111:
486:. Lava flows are 20–50 metres (66–164 ft) thick and often show characteristic flow ridges. They are especially prevalent on the upper western and upper southern flanks of the volcano, while the eastern flank has a higher proportion of pyroclastic flows, as does the far southern flank. Based on slope angle, a "Yucamane I" volcano, which forms the lower part of the volcano and has a more gentle slope, has been distinguished from a "Yucamane II", which sits atop "Yucamane I" and has steeper slopes. The lower part of the volcano bears traces of
104:
38:
498:
11-kilometre (6.8 mi) long north-south volcanic chain with
Yucamane. Calientes and Yucamane are considered to be a paired volcano with a volume of 20–25 cubic kilometres (4.8–6.0 cu mi) and a base area of 58–60 square kilometres (22–23 sq mi). Other volcanoes in the area include San Pedro, López Extraña and the much older Nazaparco. Nazaparco consists of
841:), 126,000 ± 3,000, 95,600 ± 16,700, 133,400 ± 13,500, 102,000 ± 6,000 and 3,000 ± 3,000 years ago. Yucamane itself has an undated first stage, lava flows dated at 380,000 ± 300,000, 23,000 ± 1,000, 7,100 ± 1,000 and 3,000 ± 2,000 years before present. The activity of Calientes and Yucamane overlapped in time, and both have generated lava flows which lie above moraines.
760:
precipitation events the mountain is sometimes covered with snow. Because of the scarcity of precipitation, the volcanoes are relatively uneroded. Above 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) elevation temperatures are almost always freezing, and while at 3,800–4,500 metres (12,500–14,800 ft) elevation daily temperatures can reach 5 °C (41 °F)
2732:
Puma, Roger
Machacca; Calienes, José Alberto Del Carpio; Porras, Marco Antonio Rivera; Huarache, Hernando Jhonny Tavera; Franco, Luisa Diomira Macedo; Calle, Jorge Andrés Concha; Zerpa, Ivonne Alejandra Lazarte; Quico, Riky Gustavo Centeno; Sacsi, Nino Celestino Puma; Aguilar, José Luis Torres; Alva,
441:
and
Yucamane may have been active in recent history. The largest historical eruption in Peru occurred in 1600 at Huaynaputina and caused 1,500 fatalities and severe economic damage. Other major eruptions occurred 2,000 years before present at El Misti volcano, 1,000 years before present at Ubinas and
961:
considers
Yucamane a "moderately hazardous" volcano; it has published ash fall, lava flow and pyroclastic flow hazard maps for Yucamane, and additional hazard maps are available on its website. According to these the western, eastern and southern flanks could be threatened by lava flows, whereas the
855:
on the western and southern flanks. Other events occurred 29,200 + 170/−160, forming the Honda block-and-ash flow deposit, and 3,270 ± 50/3,085 ± 35 years before present; during the course of this eruption
Yucamane expelled at least 7,000,000 cubic metres (250,000,000 cu ft) of material in
506:
block and ash flows, while
Yucamane Chico and Calientes are surrounded by radially extending lava flows like Yucamane proper and Calientes has produced a 8–12 cubic kilometres (1.9–2.9 cu mi) ignimbrite south of Yucamane. Calientes has a 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide summit crater with a
497:
Several other volcanoes lie north of
Yucamane, such as the 5,025 metres (16,486 ft), 5,310-metre (17,420 ft) or 5,355-metre (17,569 ft) high Yucamane Chico and the 5,368-metre (17,612 ft), 5,358-metre (17,579 ft) or 4,980 metres (16,340 ft) high Calientes, which form a
579:
releases fluids which induce the formation of melts which are then erupted on the surface as volcanism. The subduction process is not uniform along the plate margin; variations in the dip of the subducting Nazca plate occur along its length, and volcanic activity is concentrated in three belts
3194:
Samaniego, Pablo; Valderrama, Patricio; Mariño, Jersy; Vries, Benjamín van Wyk de; Roche, Olivier; Manrique, Nélida; Chédeville, Corentin; Liorzou, Céline; Fidel, Lionel; Malnati, Judicaëlle (1 June 2015). "The historical (218 ± 14 aBP) explosive eruption of
Tutupaca volcano (Southern Peru)".
759:
The region has a dry tropical climate, with precipitation on
Yucamane amounting to about 200–180 millimetres per year (7.9–7.1 in/year). Most of it falls during the summer months, and the amount of precipitation decreases southwestward towards the coast and away from the mountains. After
494:. The edifice rises on a gently sloping plain between the Callazas and Calientes rivers. On the southeastern flank a secondary volcanic centre, 4,200-metre (13,800 ft) high Mal Paso, can be found. This cone is 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) wide and has a partially destroyed crater.
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featuring several explosive eruptions occurring at
Yucamane proper and effusive eruptions at Calientes. The last dated eruption of Yucamane occurred 1,320 BCE; whether there were historical eruptions is unclear as some eruptions attributed to Yucamane probably took place at
832:
Yucamane Chico has produced rocks dated to 6.14 ± 0.11 and 5.47 ± 0.09 million years ago. Nazaparco was dated to 6.23 ± 0.1 million years ago, while dates of 540,000 ± 270,000, 486,000 ± 11,000, 200,000 - 150,000 (for the ignimbrite. Its eruption probably reached a
507:
lava dome complex and a 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) long presumably glacial valley filled with the most recent lava domes. While its upper sector is well preserved, the lower flanks like the older volcanoes are eroded. The older volcanoes show evidence of
470:; this depression in turn has a smaller crater with a diameter of 300 metres (980 ft) and a depth of about 120 metres (390 ft) nested within. The summit crater has a young appearance, and due to the youth of the volcano there is little trace of
540:
The slopes of the volcano drain westward, eastward and southward towards the Calientes and Callazas rivers in the east and west of Yucamane, respectively. Both rivers flow southward and ultimately join to form the Locumba river, which ends in the
909:
newspaper states that Yucamane was "bursting" and "steaming" in 1787. There does not appear to be any volcanic material more recent than the 3,270 ± 50/3,085 ± 35 eruption, however. Overall, historical records are fragmentary and scarce, and the
519:
at elevations of about 4,300 metres (14,100 ft) and glacial deposits with a volume of about 0.5–1 cubic kilometre (0.12–0.24 cu mi). This volcanic complex is part of the Cordillera del Barroso mountain chain in southern Peru.
401:, one of the three major volcanic belts in the Andes, which spans the countries of Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. In Peru about four hundred heavily eroded volcanoes make up the volcanically active area along with the active volcanoes
1046:
Candarave inhabitants call Tutupaca the "bad mountain" and Yucamane the "good mountain", which may refer to volcanic activity at the former. Volcanic activity at Tutupaca was attributed to Yucamane in part because Tutupaca is more heavily
900:
Eruptions reported in 1787, 1802, 1862 and 1902 in the region have also been attributed to Yucamane, although some may actually have occurred at Tutupaca. The 1787 and 1902 events involved the emission of ash; an 1874 edition of the
303:
90 kilometres (56 mi) south. A number of mostly agricultural towns exist on its slopes, such as Aricota, Cairani, Camilaca, Cucachi, Huanuara, Morjani, Pallata, Susapaya, Tarata, Ticaco, Totora and Yucamane Pampa, as well as
531:
runs in a north-south direction across the volcanoes, and another fault that runs northwest-southeast is named the Yucamane Chico fault; the Yucamane Chico volcano roughly coincides with the intersection of these faults.
658:
volcanic Huaylillas formation and the 10-1 million years old Barroso Group; parts of this basement crop out on the southern side of Yucamane. This basement in turn consists of two major tectonic blocks, the southern
788:
2808:
743:. Calientes has produced a similar rock suite but with a dominance of dacite instead of basaltic andesite and andesite as in Yucamane. The magmas formed through the assimilation of
2872:
2384:
Juvigné, Etienne; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Loutsch, Isabelle; Lamadon, Sébastien; Frechen, Manfred; Fontugne, Michel; Rivera, Marco; Dávila, Jasmine; Mariño, Jersy (1 June 2008).
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lake southwest of the volcano. Hazards from lava flows derive from their ability to bury land and to ignite flammable materials, as well as the possible creation of
804:
462:
Yucamane is a mountain whose height is variously given as 5,495-metre (18,028 ft), 5,500-metre (18,000 ft) or 5,508-metre (18,071 ft). It is a high
2653:
Jay, J. A.; Welch, M.; Pritchard, M. E.; Mares, P. J.; Mnich, M. E.; Melkonian, A. K.; Aguilera, F.; Naranjo, J. A.; Sunagua, M.; Clavero, J. (1 January 2013).
1668:
619:. Volcanoes in Peru were first catalogued in 1962 and 1966, with a major compilation being published in 1991 by De Silva and Francis. These volcanoes include
892:. In total, about 4-5 explosive eruptions occurred in post-glacial time and left tephra deposits over the southern and southeastern flanks of the edifice.
793:
680:
3240:
Silva, SL de; Francis, P. W. (1 March 1990). "Potentially active volcanoes of Peru-Observations using Landsat Thematic Mapper and Space Shuttle imagery".
3286:
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Cotrina Chávez, Gerson José; Vargas Rodríguez, Víctor; Olarte Concha, Yeslin; Sánchez Díaz, Mauro; Peña Laureano, Fluquer; Pari Pinto, Walter (2009).
1943:
Thouret, Jean-Claude; Rivera, Marco; Wörner, Gerhard; Gerbe, Marie-Christine; Finizola, Anthony; Fornari, Michel; Gonzales, Katherine (1 July 2005).
3115:
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at a rate of about 4.6 centimetres per year (1.8 in/year). This subduction process is responsible for the volcanic activity in the Andes. The
2735:"Monitoring of active volcanoes in Peru by the Instituto Geofísico del Perú: Early warning systems, communication, and information dissemination"
2733:
Katherine Andrea Vargas; Igme, John Edward Cruz; Quispe, Lizbeth Velarde; Nina, Javier Vilca; Garay, Alan Reinhold Malpartida (1 November 2021).
60:
3132:
Rivera, Marco; Samaniego, Pablo; Vela, Jessica; Le Pennec, Jean-Luc; Guillou, Hervé; Paquette, Jean-Louis; Liorzou, Céline (1 March 2020).
933:. Thermal anomalies of about 3 °C (5.4 °F) of uncertain origin have been observed on Yucamane by satellite imagery. The Caliente
2554:"Una gran erupción del volcán Tutupaca (Tacna) ocurrida hace aproximadamente 200 años AP: implicaciones para la evaluación de la amenaza"
2386:"Retombées volcaniques dans des tourbières et lacs autour du massif des Nevados Ampato et Sabancaya (Pérou méridional, Andes Centrales)"
615:
activity on the other hand is confined to southern Peru as part of the Central Volcanic Zone, with volcanic centres concentrated in the
3355:
3134:"The eruptive chronology of the Yucamane-Calientes compound volcano: A potentially active edifice of the Central Andes (southern Peru)"
986:
847:
has shown the occurrence of an eruption 44,000 ± 2,130/2,910 years ago; another one occurred 36,450 ± 250 years ago and generated a
549:
derived from volcanic rocks, including Yucamane's volcanic rocks; arsenic in drinking water is linked to internal organ damage and
394:, but volcanic activity is typically poorly recorded in Peru, owing to the remote nature of the region and the scarce population.
3318:
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1944:
2451:
Beal, Samuel A.; Kelly, Meredith A.; Stroup, Justin S.; Jackson, Brian P.; Lowell, Thomas V.; Tapia, Pedro M. (1 April 2014).
2150:
929:, the fumaroles are most recognizable after precipitation and are not very intense. Presently, Yucamane is considered to be a
3181:
Rivera Porras, Marco Antonio; Samaniego Eguiguren, Pablo; Vela Valdez, Jessica Carolina; Le Pennec, Jean-Luc (October 2018).
2655:"Volcanic hotspots of the central and southern Andes as seen from space by ASTER and MODVOLC between the years 2000 and 2010"
1871:
McClintock, Tyler R.; Chen, Yu; Bundschuh, Jochen; Oliver, John T.; Navoni, Julio; Olmos, Valentina; Lepori, Edda Villaamil;
3183:"Geología y evaluación de peligros del Complejo Volcánico Yucamane - Calientes (Candarave - Tacna) - [Boletín C 65]"
2453:"Natural and anthropogenic variations in atmospheric mercury deposition during the Holocene near Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru"
4040:
4060:
3059:"Stratovolcanoes in the Western Cordillera – Polish Scientific Expedition to Peru 2003–2012 reconnaissance research"
4035:
2270:"Brachistosternus ninapo una nueva especie (Scorpiones:Bothriuridae) de los Andes occidentales en el sur del Perú"
359:, with elevations of up to 4,000–5,000 metres (13,000–16,000 ft), which are separated from each other by the
3319:"Estudio Tefro-estratigráfico preliminar del depósito de caída de la última erupción del volcán Yucamane (Tacna)"
616:
352:
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between Yucamane and Calientes. The edifice of the volcano and surrounding region are part of the Vilacota-Maure
3113:
RIVERA, Marco; MARIÑO, Jersy (2004). "Geología, petrología y evaluación preliminar de las amenazas volcánicas".
2552:
Valderrama, Pablo; Samaniego, Pablo; Mariño, Jersy; Manrique, Nélida; de Vries, B. V. W.; Fidel, Lionel (2013).
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older volcanoes protect much of the northern flank. Hazards from pyroclastic flows extend farther, down to the
4055:
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356:
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Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Rivera, Marco; Torres, José; Tavera, Hernando; Puma, Nino (August 2022).
820:
word for "fire-spitting mountain". This scorpion was discovered on the sides of the volcanoes Yucamane and
53:
164:
2224:
2222:
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1745:
1743:
1617:"Geochemical Characterization of Thermal Waters in the Calientes Geothermal Field, Tacna, South of Peru"
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The Andes are the longest mountain range on Earth, extending 9,000 kilometres (5,600 mi) from the
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lies 7 kilometres (4.3 mi)-11 kilometres (6.8 mi) southwest from the volcano and the city of
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Ash fall from an eruption could extend southeastward to the border with Chile and affect the towns of
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and influenced the chemistry of lakes close to the ice cap. Activity during the late Pleistocene and
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1706:
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1391:
1125:
2988:"Evaluación del peligro volcánico en Perú: una herramienta para la gestión del riesgo de desastres"
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when they break, while the high speed and temperatures of pyroclastic flows threatens people with
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suite. The andesites make up the bulk of the outcropping edifice. These andesitic rocks contain
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205:
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2081:"Dykes, cups, saucers and sills: Analogue experiments on magma intrusion into brittle rocks"
1877:"Arsenic exposure in Latin America: Biomarkers, risk assessments and related health effects"
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in the north. In southern Peru, the Andes consist of several mountain chains including the
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2079:
Mathieu, L.; van Wyk de Vries, B.; Holohan, Eoghan P.; Troll, Valentin R. (15 July 2008).
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Yucamane, together with the volcanoes Yucamane Chico and Calientes farther north, forms a
8:
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highway, and a road leads up the northwestern flank of Yucamane to a point close to the
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The area of Yucamane is accessible by a number of roads including the international
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vegetation east/west and south of the volcano on its lower slopes, respectively.
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1945:"Ubinas: the evolution of the historically most active volcano in southern Peru"
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Smoll, Lionel Fídel; Morche, Wolfgang; Juárez, Segundo Ñúnez (May 1997).
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More than 2,000 volcanoes exist in the Andes, mainly in the countries of
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599:, with remnants of the oldest volcanic arc recognizable in the Peruvian
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woods have been observed on its flanks, which are otherwise covered by
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3410:
3287:"Mapa preliminar de amenaza volcánica potencial del volcan Yucamane"
3092:
Gamarra, Jorge Barriga; Peralta, Federico Yabar (16 February 2017).
2972:"Hidrogeología de la cuenca del río Locumba - [Boletín H 2]"
2809:"Mapa preliminar de amenaza volcanica potencial del volcan Yucamane"
2678:
978:, burial and burns. More than 9,000 people live in the danger zone.
390:. Seven volcanoes have been active in Peru since the arrival of the
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3333:
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2078:
1675:
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1367:
967:
958:
922:
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873:
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epoch, volcanic activity occurred along the entire length of Peru;
596:
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379:
264:
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2011:
2009:
1410:
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3733:
3718:
3623:
3593:
3425:
3420:
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Gałaś, Andrzej; Panajew, Paweł; Cuber, Piotr (30 November 2015).
3016:
Galán de Mera, Antonio; González, Adolfo; Cáceres, César (2003).
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The volcanic group was active in the Pleistocene epoch, with the
2432:
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957:, detectors of tilt and cameras. The Peruvian geological agency
208:, one of the three volcanic belts of the Andes generated by the
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3648:
3618:
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3523:
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Vela, Jessica; Samaniego, Pablo; Rivera, Marco (October 2014).
2873:"Mapa de amenaza pro flujos piroclasticos del volcano Yucamane"
2006:
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Boletín Ingemmet. Serie C: Geodinámica e Ingeniería Geológica
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1994:
1870:
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with overall low vegetation density on its upper slopes, and
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2213:
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2144:"Idrogeología de la cuenca del Río Locumba - Mapa Geológico"
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1296:"Geología del complejo volcánico Yucamane-Calientes (Tacna)"
1219:
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two centuries ago at Tutupaca. Finally, the three volcanoes
37:
4001:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
2533:
1645:
1439:
1230:
1228:
667:; both are formed by igneous and metamorphic rocks such as
387:
288:
201:
136:
3285:
Smoll, Lionel Fídel; Huaccán, Alfredo Huamaní (May 2001).
3018:"La vegetación de la alta montaña andina del sur del Perú"
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2234:
1852:
1811:
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1787:
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474:. Yucamane has a conical shape and is formed primarily by
3294:
Boletin N°26: Serie C: Geodinámica e Ingeniería Geológica
2841:"Mapa de amenaza pro flujos de lava del volcano Yucamane"
2509:
2119:
1630:
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1469:
1314:
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545:. The water in these rivers contains large quantities of
170:
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1225:
1615:
Cruz, Vicentina; Vargas, Victor; Matsuda, Koji (2010).
2652:
2450:
454:
have heights exceeding 6,000 metres (20,000 ft).
527:
runs along the Andes close to Yucamane. The Yucamane
3187:
Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico – INGEMMET
1669:"Mapa Geomorfologico del Sistema Volcanico Yucamane"
3316:
2561:
Foro Internacional de Peligros Geológicos, Arequipa
2438:
1599:
1386:
1384:
1249:
3094:"Investigación de la actividad volcánica en Tacna"
888:falls, block and ash flows, pyroclastic flows and
595:Volcanism in the region has been active since the
239:volcanic group. Yucamane is constructed mainly by
3300:
3056:
2039:
2027:
2015:
1734:
1614:
1504:
1463:
1416:
787:lower on the volcano. The volcano is part of the
592:) where the angle of subduction is steep enough.
4027:
3328:(in Spanish). 17th Peruvian Geological Congress.
2659:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1381:
2618:
1361:"Mapa Geologico del Sistema Volcanico Yucamane"
767:Vegetation around the volcano includes a humid
754:
466:, with an about 800-metre (2,600 ft) wide
3138:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
3091:
2707:
2545:
2136:
2000:
1938:
1936:
1864:
270:
3349:
2444:
347:archipelago in southernmost South America to
3284:
3239:
3112:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2646:
2600:
2539:
2515:
2356:
2332:
2320:
2263:
2261:
2240:
2130:
1858:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1695:
1651:
1639:
1567:
1552:
1480:
1448:
1337:
1325:
1234:
1173:
561:Off the western coast of South America, the
232:are also part of the Central Volcanic Zone.
204:. It is part of the Peruvian segment of the
2893:
2377:
2072:
1933:
1610:
1608:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1184:
1182:
1009:earthquakes at a volcano farther north and
3356:
3342:
2214:Galán de Mera, González & Cáceres 2003
1624:Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010
1255:
1105:
1103:
953:As of 2021, the volcano is monitored with
3116:Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú
3074:
3039:
3029:
2866:
2864:
2834:
2832:
2802:
2800:
2760:
2750:
2626:"Actividad Histórica del Volcán Yucamane"
2492:
2411:
2401:
2285:
2258:
1916:
1662:
1660:
789:Vilacota Maure Regional Conservation Area
523:A series of northwest-southeast trending
2979:Boletín Ingemmet. Serie H: Hidrogeología
2725:
1605:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1281:
1179:
884:eruptions among others, which generated
837:of 6 and may have produced a now-buried
642:Tacaza Group (lavas of the lower Tacaza
2871:S., Lionel Fidel; H., Alfredo Huamani.
2839:S., Lionel Fidel; H., Alfredo Huamani.
2807:S., Lionel Fidel; H., Alfredo Huamani.
1667:S., Lionel Fidel; H., Alfredo Huamani.
1359:S., Lionel Fidel; H., Alfredo Huamani.
1100:
945:, appears to be unrelated to Yucamane.
937:field east of Yucamane, which includes
650:Yura Group (sediments of the Hualhuani
4028:
2901:"Mapa de Peligros del volcán Yucamane"
2861:
2829:
2797:
1657:
1131:
895:
247:deposits, and it has a well preserved
3337:
2267:
1343:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
808:is named after the volcano; the term
3363:
679:volcanic rocks. A large ring-shaped
42:Yucamane as seen from the southwest.
2085:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
918:eruption as the most recent event.
868:of 5; fallout deposits reached the
827:
13:
1061:
14:
4072:
3303:"Inventario de volcanes del Perú"
2439:Vela, Samaniego & Rivera 2014
1600:Vela, Samaniego & Rivera 2014
1250:Vela, Samaniego & Rivera 2014
876:epochs was mainly explosive with
3158:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106787
2870:
2838:
2806:
1881:Science of the Total Environment
1666:
1358:
864:and tephra. This eruption had a
308:infrastructure and major roads.
110:
109:
102:
36:
4018:Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2022
2792:Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2022
2563:(in Spanish): 1. Archived from
2309:Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2022
2040:Smoll, Morche & Juárez 1997
2028:Smoll, Morche & Juárez 1997
2016:Gałaś, Panajew & Cuber 2015
1901:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.051
1875:; Parvez, Faruque (July 2012).
1735:Smoll, Morche & Juárez 1997
1505:Gałaś, Panajew & Cuber 2015
1464:Smoll, Morche & Juárez 1997
1417:Gałaś, Panajew & Cuber 2015
1040:
1013:constitute additional dangers.
747:material and fractionation of
683:appears to underlie Yucamane.
1:
1396:Inventario Turistico del Perú
1054:
634:Yucamane is constructed on a
3024:(in Spanish) (28): 121–147.
2457:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
2268:Ochoa, José Antonio (2004).
755:Climate and natural features
686:
535:
316:on the volcano in the past.
7:
2274:Revista Peruana de Biología
1016:
338:
271:Geography and geomorphology
10:
4077:
3076:10.7494/geotour.2014.37.61
2962:
2720:Cotrina Chávez et al. 2009
2708:Gamarra & Peralta 2017
2253:Cotrina Chávez et al. 2009
2229:Cotrina Chávez et al. 2009
2149:. INGEMMET. Archived from
2105:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.020
2067:Cotrina Chávez et al. 2009
2055:Cotrina Chávez et al. 2009
2001:Gamarra & Peralta 2017
1847:Cotrina Chávez et al. 2009
1750:Cotrina Chávez et al. 2009
1126:Synonyms & Subfeatures
948:
866:volcanic explosivity index
835:volcanic explosivity index
556:
220:. Peru's active volcanoes
4041:Mountains of Tacna Region
3998:
3955:
3777:
3504:
3371:
3217:10.1007/s00445-015-0937-8
1972:10.1007/s00445-004-0396-0
1723:Rivera Porras et al. 2018
1711:Rivera Porras et al. 2018
163:
151:
146:
132:
96:
91:
52:
47:
35:
28:
23:
4061:Quaternary South America
3098:Ciencia & Desarrollo
3022:Acta Botanica Malacitana
2953:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
2941:RIVERA & MARIÑO 2004
2929:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
2601:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
2540:Silva & Francis 1990
2516:RIVERA & MARIÑO 2004
2403:10.4000/quaternaire.3362
2357:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
2333:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
2321:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
2241:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
2131:RIVERA & MARIÑO 2004
1859:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
1818:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
1806:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
1794:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
1696:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
1652:Silva & Francis 1990
1640:RIVERA & MARIÑO 2004
1568:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
1553:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
1481:RIVERA & MARIÑO 2004
1449:Silva & Francis 1990
1338:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
1326:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
1235:RIVERA & MARIÑO 2004
1195:Global Volcanism Program
1174:Smoll & Huaccán 2001
1116:Global Volcanism Program
1089:Global Volcanism Program
1033:
912:Global Volcanism Program
457:
397:Yucamane is part of the
4036:Stratovolcanoes of Peru
3242:Bulletin of Volcanology
3197:Bulletin of Volcanology
3063:Geotourism/Geoturystyka
3031:10.24310/abm.v28i0.7271
2752:10.30909/vol.04.S1.4971
2287:10.15381/rpb.v11i2.2449
2097:2008E&PSL.271....1M
1952:Bulletin of Volcanology
1200:Smithsonian Institution
1147:Oregon State University
1121:Smithsonian Institution
1094:Smithsonian Institution
805:Brachistosternus ninapo
3778:Southern Volcanic Zone
3564:Andagua volcanic field
3372:Northern Volcanic Zone
3003:Cite journal requires
1398:(in Spanish). MINCETUR
1269:(in Spanish). INGEMMET
631:and lava flow fields.
590:Southern Volcanic Zone
582:Northern Volcanic Zone
490:, presumably from the
415:Andagua volcanic field
3956:Austral Volcanic Zone
3882:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
3554:Huambo volcanic field
3505:Central Volcanic Zone
2589:Samaniego et al. 2015
2528:Samaniego et al. 2015
1434:Samaniego et al. 2015
914:recognizes the 1,320
853:block-and-ash deposit
691:Yucamane has erupted
586:Central Volcanic Zone
399:Central Volcanic Zone
275:Yucamane lies in the
206:Central Volcanic Zone
4056:Quaternary volcanoes
4046:Andean Volcanic Belt
3491:Licto volcanic field
2477:10.1002/2013GB004780
492:last glacial maximum
3254:1990BVol...52..286D
3209:2015BVol...77...51S
3150:2020JVGR..39306787R
3123:: 7–27 – via
2671:2013GSLSP.380..161J
2469:2014GBioC..28..437B
1964:2005BVol...67..557T
1893:2012ScTEn.429...76M
1267:ovi.ingemmet.gob.pe
896:Historical activity
878:Vulcanian eruptions
671:and are covered by
621:composite volcanoes
570:South America Plate
480:block and ash flows
218:South America plate
72: /
3877:Carrán-Los Venados
3822:Nevados de Chillán
3807:Descabezado Grande
3312:(in Spanish) (15).
3262:10.1007/BF00304100
3100:(in Spanish) (6).
2981:(in Spanish) (15).
2613:Rivera et al. 2020
2427:Rivera et al. 2020
2372:Rivera et al. 2020
2345:Rivera et al. 2020
2202:Rivera et al. 2020
2190:Rivera et al. 2020
2175:Rivera et al. 2020
1835:Rivera et al. 2020
1782:Rivera et al. 2020
1767:Rivera et al. 2020
1583:Rivera et al. 2020
1528:Rivera et al. 2020
1493:Rivera et al. 2020
1220:Rivera et al. 2020
890:pyroclastic surges
681:volcanic intrusion
617:Western Cordillera
601:Coastal Cordillera
357:Eastern Cordillera
353:Western Cordillera
285:Candarave District
281:Candarave Province
48:Highest point
4051:Mountains of Peru
4007:
4006:
3817:Nevado de Longaví
3759:Cueros de Purulla
3739:Cordón del Azufre
3401:Nevado del Tolima
2762:20.500.12816/5024
1419:, pp. 61–62.
1392:"Volcán Yucamani"
1263:"Volcán Yucamane"
870:Quelccaya Ice Cap
707:, which define a
697:basaltic andesite
663:and the northern
515:, which has left
484:pyroclastic flows
243:with subordinate
176:
175:
76:17.184°S 70.196°W
4068:
4021:
4015:
4002:
3872:Mocho-Choshuenco
3406:Nevado del Huila
3365:Andean volcanoes
3358:
3351:
3344:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3313:
3307:
3297:
3291:
3281:
3236:
3190:
3177:
3128:
3109:
3088:
3078:
3053:
3043:
3033:
3012:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2982:
2976:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2764:
2754:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2558:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2496:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:20.500.12544/669
2405:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2117:
2116:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1753:
1747:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1467:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1292:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1203:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1135:
1129:
1124:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1080:
1048:
1044:
851:that emplaced a
845:Tephrochronology
828:Eruptive history
797:
675:sedimentary and
661:Arequipa terrane
509:sector collapses
464:compound volcano
413:; the volcanoes
345:Tierra del Fuego
113:
112:
106:
87:
86:
84:
83:
82:
81:-17.184; -70.196
77:
73:
70:
69:
68:
65:
40:
21:
20:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3994:
3957:
3951:
3779:
3773:
3769:Ojos del Salado
3699:Aguas Calientes
3506:
3500:
3396:Nevado del Ruiz
3373:
3367:
3362:
3332:
3321:
3305:
3289:
3004:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2974:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2875:
2869:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2679:10.1144/SP380.1
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2570:on 21 July 2018
2567:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2156:on 21 July 2018
2153:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2120:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1773:
1765:
1756:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1631:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1589:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1534:
1526:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1470:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1363:
1357:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1082:
1081:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1019:
972:outburst floods
951:
931:dormant volcano
898:
882:phreatomagmatic
830:
791:
757:
689:
559:
538:
460:
341:
273:
158:Stratovolcanoes
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
114:
80:
78:
74:
71:
66:
63:
61:
59:
58:
43:
17:
16:Volcano in Peru
12:
11:
5:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4023:
4022:
4009:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Purico complex
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3338:
3331:
3330:
3314:
3298:
3282:
3248:(4): 286–301.
3237:
3191:
3178:
3129:
3119:(in Spanish).
3110:
3089:
3054:
3013:
3005:|journal=
2983:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2918:
2892:
2878:(in Spanish).
2860:
2846:(in Spanish).
2828:
2814:(in Spanish).
2796:
2784:
2724:
2712:
2710:, p. 127.
2700:
2645:
2617:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2544:
2542:, p. 297.
2532:
2520:
2508:
2463:(4): 445–446.
2443:
2431:
2419:
2376:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2280:(2): 139–148.
2276:(in Spanish).
2257:
2245:
2233:
2218:
2216:, p. 124.
2206:
2194:
2179:
2167:
2135:
2118:
2071:
2059:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2005:
2003:, p. 126.
1993:
1932:
1873:Ahsan, Habibul
1863:
1851:
1839:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1771:
1754:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1700:
1688:
1674:(in Spanish).
1656:
1654:, p. 296.
1644:
1629:
1604:
1587:
1572:
1557:
1532:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1468:
1453:
1451:, p. 287.
1438:
1421:
1409:
1380:
1366:(in Spanish).
1342:
1330:
1313:
1280:
1254:
1239:
1224:
1209:
1178:
1159:
1130:
1099:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1011:volcanic gases
1005:like the 1999
970:on rivers and
964:Laguna Aricota
950:
947:
925:active in its
897:
894:
829:
826:
756:
753:
701:trachyandesite
688:
685:
665:Paracas massif
638:formed by the
558:
555:
537:
534:
511:and have been
459:
456:
340:
337:
333:protected area
295:. The town of
272:
269:
174:
173:
167:
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
144:
143:
134:
130:
129:
122:
116:
115:
108:
107:
101:
100:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
89:
88:
56:
50:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4073:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4019:
4014:
4010:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:Michinmahuida
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:San Francisco
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Aucanquilcha
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:Hualca Hualca
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:(6° N – 3° S)
3370:
3366:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3296:(in Spanish).
3295:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
2997:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2955:, p. 98.
2954:
2949:
2943:, p. 14.
2942:
2937:
2931:, p. 96.
2930:
2925:
2923:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2794:, p. 63.
2793:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2722:, p. 91.
2721:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2615:, p. 15.
2614:
2609:
2603:, p. 19.
2602:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2530:, p. 13.
2529:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2392:(in French).
2391:
2387:
2380:
2374:, p. 10.
2373:
2368:
2366:
2359:, p. 67.
2358:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2335:, p. 27.
2334:
2329:
2323:, p. 25.
2322:
2317:
2311:, p. 46.
2310:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2255:, p. 13.
2254:
2249:
2243:, p. 14.
2242:
2237:
2231:, p. 32.
2230:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2204:, p. 18.
2203:
2198:
2192:, p. 17.
2191:
2186:
2184:
2177:, p. 16.
2176:
2171:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2069:, p. 17.
2068:
2063:
2057:, p. 19.
2056:
2051:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2018:, p. 63.
2017:
2012:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1861:, p. 18.
1860:
1855:
1849:, p. 26.
1848:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1820:, p. 23.
1819:
1814:
1808:, p. 22.
1807:
1802:
1796:, p. 21.
1795:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1752:, p. 21.
1751:
1746:
1744:
1737:, p. 45.
1736:
1731:
1725:, p. 39.
1724:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1698:, p. 54.
1697:
1692:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1570:, p. 53.
1569:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1507:, p. 61.
1506:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1340:, p. 13.
1339:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1205:Photo Gallery
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1176:, p. 11.
1175:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1148:
1144:
1143:Volcano World
1140:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
956:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:summit crater
924:
923:fumarolically
919:
917:
913:
908:
904:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
850:
849:lateral blast
846:
842:
840:
836:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:
801:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
764:are normal.
763:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:calc-alkaline
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
603:. During the
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
578:
575:
571:
567:
564:
554:
552:
548:
544:
543:Pacific Ocean
533:
530:
526:
525:normal faults
521:
518:
514:
510:
505:
501:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:summit crater
465:
455:
453:
449:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
336:
334:
330:
329:mountain pass
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
302:
298:
294:
293:lake Vilacota
290:
286:
282:
278:
268:
266:
261:
256:
254:
250:
249:summit crater
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:stratovolcano
192:
188:
184:
180:
172:
168:
166:
165:Last eruption
162:
159:
156:
154:
153:Mountain type
150:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
105:
95:
90:
85:
57:
55:
51:
46:
39:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
4013:
3862:Quetrupillán
3724:Llullaillaco
3603:
3589:Huaynaputina
3325:
3309:
3293:
3245:
3241:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3141:
3137:
3125:Academia.edu
3120:
3114:
3097:
3066:
3062:
3021:
2996:cite journal
2978:
2948:
2936:
2909:. Retrieved
2907:(in Spanish)
2904:
2895:
2883:. Retrieved
2851:. Retrieved
2819:. Retrieved
2787:
2742:
2738:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2634:(in Spanish)
2629:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2591:, p. 3.
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2565:the original
2560:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2518:, p. 6.
2511:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2441:, p. 4.
2434:
2429:, p. 9.
2422:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2352:
2347:, p. 7.
2340:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2277:
2273:
2248:
2236:
2209:
2197:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2151:the original
2138:
2133:, p. 9.
2088:
2084:
2074:
2062:
2042:, p. 3.
2035:
2030:, p. 4.
2023:
1996:
1955:
1951:
1884:
1880:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1837:, p. 3.
1813:
1801:
1789:
1784:, p. 8.
1769:, p. 6.
1730:
1718:
1713:, p. 6.
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1647:
1642:, p. 4.
1623:
1602:, p. 2.
1585:, p. 5.
1555:, p. 1.
1530:, p. 4.
1500:
1495:, p. 1.
1488:
1483:, p. 3.
1466:, p. 1.
1436:, p. 1.
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1395:
1371:. Retrieved
1333:
1328:, p. 2.
1304:. Retrieved
1302:(in Spanish)
1299:
1271:. Retrieved
1266:
1257:
1252:, p. 1.
1237:, p. 2.
1222:, p. 2.
1193:
1150:. Retrieved
1142:
1133:
1114:
1087:
1042:
980:
976:asphyxiation
955:seismometers
952:
921:Yucamane is
920:
906:
899:
886:volcanic ash
856:the form of
843:
831:
809:
803:
775:and montane
766:
762:night frosts
758:
690:
633:
594:
568:beneath the
560:
539:
522:
496:
461:
435:Huaynaputina
396:
365:
342:
318:
277:Tacna Region
274:
257:
234:
216:beneath the
200:of southern
198:Tacna Region
186:
182:
178:
177:
141:Tacna Region
29:
18:
3958:(49°–55° S)
3942:Mate Grande
3792:Tupungatito
3780:(33°–46° S)
3659:Olca-Paruma
3654:Irruputuncu
3644:Tata Sabaya
3584:Pichu Pichu
3514:Quimsachata
3507:(14°–27° S)
3391:Cerro Bravo
2390:Quaternaire
1003:earthquakes
1001:. Volcanic
943:hot springs
814:portmanteau
792: [
737:plagioclase
717:phenocrysts
625:ignimbrites
613:Pleistocene
563:Nazca Plate
325:Desaguadero
245:pyroclastic
237:Pleistocene
214:Nazca plate
79: /
54:Coordinates
4030:Categories
3902:Hornopirén
3887:Casablanca
3857:Villarrica
3852:Sollipulli
3812:Cerro Azul
3684:Licancabur
3679:Sairecabur
3639:Guallatiri
3629:Parinacota
3609:Purupuruni
3519:Auquihuato
3486:Tungurahua
3481:Chimborazo
3441:Reventador
3416:Doña Juana
3144:: 106787.
3041:10630/3804
2911:16 January
2885:14 January
2853:14 January
2821:14 January
2745:(S1): 52.
2665:(1): 165.
2638:16 January
2574:14 January
2396:(2): 159.
2160:14 January
1958:(6): 558.
1681:14 January
1402:16 January
1373:14 January
1306:15 January
1190:"Yucamane"
1152:16 January
1139:"Yucumane"
1111:"Yucamane"
1084:"Yucamane"
1055:References
1023:Chiarjaque
935:geothermal
729:hornblende
629:lava domes
574:subducting
502:rocks and
488:glaciation
478:with some
476:lava flows
472:glaciation
306:irrigation
291:, west of
255:activity.
241:lava flows
210:subduction
67:70°11′46″W
64:17°11′02″S
3922:Corcovado
3842:Lonquimay
3802:Calabozos
3787:Tupungato
3764:Incahuasi
3729:Lastarria
3709:Chiliques
3549:Sabancaya
3529:Sara Sara
3446:Pichincha
3381:Paipa-Iza
3278:140559785
3270:0258-8900
3233:127649737
3225:0258-8900
3203:(6): 51.
3174:213760918
3166:0377-0273
3106:2304-8891
3085:2353-3641
3069:(2): 61.
3050:0210-9506
2779:240447272
2771:2610-3540
2739:Volcanica
2695:129450763
2687:0305-8719
2485:1944-9224
2296:1727-9933
2113:0012-821X
2091:(1): 11.
1988:129294486
1980:0258-8900
1909:0048-9697
1887:: 76–91.
1028:Choreveco
983:Candarave
968:lava dams
749:amphibole
721:amphibole
709:potassium
687:Petrology
652:formation
644:formation
640:Paleozoic
536:Hydrology
513:glaciated
504:rhyolitic
500:andesitic
407:Sabancaya
392:Spaniards
368:Argentina
361:Altiplano
349:Venezuela
297:Candarave
253:fumarolic
226:Sabancaya
191:andesitic
92:Geography
3990:Fueguino
3975:Aguilera
3927:Mentolat
3837:Callaqui
3674:Zapaleri
3604:Yucamane
3599:Tutupaca
3569:Chachani
3539:Coropuna
3534:Solimana
3476:Quilotoa
3471:Cotopaxi
3466:Illiniza
3451:Antisana
3326:INGEMMET
2905:INGEMMET
2880:INGEMMET
2848:INGEMMET
2816:INGEMMET
2631:INGEMMET
2503:30760944
1927:22119448
1676:INGEMMET
1368:INGEMMET
1300:INGEMMET
1273:1 August
1017:See also
959:INGEMMET
907:El Deber
903:Arequipa
874:Holocene
822:El Misti
802:species
800:scorpion
785:pastures
693:andesite
677:Cenozoic
673:Mesozoic
648:Jurassic
646:), the
636:basement
609:Pliocene
597:Jurassic
566:subducts
517:moraines
452:Coropuna
448:Chachani
439:Tutupaca
427:Coropuna
423:Chachani
403:El Misti
380:Colombia
355:and the
339:Regional
265:Tutupaca
260:Holocene
230:El Misti
187:Yucumane
183:Yucamani
179:Yucamane
133:Location
117:Yucamane
30:Yucamani
24:Yucamane
3965:Lautaro
3917:Chaitén
3897:Calbuco
3832:Copahue
3749:Peinado
3734:Lazufre
3719:Socompa
3624:Taapaca
3594:Ticsani
3436:Cayambe
3426:Azufral
3421:Galeras
3386:Romeral
3250:Bibcode
3205:Bibcode
3146:Bibcode
2963:Sources
2667:Bibcode
2494:6370314
2465:Bibcode
2093:Bibcode
1960:Bibcode
1918:3977337
1889:Bibcode
1047:eroded.
1007:Ticsani
987:Ilabaya
949:Hazards
939:geysers
905:-based
862:lapilli
839:caldera
818:Quechua
816:of the
745:crustal
725:biotite
656:Neogene
654:), the
605:Miocene
557:Geology
547:arsenic
384:Ecuador
372:Bolivia
212:of the
196:in the
147:Geology
3985:Burney
3980:Reclus
3970:Viedma
3947:Hudson
3907:Huequi
3892:Osorno
3847:Llaima
3827:Antuco
3714:Aracar
3704:Lascar
3694:Pacana
3669:Azufre
3649:Isluga
3619:Tacora
3614:Casiri
3579:Ubinas
3559:Ampato
3524:Firura
3496:Sangay
3431:Chiles
3411:Puracé
3276:
3268:
3231:
3223:
3172:
3164:
3104:
3083:
3048:
2777:
2769:
2693:
2685:
2501:
2491:
2483:
2294:
2111:
1986:
1978:
1925:
1915:
1907:
999:Tarata
991:Pachia
858:pumice
810:ninapo
798:. The
781:Quenoa
777:steppe
773:paramo
769:tundra
741:quartz
733:oxides
711:-rich
705:dacite
669:gneiss
551:cancer
444:Ampato
431:Firura
419:Casiri
411:Ubinas
310:Sulfur
222:Ubinas
189:is an
169:1,320
3867:Lanín
3797:Maipo
3744:Galán
3634:Lauca
3574:Misti
3461:Soche
3456:Aliso
3322:(PDF)
3306:(PDF)
3290:(PDF)
3274:S2CID
3229:S2CID
3170:S2CID
2975:(PDF)
2876:(PDF)
2844:(PDF)
2812:(PDF)
2775:S2CID
2691:S2CID
2568:(PDF)
2557:(PDF)
2154:(PDF)
2147:(PDF)
1984:S2CID
1948:(PDF)
1672:(PDF)
1620:(PDF)
1364:(PDF)
1034:Notes
995:Palca
812:is a
796:]
529:fault
458:Local
376:Chile
314:mined
301:Tacna
251:with
3937:Macá
3266:ISSN
3221:ISSN
3162:ISSN
3102:ISSN
3081:ISSN
3046:ISSN
3009:help
2913:2018
2887:2018
2855:2018
2823:2018
2767:ISSN
2683:ISSN
2640:2018
2576:2018
2499:PMID
2481:ISSN
2292:ISSN
2162:2018
2109:ISSN
1976:ISSN
1923:PMID
1905:ISSN
1683:2018
1404:2018
1375:2018
1308:2018
1275:2016
1154:2018
997:and
941:and
880:and
739:and
703:and
588:and
577:slab
482:and
450:and
409:and
388:Peru
386:and
312:was
289:Peru
228:and
202:Peru
137:Peru
123:Peru
3932:Cay
3258:doi
3213:doi
3154:doi
3142:393
3071:doi
3036:hdl
3026:doi
2757:hdl
2747:doi
2675:doi
2663:380
2489:PMC
2473:doi
2408:hdl
2398:doi
2282:doi
2101:doi
2089:271
1968:doi
1913:PMC
1897:doi
1885:429
916:BCE
719:of
321:Ilo
287:of
185:or
171:BCE
4032::
3324:.
3308:.
3292:.
3272:.
3264:.
3256:.
3246:52
3244:.
3227:.
3219:.
3211:.
3201:77
3199:.
3185:.
3168:.
3160:.
3152:.
3140:.
3136:.
3121:98
3096:.
3079:.
3067:37
3065:.
3061:.
3044:.
3034:.
3020:.
3000::
2998:}}
2994:{{
2977:.
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2903:.
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2799:^
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993:,
989:,
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860:,
824:.
794:es
751:.
735:,
731:,
727:,
723:,
699:,
695:,
627:,
623:,
584:,
553:.
446:,
437:,
433:,
429:,
425:,
421:,
417:,
405:,
382:,
378:,
374:,
370:,
363:.
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283:,
279:,
267:.
224:,
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1929:.
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