1404:. A&C Black. pp. 149–150. “It all started with war. War was the means by which new political elites in neighboring, former Ottoman territories like Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia identified an opportunity to rewrite the demographic landscape and in turn, claim a historical association with newly “ethnically cleansed” territories. As a consequence of the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913, in particular, entire city neighborhoods were razed, names of villages changed, their inhabitants expelled, or more dramatically still, collectively “converted.” To many, the problem was that the beginning of World War I left these states not enough time to complete the ugly task of erasing the Ottoman Empire from “Christendom.” As in the Americas, an Ottoman human “refuse” lingered in independent Balkan countries where some of these “left-over” communities survive until today. Despite a long period of imposed socialism and declarations of brotherhood, Balkan Muslims lived in constant fear that one more round of “ethnic cleansing” will come sweeping through their communities. This is especially the case in Bulgaria and the former Yugoslavia, where a century now of living as “minorities” often led to opportunistic, “functional” blood-letting campaigns in the larger contexts of “national” politics. In Yugoslavia, the non-Slav Albanian Muslim (and Catholic) evolved into a bureaucratic category especially susceptible to periodic state-led expulsion campaigns—throughout the 1920s, 1935–8, 1953–67, and then again in the 1990s—that passed through the region. Invariably castigated as “outsiders” and “fifth-column” threats to national security, the labeling of entire regions of Kosovo, Novipazaar, Montenegro, and Macedonia as inhabited by generic “Muslim Albanians” often meant the organized expulsion of those communities. In order to justify such measures to an occasional outside traveler bearing witness to the violent process, or delegations sent by the newly created League of Nations at the request of Albania (a member state), the Serbian/ Yugoslav state often rolled out historians, demographers, and anthropologists. In an often repeated exercise throughout the post-Ottoman Balkans, operatives of “ethnic cleansing” campaigns resurrected the “professional knowledge” of race sciences first developed in the United States at the turn-of-the-century. In the 1920s, for instance, state authorities eager to continue a process of expulsion started in 1912—briefly disrupted by World War I—sent an army of European-trained ethnographers to “Southern Serbia” to identify those communities least likely to ever accept Serbian rule. These ethnographers and human geographers adopted many of the same racist epistemologies identified in other Euro-American contexts to identify and catalogue the “sub-human” characteristics of hybrid “Turks” whose very “nature” made efforts to assimilate them into a modernizing Serbian/South Slav society “scientifically” impossible. While these stories now make up a core aspect of Albanian (and Turkish, Greek, Bulgarian) historical memory vis-à-vis Serbia’s torment, it has usefully been forgotten that the dynamics around such systemic violence was informed by a set of ideological and disciplinary frameworks that, once instrumentalized, as by the CUP after 1910, transformed the way once heterogeneous societies interacted with each other. These same ideological principles based on racial segregation and biological hierarchies influenced the intellectual elite of the early twentieth-century world. They ultimately mobilized a so-called fertility politics to justify why violent state-led colonialization/expulsion in Yugoslavia (and earlier in Greece and Bulgaria) was necessary in order to maintain the long-term demographic balance of society. Forced expulsion, the signing of “population exchange” agreements—popularized as a diplomatic “solution” already in the immediate aftermath of the first Balkan War of 1912—and ultimately colonization were all tactics used in the Balkans, as well as throughout the Euro-American dominated world.”
1619:. University of California Press. p. 184–185. “The importance of the Kosovo myth to Serbian politics, as Gale Stokes has observed, “lies not in these actual histories but in its selection by the nationalists as the appropriate symbolic universe of Serbianness. It provides a vocabulary of experiences outside of time.” In 1989, the “great defeat” served as a reminder of Serbian suffering and the need for Serbs to defend even their motherland, Kosovo. Mention of the Ottoman Empire also triggered the image of the evil Turks — shorthand for all Muslims, including Kosovo Albanians (regardless of their religion) and Yugoslav (“Slavic”) Muslims, who were considered to be race traitors for converting to Islam during Ottoman rule. Milošević had long capitalized on the “vocabulary of experiences” created by the myth of Kosovo. For him, the anniversary extravaganza for the Battle of Kosovo was tailor made. He arrived at the ceremony by helicopter in a display of power and took the place of honor on a stage decorated with the emblems of Serbian nationalism — including an enormous Orthodox Cross encircled by four Cyrillic C’s (for the slogan “Only Unity/Harmony Saves the Serbs”). The entire federal leadership was in attendance to hear his warning: “Serbs in their history have never conquered or exploited others. Through two world wars, they liberated themselves and, when they could, they also helped other people to liberate themselves. The Kosovo heroism does not allow us to forget that at one time we were brave and dignified and one of the few who went into battle undefeated. Six centuries later, again we are in battles and quarrels. They are not armed battles, though such things cannot be excluded yet.” By capitalizing on the greatest myth in Serbian folklore, Milošević pitted Serbs not only against Albanians but also against the other enemy identified by the Kosovo myth: Slavic Muslims. It would be the last time the entire federal leadership would stand on the same stage in unity with Milošević.”
1572:(Luton, U.K.: University of Luton Press, 1994). While all Croats were increasingly becoming associated with the Ustasha, Kosovar Albanians and Bosniaks were referred to as “Turks,” implying their supposed collaboration with Serbia’s historic enemy despite the fact that many Albanians had actually fought with the Serbs against the Ottoman invasion and that Bosnia’s Muslims are ethnically Slavs.”; p. 400. “After the outbreak of the war in 1991, the State Council of Education in Belgrade introduced new history textbooks in the elementary and secondary schools. As Dubravka Stojanović has shown, these textbooks cast Serbs as the perennial victims of their neighbors, and, using emotionally charged language in describing certain periods, offered pupils a picture of the world “brimming with xenophobic contempt and hatred for neighboring nations, European and the world community.” In discussions of the Ottoman Empire, which ruled Serbia for roughly four centuries, the Christian subjects are described as “the enslaved peoples,” with every lesson “followed by a short passage taken from historical sources in which those who commit the described actions (usually atrocities) are called Turks.” Needless to say, there is no mention of the fact that, for most of this period, the Ottomans were more tolerant of both confessional diversity and linguistic diversity than any other state in Europe, with the partial exception of Prussia.”
947:.(1): 97. “In all fairness to Chew, Rouillard, Vaughn, and Schwoebel, none ever claimed that they were doing more than investigate the ways that early European writers regarded those they called "Turks" and the world of Islam they inhabited, but their indifference to who and what was being represented marks a cautionary absence. All four scholars, for instance, recycled the early modern European usage of "Turk" as synonymous with both "Muslim" -regardless of origin-and with "Ottoman," while to the Ottomans themselves, the term referred disparagingly to the Anatolian peasantry over whom they had come to rule. Many continue in this habit, one rendered even more confusing and potentially misleading since the Turkish Republic declared all inhabitants to be "Turks" in order to erase Kurds, Armenians, Laz, and other ethnicities from the national landscape. Acknowledging that the winners write history and that the very instruments of knowledge production were complicit in structures of power and authority, scholars of the Renaissance and early modern period also recognized how Said's analysis of imperial discourses was inappropriate for the era before Europe set out to rule over and colonize Eastern lands.”
731:. (1): 207. "In 1919, then, the Albanians attacked the Greek concept of national consciousness and civilization as a thinly disguised transformation of the utopia of the Greek Patriarch (which, to stress the "Oriental" connotations, they often called Ottoman or Byzantine): a utopia of many nations under one religion (subordinate to the Greek element). In reaction, the Albanian utopia crystallized as the logical opposite to that of the Greeks. Emphasizing blood and kinship through the medium of language, it constituted itself as profoundly indifferent to religious divisions-and on these grounds both Western and modern. Greek spokesman Cassavetes conflated Moslem Albanian and Turk, comparing the Greeks in southern Albania to Armenians (1921:473) at the mercy of the "Moslem element" (1921:471). Albanian official Vrioni responded that, quite to the contrary, Albanians have nothing in common with Turks. There is certainly no such creature as a Turko-Albanian, he argued: "The Turk belongs to the Turanian race, whereas the Albanian belongs to an Arian race" (1921:478)."
1420:. Palgrave MacMillan. New York. p. 32. "As state policy, post- Ottoman “nations” continue to sever most of their cultural, socioeconomic, and institutional links to the Ottoman period. At times, this requires denying a multicultural history, inevitably leading to orgies of cultural destruction (Kiel 1990; Riedlmayer 2002). As a result of this strategic removal of the Ottoman past—the expulsion of the “Turks” (i.e., Muslims); the destruction of buildings; the changing of names of towns, families, and monuments; and the “purification” of languages—many in the region have accepted the conclusion that the Ottoman cultural, political, and economic infrastructure was indeed an “occupying,” and thus foreign, entity (Jazexhi 2009). Such logic has powerful intuitive consequences on the way we write about the region’s history: If Ottoman Muslims were “Turks” and thus “foreigners” by default, it becomes necessary to differentiate the indigenous from the alien, a deadly calculation made in the twentieth century with terrifying consequences for millions."
1436:. University of Toronto Press. p. 95. “A cornerstone of Greek policy, an approach also employed by the Yugoslavs, was to encourage religious differences in Albania and stress that Albania was a little ‘Turkey’ hostile to Orthodox Greeks. To popularize the idea of two Albanian states, one Moslem, the other Christian, throughout the early 1920s Greece continually complained that Albania’s majority Moslem population was actively persecuting the Orthodox minority. Albania denied this, stressed its well— documented legacy of religious tolerance, and added that while there was tension in the southern perimeter of the country, it was not between Muslims and Christians, but rather a rift had emerged because of the movement to create an autocephalous Albanian Orthodox Church and some citizens wished to remain under the Patriarchate”.
1775:. p. 36 "Σε ό,τι αφορά τη λαϊκή γλώσσα, για τον προσδιορισμό της θρησκευτικής ταυτότητας στην περιοχή της Θεσπρωτίας (όπως και αλλού), επικρατούσε, τουλάχιστον μέχρι την κατοχή, ο όρος Τούρκοι για την αναφορά σε Μουσουλμάνους, ανεξαρτήτως καταγωγής, γλώσσας και εθνότητας. Ο ίδιος προσδιορισμός είναι σε χρήση ακόμη και σήμερα από άτομα της τρίτης ηλικίας που ζουν στην περιοχή." (In the popular language, for the characterization of the religious identity in Thesprotia (as well as elsewhere), it was common, at least till the German Occupation, the term "Turks" for the muslims, independently of origin, language and nationality. The same characterization is still used today by elderly people living in the area.)
1679:Μάλιστα, υπάρχει και πρόοδος στην όλη κατασκευή. Η εικόνα Τουρκαλβανός = Αλβανός και Τούρκος = ταύτιση στη μακρά διάρκεια, ανατρέπεται και προβάλλεται μια νέα εικόνα, όπου οι Έλληνες και οι Αλβανοί είναι οι δύο λαοί των Βαλκανίων, που δεν έχουν κοινούς δεσμούς με άλλους και πρέπει να βρίσκονται σε αγαστές σχέσεις. Έτσι, εμφανίζονται νέα μεικτά επίθετα. [ Indeed, there is progress in the whole structure. The image of Turco-Albanians = Albanians and Turks = identification in the long term, upset and displayed a new image, where Greeks and Albanians are the two peoples of the Balkans, who have no common bonds with others and must be in good faith relations. So was displayed new mixed adjectives.
1492:. (2): 230. “The first dates from the Balkan wars of 1912—1913 to the beginning of the Second World War. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenia, dominated by the Serbian Karadjeodjic dynasty, began a systematic policy of repression and forced emigration of Albanians in an effort to ‘correct’ the demographic nature of the territories. Many Muslim Albanians were simply categorised as Turks and expelled to Turkey, as part of an agreement between Turkey and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenia. Estimates of Albanians forced to emigrate to desolate regions of Anatolia to form a dependable buffer population for Turkey go as high as 250,000 while 50,000 emigrated to Albania proper.”
1694:" Forum Bosnae. 44: 307-308. After the independence of Greece, Greek schools in Albania were organized and furnished with new personnel, programs, and school books by the new Hellenic state. The history and literature taught in these schools indoctrinated pupils with Hellenic chauvinism towards the Muslims - a term that was used by them as a synonym for Turks. They considered Albanian Muslims not to be Albanians or Albanian Muslims, but just Muslims, i.e. Turks or sometimes Turcoalvanoi (Turco-albanians). The fact that there were Catholic Albanians in northern Albania was irrelevant to the Greeks, because that part was too far from the imagined future borders of the Hellenic state.
1475:. Oxford University Press. p. 43. "Immediately after the establishment of the communist regime, Albanian language schools were opened in both Kosovo and Macedonia, yet a few years later the Yugoslav government launched a crackdown on Albanian self-determination by closing most of the schools and banning Albanian national symbols and holidays. Albanians were encouraged to identify as “Turks” and new Turkish schools were opened, while a 1953 governmental treaty with Turkey, allowing the Turks in Yugoslavia to emigrate, unleashed a massive exodus to Turkey. Many Albanian and Slavic Muslims represented themselves as Turks in order to leave the country."
1601:: 263-264. In Sells’s interpretation the national mythology thus ‘portrays Slavic Muslims as Christ killers and race traitors’ (1996: 27), identifies them with the Turks who killed Lazar, and unleashes on them the same violence that the blood libel called forth against Jews (p. xv). Sells likens the Serbian government’s use of nationalist propaganda and religious symbols around the commemoration of the 600th anniversary of the Kosovo battle (1989) to the medieval passion play, with its ability to collapse time and incite the audience to commit pogroms. He further interprets the
1606:‘Turkifiers’ is explicitly referred to as a ‘baptism by blood’, and Sells argues, questionably, that the poem portrays this killing as ‘an act sacred in itself’ that is not sinful but cleansing (Sells 1996: 42–3) – here, we return to the notion of ‘atrocity as sacrament’. What matters is not whether this is a plausible reading of the 1847 poem, but whether similar readings informed behaviour in the 1990s, a question to be settled empirically. In any case, this only accounts for the demonising of Muslim Bosniaks and Albanians, not for the Croat–Serb conflict.”
1636:. (3): 583. “Once communist power was established, the Albanians, and the Muslim communities in general, felt increasingly alienated from the state, for example, because of its anti-religious agenda, its ethnic Macedonian outlook, the strong Serbian influence, and its radical attempts to change the role of women…. This alienation from socialist transformation was among the reasons why thousands of Albanians emigrated as “Turks” to Turkey in the 1950s. Hence, the effects of discrimination by state authorities were multiplied by those of self-isolation.”
588:. LIT Verlag. p. 200. "Who and what was this man, beyond the myth of the “Turkish Albanian satrap” cultivated in Greece? I think of how astonished my students always look when I tell them that Ali Pasha was not Turkish but Albanian. I explain that this unclear, ideologically and sentimentally charged term, “Turkish-Albanian”, only refers to Muslim Albanians, through a general identification of Turks with Muslims, which is related to the millet system of administration used by the Ottomans to classify populations."
697:. Onufri. p.25. "The Chams are only referred to in the section of the book called ‘Minor Armed Collaborators’, and the entire Cham community in Epirus is thus tarred with collaborationist brush, and described in what can only be called imperialist-racialist- terms as a ‘Moslem People commonly called Turk-Albanians’. In this book Woodhouse laid down the orthodoxy in which the Chams were afterwards seen in British historiography for two generations by adopting the terminology of the Greek extreme Right."
1372:. (4): 472. “In the centuries-old stereotype of the “Terrible Turk,” Turks were pictured as the backward and savage enemies of civilization and progress. Whether the Terrible Turk was conceptualized as White or Black, the essential Orientalist categories of “backward” and “savage” always accompanied “darkness,” qualities in stark contrast to the self-image of the colonizer as white, progressive, scientific, and superior (VanderLippe 1997).”
1101:
le sud ou en revenant chez eux, ont enduré bien des maux : massacres, pillages, destructions, faim. Peut-être que la conséquence la plus douloureuse de cette période fut l'islamisation d'un nombre important d'Epirotes, de Macédoniens et de
Thessaliens. Mais le Péloponnèse a souffert plus que toute autre région - pendant et après l'insurrection - car il était envahi, selon les calculs les plus modérés, par 15.000 Albanais environ. "
189:, Peloponnese suffered most destruction and massacre due to the activity of 15,000 Muslim Albanian mercenaries. In 1779 the Ottoman army finally managed to drive those groups out of Peloponnese, while the remaining ones were either killed by local villagers or found refuge in Muslim Albanian communities in Lala and Vardounia. The period of 1770–1779 is generally termed as
1555:. International conference on the “Myths of the Other in the Balkans. Representations, social practices and performances”. Thessaloniki. Retrieved 15 May 2010. p . 3. “The word ‘Albanian’ soon became synonymous to ‘criminal’ and ‘danger’ and ‘albanophobia’ settled for good and dominated the public imaginary during the whole decade of the 1990s until even the mid-2000s.”
1585:. Pluto Press. p.xx. “The claim to be ‘autochthonous’ has particular importance because Serbian authorities, regarding this as an Austrian-instilled myth, treat Albanians as immigrants and twice In the twentieth century they have sought to ‘repatriate’ Albanians to Turkey. Whatever their origins, Albanians and Serbs have coexisted in Kosovo for centuries.”
211:) or entirely ignoring their Albanian identity, and on the other hand Christian Albanians as "Greeks", hence oversimplifying the events to a "tug-of-war between two ostensible sides". But the reality was much more complex, involving power struggles of numerous players with continual power redistributions and interests realignments.
1313:. (3): 527–569; p. 533. “Such analysis is submerged in a refined treatment of history traditionally skewed for an audience that is more inclined to retain old stereotypes about Albanians, Muslims, and the “other,” than to dig deeper into the intricacies of the homogenized units of analysis being evoked—ethnicity, nation, Islam.”
911:. The change happened after the Ottoman conquest because of the conflict in the whole line of the political, social, economic, religious, and cultural spheres with a totally alien world of the Oriental type. A new and more generalised ethnic and linguistic consciousness of all these people responded to this.”
1100:
Nikolaou, 1997, p. 184: Les mercenaires albanais, que la Porte avait utilisés pour la répression de l'insurrection, furent un véritable fléau pour la population grecque. L'Epire, la Macédoine occidentale, la Grèce continentale et surtout la
Thessalie, qu'ils traversaient sans cesse en descendant vers
250:
At the beginning of the 1880s the Greek press openly used the term "Turco-Albanian brigands" to incite hate speech and to associate
Albanian irredentists with "Turkish anti-Greek propaganda". During the years 1882–1897 some Greek media and publications initiated a campaign to promote friendship and a
1078:
La communaute musulmane etait dirigee sur le plan religieux, comme sur leplan temporal, par le sultan calife, qui etait, en meme temps le chaf politique supreme des chretiens orthodoxes et de tous les peuples de l'Empire. En fait, les Turcs, aides per las
Albanais musulmans (ou Turcalbanais) etaient
1457:
when denying the Jews the citizenship, when driving out Turks and
Albanians, initiating processes to “de-Orientalize” social practices, certain ethnical and religious groups, or whole provinces. More specifically, the Romanian legitimizing discourse directed towards the Great Powers ran as follows:
63:
has been used as a pejorative term, phrase and or expression for Muslim
Albanian individuals and communities. The term has also been noted to be unclear, ideologically and sentimentally charged, and an imperialist and racialist expression. Albanians have expressed derision and disassociation toward
1526:
2011. “The presence of a population considered hostile to national interests near the frontier caused anxiety to Greek officials which was exacerbated by a militaristic perception of security and territory. The central Greek state was eager to push the “hostile” population to migrate to Turkey. To
1110:
Nikolaou, 1997, p. 174: Nous allons décrire les grandes lignes de l'insurrection de 1770, son étouffement et les conséquences de l'invasion des
Turcalbanais dans le Péloponnèse entre 1770 et 1779. Nous jugeons cela tout à fait nécessaire, non seulement parce que les effets directs de cette révolte
1090:
Nikolaou, 1997, p. 455: "L'insurrection de 1770, très mal préparée, a échoué. Cet échec, mais avant tout l'invasion des mercenaires turcalbanais, utilisés par le sultan pour étouffer la révolte, furent lourds de conséquences pour le pays, notamment au niveau économique et démographique. Les effets
1354:
is a nickname that professional football players have given to the bad news that they have been cut from the squad. Such an example points out the fact that, while many ethnic groups have served as the butt of jokes and the object of derision in particular periods of our history (for example, the
238:. Within a Balkans context during the twentieth century, the usage of the word "Turk" (and "Turkey") has also been politically employed to differentiate the "indigenous" from the "alien" that interpreted Balkan Muslims as "foreigners". With the case of the Albanians, this at times has resulted in
46:
from 1715 and thereafter. In a broader sense, the term included both Muslim
Albanian and Turkish political and military elites of the Ottoman administration in the Balkans. The term is derived from an identification of Muslims with Ottomans and/or Turks, due to the Ottoman Empire's administrative
204:
is made for those Muslim
Albanians that fought in the Ottoman side against the Greek revolutionaries. Most scholars of the Greek Revolution tend to grossly neglect the role played by Albanians in this historical period, in particular treating on the one hand Muslim Albanians as "Turks" either by
1181:
Nikolaou, 1997, p. 165: "Fr. Pouqueville soutient la même position en ajoutant que cette population, tout comme celle des musulmans vardouniotes en
Laconie, fut renforcée après 1779 par le reste des mercenaires turcalbanais qui avaient envahi en 1770 le Péloponnèse pour étouffer l'insurrection.
1605:
as placing the killings ‘explicitly outside the category of the blood feud’, as the Muslim offer of a traditional ceremony of reconciliation is rejected by the Christians on the grounds that it requires baptism. Instead, the conflict becomes a ‘cosmic duality of good and evil’. Killing the
1527:
that end it utilized harassment tactics which were carried out by local paramilitary groups. This was a practice that was well known and had been adopted as early as the period of the Balkan Wars. In other cases it just forced people to leave the country, after handing down ultimatums.”
1385:
Oxford University Press. p.90. “English images of the Turk during the sixteenth and much of the seventeenth centuries were ones of tyranny, arbitrariness, extortions, slavery, piracy savage punishments, and Christian ordeals; they were also images of strangeness and diatribe against
1171:
Nikolaou, 1997, p. 197: Lors de la bataille décisive à Tripolitsa (juillet 1779), les Albanais subirent une défaite totale. Ceux qui survécurent furent ensuite exterminés par les villageois et quelques-uns trouvèrent refuge chez leurs compatriotes turcalbanais à Lala et à Vardounia.
1836:
coined for an Albanian speaker independently of religion and citizenship survives until today in Epirus (see Lambros Baltsiotis and Léonidas Embirikos, “De la formation d’un ethnonyme. Le terme Arvanitis et son evolution dans l’État hellénique”, in G. Grivaud-S. Petmezas (eds.),
1346:, ‘a cruel, rigorous, or tyrannical man; any one behaving as a barbarian or savage; one who treats his wife hardly; a bad-tempered or unmanageable man.’"; p. 159. "Since it has such a tradition of derisive meanings, I was not surprised when I came across a recent application of
112:. A study of a collection of Albanian folk songs, published in 1870s by Thimi Mitko, suggests that most Albanian speakers of his time identified themselves and each other through various terms and not a single national designation. Among other terms, Muslims were identified as
193:(Albanian rule) in Greek historiography. As a result, local Greek traditions in Epirus since the late 18th century mention frequent raids and looting by "Turko-Albanians" or "Albanian" bands. This kind of activity was connected with the depopulation of settlements.
456:. (1): 50. “The ‘timeless’ existence of the Other (and the interrelation of the Self with this Other) is secured by the name used to define him or her. Greeks often name as ‘Turks’ various states and groups—such as the Seljuks, the Ottomans, even the Albanians (
656:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 62. “Consequently, at the beginning of the 1880s the Greek press openly incited anti-Albanian hatred, associating the Albanian irredentists with Turkish anti-Greek propaganda, and baptizing them Vlachs and ‘Turkalbanian brigands’ (
1737:Περιουσίες Αλβανών και Τσάμηδων στην Ελλάδα: Aρση του εμπολέμου και διεθνής προστασία των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου' [Properties of Albanians and Chams in Greece: Nullification of the State of War and international protection of human rights]
218:. As with the term "Turk", the expression (rendered also as Turco-Albanian) was employed by some writers mainly in nineteenth and early twentieth century Western European literature regarding Muslim Albanian populations. As such, the word
287:) In Thesprotia older designations based on religion were used for Albanian Muslim Chams by the local Orthodox population who referred to them as "Turks" (i.e.: Muslims), a term still used in the region by some elderly people. The term
964:. (1): 8. "The attitude of non Muslim Balkan peoples was similar. In most of the Balkans, Muslims were “Turks” regardless of their ethno-linguistic background. This attitude changed significantly, but not completely, over time."
570:, p. 50: "...the so-called Tourkalvanoi, a composite term literally translated as 'Turkalbanians' and used to denote the Turkish and Albanian Muslim elites and military units that represented Ottoman domination in the Balkans)
504:
Hiermit nicht zu verwechseln sind die zusammengesetzen Volkername, die sich auf herkunft oder Religion beziehen, wie z.B. Τουρκαλβανός (Turkalbaner), Τουρκοκρήτες (turkische Kreter), Τουρκοκύπριοι (turkische Zyprioten).
1208:
After the crushing of the revolt, Albanians did not withdraw from the peninsule, but stuck around for almost a decade. This period of Alvanokratia (period of Albanian rule), as it is known in Greek historiography...
1258:
Stories about raids and lootings in Greek villages from "Turk-Albanian" or simply "Albanian", since the late 18th century, are not uncommon, and these actions are frequently related to the depopulation of whole
472:
Nikolaou, 1997, p. 313: "Il est à signaler que dans ces contrées s'étaient installés, probablement vers 1715 et après 1770, des Albanais musulmans (Turcalbanais), qui furent l'un des facteurs de diffusion de
1139:
Later, in 1770, Turco-Albanian troops returning from Peloponnese to their troops returning from Peloponnese to their country damaged the monasteries and terrorized the region of Thessaly for more than a
303:
and it was borrowed from Greek usage. Moreover, in Greek, similar composite ethnographic terms that also reveal the ethnic or religious background of the specific communities have also been used, such as
855:-, denoting the inhabitants of the plains (ÇABEJ 1976). The name passed over the boundaries of the Illyrian tribe in central Albania, and was generalised for all the Albanians. They called themselves
263:
after the Greek War of Independence was also sometimes used in 19th century Greek school text books for Muslim Albanians. Greek nationalist histories still uses the more widely known pejorative term
1550:
72:
regarding the usage of those terms in reference to them. It has been reported that at the end of the 20th century some Christian Albanians still used the term "Turk" to refer to Muslim Albanians.
1338:
has long been associated with cruel, inhuman behavior and has often been used as a descriptive part of our speech in derogatory phrases."; p. 158. "As a noun in the English language
1462:
in the Balkans. Equally Orientalistic was the Serbian discourse, which claimed as national duty to Europeanize Muslims and Albanians, or at least the territories inhabited by them.
1691:
1122:
1355:
Poles, Italians, Jews, and Irish), the Turks alone have generally been a constant target for derision and have unwillingly lent their name to many unfavorable situations."
542:
sense, the Moslem Albanians of the Ottoman army are referred to during this time as "Turcalbanians", despite the fact that racially they have nothing to do with the Turks.
1458:
Romanian citizenship could be granted to the Jews only when they had reached the heights of European culture; in the contrary case, Romania could not fulfill its mission
1513:
as Turks, and therefore transferred them to Turkey with other Turkish nationals, following the international treaty signed between the two states in 1923 at Lausanne.”
682:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 299. “Instead of the term “Muslim Albanians”, nationalist Greek histories use the more known, but pejorative, term “Turkalbanians”.
4556:
150:
was used to denote Ottoman military units and elites of both Turkish and Albanian ethnicity that represented the Ottoman administration of the Balkans. Within the
1828:) was the term used by Greek speakers to describe an Albanian speaker regardless of his/hers religious background. In official language of that time the term
714:: 893. "The memorandum of the Albanian government… The memorandum complains that the Pan-Epirotic Union misnames the Moslem Albanians as “Turco-Albanians”".
1111:
sont à l'origine, semblet-il, de plusieurs islamisations, mais aussi parce qu'on a pu détecter des conversions juste après l'éclatement de cette révolte.
1713:
1714:
The Secret Past of the Greek-Albanian Borderlands. Cham Muslim Albanians: Perspectives on a Conflict over Historical Accountability and Current Rights
1651:
Skoulidas, Ilias (2001). "The Relations Between the Greeks and the Albanians during the 19th Century: Political Aspirations and Visions (1875-1897)".
165:
in order to spread Islam from c. 1715 until after 1770, as part of official Ottoman policy. Later in 1770, Muslim Albanian mercenaries referred to as
4551:
1453:. (1): 66. “Therefore, the Romanian and Serbian intellectuals and politicians considered themselves perfectly in line with the Occident’s mission
980:
Thimi Mitko, born in 1820 in Korcë (now South Albania) was an important figure of the Albanian national movemento of 19th century. (Ibid., p. 421)
1445:
Müller, Dietmar (2009). "Orientalism and Nation: Jews and Muslims as Alterity in Southeastern Europe in the Age of Nation-States, 1878–1941."
2188:
1568:. University of Washington Press. p. 49. “For a comprehensive analysis of the role of media in the collapse of Yugoslavia, see Mark Thomson,
1855:
1540:. Hurst Publishers. p. 224. “In the context of transcontinental labour mobilities Greek Islamophobia has manifested itself as Albanophobia.”
1194:
The Ottoman Empire, the Balkans, the Greek lands : toward a social and economic history : studies in honor of John C. Alexander
341:) was used to describe an Albanian speaker, regardless of their religious affiliations, including Islam. On the other hand, within Greek
1330:. (1/2): 157. "Among the nationalities that seem to have been disparaged throughout history, the Turks hold a prominent place. The name
1536:
Tzanelli, Rodanthi (2010). “Islamophobia and Hellenophilia: Greek Myths of Post-colonial Europe”. In Sayyid, S &Vakil, AK, (eds.).
1628:
Brunnbauer, Ulf (2004). "Fertility, families and ethnic conflict: Macedonians and Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia, 1944–2002."
740:
3305:
879:. In the foreign languages, the Middle Ages denominations of these names survived, but for the Albanians they were substituted by
4030:
692:
634:
became practically synonymous in the Balkans. An Albanian who did not know one word of Turkish thus was given the ethnic name of
275:
Various Muslim Albanian communities by Greeks were similarly also labelled such as the Turco-Bardouniots (or Τουρκοβαρδουνιώτες,
3672:
3656:
3453:
222:
within its usage also attained derogatory and derisive meanings that when applied to other words created pejorative meanings of
154:, Muslim Albanians were closely part of the administrative structures of the state and considered one of its important peoples.
1915:
2238:
2218:
2194:
1290:
1000:
567:
2528:
143:), a socio-cultural and dialectal Albanian subdivision, some of whom had converted to Islam during the Ottoman Empire era.
3777:
1091:
des destructions causées durant les années critiques de 1770 à 1779 furent bien visibles jusqu'au début du XIX e siècle. "
4561:
4016:
1305:
Blumi, Isa. (1998). "The commodification of otherness and the ethnic unit in the Balkans: how to think about Albanians."
584:
1724:: 173. "The Greek population often refers to the Chams as “Turks” or “Turkalbanians”, indicating that they are Muslims."
2202:
2154:
1364:
Batur-VanderLippe, Pinar (1999). "Centering on global racism and antiracism: from everyday life to global complexity."
408:
182:
3095:
214:
Muslims Albanians are thus often pejoratively named and or called by Greeks as "Turks", represented in the expression
4521:
1933:
1251:
1201:
1132:
1035:
497:
4506:
3221:
3088:
2792:
973:
775:. These terms came into use between the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries. Foreigners call them
4571:
3419:
3248:
2703:
4169:
4095:
3444:
1802:"The Muslim Chams of Northwestern Greece: The grounds for the expulsion of a "non-existent" minority community"
2833:
1524:
The Muslim Chams of Northwestern Greece: The grounds for the expulsion of a “non-existent” minority community.
4566:
4526:
2685:
2643:
624:
The politicization of Islam: reconstructing identity, state, faith, and community in the late Ottoman state
1484:
Salla, Michael Emin (1998). "Traveling the full circle: Serbia's ‘final solution’ to the Kosovo problem."
899:, “the Germans” and “the German language” (Lloshi 1984) Shqip spread out from the north to the south, and
2924:
1955:
292:
1763:"Ετερότητα και Σύγκρουση: Ταυτότητες στην Κατοχική Θεσπρωτία και ο Ρόλος της Μουσουλμανικής Μειονότητας"
940:
MacLean, Gerald M. (2007). "When West Looks East: Some Recent Studies in Early Modern Muslim Cultures."
3900:
1908:
974:
Jane C. Sugarman, "Imagining the Homeland: Poetry, Songs, and the Discourses of Albanian Nationalism",
723:
Hart, Laurie Kain (1999). "Culture, Civilization, and Demarcation at the Northwest Borders of Greece".
638:
and accepted it, no matter how much he might have preferred to distance himself from the ethnic Turks.”
895:, meaning “clearly, intelligibly”. There is a very close semantic parallel to this in the German noun
4511:
3279:
2908:
2504:
1786:
1743:. Minorities in Balkans (in Greek). Athens, Greece: Center of Studying of Minority Groups. p. 53
197:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4516:
4440:
585:
On the border: Transborder mobility, ethnic groups and boundaries along the Albanian-Greek frontier
487:
393:
108:
was viewed at times by Western Europeans or by non Muslim Balkan peoples as being synonymous with
4546:
3230:
3110:
2222:
2198:
2033:
1056:"Nationalisme dans les Balkans: étude comparée des révolutions Turque de 1908 et Grecque de 1909"
251:
potential future alliance between Greeks and Albanians. As such they avoided the use of the term
48:
1552:
Being Albanian in Greece or elsewhere: negotiation of the (national) self in a migratory context
748:
4143:
1656:
85:
1787:
Sonderfall Albanien: Enver Hoxhas "eigener Weg" u.d. historischen Ursprünge seiner Ideologie "
1241:
1226:
1158:
990:
4075:
1901:
557:
920:
Yassin, Dawlat Sami (2012). "Representation of Muslims in Early Modern English Literature."
448:
Millas, Iraklis (2006). "Tourkokratia: History and the image of Turks in Greek literature."
3328:
2774:
2463:
2068:
1990:
1924:
1762:
378:
8:
3916:
3502:
2129:
413:
17:
4326:
3348:
1501:
Hilaj, Arjan (2013). "The Albanian National Question and the Myth of Greater Albania."
1473:
Rediscovering the Umma: Muslims in the Balkans between nationalism and transnationalism
1214:
1146:
3289:
3045:
1274:
Those Infidel Greeks: The Greek War of Independence through Ottoman Archival Documents
1272:
3426:
2627:
1509:.(3): 8. “In the aftermath of World War I, Greece considered all Albanian Muslims in
1286:
1247:
1197:
1128:
1031:
996:
744:
626:. Oxford University Press. p. 342. “After 1856, and especially after 1878, the terms
602:
Turkish-Greek Relations and the Balkans: A Historian's Evaluation of Today's Problems
563:
493:
349:
is still used for an Albanian speaker, regardless of their citizenship and religion.
178:
1735:
1594:
Moe, Christian (2014). "Religion in the Yugoslav conflicts: post-war perspectives."
4191:
4175:
3662:
3532:
3516:
2760:
2082:
2017:
1880:
1872:
1809:
1668:
1660:
1278:
1067:
956:
Mentzel, Peter (2000). "Introduction: Identity, confessionalism, and nationalism."
398:
316:
124:
21:
4426:
4364:
3576:
3022:
423:
418:
403:
383:
328:
4159:
242:, negative stereotyping, socio-political discrimination and even mass violence.
173:. Their activity included massacres, looting and destruction in the regions of
4416:
4205:
4185:
4065:
4036:
4009:
3839:
3829:
3692:
3646:
3263:
3140:
2931:
2591:
2385:
2308:
2276:
2026:
1042:
Subsequently, many Albanians served in the Turkish military and administration.
1003:, p. 223: ""Turks or Ljapidhes, the latter term explained as 'Turko-Albanians'"
388:
280:
255:
and pointed to the common features shared by both populations. New mixed terms
151:
136:
42:) is an ethnographic, religious, and derogatory term used by Greeks for Muslim
31:
1673:
1012:
Lloshi, Xhevat (1999). “Albanian”. In Hinrichs, Uwe, & Uwe Büttner (eds).
4500:
4347:
4239:
3936:
3894:
3823:
3628:
3312:
3295:
2998:
2470:
2371:
2343:
2262:
2173:
2122:
2075:
1885:
132:
55:
played the leading role. From the middle of the nineteenth century, the term
52:
4119:
4275:
3318:
2852:
2842:
2781:
2671:
2491:
2364:
2253:
1806:
European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey
368:
358:
306:
300:
239:
170:
3401:
1664:
1282:
4153:
3759:
3394:
3196:
3133:
3066:
2977:
2963:
2890:
2726:
2378:
2061:
1876:
843:, noted by the astronomer of Alexandria, Ptolemy, in the 2nd century AD.
521:
363:
162:
3816:
992:
Meaning and identity in a Greek landscape: an archaeological ethnography
4293:
4247:
4243:
4137:
3972:
3930:
3556:
3369:
3182:
2859:
2822:
2664:
2484:
2350:
2108:
2040:
1434:
Founding a Balkan State: Albania's Experiment with Democracy, 1920-1925
373:
1814:
1767:Επιστημονική Επετηρίδα Τμήματος Φιλολοσοφίας, Παιδαγωγικής, Ψυχολογίας
4319:
3939:
3869:
3793:
3640:
3586:
3478:
2754:
2329:
2282:
2143:
1962:
1856:"Reinstating the Ottomans, Alternative Balkan Modernities: 1800-1912"
1570:
Forging War: The Media in Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina
1072:
1055:
337:
296:
43:
654:
Nation-building and identity in Europe: The dialogics of reciprocity
4467:
4059:
3342:
3273:
3016:
2808:
2719:
2136:
1983:
1969:
1865:
Islamisations et Christianisations dans le Peloponnese (1715- 1832)
1418:
Reinstating the Ottomans, Alternative Balkan Modernities: 1800-1912
741:
Matvey Lomonosov, "On Albanian Identity in the Late Ottoman Empire"
694:
Woodhouse, Zerva and the Chams: Exploring Second World War heritage
186:
101:
1322:
McCarthy, Kevin M. (1970). “The Derisive Use of Turk and Turkey”.
1243:
Balkan Border Crossings: First Annual of the Konitsa Summer School
522:"Cursing with a Message: the Case of Georgios Karaiskakis in 1823"
59:
and from the late nineteenth century onwards, the derivative term
4481:
4460:
4454:
4380:
4263:
4256:
4221:
4053:
3982:
3851:
3686:
3616:
3526:
3433:
3387:
2712:
2447:
2437:
2357:
2292:
2212:
2177:
2054:
1566:
Serbia since 1989: Politics and Society under Milošević and After
604:. Cyprus Foundation. p. 28. “Muslim Albanians have been called “
4475:
4409:
4357:
4228:
3966:
3786:
3752:
3727:
3496:
3203:
3189:
3168:
3147:
3126:
3039:
3032:
2991:
2970:
2945:
2884:
2747:
2740:
2598:
2577:
2498:
2453:
2417:
2403:
2315:
2298:
2269:
2163:
2115:
2096:
2047:
1893:
1402:
Ottoman refugees, 1878-1939: migration in a post-imperial world
903:
is probably a collective noun, following the common pattern of
342:
174:
1801:
1271:
Ilıcak, Şükrü (2021). "Introduction". In Ilıcak, Şükrü (ed.).
4401:
4390:
4340:
4309:
4214:
4089:
4023:
3957:
3906:
3876:
3766:
3734:
3542:
3460:
3257:
3175:
3161:
3154:
2984:
2733:
2542:
2431:
2336:
2322:
2232:
2169:
2100:
2089:
1976:
1948:
1871:(Thesis). Universite des Sciences Humaines - Strasbourg II.
680:
Tragically Speaking: On the Use and Abuse of Theory for Life
4302:
4282:
4112:
4046:
4000:
3570:
2657:
2570:
2556:
2514:
1692:
The National Awakening process and the Orthodox Albanians.
4374:
4105:
4082:
3989:
3709:
3702:
3210:
2815:
2801:
1997:
51:
of classifying peoples according to religion, where the
1019:
835:
respectively. All these words are derived from the name
763:. 1999. p. 277. "The Albanians of today call themselves
327:
Amongst the wider Greek-speaking population, until the
559:
Tormented by history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey
245:
4446:
usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized
169:
were employed by the Ottoman Sultan to suppress the
4268:(sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups)
1538:Thinking Through Islamophobia: Global Perspectives
1028:King Zog and the struggle for stability in Albania
75:
1795:
1793:
1773:. University of Ioannina, Dodoni Journal: 36, 67.
1196:(1. ed.). Istanbul: Isis Press. p. 43.
1030:. Boulder: East European Monographs. p. 44.
4557:Ottoman period in the history of North Macedonia
4498:
532:. Cultural and Intellectual History Society: 180
674:
672:
670:
1790:
1192:al.], edited by Elias Kolovos ... [et (2007).
648:
646:
644:
596:
594:
1909:
706:League of Nations (October 1921). "Albania".
556:Umut Özkırımlı & Spyros A. Sofos (2008).
492:(in German). Athēna: Hērodotos. p. 127.
481:
479:
468:
466:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1412:
1410:
1396:
1394:
1392:
667:
157:Reference to Muslim Albanian communities as
1808:(12). European Journal of Turkish Studies.
1066:(1). La Société historique du Canada: 226.
922:Plaza: Dialogues in Language and Literature
641:
591:
578:
576:
515:
513:
485:
206:
1916:
1902:
1841:, Alexandreia, Athens, 2006, pp. 417–448."
1799:
1617:Kosovo: How myths and truths started a war
1549:Kokkali, Ifigeneia (24–25 February 2011).
942:Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies.
936:
934:
476:
463:
1884:
1813:
1733:
1727:
1672:
1650:
1639:
1428:
1426:
1407:
1389:
1239:
1127:. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 859.
1071:
1862:
1760:
1316:
1191:
1053:
743:, Porta Balkanica, vol. 5, 2013, p.12,
618:
616:
614:
573:
510:
444:
442:
440:
438:
4552:Ottoman period in the history of Kosovo
3046:Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians
1025:
978:, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Autumn, 1999), p. 424
931:
552:
550:
519:
205:calling them "Turco-Albanians" (Greek:
4499:
1684:
1596:Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis.
1503:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies
1423:
1307:East European Politics & Societies
1270:
1120:
839:of an Illyrian tribe and their center
1897:
1853:
611:
450:South European Society & Politics
435:
1734:Ktistakis, Giorgos (February 2006).
1350:, this time in the field of sports:
1121:editor, William M. Johnston (2000).
1014:Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik
608:” in Greek, and this is pejorative.”
547:
2846:(to Japan-affiliated Korean people)
1246:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 400.
1016:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 285.
708:League of Nations –Official Journal
331:of the twentieth century, the term
246:Usage in Greek media and literature
161:is made for those that settled the
100:was and still is a term used as an
13:
2925:American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD)
1486:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
1381:Todorova, Maria Nikolaeva (1997).
489:Symvolē stēn Hellēnikē Tourkologia
409:Islam in the Republic of Macedonia
127:, in some specific works the term
14:
4583:
989:Hamish, Alexander Forbes (2007).
891:. The primary root is the adverb
299:for Muslim Albanian Chams during
270:
123:Apart from being associated with
4432:Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia
1923:
600:Megalommatis, M. Cosmas (1994).
3420:Cheese-eating surrender monkeys
1778:
1754:
1706:
1697:
1622:
1609:
1588:
1575:
1558:
1543:
1530:
1516:
1495:
1478:
1465:
1439:
1375:
1358:
1299:
1264:
1233:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1079:le premier peuple de l'Empire.
1047:
1006:
983:
967:
950:
914:
753:
734:
717:
700:
685:
678:Nikolopoulou, Kalliopi (2013).
76:Etymology and usage of the term
4017:Jewish-American princess (JAP)
1240:Nitsiakos, Basilēs G. (2008).
1026:Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1984).
995:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
3922:eastern and central europeans
3296:English-speaking Welsh people
1432:Austin, Robert Clegg (2012).
429:
267:instead of Muslim Albanians.
1800:Baltsiotis, Lambros (2011).
1761:Γκότοβος, Αθανάσιος (2013).
1342:has meant, according to the
582:Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010).
562:.Columbia University Press.
486:Chidiroglou, Paulos (1990).
146:In a broader sense the term
7:
4327:Fresh off the boat / F.O.B.
2583:Central and South Americans
1863:Nikolaou, Georgios (1997).
1832:was used instead. The term
1820:"Until the Interwar period
1690:Spahiu, Nexhmedin (2008). "
1124:Encyclopedia of monasticism
795:(old Serbian), the country
652:Tzanelli, Rodanthi (2008).
520:Maroula, Efthymiou (2000).
352:
10:
4588:
4562:Ethnic and religious slurs
1847:
1583:Civil resistance in Kosovo
1564:Ramet, Sabrina P. (2005).
1060:Communications Historiques
1054:Kitsikis, Dimitri (1971).
259:is used instead. The term
15:
4292:
4238:
4204:
4129:
3999:
3956:
3886:
3861:
3803:
3776:
3744:
3719:
3603:
3488:
3470:
3443:
3411:
3379:
3361:
3247:
3220:
3118:
3109:
3080:
3058:
3008:
2955:
2916:
2907:
2876:
2832:
2791:
2702:
2635:
2626:
2619:
2395:
2252:
2153:
2016:
2007:
1940:
1931:
1784:Tönnes, Bernhard (1980).
1712:Kretsi, Georgia (2002). "
622:Karpat, Kemal H. (2001).
207:
200:(1821–1830) reference to
198:Greek War of Independence
140:
35:
4522:Islam in North Macedonia
2937:westernized South Asians
1471:Merdjanova, Ina (2013).
691:Pettifer James, (2009).
394:Ottoman Vardar Macedonia
131:was used to mention the
68:and its derivative form
16:Not to be confused with
4507:Anti-Albanian sentiment
2691:westernized East Asians
2649:westernized East Asians
2034:Black American princess
660:. 10 and 14 July 1880;
4572:Anti-Turkish sentiment
4144:Indigenous Australians
1703:Nikolaou, 1997, p. 313
1657:University of Ioannina
1615:Mertus, Julie (1999).
1581:Clark, Howard (2000).
1383:Imagining the Balkans.
291:was also used by both
4461:non-Jewish boy or man
4076:Rootless cosmopolitan
1858:. Palgrave MacMillan.
1366:Sociological spectrum
1283:10.1163/9789004471306
1277:. Brill. p. 13.
847:could be a plural of
771:, and their language
88:made up of the words
3349:Scottish Highlanders
3280:Welsh-speaking elite
2330:Hillbilly / Hilljack
2285:of European descent)
1839:Byzantina et Moderna
1718:Ethnologia Balkanica
1630:Nationalities papers
958:Nationalities Papers
725:American Ethnologist
379:List of ethnic slurs
293:British intelligence
283:(or Τουρκοτσάμηδες,
4567:Islam-related slurs
4527:Islam in Montenegro
2766:westernized Chinese
1854:Blumi, Isa (2011).
1665:10.12681/eadd/12856
1447:East Central Europe
1416:Blumi, Isa (2011).
1400:Blumi, Isa (2013).
871:, and the language
815:, and the language
414:Islam in Montenegro
320:(or Τουρκοκύπριοι,
277:Tourko-Vardouniotes
104:. Whereas the word
18:Albanians in Turkey
2677:Chinese and Korean
2213:Redskin/Red Indian
1877:10.12681/eadd/8139
1225:has generic name (
1157:has generic name (
310:(or Τουρκοκρήτες,
196:Later, during the
4494:
4493:
3952:
3951:
3647:Northern Italians
3105:
3104:
3076:
3075:
3023:Northeast Indians
2903:
2902:
2615:
2614:
2548:Mexican Americans
1815:10.4000/ejts.4444
1292:978-90-04-47129-0
1001:978-0-521-86699-6
664:, 3 April 1881).”
568:978-0-231-70052-8
228:inhumane behavior
179:Western Macedonia
4579:
4512:Islam in Albania
4487:
4486:
4482:non-Jewish woman
4471:
4465:
4450:
4449:
4436:
4435:
4422:
4421:
4405:
4399:
4386:
4385:
4370:
4369:
4353:
4352:
4336:
4335:
4322:
4315:
4314:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4270:
4259:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4197:
4196:
4192:Pacific Islander
4181:
4180:
4176:Pacific Islander
4165:
4164:
4149:
4148:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4100:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4070:
4049:
4042:
4041:
4026:
4019:
4012:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3977:
3945:
3944:
3926:
3925:
3912:
3911:
3879:
3872:
3854:
3847:
3846:
3835:
3834:
3819:
3812:
3796:
3789:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3737:
3730:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3697:
3682:
3681:
3668:
3667:
3652:
3651:
3636:
3631:
3624:
3619:
3612:
3596:
3595:
3592:Anglophile Irish
3582:
3581:
3566:
3565:
3562:Anglophile Irish
3552:
3551:
3548:Irish Travellers
3538:
3537:
3533:Irish Travellers
3522:
3521:
3517:Irish Protestant
3508:
3507:
3481:
3463:
3456:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3372:
3354:
3353:
3338:
3337:
3324:
3323:
3308:
3301:
3300:
3285:
3284:
3269:
3268:
3240:
3233:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3116:
3115:
3098:
3091:
3081:Southeast Asians
3069:
3051:
3050:
3035:
3028:
3027:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2948:
2941:
2940:
2927:
2914:
2913:
2896:
2895:
2869:
2868:
2855:
2848:
2847:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2769:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2695:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2608:
2607:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2573:
2566:
2565:
2552:
2551:
2538:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2510:
2509:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2479:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2443:
2442:
2427:
2426:
2413:
2412:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2303:
2288:
2287:
2272:
2265:
2245:
2244:
2228:
2227:
2208:
2207:
2184:
2182:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2014:
2013:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1859:
1842:
1819:
1817:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1731:
1725:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1674:10442/hedi/12856
1648:
1637:
1626:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1592:
1586:
1579:
1573:
1562:
1556:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1499:
1493:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1398:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1362:
1356:
1320:
1314:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1142:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1073:10.7202/030467ar
1051:
1045:
1044:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1004:
987:
981:
971:
965:
954:
948:
938:
929:
918:
912:
901:Shqipni/Shqipëri
767:, their country
757:
751:
738:
732:
721:
715:
704:
698:
689:
683:
676:
665:
650:
639:
620:
609:
598:
589:
580:
571:
554:
545:
544:
539:
537:
517:
508:
507:
483:
474:
470:
461:
446:
399:Islam in Albania
230:and or of being
210:
209:
142:
125:Muslim Albanians
37:
22:Turks in Albania
4587:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4542:Ottoman Albania
4537:Islam in Greece
4532:Islam in Serbia
4517:Islam in Kosovo
4497:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4478:
4474:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4439:
4429:
4425:
4412:
4408:
4393:
4389:
4377:
4373:
4360:
4356:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4305:
4301:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4200:
4188:
4184:
4172:
4168:
4156:
4152:
4140:
4136:
4125:
4118:
4113:Zhyd / Zhydovka
4111:
4104:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3969:
3965:
3948:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3915:
3897:
3893:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3857:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3810:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3671:
3659:
3655:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3599:
3589:
3585:
3577:Irish Catholics
3573:
3569:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3541:
3529:
3525:
3513:
3511:
3499:
3495:
3484:
3477:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3375:
3368:
3357:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3327:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3292:
3290:Dic Siôn Dafydd
3288:
3276:
3272:
3260:
3256:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3072:
3065:
3054:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3019:
3015:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2951:
2944:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2899:
2887:
2883:
2872:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2698:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2646:
2642:
2611:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2513:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2450:
2446:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2402:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2295:
2291:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2248:
2239:Native American
2235:
2231:
2219:Native American
2215:
2211:
2203:American Indian
2195:Native American
2191:
2187:
2166:
2162:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2123:Queen / Queenie
2121:
2114:
2107:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2009:
2008:North and South
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1936:
1927:
1922:
1886:10442/hedi/8139
1850:
1845:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1649:
1640:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1603:Mountain Wreath
1593:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1563:
1559:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1517:
1500:
1496:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1380:
1376:
1363:
1359:
1324:American Speech
1321:
1317:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1269:
1265:
1254:
1238:
1234:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1154:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1007:
988:
984:
976:Ethnomusicology
972:
968:
955:
951:
939:
932:
919:
915:
758:
754:
739:
735:
722:
718:
705:
701:
690:
686:
677:
668:
651:
642:
621:
612:
599:
592:
581:
574:
555:
548:
535:
533:
518:
511:
500:
484:
477:
471:
464:
447:
436:
432:
424:Islam in Greece
419:Islam in Serbia
404:Islam in Kosovo
384:Ottoman Albania
355:
329:interwar period
285:Tourko-tsamides
273:
257:Greek-Albanians
248:
202:Turco-Albanians
78:
25:
12:
11:
5:
4585:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:Ottoman Greece
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4472:
4451:
4437:
4423:
4406:
4387:
4371:
4354:
4337:
4323:
4316:
4298:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4260:
4252:
4250:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4182:
4166:
4150:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4050:
4043:
4037:Ashkenazi Jews
4027:
4020:
4013:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3962:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3927:
3913:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3836:
3820:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3693:South Italians
3683:
3669:
3653:
3637:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3583:
3567:
3553:
3539:
3523:
3509:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3339:
3325:
3309:
3302:
3286:
3270:
3264:English people
3253:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3238:Turco-Albanian
3234:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3120:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3036:
3029:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2957:
2956:Bengali Hindus
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2928:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2856:
2849:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2682:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2639:
2637:
2630:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2595:
2588:
2574:
2567:
2553:
2539:
2525:
2511:
2505:Newfoundlander
2495:
2488:
2481:
2467:
2460:
2444:
2428:
2414:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2289:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2229:
2209:
2185:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2027:Alligator bait
2022:
2020:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1869:Didaktorika.gr
1860:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1789:
1777:
1753:
1726:
1705:
1696:
1683:
1653:Didaktorika.gr
1638:
1621:
1608:
1587:
1574:
1557:
1542:
1529:
1515:
1494:
1477:
1464:
1438:
1422:
1406:
1388:
1374:
1357:
1315:
1298:
1291:
1263:
1252:
1232:
1202:
1184:
1174:
1164:
1133:
1113:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1046:
1036:
1018:
1005:
982:
966:
949:
930:
913:
863:, the country
752:
733:
716:
699:
684:
666:
640:
610:
590:
572:
546:
509:
498:
475:
462:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
389:Ottoman Kosovo
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
354:
351:
317:Turco-Cypriots
289:Turco-Albanian
272:
271:Relative terms
269:
265:Turco-Albanian
261:Turco-Albanian
253:Turco-Albanian
247:
244:
183:Central Greece
171:Greek uprising
167:Turco-Albanian
159:Turco-Albanian
152:Ottoman Empire
148:Turco-Albanian
129:Turco-Albanian
82:Turco-Albanian
77:
74:
70:Turco-Albanian
61:Turco-Albanian
28:Turco-Albanian
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4584:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4484:
4483:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4376:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4010:Christ killer
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3896:
3895:Bulgarophiles
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3673:Sheep shagger
3670:
3665:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3609:
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3606:
3602:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3540:
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3534:
3528:
3524:
3519:
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3510:
3505:
3504:
3498:
3494:
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3491:
3487:
3480:
3476:
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3473:
3469:
3462:
3458:
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3450:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3313:Sheep shagger
3310:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
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2839:
2837:
2835:
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2824:
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2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
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2796:
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2790:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
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2717:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2605:
2600:
2599:Yank / Yankee
2596:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2372:Trailer trash
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
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2310:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2223:First Nations
2220:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:First Nations
2196:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:Black Diamond
1953:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1896:
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1874:
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1796:
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1597:
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1561:
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1525:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1460:civilisatrice
1456:
1455:civilisatrice
1452:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1253:9783825809188
1249:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1223:|first1=
1216:
1209:
1205:
1203:9789754283464
1199:
1195:
1188:
1178:
1168:
1160:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1134:9781579580902
1130:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1037:9780880330510
1033:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
986:
979:
977:
970:
963:
959:
953:
946:
943:
937:
935:
928:. (2): 10-22.
927:
923:
917:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:(Greek), and
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
756:
750:
746:
742:
737:
730:
726:
720:
713:
709:
703:
696:
695:
688:
681:
675:
673:
671:
663:
659:
655:
649:
647:
645:
637:
633:
629:
625:
619:
617:
615:
607:
603:
597:
595:
587:
586:
579:
577:
569:
565:
561:
560:
553:
551:
543:
531:
527:
523:
516:
514:
506:
501:
499:9789607290182
495:
491:
490:
482:
480:
469:
467:
459:
455:
451:
445:
443:
441:
439:
434:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
350:
348:
344:
340:
339:
334:
330:
325:
323:
322:Tourkokiprioi
319:
318:
313:
309:
308:
307:Turco-Cretans
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:). and Turco-
278:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:"Turkalvanoi"
212:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
144:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
73:
71:
67:
62:
58:
54:
53:Muslim millet
50:
49:millet system
45:
41:
40:Tourk-alvanoi
33:
29:
23:
19:
4480:
4459:
4445:
4431:
4427:Reffo / Balt
4414:
4396:non-believer
4395:
4379:
4362:
4345:
4331:
4307:
4267:
4190:
4174:
4158:
4142:
4094:
4064:
4058:
4035:
3971:
3935:
3921:
3905:
3899:
3843:
3827:
3691:
3677:
3661:
3645:
3591:
3575:
3561:
3547:
3531:
3515:
3501:
3347:
3334:Welsh people
3333:
3319:Welsh people
3317:
3294:
3278:
3262:
3237:
3044:
3021:
2936:
2909:South Asians
2889:
2865:also Chinese
2864:
2853:Gaoli bangzi
2843:Ban-jjokbari
2765:
2759:
2690:
2676:
2648:
2603:
2582:
2561:
2547:
2533:
2519:
2503:
2475:
2452:
2436:
2422:
2408:
2365:Swamp Yankee
2297:
2280:
2237:
2217:
2193:
2189:Indian/Injun
2168:
1934:by ethnicity
1925:Ethnic slurs
1868:
1864:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1805:
1785:
1780:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1745:. Retrieved
1736:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1686:
1678:
1652:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1523:
1522:Baltsiotis.
1518:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1417:
1401:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1273:
1266:
1257:
1242:
1235:
1207:
1193:
1187:
1177:
1167:
1155:|last1=
1138:
1123:
1116:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1077:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1041:
1027:
1021:
1013:
1008:
991:
985:
975:
969:
961:
957:
952:
944:
941:
925:
921:
916:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
736:
728:
724:
719:
711:
707:
702:
693:
687:
679:
662:Palingenesía
661:
657:
653:
635:
631:
627:
623:
605:
601:
583:
558:
541:
534:. Retrieved
529:
525:
503:
488:
457:
453:
449:
369:Islamophobia
359:Albanophobia
346:
336:
332:
326:
321:
315:
312:Tourkokrites
311:
305:
301:World War II
288:
284:
276:
274:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:
240:Albanophobia
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
213:
208:Τουρκαλβανοί
201:
195:
191:Alvanokratia
190:
166:
158:
156:
147:
145:
128:
122:
117:
113:
109:
105:
97:
93:
89:
81:
79:
69:
65:
60:
56:
39:
36:Τουρκαλβανοί
27:
26:
4096:German Jews
4066:Crypto-Jews
3901:Macedonians
3844:(Mercheros)
3503:Republicans
3395:China Swede
2978:Danchi babu
2891:Benshengren
2727:Ching chong
2628:East Asians
2379:White trash
2062:House Negro
841:Albanopolis
787:(English),
779:(Italian),
606:Turkalvanoi
536:23 December
458:Turkalvanoi
364:Turcophobia
345:, the term
297:German army
163:Peloponnese
120:("Turks").
96:. The word
4501:Categories
4138:Blackfella
4120:Żydokomuna
3931:Yestonians
3862:Ukrainians
3678:Sardinians
3663:Sardinians
3657:Sardegnolo
3623:Greaseball
3370:Cheesehead
3183:Mat Salleh
3096:Vietnamese
3059:Pakistanis
2860:Sangokujin
2823:Xiao Riben
2665:Sangokujin
2520:Oklahomans
2485:Half-breed
2351:Peckerwood
2155:Indigenous
2109:Pickaninny
2041:Black Buck
1747:2009-03-24
833:Arbanashki
783:(German),
430:References
374:Xenophobia
118:turkollarë
64:the terms
4332:immigrant
4320:Barbarian
4294:Outsiders
4130:Oceanians
4060:Conversos
3940:Estonians
3937:Russified
3804:Spaniards
3794:Serbomans
3641:Polentone
3587:West Brit
3479:Grecomans
3402:Finnjävel
3222:Albanians
3111:Europeans
3089:Filipinos
2877:Taiwanese
2755:Jook-sing
2604:Americans
2534:Americans
2423:Canadians
2283:Bahamians
2144:Uncle Tom
2010:Americans
1963:Boerehaat
1834:Arvanitis
1826:Arvanitēs
1822:Arvanitis
1215:cite book
1147:cite book
881:shqiptarë
877:arbëreshe
873:arbëneshe
821:Albanisch
785:Albanians
765:shqiptarë
749:1804-2449
526:Historein
473:l'islam."
347:Arvanitis
338:Arvanites
335:(plural:
333:Arvanitis
80:The term
44:Albanians
4468:Shkutzim
4365:Japanese
3973:Shi'ites
3830:Catalans
3817:Gachupín
3745:Russians
3604:Italians
3343:Teuchter
3274:Crachach
3197:Wasi'chu
2809:Jjokbari
2793:Japanese
2761:overseas
2720:Chinaman
2562:Chileans
2438:Mestizos
2409:Mexicans
2137:Tar-Baby
2069:Jim Crow
1984:Golliwog
1970:Choc ice
1941:Africans
1824:(plural
1259:villages
897:Deutsche
885:Shqipëri
861:arbëresh
857:arbënesh
829:Alvaniki
825:Albanian
817:Albanese
813:Albanija
805:Albanien
793:Arbanasi
777:albanesi
769:Shqipëri
761:Albanian
759:Lloshi.
353:See also
295:and the
232:backward
187:Thessaly
141:Liapides
102:ethnonym
98:Albanian
94:Albanian
86:compound
4455:Shegetz
4417:Chinese
4381:non-Jew
4264:Gypsies
4257:Didicoy
4186:Coconut
4054:Marrano
3983:Raghead
3870:Khokhol
3852:Xarnego
3840:Quinqui
3687:Terrone
3617:Goombah
3557:Shoneen
3527:Knacker
3445:Germans
3434:Gabacho
3388:Chukhna
3249:British
3141:Cracker
3119:General
3009:Indians
2932:Coconut
2917:General
2834:Koreans
2713:Ah Beng
2704:Chinese
2686:Twinkie
2636:General
2592:Wetback
2464:Greaser
2448:Coonass
2358:Redneck
2309:Cracker
2293:Coonass
2178:Unangan
2055:Colored
1848:Sources
1830:Alvanos
1659:: 265.
1511:Çamëria
1386:Islam.”
1140:decade.
837:Albanoi
809:Alvania
801:Albanie
797:Albania
789:Alvanos
781:Albaner
314:), and
4476:Shiksa
4441:Savage
4410:Laowai
4402:Kuffar
4358:Gaijin
4348:Romani
4246:, and
4240:Romani
4229:Kanake
4222:Mongol
4170:Kanaka
4031:Khazar
3967:Rafida
3887:Others
3824:Polaco
3787:Shkije
3753:Moskal
3728:Polack
3635:Guinea
3497:Fenian
3471:Greeks
3412:French
3231:Šiptar
3204:Wigger
3190:Redleg
3169:Gweilo
3148:Farang
3127:Ang mo
3040:Keling
3033:Coolie
3017:Chinki
2999:Mayang
2992:Malaun
2971:Bongal
2946:Coolie
2885:Tai Ke
2775:Locust
2748:Coolie
2741:Chinky
2672:Toku-A
2644:Banana
2620:Asians
2578:Sudaca
2529:Pindos
2499:Newfie
2476:Cubans
2471:Gusano
2454:Cajuns
2418:Canuck
2404:Beaner
2396:Others
2386:Whitey
2316:Gringo
2299:Cajuns
2270:Buckra
2254:Whites
2164:Eskimo
2116:Rastus
2097:Nigger
2076:Macaca
2048:Cocolo
1991:Kaffir
1336:Turkey
1289:
1250:
1200:
1131:
1034:
999:
909:Arbëri
905:Arbëni
889:shqipe
869:Arbëri
865:Arbëni
831:, and
811:, and
773:shqipe
747:
632:Muslim
566:
496:
343:Epirus
236:savage
175:Epirus
110:Muslim
4466:(pl.
4400:(pl.
4391:Kafir
4341:Gadjo
4310:Arabs
4276:Nawar
4215:Kebab
4206:Turks
4160:Māori
4090:Yekke
4024:Kafir
3958:Arabs
3917:Hunky
3907:Serbs
3877:Ukrop
3778:Serbs
3767:Tibla
3735:Pshek
3720:Poles
3629:Guido
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