128:
62:
121:
629:; one of these crosses Tutupaca from north to south, and others influence the positions of geothermal features. The Huaylillas ignimbrite complex underlies some of the volcanic centres, which include a first set of eroded volcanoes that were active between 8.4–5 and 4–2 million years ago, principally erupting lava flows. These were followed by a second set of volcanoes which were also mainly active with lava flows, such as Casiri, Tutupaca, and Yucamane. A third phase formed
752:. Shortly before the collapse, a pyroclastic flow erupted from the volcano probably as a consequence of the collapse of a lava dome. It formed a deposit on the east flank of Tutupaca, which reaches a thickness of 6 metres (20 ft). The previous eruption may have destabilized the volcano and triggered the main collapse, which also generated the Paipatja pyroclastic flow. The area was thinly inhabited at the time, and thus the impact of the eruption was small.
645:
38:
515:
in the history of
Tutupaca: collapses on the southeast-east flanks of the volcano occurred 6,000–7,500 years ago and delivered debris through glacial valleys on the eastern and southeastern side of the volcano, and on the western side of the volcano a collapse took place before 17,000–25,000 years ago. Such large collapses of volcanoes took place in historical time at
718:
long hiatus separated the activity of the older complex from that of western and eastern
Tutupaca. The small lava domes on the older complex have been dated to 260,000 ± 200,000 while more recent domes are 33,000±5,000 years old. Volcanic activity continued into the Holocene, and the volcano is considered to be potentially active. Today,
507:, and have been explained by sorting processes that take place within granular flows. The differences between the two units appear to be because the first unit was formed from the basal part of Tutupaca, while the second unit was formed by the more recent lava domes of the eastern volcano and formed a granular flow.
498:
The two units of the debris avalanche are distinguished by their appearance. One features 100–200-metre (330–660 ft) long hummock-like hills, as is typical for volcanic debris avalanches, and the other has ridges which vary in length from 100 to 150 metres (330 to 490 ft). The ridges range
717:
The oldest volcanic rocks of
Tutupaca are 1,135,000 ± 17,000 years old. The older complex was active at first with lava flows and then with a major explosive eruption; a pumice-and-ash flow forms the "Callazas" deposit and may have been produced either by the older complex or by western Tutupaca. A
514:
system of the volcano and progressed to affect a growing lava dome, with a total volume probably exceeding 0.6–0.8 cubic kilometres (0.14–0.19 cu mi). The total surface area covered by the collapse is about 12–13 square kilometres (4.6–5.0 sq mi). This collapse was not the first
657:
Most of the volcanoes in the
Central Volcanic Zone are located at over 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) elevation where the climate is cold with frequent freezes. Most precipitation falls between January and March, at Tutupaca it amounts to 200–560 millimetres per year (7.9–22.0 in/year). In the
851:
field in the neighborhood of the volcano, which includes the areas of Azufre Chico, Azufre Grande, Callazas River, Pampa Turun Turun, and
Tacalaya River; they are part of the same geothermal system whose temperature at depth is higher than 200 °C (392 °F). The fields feature fumaroles,
486:
A 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide amphitheater in eastern
Tutupaca, open to the northeast, was formed by a major collapse of the volcano. Lava domes from the younger Tutupaca, as well as highly altered lavas from the older complex, are exposed within the collapse scar, which is the origin of a
2679:
Samaniego, Pablo; Valderrama, Patricio; Mariño, Jersy; Vries, Benjamín van Wyk de; Roche, Olivier; Manrique, Nélida; Chédeville, Corentin; Liorzou, Céline; Fidel, Lionel; Malnati, Judicaëlle (1 June 2015). "The historical (218 ± 14 aBP) explosive eruption of
Tutupaca volcano (Southern Peru)".
823:(INGEMMET) has published a volcano hazard map for Tutupaca. In 2017, Tutupaca was identified as one of the volcanoes to be monitored by the future Peruvian Southern Volcano Observatory. This would entail surveillance of earthquake activity, changes in the composition of fumarole gases and
346:
The base that
Tutupaca rises from lies at elevations ranging from 4,400 metres (14,400 ft) to 4,600 metres (15,100 ft) and the volcano covers a surface area of about 150–170 square kilometres (58–66 sq mi). The older complex is formed mainly by
2750:
Valderrama, Patricio; Roche, Olivier; Samaniego, Pablo; Vries, Benjamin van Wyk de; Bernard, Karine; Mariño, Jersy (1 February 2016). "Dynamic implications of ridges on a debris avalanche deposit at
Tutupaca volcano (southern Peru)".
323:
Tutupaca consists of two volcanic complexes: an older complex that is highly eroded, and two northerly peaks which formed more recently. Of these, the eastern peak ("eastern
Tutupaca") consists of seven presumably
748:. The collapse has been dated to 1731–1802 with high probability and is thought to be associated with the 1802 eruption. The eruption was probably triggered by the entry of fresh, hot magma into a dacitic
499:
from only a few meters to more than 0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) in height, and from 10 to 30 metres (33 to 98 ft) in height. Such ridges have been observed in other collapse deposits such as at
699:
606:. During historical times, major eruptions took place in Peru at El Misti 2,000 years ago and at Huaynaputina in 1600, the latter of which claimed 1,500 fatalities and disrupted the climate of Earth.
244:. One of these volcanoes collapsed in historical time, probably in 1802, generating a large debris avalanche with a volume likely exceeding 0.6–0.8 cubic kilometres (0.14–0.19 cu mi) and a
760:
Based on the history of Tutupaca, a future eruption can be envisaged where renewed activity causes another collapse of the volcano. In this case, about 8,000–10,000 people, as well as neighboring
2804:
Evolución vulcanológica y magmática del edificio reciente del complejo volcánico Tutupaca (Tacna). Tesis de ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, 112 p. Manrique, N. (2013)
316:, which flows south along Tutupaca's western flank. The local climate is cold, and the terrain is stony, with little vegetation. During the wet season, the mountain is snow-covered, and
248:. The associated eruption was among the largest in Peru for which there are historical records. The volcano became active about 700,000 years ago, and activity continued into the
320:
from Tutupaca and other regional mountains is an important source of water for the rivers in the region. In contrast, the volcano itself is largely unaffected by human activity.
1092:
343:
gives heights of 5,753 metres (18,875 ft) for the eastern and 5,801 metres (19,032 ft) for the western summit. The western peak is the highest summit of Tutupaca.
2326:
Steinmüller, Klaus (September 2001). "Modern hot springs in the southern volcanic Cordillera of Peru and their relationship to Neogene epithermal precious-metal deposits".
694:, display a diverse plant life. Above 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) elevation plant life diminishes and in 2003–2012 by 5,800 metres (19,000 ft) there was perpetual
737:
showed that Yucumane last erupted 3,000 years ago, implying that the reported eruptions, especially the 1802 and 1787 events, most likely occurred at Tutupaca.
733:
showing there were eruptions during this period. Some authors believed that Yucamane volcano was a more likely source for these eruptions, but Samaniego 2015
2586:
Mariño Salazar, Jersy; Macedo Franco, Luisa Diomira; Valderrama Murillo, Patricio Alonso; Manrique Llerena, Nélida; Samaniego Eguiguren, Pablo (March 2019).
2607:
Mariño, J.; Samaniego, P.; Manrique, N.; Valderrama, P.; Roche, O.; van Wyk de Vries, B.; Guillou, H.; Zerathe, S.; Arias, C.; Liorzou, C. (1 August 2021).
375:
that covers the western and southern parts of the volcano. Postglacial lava flows emanating from a vent located between the two peaks have been identified.
704:
2468:"Collisional interactions and the transition between lava dome sector collapse and pyroclastic density currents at Tutupaca volcano (Southern Peru)"
371:
layers extend west of the volcano. The older complex, which includes lava domes in the form of small hills on its southern part, was the source of
313:
309:
495:
which divides the debris into two units. The pyroclastic flow reaches both Lake Suches north of the volcano and the Callazas River east of it.
2229:
2382:
376:
839:, became active in 2019. Publication of regular activity reports began in May 2019. The volcano is classified as "moderately dangerous".
2814:
Una gran erupción del volcán Tutupaca (Tacna) ocurrida hace approximadamente 200 años AP: Implicaciones para la evaluación de la amenaza
2252:
284:
was the "good" one; this may reflect that Tutupaca had recent volcanic eruptions. The Peruvian geographer Mateo Paz Soldán dedicated an
2840:
225:, which grew on top of older volcanic rocks. The highest of these is usually reported to be 5,815 metres (19,078 ft) tall and was
2529:"Pre-eruptive magmatic processes associated with the historical (218 ± 14 aBP) explosive eruption of Tutupaca volcano (southern Peru)"
2803:
2511:
Reconocimiento automático de señales sísmicas de origen volcánico para la alerta temprana de erupciones volcánicas del sur del Perú
740:
The sector collapse of eastern Tutupaca was accompanied by an eruption that was among the largest in Peruvian history, reaching a
2813:
2198:
891:
developed a joint venture to work on a geothermal prospect at Tutupaca, although work at Tutupaca had not begun by October 2014.
816:. Tutupaca along with Ubinas and Huaynaputina is one of the three volcanoes in Peru to have produced large explosive eruptions.
3549:
252:, but whether there were historical eruptions was initially unclear; some eruptions were instead attributed to the less eroded
2726:
2609:"The Tutupaca volcanic complex (Southern Peru): Eruptive chronology and successive destabilization of a dacitic dome complex"
331:
and is 5,790 metres (19,000 ft) high, while the western one ("western Tutupaca") consists of lava domes, lava flows and
2527:
Manrique, Nélida; Samaniego, Pablo; Médard, Etienne; Schiavi, Federica; Mariño, Jersy; Liorzou, Céline (18 December 2019).
77:
2168:
3524:
3509:
1427:
3534:
1612:
1537:
2466:
Bernard, Karine; van Wyk de Vries, Benjamin; Samaniego, Pablo; Valderrama, Patricio; Mariño, Jersy (November 2022).
1936:"Stratovolcanoes in the Western Cordillera – Polish Scientific Expedition to Peru 2003–2012 reconnaissance research"
1156:
3529:
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981:
232:
Several volcanoes in Peru have been active in recent times, including Tutupaca. Their volcanism is caused by the
2435:
2409:
2137:
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888:
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of 3 or 4. Contemporaneous chronicles document ashfall as far as 165 kilometres (103 mi) to the south in
3514:
2518:
Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Rivera, Marco; Torres, José; Tavera, Hernando; Puma, Nino (August 2022).
1915:
1903:
1837:
1403:
1391:
659:
70:
312:, flowing eastward to the north of the volcano, and then southward past Tutupaca's eastern flank, and the
980:
The uncalibrated radiocarbon age of the samples is 218±14 years before present, with 95% confidence; the
179:
1093:"U. Católica de Santa María rinde homenaje a siete científicos arequipeños por sus aportes a la ciencia"
120:
3519:
3296:
2865:
2809:
Origin and dynamics of volcanic debris avalanches : surface structure analysis of Tutupaca volcano
741:
729:
There are reports of eruptions in 1780, 1787, 1802, 1862 and 1902, supported by dates obtained through
2608:
3183:
2826:
824:
781:
256:
volcano. The Peruvian government plans to monitor the volcano for future activity. Tutupaca features
20:
61:
2067:
1045:
883:
Tutupaca has been mentioned as a potential site for geothermal power generation. In 2013, Canada's
662:, altitudes between 3,500–3,900 metres (11,500–12,800 ft) are dominated by vegetation such as
462:
rock fragments are rarely found embedded in Tutupaca rocks. The basal volcanic rocks have suffered
340:
3366:
487:
6–8-kilometre (3.7–5.0 mi) long debris avalanche deposit. The deposit is mostly found within
2520:
Evaluación del peligro volcánico en Perú: una herramienta para la gestión del riesgo de desastres
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835:) and involves the construction of thirty monitoring stations and the main observatory in the
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Tutupaca is 25–30 kilometres (16–19 mi) north of the town of Candarave in the region of
202:
3361:
3306:
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3341:
3238:
3113:
2975:
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2658:"Geochemical Study of Thermal Waters in the Tutupaca Geothermal Zone, Tacna, South of Peru"
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172:
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volcanic and sedimentary cover which overlies the Mesozoic rocks. There are many tectonic
8:
3326:
2930:
993:
Stratigraphic relations imply that this pyroclastic flow predates the main collapse, but
984:
consists of two ranges, with an 85% probability that the date lies between 1731 and 1802.
848:
543:
257:
241:
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The Central Volcanic Zone is one of four volcanic belts in the Andes, together with the
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3291:
3018:
2784:
2713:
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2574:
2497:
1450:
1330:
1319:
730:
555:
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deposits have been identified at Tutupaca and a 1996 map of the volcano shows a sulfur
2588:"Geología y mapa de peligros del complejo volcánico Tutupaca – [Boletín C 66]"
2347:
19:
For the mountain on the border of the Moquegua Region and the Tacna Region, Peru, see
3449:
3406:
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2206:
1957:
1814:
1590:
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1323:
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1809:
1789:
546:, causing volcanism in three of the four volcanic belts in the Andes, including the
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1968:
1947:
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1301:
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1569:"General overview and prospects of the mining and metallurgical industry in peru"
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of the volcanoes, and real-time video. This project, budgeted to cost 18,500,000
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2016:
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1992:
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dating does not have sufficient resolution to separate the two events in time.
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1961:
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1207:
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1007:
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The Huaylillas ignimbrites were emplaced between 24 and 12 million years ago.
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2727:"Geochemical report on the Challapalca and Tutupaca geothermal areas, Peru"
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1585:
1568:
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1294:"Desarrollo regional tardío y ocupación inca en la pre-cordillera de Tacna"
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which is among other things responsible for monitoring volcanoes in Peru.
994:
536:
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336:
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237:
792:–Candarave would also be vulnerable. Other dangers are ballistic rocks,
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3123:
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3003:
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2965:
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877:
873:
599:
372:
265:
233:
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3271:
3248:
3213:
3193:
3178:
3033:
3013:
2517:
2383:"Perú tiene reserva geotérmica para generar 3 mil MW de electricidad"
2289:
2155:
1974:
934:
908:
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at the foot of the Tutupaca volcano discharge water into the rivers.
832:
777:
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571:
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lava domes such as Purupuruni about 100,000 years ago. Other, older
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also occur. The volcanic rocks erupted during the Holocene define a
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938:
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3078:
2910:
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2606:
2271:
2040:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1980:
1934:
Gałaś, Andrzej; Panajew, Paweł; Cuber, Piotr (30 November 2015).
1831:
1743:
1731:
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723:
687:
638:
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age, and reaches a height of 5,815 metres (19,078 ft). The
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at 5–6 centimetres per year (2.0–2.4 in/year) beneath the
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53:
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209:. Tutupaca consists of three overlapping volcanoes formed by
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2368:
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2028:
1897:
1876:
1870:
1855:
1790:"Active Andean volcanism: its geologic and tectonic setting"
1474:
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where Tutupaca is located. Other Peruvian volcanoes include
37:
3486:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
2734:
1219:
930:
695:
683:
667:
467:
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308:
lies north of the volcano, and two rivers flow nearby: the
301:
198:
2230:"Ingemmet elabora el mapa de peligro del volcán Sara Sara"
801:
768:
infrastructure, would be in danger. Several small towns,
285:
1124:(in French). Firmin Didot Frères, Fils et Cie. p.
367:
and moraines are also found on the western summit, and
2253:"IGP vigilará los 10 volcanes más peligrosos del Perú"
1607:
2725:
Scandiffio, G.; Verastegui, D.; Portilla, F. (1992).
2592:
Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico – Ingemmet
907:
The course of both rivers is influenced by tectonic
391:
The older complex and western Tutupaca have erupted
2508:
2277:
2049:
1986:
399:, while eastern Tutupaca has only produced dacite.
1422:
1420:
1418:
280:considered Tutupaca to be a "bad" mountain, while
2509:Centeno Quico, Riky; Rivera, Marco (April 2020).
1933:
3496:
2656:Pauccara, Vicentina Cruz; Matsuda, Koji (2015).
1927:
637:are found at Tutupaca and are heavily eroded by
2655:
2319:
2301:
2034:
1882:
1483:
1415:
1234:
2472:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1085:
609:The basement of the region consists of folded
351:, which during the Pleistocene were eroded by
2834:
415:suite. Dacites from eastern Tutupaca contain
355:forming up to 100 metres (330 ft) thick
2161:
291:
201:. It is part of the Peruvian segment of the
2325:
2221:
2055:
1560:
1524:, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p. 938,
1520:Pinti, Daniele (2011), "Mafic and Felsic",
1292:Begazo, Jesús Gordillo (15 February 2017).
1240:
1140:
2841:
2827:
2665:Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015
2401:
2374:
2369:Scandiffio, Verastegui & Portilla 1992
2314:Scandiffio, Verastegui & Portilla 1992
2244:
1898:Scandiffio, Verastegui & Portilla 1992
1871:Scandiffio, Verastegui & Portilla 1992
1856:Scandiffio, Verastegui & Portilla 1992
1285:
60:
42:Tutupaca viewed from a southern direction.
2560:
2491:
2381:Quispe, Juan Luis Silvera (27 May 2013).
2191:
1951:
1808:
1781:
1584:
1513:
1305:
1268:
1111:
821:Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico
700:Vilacota Maure Regional Conservation Area
652:
491:valleys and is interlaid by the Paipatja
2613:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
2436:"En Tacna hay alto potencial geotérmico"
2427:
2328:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
643:
2513:(Report). Instituto Geofísico del Perú.
1617:Latin America, Joint Operations Graphic
1566:
1246:
205:, one of several volcanic belts in the
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2407:
2380:
2250:
2227:
1291:
1117:
842:
383:have altered young volcanic products.
2822:
2408:Flores, Alena Mae S. (19 June 2013).
1787:
1519:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
920:These heights are from a 2015 source.
510:The collapse possibly started in the
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2433:
1601:
722:occur on the summit of Tutupaca and
929:A volcanic rock relatively rich in
712:
530:
58:5,815 m (19,078 ft)
13:
1024:
481:
14:
3561:
2797:
2410:"EDC signs Peru, Chile contracts"
2251:Hancco, Nelly (31 October 2017).
271:
2493:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107668
864:, both solid and in the form of
523:in 1980; they can produce large
127:
126:
119:
36:
2434:Poma, Sandy (22 October 2014).
2290:Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2022
2278:Centeno Quico & Rivera 2020
2228:Hancco, Nelly (18 April 2017).
2156:Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2022
2050:Centeno Quico & Rivera 2020
1987:Centeno Quico & Rivera 2020
1975:Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2022
1810:10.4067/S0716-02082004000200001
1000:
987:
974:
965:
944:
923:
914:
847:Tutupaca is also the name of a
1613:"Tarata, Peru; Bolivia; Chile"
1530:10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1893
1428:"Geología del volcán Tutupaca"
901:
889:Energy Development Corporation
386:
193:is a volcano in the region of
1:
3550:Five-thousanders of the Andes
2348:10.1016/S0895-9811(01)00033-5
1099:(in Spanish). 12 January 2012
1017:
698:. The volcano is part of the
2633:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103227
2205:(in Spanish). Archived from
2175:(in Spanish). Archived from
1567:Perales, Oscar J.P. (1994).
1522:Encyclopedia of Astrobiology
1434:(in Spanish). Archived from
1163:(in Spanish). Archived from
726:activity has been recorded.
7:
2302:Pauccara & Matsuda 2015
2232:(in Spanish). Diario Correo
2035:Pauccara & Matsuda 2015
1883:Pauccara & Matsuda 2015
1484:Pauccara & Matsuda 2015
1307:10.33326/26176033.1996.3.68
1235:Pauccara & Matsuda 2015
535:Off the coast of Peru, the
478:on its southeastern flank.
10:
3566:
2458:
2144:Mariño Salazar et al. 2019
1953:10.7494/geotour.2014.37.61
1922:Mariño Salazar et al. 2019
1910:Mariño Salazar et al. 2019
1844:Mariño Salazar et al. 2019
1797:Revista Geológica de Chile
1788:Stern, Charles R. (2004).
1410:Mariño Salazar et al. 2019
1398:Mariño Salazar et al. 2019
1249:"On the Formation of Snow
1118:Soldán, Mateo Paz (1863).
755:
742:volcanic explosivity index
18:
3525:Mountains of Tacna Region
3510:Landforms of Tacna Region
3483:
3440:
3262:
2989:
2856:
2773:10.1007/s00445-016-1011-x
2702:10.1007/s00445-015-0937-8
2553:10.1007/s00445-019-1335-4
2199:"Funciones y Organigrama"
1300:(in Spanish) (3): 73–81.
1270:10.3189/S0022143000023972
625:which were active in the
292:Geology and geomorphology
178:
166:
154:
149:
113:
108:
69:
52:
47:
35:
30:
21:Tutupaca (Moquegua-Tacna)
3535:Pliocene stratovolcanoes
2068:Global Volcanism Program
1298:Ciencia & Desarrollo
1046:Global Volcanism Program
894:
341:Global Volcanism Program
3530:Miocene stratovolcanoes
3505:Stratovolcanoes of Peru
2753:Bulletin of Volcanology
2682:Bulletin of Volcanology
2533:Bulletin of Volcanology
2073:Smithsonian Institution
1940:Geotourism/Geoturystyka
1619:(2 ed.). 1:250000.
1247:Amstutz, G. C. (1959).
1051:Smithsonian Institution
3263:Southern Volcanic Zone
3049:Andagua volcanic field
2857:Northern Volcanic Zone
2522:(Report) (in Spanish).
1759:Valderrama et al. 2016
1705:Valderrama et al. 2016
1693:Valderrama et al. 2016
1678:Valderrama et al. 2016
1666:Valderrama et al. 2016
1654:Valderrama et al. 2016
1630:Valderrama et al. 2016
1609:Defense Mapping Agency
1586:10.4144/rpsj1986.41.72
1386:Valderrama et al. 2016
956:Southern Volcanic Zone
952:Northern Volcanic Zone
672:Peruvian feather grass
653:Climate and vegetation
649:
564:Andagua volcanic field
3545:Neogene South America
3540:Miocene South America
3441:Austral Volcanic Zone
3367:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
3039:Huambo volcanic field
2990:Central Volcanic Zone
2414:Manila Standard Today
2132:Samaniego et al. 2015
2117:Samaniego et al. 2015
2093:Samaniego et al. 2015
1776:Samaniego et al. 2015
1717:Samaniego et al. 2015
1642:Samaniego et al. 2015
1508:Samaniego et al. 2015
1496:Samaniego et al. 2015
1469:Samaniego et al. 2015
1371:Samaniego et al. 2015
1257:Journal of Glaciology
1214:Samaniego et al. 2015
1199:Samaniego et al. 2015
1080:Samaniego et al. 2015
960:Austral Volcanic Zone
647:
548:Central Volcanic Zone
203:Central Volcanic Zone
3515:Andean Volcanic Belt
2976:Licto volcanic field
2209:on 29 September 2020
2105:Manrique et al. 2019
1573:Resources Processing
1354:Manrique et al. 2019
776:, and the two roads
466:alteration, forming
260:manifestations with
173:Andean Volcanic Belt
140:Location of Tutupaca
2765:2016BVol...78...14V
2694:2015BVol...77...51S
2625:2021JSAES.10903227M
2545:2019BVol...82....6M
2484:2022JVGR..43107668B
2340:2001JSAES..14..377S
2146:, pp. 106–107.
1457:Bernard et al. 2022
1337:Bernard et al. 2022
1121:Géographie du Pérou
887:and the Philippine
860:and occurrences of
843:Geothermal activity
544:South America Plate
242:South America Plate
89: /
3362:Carrán-Los Venados
3307:Nevados de Chillán
3292:Descabezado Grande
2023:Mariño et al. 2021
2011:Mariño et al. 2021
1999:Mariño et al. 2021
1832:Mariño et al. 2021
1744:Mariño et al. 2021
1732:Mariño et al. 2021
1555:Mariño et al. 2021
731:radiocarbon dating
660:Western Cordillera
650:
48:Highest point
3520:Mountains of Peru
3492:
3491:
3302:Nevado de Longaví
3244:Cueros de Purulla
3224:Cordón del Azufre
2886:Nevado del Tolima
2562:20.500.12544/2481
2179:on 7 October 2020
2095:, pp. 14–15.
1510:, pp. 11–12.
1157:"Volcán Tutupaca"
794:pyroclastic flows
774:irrigation canals
188:
187:
93:17.026°S 70.372°W
3557:
3487:
3357:Mocho-Choshuenco
2891:Nevado del Huila
2850:Andean volcanoes
2843:
2836:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2792:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2731:
2721:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2662:
2652:
2603:
2582:
2564:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2495:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1762:
1756:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1656:, pp. 3, 5.
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1438:on 8 August 2022
1424:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1357:
1351:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1309:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1196:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1153:
1138:
1137:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1037:
1011:
1004:
998:
991:
985:
978:
972:
969:
963:
948:
942:
927:
921:
918:
912:
905:
870:siliceous sinter
868:gas, as well as
866:hydrogen sulfide
837:Sachaca District
762:geothermal power
713:Eruption history
708:
648:Tutupaca volcano
531:Geologic context
521:Mount St. Helens
493:pyroclastic flow
381:frost shattering
333:Plinian eruption
246:pyroclastic flow
130:
129:
123:
104:
103:
101:
100:
99:
98:-17.026; -70.372
94:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
65:
64:
40:
28:
27:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3479:
3442:
3436:
3264:
3258:
3254:Ojos del Salado
3184:Aguas Calientes
2991:
2985:
2881:Nevado del Ruiz
2858:
2852:
2847:
2800:
2795:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2669:
2667:
2660:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2169:"Quiénes Somos"
2167:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2123:
2119:, pp. 4–5.
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1765:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1606:
1602:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1475:
1471:, pp. 3–4.
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1360:
1352:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1290:
1286:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1220:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1141:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1039:
1038:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1005:
1001:
992:
988:
979:
975:
970:
966:
949:
945:
928:
924:
919:
915:
906:
902:
897:
845:
758:
715:
702:
655:
635:stratovolcanoes
613:sediments, and
533:
484:
482:Sector collapse
389:
379:processes like
361:glacial valleys
294:
274:
161:Stratovolcanoes
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
135:
131:
97:
95:
91:
88:
83:
80:
78:
76:
75:
59:
43:
24:
17:
16:Volcano in Peru
12:
11:
5:
3563:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:Purico complex
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2798:External links
2796:
2794:
2793:
2747:
2722:
2676:
2653:
2604:
2583:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2426:
2400:
2373:
2371:, p. 355.
2361:
2318:
2316:, p. 370.
2306:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2243:
2220:
2190:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2121:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2054:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1900:, p. 348.
1887:
1875:
1873:, p. 347.
1860:
1858:, p. 346.
1848:
1836:
1824:
1803:(2): 161–206.
1780:
1763:
1748:
1736:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1600:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1375:
1358:
1341:
1329:
1284:
1239:
1218:
1203:
1178:
1167:on 5 June 2020
1139:
1110:
1084:
1063:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
999:
986:
982:calibrated age
973:
964:
943:
937:, relative to
922:
913:
899:
898:
896:
893:
844:
841:
770:diversion dams
757:
754:
714:
711:
654:
651:
532:
529:
483:
480:
401:Trachyandesite
388:
385:
314:Tacalaya River
310:Callazas River
293:
290:
276:The people in
273:
272:Oral tradition
270:
186:
185:
182:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
147:
146:
139:
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73:
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56:
50:
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41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3516:
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3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3482:
3476:
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3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
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3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Michinmahuida
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
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3333:
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3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
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3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:San Francisco
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Aucanquilcha
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3029:Hualca Hualca
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:(6° N – 3° S)
2855:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2441:
2440:Diario Correo
2437:
2430:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2280:, p. 13.
2279:
2274:
2258:
2257:Diario Correo
2254:
2247:
2231:
2224:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2158:, p. 18.
2157:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2134:, p. 16.
2133:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2107:, p. 23.
2106:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2052:, p. 27.
2051:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2025:, p. 10.
2024:
2019:
2013:, p. 14.
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1989:, p. 26.
1988:
1983:
1977:, p. 46.
1976:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1924:, p. 15.
1923:
1918:
1912:, p. 23.
1911:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1846:, p. 11.
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1746:, p. 11.
1745:
1740:
1734:, p. 15.
1733:
1728:
1726:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1695:, p. 10.
1694:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1539:9783642112713
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1498:, p. 11.
1497:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1412:, p. 26.
1411:
1406:
1400:, p. 12.
1399:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1338:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1082:, p. 13.
1081:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1009:
1008:public agency
1003:
996:
990:
983:
977:
968:
961:
957:
953:
947:
940:
936:
932:
926:
917:
910:
904:
900:
892:
890:
886:
885:Alterra Power
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
840:
838:
834:
830:
829:Peruvian sols
826:
822:
819:The Peruvian
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
753:
751:
750:magma chamber
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
710:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
646:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:Hualca Hualca
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
508:
506:
502:
496:
494:
490:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:orthopyroxene
441:
438:
434:
430:
429:clinopyroxene
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:calc-alkaline
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:and U-shaped
358:
354:
350:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
289:
288:to Tutupaca.
287:
283:
279:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
229:in the past.
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
183:
181:
180:Last eruption
177:
174:
171:
169:
165:
162:
159:
157:
156:Mountain type
153:
148:
122:
112:
107:
102:
74:
72:
68:
63:
57:
55:
51:
46:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3347:Quetrupillán
3209:Llullaillaco
3083:
3074:Huaynaputina
2756:
2752:
2739:. Retrieved
2733:
2685:
2681:
2668:. Retrieved
2664:
2616:
2612:
2591:
2536:
2532:
2475:
2471:
2444:. Retrieved
2442:(in Spanish)
2439:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2413:
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2389:(in Spanish)
2387:La República
2386:
2376:
2364:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2309:
2304:, p. 8.
2297:
2292:, p. 3.
2285:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2259:(in Spanish)
2256:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2202:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2177:the original
2172:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2066:
2057:
2037:, p. 9.
2030:
2018:
2006:
2001:, p. 9.
1994:
1982:
1970:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1885:, p. 2.
1878:
1851:
1839:
1834:, p. 2.
1827:
1800:
1796:
1783:
1778:, p. 1.
1761:, p. 1.
1739:
1719:, p. 6.
1712:
1707:, p. 6.
1700:
1680:, p. 4.
1673:
1668:, p. 7.
1661:
1649:
1644:, p. 5.
1637:
1632:, p. 2.
1625:
1616:
1603:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1557:, p. 8.
1521:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1486:, p. 3.
1464:
1459:, p. 5.
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:the original
1431:
1405:
1393:
1388:, p. 3.
1373:, p. 4.
1356:, p. 2.
1339:, p. 4.
1332:
1297:
1287:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1242:
1237:, p. 1.
1216:, p. 2.
1201:, p. 3.
1169:. Retrieved
1165:the original
1160:
1120:
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1097:La República
1096:
1087:
1054:. Retrieved
1044:
1002:
989:
976:
967:
946:
925:
916:
903:
882:
846:
818:
810:volcanic gas
800:avalanches,
759:
739:
734:
728:
716:
691:
656:
608:
598:, Yucamane,
592:Huaynaputina
534:
519:in 1888 and
517:Mount Bandai
512:hydrothermal
509:
497:
485:
470:. Elemental
464:hydrothermal
390:
345:
335:deposits of
322:
295:
275:
240:beneath the
231:
217:made out of
190:
189:
168:Volcanic arc
25:
3443:(49°–55° S)
3427:Mate Grande
3277:Tupungatito
3265:(33°–46° S)
3144:Olca-Paruma
3139:Irruputuncu
3129:Tata Sabaya
3069:Pichu Pichu
2999:Quimsachata
2992:(14°–27° S)
2876:Cerro Bravo
1263:(24): 309.
995:radiocarbon
878:Hot springs
825:deformation
782:Desaguadero
703: [
678:, but also
537:Nazca Plate
527:of debris.
503:volcano in
448:plagioclase
387:Composition
337:Pleistocene
306:Lake Suches
266:hot springs
238:Nazca Plate
96: /
71:Coordinates
3499:Categories
3387:Hornopirén
3372:Casablanca
3342:Villarrica
3337:Sollipulli
3297:Cerro Azul
3169:Licancabur
3164:Sairecabur
3124:Guallatiri
3114:Parinacota
3094:Purupuruni
3004:Auquihuato
2971:Tungurahua
2966:Chimborazo
2926:Reventador
2901:Doña Juana
2619:: 103227.
2478:: 107668.
2334:(4): 381.
2063:"Yucamane"
1251:Penitentes
1041:"Tutupaca"
1018:References
909:lineaments
876:deposits.
874:travertine
849:geothermal
833:US dollars
619:lineaments
600:Purupuruni
525:avalanches
377:Proglacial
373:ignimbrite
349:lava flows
329:lava domes
258:geothermal
234:subduction
215:lava domes
211:lava flows
84:70°22′19″W
81:17°01′34″S
3407:Corcovado
3327:Lonquimay
3287:Calabozos
3272:Tupungato
3249:Incahuasi
3214:Lastarria
3194:Chiliques
3034:Sabancaya
3014:Sara Sara
2931:Pichincha
2866:Paipa-Iza
2789:130775464
2781:0258-8900
2759:(2): 14.
2718:127649737
2710:0258-8900
2688:(6): 51.
2649:233978980
2641:0895-9811
2600:1560-9928
2579:209393209
2571:1432-0819
2502:252193337
2356:0895-9811
1962:2353-3641
1946:(2): 66.
1819:0716-0208
1595:1883-9150
1579:(2): 75.
1324:198573899
1316:2304-8891
1279:0022-1430
1134:253927093
935:magnesium
831:(4768041
720:fumaroles
692:bofedales
690:, called
572:Sabancaya
552:Sara Sara
501:Shiveluch
417:amphibole
409:potassium
318:meltwater
278:Candarave
262:fumaroles
227:glaciated
109:Geography
54:Elevation
3475:Fueguino
3460:Aguilera
3412:Mentolat
3322:Callaqui
3159:Zapaleri
3089:Yucamane
3084:Tutupaca
3054:Chachani
3024:Coropuna
3019:Solimana
2961:Quilotoa
2956:Cotopaxi
2951:Illiniza
2936:Antisana
2539:(1): 6.
2203:INGEMMET
2173:INGEMMET
2078:21 March
1611:(1996).
1432:INGEMMET
1161:INGEMMET
1056:21 March
958:and the
939:silicium
858:mud pots
688:Wetlands
639:glaciers
627:Tertiary
615:Cenozoic
611:Mesozoic
584:El Misti
580:Chachani
560:Coropuna
556:Solimana
540:subducts
437:titanium
405:trachyte
393:andesite
357:moraines
353:glaciers
326:Holocene
282:Yucamane
254:Yucamane
250:Holocene
219:andesite
191:Tutupaca
134:Tutupaca
31:Tutupaca
3450:Lautaro
3402:Chaitén
3382:Calbuco
3317:Copahue
3234:Peinado
3219:Lazufre
3204:Socompa
3109:Taapaca
3079:Ticsani
2921:Cayambe
2911:Azufral
2906:Galeras
2871:Romeral
2761:Bibcode
2741:7 March
2690:Bibcode
2670:7 March
2621:Bibcode
2541:Bibcode
2480:Bibcode
2459:Sources
2393:7 March
2336:Bibcode
2263:7 March
2236:7 March
2213:9 April
2183:9 April
1615:(Map).
1442:7 March
1171:7 March
1103:8 April
854:geysers
808:rains,
756:Hazards
724:seismic
680:lichens
631:dacitic
596:Ticsani
489:glacial
425:biotite
421:apatite
365:Cirques
236:of the
150:Geology
3470:Burney
3465:Reclus
3455:Viedma
3432:Hudson
3392:Huequi
3377:Osorno
3332:Llaima
3312:Antuco
3199:Aracar
3189:Lascar
3179:Pacana
3154:Azufre
3134:Isluga
3104:Tacora
3099:Casiri
3064:Ubinas
3044:Ampato
3009:Firura
2981:Sangay
2916:Chiles
2896:Puracé
2787:
2779:
2716:
2708:
2647:
2639:
2598:
2577:
2569:
2500:
2354:
1960:
1817:
1593:
1536:
1322:
1314:
1277:
1132:
954:, the
862:sulfur
814:lahars
806:pumice
798:scoria
790:Tarata
766:mining
735:et al.
684:mosses
676:yareta
674:, and
623:faults
604:Casiri
588:Ubinas
568:Ampato
562:, the
505:Russia
472:sulfur
456:sphene
454:, and
452:quartz
440:oxides
411:-rich
397:dacite
369:tephra
223:dacite
3352:Lanín
3282:Maipo
3229:Galán
3119:Lauca
3059:Misti
2946:Soche
2941:Aliso
2785:S2CID
2730:(PDF)
2714:S2CID
2661:(PDF)
2645:S2CID
2575:S2CID
2498:S2CID
2446:8 May
2419:8 May
1793:(PDF)
1320:S2CID
895:Notes
786:Tacna
746:Arica
707:]
668:herbs
664:cacti
468:clays
460:Mafic
298:Tacna
207:Andes
195:Tacna
3422:Macá
2777:ISSN
2743:2018
2735:IAEA
2706:ISSN
2672:2018
2637:ISSN
2596:ISSN
2567:ISSN
2448:2018
2421:2018
2395:2018
2352:ISSN
2265:2018
2238:2018
2215:2018
2185:2018
2080:2018
1958:ISSN
1815:ISSN
1591:ISSN
1534:ISBN
1444:2018
1312:ISSN
1275:ISSN
1173:2018
1130:OCLC
1105:2018
1058:2018
933:and
931:iron
872:and
812:and
804:and
784:and
764:and
696:snow
682:and
621:and
602:and
476:mine
433:iron
403:and
395:and
302:Peru
264:and
221:and
213:and
199:Peru
184:1802
3417:Cay
2769:doi
2698:doi
2629:doi
2617:109
2557:hdl
2549:doi
2488:doi
2476:431
2344:doi
1948:doi
1805:doi
1581:doi
1526:doi
1302:doi
1265:doi
802:ash
778:Ilo
300:in
286:ode
197:in
3501::
2783:.
2775:.
2767:.
2757:78
2755:.
2732:.
2712:.
2704:.
2696:.
2686:77
2684:.
2663:.
2643:.
2635:.
2627:.
2615:.
2611:.
2594:.
2590:.
2573:.
2565:.
2555:.
2547:.
2537:82
2535:.
2531:.
2496:.
2486:.
2474:.
2470:.
2438:.
2412:.
2385:.
2350:.
2342:.
2332:14
2330:.
2255:.
2201:.
2171:.
2124:^
2071:.
2065:.
2042:^
1956:.
1944:37
1942:.
1938:.
1890:^
1863:^
1813:.
1801:31
1799:.
1795:.
1766:^
1751:^
1724:^
1685:^
1589:.
1577:41
1575:.
1571:.
1547:^
1532:,
1476:^
1430:.
1417:^
1378:^
1361:^
1344:^
1318:.
1310:.
1296:.
1273:.
1259:.
1255:.
1221:^
1206:^
1181:^
1159:.
1142:^
1128:.
1095:.
1066:^
1049:.
1043:.
1026:^
1006:A
856:,
796:,
772:,
709:.
705:es
686:.
670:,
666:,
641:.
594:,
590:,
586:,
582:,
578:,
566:,
558:,
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450:,
446:,
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427:,
423:,
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363:.
304:.
268:.
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2700::
2692::
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2602:.
2581:.
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2543::
2504:.
2490::
2482::
2450:.
2423:.
2397:.
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2346::
2338::
2267:.
2240:.
2217:.
2187:.
2082:.
1964:.
1950::
1821:.
1807::
1597:.
1583::
1528::
1446:.
1326:.
1304::
1281:.
1267::
1261:3
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1175:.
1136:.
1126:8
1107:.
1060:.
962:.
941:.
911:.
788:–
780:–
574:–
570:–
435:-
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
