590:. These experiments revealed that woolen string is better than cotton string; however, the snow crystals were still not forming as intended. One day Nakaya found a snow crystal on the tip of a hair of a rabbit-fur coat in the lab. This was the breakthrough that led to the production of the first artificial snow crystal. On March 12, 1936, three years after the first attempt, he produced a snow crystal on the tip of a single hair of rabbit fur in his laboratory apparatus. In December 1937, he took photographs of many types of artificial snow crystals in his lab. Such photographs, collected in Bentley's book
270:
31:
173:
500:, an illustrated work that summarized his research on snowflake crystals, starting from his work at Hokkaido University. Though long out of print, it still serves as a classic reference on crystal shapes, showing how a scientific investigation can proceed through systematic observation toward an accurate description of a natural phenomenon.
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of snow crystals, classifying them into seven major and numerous minor types. In the course of these observations, taking photographs of natural snow and sorting them by appearance according to weather conditions, Nakaya felt the need to make artificial snow from ice crystals grown in the laboratory.
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When he arrived at
Hokkaido University, the physics department had a minimum of equipment and few research funds. But there was an unlimited supply of natural snow, so Nakaya began his research into snow crystals. From over 3,000 photomicrographs he established a general classification of natural
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in a dual-layer hollow glass tube, which was then cooled. Contrary to his initial expectations, creating snow crystals was not an easy task – instead of forming into snowflakes, the ice crystals grew like caterpillars on the cotton string he used for
639:
Nakaya was also a prolific science essayist. A select bibliography at the website of the Nakaya
Ukichiro Museum of Snow and Ice lists more than 40 titles that explained science for the general public, on topics ranging from snow and
302:, an encyclopedic work published in 1837 that contains 183 sketches of natural snowflake crystals – the subject that became Nakaya's life work. Nakaya later wrote that his father wanted him to be a
489:
and studied
Tyndall figures – melt figures that develop inside large crystals of glacial ice after exposure to bright sunlight, which were first described by the British physicist
659:, which went on to produce more than 4,000 documentary and educational films. (The films are now available from Hitachi Media Productions in digital form as the Iwanami Film Library.)
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at Tokyo
Imperial University and graduated in 1925. Soon thereafter, he became Terada's research assistant at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (
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His most famous quote is probably "Snowflakes are letters sent from heaven." He returned to this idea several times, first in his 1939 documentary film
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477:(an organization in which he later served as co-chairman), Nakaya toured the United States and Canada and attended the meeting establishing
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snow crystals. In 1935, he opened the Low
Temperature Science Laboratory, and on March 12, 1936, created the first artificial snow crystal.
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which eventually led to the founding of the
Laboratory of Agricultural Physics at Hokkaido University in 1946. In 1941, he received the
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Nakaya continued his research into snow crystals and elucidated how their various patterns are produced in nature. He published his
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Higuchi, Keiji (2 May 1964). "Tyndall
Figures formed in Crystallographic Plane Perpendicular to Basal Plane of Ice Crystals".
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Nakaya always enjoyed field work as well as laboratory research. His studies took him to locations ranging from the top of
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He also produced a number of documentary films and radio programs. In 1950, he played a central role in the founding of
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Nakaya's achievement is commemorated today by a hexagonal stone monument at the site of his laboratory on the campus of
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The Low
Temperature Science Laboratory opened in 1935, and experiments continued with various materials for the
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as an assistant professor at Tokyo
Imperial University. In 1928 and 1929, he continued his graduate studies at
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511:. He visited Greenland several more times, usually staying for a month or two at a time, to observe the
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620:. His original apparatus is preserved and on display at The Institute for Low Temperature Science.
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533:. In recognition of his achievements, he was posthumously decorated with one of the highest
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485:). From 1952 until 1954, he was a research fellow at SIPRE. During this time, he lived in
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observatory at Mt. Niseko-Annupuri, a 1,308 meter (4,290 ft) mountain in
Hokkaido. A
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fighter plane was brought to the observatory in the hope of finding ways to prevent
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From 1936 until 1938, Nakaya and his family lived at a hot springs resort on the
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while Nakaya was studying at King's College. He remarried in 1932. His daughter
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777:(In Japanese, with readings, vocabulary notes, translations, and glossary.)
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at the hospital at the University of Tokyo. He died on April 11, 1962, of
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Nakaya married twice. His first wife was the daughter of Sakutaro Fujioka
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1090:"Fascination of Snow Crystals-How are their beautiful patterns created?"
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310:. His father died after he finished primary school, but Nakaya's first
197: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Reflections on Science by NAKAYA Ukichiro, An Advanced Japanese Reader
1164:"Fujiko Nakaya: Fogfalls #47670 'Tales Of Ugetsa' & Foggy Forest"
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and low-temperature sciences. He is credited with making the first
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Nakaya, Ukichiro (1 December 1937). "Miscellaneous notes on snow
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From 1933, Nakaya observed natural snow and created 3,000
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Laboratory of Agricultural Physics of Hokkaido University
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708:. He had two other daughters, Sakiko and Miyoko Nakaya.
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Communications, Nakaya Uchikiro Museum of Snow and Ice
1109:(in Japanese). Nakaya Ukichiro Museum of Snow and Ice.
552:" in recognition of his contributions to science. The
1123:(in Japanese). Hitachi, Ltd. news release. 2000-12-22
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as a member of the United States expedition for the
1151:(in Japanese). Vol. 12. 2005-03-31. p. 3.
306:and sent him to live with a potter while he was in
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Japanese physicist and science essayist (1900–1962)
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908:Icing Observatory at Mt. Niseko-Annupuri, Hokkaido
923:Living Ice: Understanding Glaciers and Glaciation
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829:(3). Arctic Institute of North America: 242–243.
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404:. After his recovery, he began his studies of
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1067:(12th ed.). Iwanami Shoten. p. 22.
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886:Institute of Low Temperature Science website
748:Daub, Edward E.; Asano, Shiro, eds. (2003).
704:, born in 1933, is an artist known for her
601:, which describes the relationships among
431:. The following year, Nakaya moved to the
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257:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1216:—by Kenneth G. Libbrecht, January, 2002
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373:, where he worked with long-wavelength
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1229:Nakaya Ukichiro museum of snow and ice
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927:. Cambridge University Press. p.
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613:, and excess vapor density in clouds.
525:In 1960, Nakaya underwent surgery for
274:Nakaya Ukichoro Museum of Snow and Ice
1279:Academic staff of Hokkaido University
1104:"Nakaya Ukichiro Select Bibliography"
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729:Snow Crystals: Natural and Artificial
668:Snow Crystals: Natural and Artificial
634:Ukichiro Nakaya, Snow Crystals (1939)
498:Snow Crystals: Natural and Artificial
419:began, Nakaya moved to a newly built
1220:Institute of Low Temperature Science
1201:The Japanese Society of Snow and Ice
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537:awarded by the Japanese government.
473:. In 1949, on the invitation of the
400:while he recuperated from a bout of
284:Nakaya was born near the Katayamazu
195:adding citations to reliable sources
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475:International Glaciological Society
410:Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy
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1210:, founded in 1939 by Nakaya et al.
1121:"Iwanami Film Library Established"
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542:UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee
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754:. University of Wisconsin Press.
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141:, July 4, 1900 – April 11, 1962)
1274:Alumni of King's College London
1259:People from Ishikawa Prefecture
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182:needs additional citations for
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1214:Japan - The Snow Crystal Tour
814:Bender, James A. (Sep 1962).
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469:to the ice island T-3 in the
415:In 1943, two years after the
325:Nakaya was inspired to study
731:. Harvard University Press.
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1142:"Snowflakes are letters..."
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816:"Obituary, Ukichiro Nakaya"
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471:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
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1264:University of Tokyo alumni
1061:Nakaya Ukichiro Zuihitushū
318:, was devoted to Japanese
1192:e-texts of Nakaya's works
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1050:Essays by Ukichiro Nakaya
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919:Sharp, Robert P. (1988).
727:Nakaya, Ukichiro (1954).
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561:is also named after him.
387:Kyoto Imperial University
316:Tokyo Imperial University
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1269:Kyoto University alumni
371:Owen Willans Richardson
363:electrostatic discharge
995:Libbrecht, Kenneth G.
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329:in high school by the
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151:known for his work in
1088:Furukawa, Yoshinori.
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367:King's College London
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157:artificial snowflakes
86:King's College London
438:to study artificial
351:experimental physics
341:and by the works of
191:improve this article
1254:Japanese physicists
1224:Hokkaido University
966:1964Natur.202..485H
835:10.14430/arctic3579
657:Iwanami Productions
618:Hokkaido University
571:photographic plates
503:In 1957 he visited
379:Hokkaido University
294:Ishikawa Prefecture
82:University of Tokyo
1206:2013-07-28 at the
522:observatory site.
487:Winnetka, Illinois
361:). Nakaya studied
331:nebular hypotheses
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960:(4931): 485–487.
938:978-0-521-33009-1
865:Yanagi, Satoshi.
738:978-0-674-81151-5
650:scientific method
624:Essays on science
544:named a group of
429:atmospheric icing
421:atmospheric icing
383:doctor of science
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163:Life and research
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1168:the original
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385:degree from
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189:Please help
184:verification
181:
147:and science
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44:July 4, 1900
1249:1962 deaths
1244:1900 births
646:archaeology
607:temperature
588:ice nucleus
576:water vapor
440:dissipation
417:Pacific War
286:hot springs
95:Artificial
1238:Categories
1174:2009-12-16
1127:2009-03-06
1041:Yuki zakki
1016:2009-03-06
872:2009-03-05
848:2008-04-27
794:References
772:2008-04-27
698:diphtheria
642:geophysics
581:nucleation
247:April 2017
217:newspapers
153:glaciology
97:snowflakes
69:1962-04-12
48:1900-07-04
546:Antarctic
505:Greenland
463:Mauna Loa
145:physicist
1204:Archived
1055:中谷宇吉郎随筆集
782:See also
717:artist.
648:and the
632:—
554:asteroid
452:snowmelt
149:essayist
982:4229959
962:Bibcode
518:at the
516:ice cap
347:majored
339:Laplace
327:physics
280:, Japan
231:scholar
114:Physics
67: (
46: (
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954:Nature
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823:Arctic
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714:sumi-e
535:orders
467:Hawaii
433:Nemuro
375:X-rays
369:under
353:under
304:potter
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132:中谷 宇吉郎
110:Fields
1145:(PDF)
1107:(PDF)
978:S2CID
842:(PDF)
819:(PDF)
684:藤岡作太郎
603:vapor
479:SIPRE
448:flood
436:coast
359:RIKEN
345:. He
238:JSTOR
224:books
1069:ISBN
933:ISBN
756:ISBN
733:ISBN
450:and
425:Zero
337:and
335:Kant
290:Kaga
210:news
62:Died
41:Born
1194:at
1048:".
1035:雪雑記
970:doi
958:202
831:doi
644:to
454:in
444:fog
442:of
349:in
333:of
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