"
365:
311:Morokweng impact structure
2079:
1983:
1947:
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981:Impact cratering on Earth
557:
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337:means "place of salt" in
281:, some 40 km to the
139:
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85:
75:
67:
59:
51:
43:
38:
26:
21:
2092:Statue of Nelson Mandela
1593:Tswaing Meteorite Crater
1468:William Kenneth Hartmann
1134:Clearwater East and West
1082:Confirmed≥20 km diameter
935:Tswaing Meteorite Crater
592:Tswaing Meteorite Crater
412:Tswaing Meteorite Crater
279:Bushveld Igneous Complex
199:Tswaing crater (Gauteng)
169:Show map of South Africa
63:100 m (330 ft)
1849:Police Transport Museum
1385:Ordovician meteor event
704:1999M&PS...34..827K
623:for consideration as a
611:Tswaing Crater Museum.
489:25.408486°S 28.082529°E
343:Pretoria Saltpan crater
232:Tswaing crater (Africa)
39:Impact crater/structure
1834:Van Tilburg Collection
1749:Sacred Heart Cathedral
1488:Eugene Merle Shoemaker
1365:Late Heavy Bombardment
255:
252:Eugene Merle Shoemaker
2113:Earth Impact Database
2087:Statue of Paul Kruger
1824:Mapungubwe Collection
1509:Traces of Catastrophe
1493:Earth Impact Database
1441:Ralph Belknap Baldwin
787:Earth Impact Database
513:Public transit access
494:-25.408486; 28.082529
370:Stone tools from the
249:
114:25.40889°S 28.08278°E
1991:Ben Schoeman Freeway
1724:Voortrekker Monument
615:Status of protection
577:Agricultural History
345:and in Afrikaans as
269:enclosed by a 1,946
2133:Museums in Pretoria
1868:Streets and squares
1854:Pretoria Art Museum
831:2014GPC...112...92S
645:South Africa portal
625:World Heritage Site
485: /
413:
202:Show map of Gauteng
119:-25.40889; 28.08278
110: /
1879:Sammy Marks Square
1791:Sammy Marks Museum
1714:Pretoria City Hall
1588:Sammy Marks Museum
1405:Shock metamorphism
1310:Alvarez hypothesis
587:Sammy Marks Museum
541:/tswaing-meteorite
411:
256:
235:Show map of Africa
2100:
2099:
1939:Pretoria Rosarium
1902:Parks and gardens
1814:
1813:
1739:Palace of Justice
1611:
1610:
1518:
1517:
1458:Edward C. T. Chao
605:
604:
353:Palaeoclimatology
244:
243:
68:Impactor diameter
2140:
2030:Regional routes
2018:Platinum Highway
2005:National routes
1960:Fountains Valley
1884:Pretorius Square
1844:Air Force Museum
1764:
1763:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1614:
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1483:Peter H. Schultz
1446:Daniel Barringer
1355:Impact structure
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869:"Tswaing crater"
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572:Cultural History
567:Military History
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381:sodium chlorides
372:Middle Stone Age
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1996:Pretoria Bypass
1979:
1948:Nature reserves
1943:
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1839:Van Wouw Museum
1810:
1768:Ditsong Museums
1753:
1719:Union Buildings
1700:
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1607:
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1514:
1463:Robert S. Dietz
1451:Barringer Medal
1429:
1340:Cryptoexplosion
1298:
1229:Puchezh-Katunki
1209:Nördlinger Ries
1077:
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1028:Asia and Russia
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418:"Place of Salt"
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307:stony meteorite
289:(just north of
283:north-northwest
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1786:Pionier Museum
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1729:Pretoria Forts
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1370:Lechatelierite
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1345:Ejecta blanket
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1874:Church Square
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1919:Magnolia Dal
1914:Burgers Park
1819:Freedom Park
1801:Kruger House
1795:
1653:South Africa
1507:
1478:Graham Ryder
1400:Shatter cone
1390:Philippinite
1239:Saint Martin
1234:Rochechouart
1139:Gosses Bluff
1094:Amelia Creek
997:Impact event
915:. Retrieved
913:. 2004-05-15
901:
890:. Retrieved
886:
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460:South Africa
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250:Memorial to
134:South Africa
1975:Faerie Glen
1894:Time Square
1744:Ou Raadsaal
1274:Tookoonooka
1259:Steen River
1249:Siljan Ring
1179:Manicouagan
1164:Keurusselkä
492: /
467:Coordinates
299:Pleistocene
117: /
92:Coordinates
81:220 ± 52 Ka
2107:Categories
1970:Wonderboom
1965:Klapperkop
1955:Groenkloof
1681:Mass media
1415:Stishovite
1315:Australite
1294:Yarrabubba
1264:Strangways
1224:Presqu'île
1199:Montagnais
1169:Lappajärvi
1119:Charlevoix
1104:Beaverhead
1099:Araguainha
1053:By country
1023:Antarctica
917:2008-08-23
892:2023-06-28
825:: 92–104.
797:2009-08-16
767:2008-08-23
740:2008-08-23
664:References
518:Soshanguve
480:28°04′57″E
477:25°24′31″S
377:carbonates
295:astrobleme
291:Soshanguve
102:25°24′32″S
44:Confidence
1706:Buildings
1696:Transport
1664:Education
1380:Moldavite
1375:Meteorite
1360:Impactite
1289:Woodleigh
1284:Vredefort
1244:Shoemaker
1204:Morokweng
1189:Mistastin
1129:Chicxulub
1033:Australia
1013:Worldwide
844:7 January
782:"Tswaing"
393:decoction
333:The name
329:Etymology
315:chondrite
303:chondrite
105:28°4′58″E
47:Confirmed
1674:Timeline
1645:Pretoria
1434:Research
1279:Tunnunik
1174:Logancha
1144:Haughton
1114:Carswell
1058:Possible
631:See also
522:Pretoria
444:Pretoria
440:Location
293:). This
287:Pretoria
86:Location
52:Diameter
1759:Museums
1669:History
1649:Tshwane
1560:Museums
1425:Tektite
1420:Suevite
1325:Coesite
1320:Breccia
1269:Sudbury
1219:Popigai
1214:Obolon'
1194:Mjølnir
1159:Karakul
1149:Kamensk
1109:Boltysh
1089:Acraman
827:Bibcode
717:4 April
700:Bibcode
609:Ditsong
553:network
533:ditsong
528:Website
448:Gauteng
366:History
335:Tswaing
319:Vryburg
275:Gauteng
259:Tswaing
130:Country
1686:People
1303:Topics
1184:Manson
1038:Europe
1018:Africa
911:UNESCO
457:
407:Museum
385:Tswana
339:Tswana
263:Tswana
2080:Other
1984:Roads
1691:Sport
1006:Lists
389:Sotho
60:Depth
2069:R514
2064:R513
2059:R104
2054:R101
1154:Kara
846:2023
719:2023
535:.org
505:Type
387:and
379:and
2049:R80
2044:R55
2039:R50
2034:R21
2024:N14
835:doi
823:112
708:doi
539:/en
537:.za
305:or
285:of
77:Age
2109::
2014:N4
2009:N1
1651:,
1647:,
909:.
885:.
833:.
821:.
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790:.
784:.
760:.
749:^
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359:BP
325:.
271:ha
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