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which are not ready to fall any time soon. Koneczny claimed that civilizations cannot be mixed into hybrids, an inferior civilization when given equal rights within a highly developed civilization will overcome it. One of
Koneczny's claims in his study on civilizations is that "a person cannot be civilized in two or more ways" without falling into what he calls an "abcivilized state" (as in abnormal). He also stated that when two or more civilizations exist next to one another and as long as they are vital, they will be in an existential combat imposing its own "method of organizing social life" upon the other. Absorbing alien "method of organizing social life" that is civilization and giving it equal rights yields a process of decay and decomposition.
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6375:, vol. 319, no. 3 (September 2018), pp. 94–99. "Is life likely to exist elsewhere in the galaxy? Almost certainly yes, given the speed with which it appeared on Earth. Is another technological civilization likely to exist today? Almost certainly no, given the chain of circumstances that led to our existence. These considerations suggest that we are unique not just on our planet but in the whole Milky Way. And if our planet is so special, it becomes all the more important to preserve this unique world for ourselves, our descendants and the many creatures that call Earth home." (p. 99.)
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to and emerges from the growth of cities", with "cities" defined as "people living more or less permanently in one place in densities high enough to require the routine importation of food and other necessities of life". This need for civilizations to import ever more resources, he argues, stems from their over-exploitation and diminution of their own local resources. Therefore, civilizations inherently adopt imperialist and expansionist policies and, to maintain these, highly militarized, hierarchically structured, and coercion-based cultures and lifestyles.
51:
1586:
260:
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764:
752:, is considered a hallmark of civilization and "appears to accompany the rise of complex administrative bureaucracies or the conquest state". Traders and bureaucrats relied on writing to keep accurate records. Like money, the writing was necessitated by the size of the population of a city and the complexity of its commerce among people who are not all personally acquainted with each other. However, writing is not always necessary for civilization, as shown by the
978:, "culture", for what many call a "civilization". Spengler believed a civilization's coherence is based on a single primary cultural symbol. Cultures experience cycles of birth, life, decline, and death, often supplanted by a potent new culture, formed around a compelling new cultural symbol. Spengler states civilization is the beginning of the decline of a culture as "the most external and artificial states of which a species of developed humanity is capable".
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67:
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associated with over-reach, and as a result of the environmental exhaustion and polarization of wealth between rich and poor, he concludes the current system is fast arriving at a situation where continuation of the existing system saddled with huge deficits and a hollowed-out economy is physically, socially, economically and politically impossible. Although developed in much more depth, Berman's thesis is similar in some ways to that of Urban
Planner,
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horseshoes, the blacksmith may need a new coat and the tanner may need a new pot. These people may not be personally acquainted with one another and their needs may not occur all at the same time. A monetary system is a way of organizing these obligations to ensure that they are fulfilled. From the days of the earliest monetarized civilizations, monopolistic controls of monetary systems have benefited the social and political elites.
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experiencing considerable fiscal problems. During the final pre-collapse phases the overpopulation leads to further decrease of per capita production, the surplus production further decreases, state revenues shrink, but the state needs more and more resources to control the growing (though with lower and lower rates) population. Eventually this leads to famines, epidemics, state breakdown, and demographic and civilization collapse.
967:, the destruction of cultural assets is also part of psychological warfare. The target of the attack is often the opponent's cultural identity, which is why symbolic cultural assets become a main target. It is also intended to destroy the particularly sensitive cultural memory (museums, archives, monuments, etc.), the grown cultural diversity, and the economic basis (such as tourism) of a state, region or community.
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1807:, argues from mostly archaeological evidence that the collapse of Roman civilization in western Europe had deleterious impacts on the living standards of the population, unlike some historians who downplay this. The collapse of complex society meant that even basic plumbing for the elite disappeared from the continent for 1,000 years. Similar impacts have been postulated for the
1839:, and epigraphy, that no one explanation is sufficient but that a series of erratic, complex events, including loss of soil fertility, drought and rising levels of internal and external violence led to the disintegration of the courts of Mayan kingdoms, which began a spiral of decline and decay. He argues that the collapse of the Maya has lessons for civilization today.
863:, and by the introduction of new technologies to cultures that did not previously have them. Though aspects of culture associated with civilization can be freely adopted through contact between cultures, since early modern times Eurocentric ideals of "civilization" have been widely imposed upon cultures through coercion and dominance. These ideals complemented a
1088:. Different civilizations and societies all over the globe are economically, politically, and even culturally interdependent in many ways. There is debate over when this integration began, and what sort of integration – cultural, technological, economic, political, or military-diplomatic – is the key indicator in determining the extent of a civilization.
406:, never in the plural, and meant the progress of humanity as a whole. This is still the case in French. The use of "civilizations" as a countable noun was in occasional use in the 19th century, but has become much more common in the later 20th century, sometimes just meaning culture (itself in origin an uncountable noun, made countable in the context of
1856:. The energy expended to energy yield ratio is central to limiting the survival of civilizations. The degree of social complexity is associated strongly, he suggests, with the amount of disposable energy environmental, economic and technological systems allow. When this amount decreases civilizations either have to access new energy sources or collapse.
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the nineteenth century. According to
Wilkinson, civilizations can be culturally heterogeneous, like the Central Civilization, or homogeneous, like the Japanese civilization. What Huntington calls the "clash of civilizations" might be characterized by Wilkinson as a clash of cultural spheres within a single global civilization. Others point to the
991:, which traced the rise and, in most cases, the decline of 21 civilizations and five "arrested civilizations". Civilizations generally declined and fell, according to Toynbee, because of the failure of a "creative minority", through moral or religious decline, to meet some important challenge, rather than mere economic or environmental causes.
410:). Only in this generalized sense does it become possible to speak of a "medieval civilization", which in Elias's sense would have been an oxymoron. Using the terms "civilization" and "culture" as equivalents are controversial and generally rejected so that for example some types of culture are not normally described as civilizations.
1037:, i.e., a framework by which a group of objects can be analysed that work in concert to produce some result. Civilizations can be seen as networks of cities that emerge from pre-urban cultures and are defined by the economic, political, military, diplomatic, social and cultural interactions among them. Any organization is a complex
443:. This sees cultures as natural organisms, not defined by "conscious, rational, deliberative acts", but a kind of pre-rational "folk spirit". Civilization, in contrast, though more rational and more successful in material progress, is unnatural and leads to "vices of social life" such as guile, hypocrisy, envy and avarice. In
843:, British settlers justified the displacement of Indigenous Australians by observing that the land appeared uncultivated and wild, which to them reflected that the inhabitants were not civilized enough to "improve" it. The behaviors and modes of subsistence that characterize civilization have been spread by
368:. He said that the world crisis was from humanity losing the ethical idea of civilization, "the sum total of all progress made by man in every sphere of action and from every point of view in so far as the progress helps towards the spiritual perfecting of individuals as the progress of all progress".
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leads to the decrease of per capita production and consumption levels, it becomes more and more difficult to collect taxes, and state revenues stop growing, whereas the state expenditures grow due to the growth of the population controlled by the state. As a result, during this phase the state starts
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is the site of the earliest civilizations developing from 7,400 years ago. This area has been evaluated by
Beverley Milton-Edwards as having "inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the building of the earliest cities and the development
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civilizations resulted in the creation of what he calls the "Central
Civilization" around 1500 BCE. Central Civilization later expanded to include the entire Middle East and Europe, and then expanded to a global scale with European colonization, integrating the Americas, Australia, China and Japan by
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and priestesses, and other people with specialized careers. A surplus of food results in a division of labour and a more diverse range of human activity, a defining trait of civilizations. However, in some places hunter-gatherers have had access to food surpluses, such as among some of the indigenous
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who argues that the five pillars of United States culture are in serious decay: community and family; higher education; the effective practice of science; taxation and government; and the self-regulation of the learned professions. The corrosion of these pillars, Jacobs argues, is linked to societal
1566:
Civilizations are traditionally understood as ending in one of two ways; either through incorporation into another expanding civilization (e.g. as
Ancient Egypt was incorporated into Hellenistic Greek, and subsequently Roman civilizations), or by collapsing and reverting to a simpler form of living,
1969:
classifies civilizations based on their level of technological advancement, specifically measured by the amount of energy a civilization is able to harness. The scale is only hypothetical, but it puts energy consumption in a cosmic perspective. The
Kardashev scale makes provisions for civilizations
1961:
argues that modern civilization is directed towards the domination of the environment and humanity itself in an intrinsically harmful, unsustainable, and self-destructive fashion. Defending his definition both linguistically and historically, he defines civilization as "a culture... that both leads
1862:
in his work "On the
Plurality of Civilizations" calls his study the science on civilizations. He asserts that civilizations fall not because they must or there exist some cyclical or a "biological" life span and that there stil exist two ancient civilizations – Brahmin-Hindu and Chinese –
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of yearly harvest. Rural populations that could only grow cereals could be taxed allowing for a taxing elite and urban development. This also had a negative effect on rural population, increasing relative agricultural output per farmer. Farming efficiency created food surplus and sustained the food
885:"Civilization" can also refer to the culture of a complex society, not just the society itself. Every society, civilization or not, has a specific set of ideas and customs, and a certain set of manufactures and arts that make it unique. Civilizations tend to develop intricate cultures, including a
2901:
Greece is a picturesque country on the southern tip of the Balkan
Peninsula straddling the always-blue Agean, Ionian and Adriatic Seas. Considered by many to be the cradle of Western Civilization and the birthplace of democracy, her ancient past has long been the source and inspiration of Western
732:
The transition from simpler to more complex economies does not necessarily mean an improvement in the living standards of the populace. For example, although the Middle Ages is often portrayed as an era of decline from the Roman Empire, studies have shown that the average stature of males in the
1945:
that in the corporate consumerist United States, the very factors that once propelled it to greatness―extreme individualism, territorial and economic expansion, and the pursuit of material wealth―have pushed the United States across a critical threshold where collapse is inevitable. Politically
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rates, but also to relatively high rates of surplus production. As a result, during this phase the population can afford to pay taxes without great problems, the taxes are quite easily collectible, and the population growth is accompanied by the growth of state revenues. During the intermediate
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Because of this, societies regarding themselves as "civilized" have sometimes sought to dominate and assimilate "uncivilized" cultures into a "civilized" way of living. In the 19th century, the idea of
European culture as "civilized" and superior to "uncivilized" non-European cultures was fully
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that this civilization did not end for moral or economic reasons, but because centuries of contact with barbarians across the frontier generated its own nemesis by making them a more sophisticated and dangerous adversary. The fact that Rome needed to generate ever greater revenues to equip and
1044:
Systems theorists look at many types of relations between cities, including economic relations, cultural exchanges and political/diplomatic/military relations. These spheres often occur on different scales. For example, trade networks were, until the nineteenth century, much larger than either
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in 1453 CE. For Gibbon, "The decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness. Prosperity ripened the principle of decay; the cause of the destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest; and, as soon as time or accident had removed the artificial supports, the
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as a medium of exchange for increasingly complex transactions. In a village, the potter makes a pot for the brewer and the brewer compensates the potter by giving him a certain amount of beer. In a city, the potter may need a new roof, the roofer may need new shoes, the cobbler may need new
4136:
Explicit theories of the origin of the state are relatively modern the age of exploration, by making Europeans aware that many peoples throughout the world lived, not in states, but in independent villages or tribes, made the state seem less natural, and thus more in need of
814:
The idea of civilization implies a progression or development from a previous "uncivilized" state. Traditionally, cultures that defined themselves as "civilized" often did so in contrast to other societies or human groupings viewed as less civilized, calling the latter
4447:
Archaeologists in Bulgaria believe they have discovered Europe's oldest prehistoric town, a settlement that was founded nearly 5,000 years before the birth of Christ The "town", known as Provadia-Solnitsata, was small by modern standards and would have had around 350
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suggested that there had been a much larger number of civilizations, including a small number of arrested civilizations, and that all civilizations tended to go through the cycle identified by Mommsen. The cause of the fall of a civilization occurred when a cultural
1651:'s chronological division, and suggested that there had been only eight "mature civilizations". Growing cultures, he argued, tend to develop into imperialistic civilizations, which expand and ultimately collapse, with democratic forms of government ushering in
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of North America in the 19th century were taller than their "civilized" American and European counterparts. The average stature of a population is a good measurement of the adequacy of its access to necessities, especially food, and its freedom from disease.
1928:
and the West is caused by the Muslim rejection of the West's more liberal sexual values, rather than a difference in political ideology, although they note that this lack of tolerance is likely to lead to an eventual rejection of (true) democracy. In
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A narrative of the loss of the Winterton East Indiaman wrecked on the coast of Madagascar in 1792; and of the sufferings connected with that event. To which is subjoined a short account of the natives of Madagascar, with suggestions as to their
785:
Assessments of what level of civilization a polity has reached are based on comparisons of the relative importance of agricultural as opposed to trading or manufacturing capacities, the territorial extensions of its power, the complexity of its
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attacked it in a major work (3,500 pages in five volumes, published 1988–2002). Elias, at the time a nonagenarian, was still able to respond to the criticism the year before his death. In 2002, Duerr was himself criticized by Michael Hinz's
1933:
Sen questions if people should be divided along the lines of a supposed "civilization", defined by religion and culture only. He argues that this ignores the many others identities that make up people and leads to a focus on differences.
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re-equip armies that were for the first time repeatedly defeated in the field, led to the dismemberment of the Empire. Although this argument is specific to Rome, it can also be applied to the Asiatic Empire of the Egyptians, to the
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surplus through decreasing rural population growth in favour of urban growth. Suitability of highly productive roots and tubers was in fact a curse of plenty, which prevented the emergence of states and impeded economic development.
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The fertile land between the Tigris and the Euphrates has inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of cursive
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stupendous fabric yielded to the pressure of its own weight. The story of the ruin is simple and obvious; and instead of inquiring why the Roman Empire was destroyed, we should rather be surprised that it has subsisted for so long".
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suggest a number of mathematical models describing collapse of agrarian civilizations. For example, the basic logic of Turchin's "fiscal-demographic" model can be outlined as follows: during the initial phase of a sociodemographic
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stage of the cultures of many of the peoples they encountered. Nonetheless, developments in the Neolithic stage, such as agriculture and sedentary settlement, were critical to the development of modern conceptions of civilization.
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shifted the cost-benefit ratio of endemic violence between communities, which saw the abandonment of unwalled village communities and the appearance of walled cities, seen by some as a characteristic of early civilizations.
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1704:, due to which, as states achieved a maximum permissible complexity, they would decline when further increases actually produced a negative return. Tainter suggested that Rome achieved this figure in the 2nd century CE.
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developed, and civilization became a core part of European identity. The idea of civilization can also be used as a justification for dominating another culture and dispossessing a people of their land. For example, in
1065:, India and China, were well established 2000 years ago when these civilizations scarcely shared any political, diplomatic, military, or cultural relations. The first evidence of such long-distance trade is in the
371:
Related words like "civility" developed in the mid-16th century. The abstract noun "civilization", meaning "civilized condition", came in the 1760s, again from French. The first known use in French is in 1757, by
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Ancient Greek Athenai, historic city and capital of Greece. Many of classical civilization's intellectual and artistic ideas originated there, and the city is generally considered to be the birthplace of Western
4488:
According to the criteria, accepted for the period, the prehistoric settlement of Provadia-Solnitsata could be defined as a prehistoric city that existed in the middle and the second half of the 5th millennium
545:. It is possible but more difficult to accumulate horticultural production, and so civilizations based on horticultural gardening have been very rare. Grain surpluses have been especially important because
3738:
835:, has now been largely condemned by anthropologists because of its derogatory connotations and because it implies that the cultures it refers to are relics of a past time that do not change or progress.
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wrote, "Not only the individual advances from infancy to manhood but the species itself from rudeness to civilisation". The word was therefore opposed to barbarism or rudeness, in the active pursuit of
533:
The traditional "surplus model" postulates that cereal farming results in accumulated storage and a surplus of food, particularly when people use intensive agricultural techniques such as artificial
3899:
Haider, Hans (29 June 2012). "Interview mit Karl Habsburg: 'Missbrauch von KulturgĂĽtern ist strafbar'" [Interview with Karl Habsburg: 'Misuse of cultural assets is a punishable offence'].
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Bondarenko, Dmitri; Grinin, Leonid; Korotayev, Andrey V. (2004). "Alternatives of Social Evolution". In Leonid Grinin; Robert Carneiro; Dmitri Bondarenko; Nikolay Kradin; Andrey Korotayev (eds.).
1978:
The current scientific consensus is that human beings are the only animal species with the cognitive ability to create civilizations that has emerged on Earth. A recent thought experiment, the
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Watts, Joseph; Sheehan, Oliver; Atkinson, Quentin D.; Bulbulia, Joseph; Gray, Russell D. (4 April 2016). "Ritual human sacrifice promoted and sustained the evolution of stratified societies".
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Friedrich Schipper (6 March 2015). "Bildersturm: Die globalen Normen zum Schutz von Kulturgut greifen nicht" [The global norms for the protection of cultural property do not apply].
2005:" is concerned with the study of artifact remains of non-human civilizations to reconstruct and interpret past lives of alien societies if such get discovered and confirmed scientifically.
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influenced theories of the analysis, growth, and decline of the Islamic civilization. He suggested repeated invasions from nomadic peoples limited development and led to social collapse.
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Vietnam Many civilizations are actually large cultural spheres containing many nations and regions. The civilization in which someone lives is that person's broadest cultural identity.
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The intricate culture associated with civilization has a tendency to spread to and influence other cultures, sometimes assimilating them into the civilization, a classic example being
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defines civilization as "the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes humans from other species".
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We find strong support for models in which human sacrifice stabilizes social stratification once stratification has arisen, and promotes a shift to strictly inherited class systems.
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contradicts the surplus model. It postulates that horticultural gardening was more productive than cereal farming. However, only cereal farming produced civilization because of the
1982:, however, considers whether it would "be possible to detect an industrial civilization in the geological record" given the paucity of geological information about eras before the
173:, in implied contrast to smaller, supposedly less advanced cultures. In this broad sense, a civilization contrasts with non-centralized tribal societies, including the cultures of
4936:, 2nd ed., vol. 4, ed. by J. B. Bury (London, 1909), pp. 173–174. Chapter XXXVIII: Reign Of Clovis. Part VI. General Observations On The Fall Of The Roman Empire In The West.
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Grinin, Leonid (2004). "The Early State and Its Analogues: A Comparative Analysis". In Leonid Grinin; Robert Carneiro; Dmitri Bondarenko; Nikolay Kradin; Andrey Korotayev (eds.).
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Hillman, Gordon; Hedges, Robert; Moore, Andrew; Colledge, Susan; Pettitt, Paul (27 July 2016). "New evidence of Lateglacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates".
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Already in the 18th century, civilization was not always seen as an improvement. One historically important distinction between culture and civilization is from the writings of
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civilization of the Andes, which did not use writing at all but except for a complex recording system consisting of knotted strings of different lengths and colors: the "
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have named a number of traits that distinguish a civilization from other kinds of society. Civilizations have been distinguished by their means of subsistence, types of
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Economically, civilizations display more complex patterns of ownership and exchange than less organized societies. Living in one place allows people to accumulate more
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185:; however, sometimes it also contrasts with the cultures found within civilizations themselves. Civilizations are organized densely-populated settlements divided into
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It is precisely the protection of this cultural identity that is becoming increasingly important nationally and internationally. According to international law, the
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was followed by the Iron Age around 1200 BCE, during which a number of new civilizations emerged, culminating in a period from the 8th to the 3rd century BCE which
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and a civilization is a large organization. Systems theory helps guard against superficial and misleading analogies in the study and description of civilizations.
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The influence of commerce on civilization: the Joseph Fisher lecture on commerce delivered at the University of Adelaide by J. Currie Elles esq., April 23rd, 1908
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for needed resources; increasing levels of internal and external violence, such as war or invasion; and societal responses to internal and environmental problems.
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Socas-Navarro, Hector; Haqq-Misra, Jacob; Wright, Jason T.; Kopparapu, Ravi; Benford, James; Davis, Ross; TechnoClimes 2020 workshop participants (1 May 2021).
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Schmidt, Gavin A.; Frank, Adam (10 April 2018). "The Silurian Hypothesis: Would it be possible to detect an industrial civilization in the geological record?".
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Aided by their division of labour and central government planning, civilizations have developed many other diverse cultural traits. These include organized
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Astronomers speculate about the existence of communicating intelligent civilizations within and beyond the Milky Way galaxy, usually using variants of the
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Smithers, Gregory D. (2009). "The 'Pursuits of the Civilized Man': Race and the Meaning of Civilization in the United States and Australia, 1790s–1850s".
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argues that "civilizations relied on shackled human muscle. It took the energy of slaves to plant crops, clothe emperors, and build cities" and considers
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587:. It is possible that food surpluses and relatively large scale social organization and division of labour predates plant and animal domestication.
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Many historians have focused on these broad cultural spheres and have treated civilizations as discrete units. Early twentieth-century philosopher
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There have been many explanations put forward for the collapse of civilization. Some focus on historical examples, and others on general theory.
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cultures European settlers encountered during the European colonization of the Americas and Australia. The term "primitive," though once used in
427:, and "human wholeness is achievable only through the recovery of or approximation to an original discursive or pre-rational natural unity" (see
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is a well-known and detailed analysis of the fall of Roman civilization. Gibbon suggested the final act of the collapse of Rome was the fall of
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McGee, Ben W. (1 November 2010). "A call for proactive xenoarchaeological guidelines – Scientific, policy and socio-political considerations".
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5554:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press.
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1328:, while still disputed, seems to be associated with the development of state structures, in which power was further monopolized by an elite
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605:, normally concentrated in the cities, has control over much of the surplus and exercises its will through the actions of a government or
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Haas, Jonathan; Creamer, Winifred; Ruiz, Alvaro (December 2004). "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru".
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their forests, and that such abuse of important resources has been a significant factor in the decline of the over-exploiting society".
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and ideologies that were prominent in the 19th and 20th centuries. However, this viewpoint been strongly challenged by others such as
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Man the Hunter: The First Intensive Survey of a Single, Crucial Stage of Human Development ― Man's Once Universal Hunting Way of Life
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Portugali, Juval (6 December 2012) . "Self-Organization and Urban Revolutions: From the Urban Revolution to La Revolution Urbaine".
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Frye, David (27 August 2019) . "Midwife to Civilization: Wall Builders at the Dawn of History: The Ancient Near East, 2500–500 BC".
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of written cursive script". Similar pre-civilized "neolithic revolutions" also began independently from 7,000 BCE in northwestern
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for subsistence, with the possible exception of some early civilizations in Peru which may have depended upon maritime resources.
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Jeremy Norman's 'From Cave Paintings to the Internet': Chronological and Thematic Studies on the History of Information and Media
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1273:"—a term introduced by Childe in the 1930s—from the 4th millennium BCE, marked the beginning of the accumulation of transferable
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as the first step in globalization. The more conventional viewpoint is that networks of societies have expanded and shrunk since
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1073:, Guillermo Algaze has argued that trade relations connected Egypt, Mesopotamia, Iran and Afghanistan. Resin found later in the
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Jeffrey A. McNeely has recently suggested that "a review of historical evidence shows that past civilizations have tended to
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798:. Secondary elements include a developed transportation system, writing, standardized measurement, currency, contractual and
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Koepke, Nikola; Baten, Joerg (1 April 2005). "The biological standard of living in Europe during the last two millennia".
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688:, or private ownership of the land. Because a percentage of people in civilizations do not grow their own food, they must
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It remains the most influential sociological study of the topic, spawning its own body of secondary literature. Notably,
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Velkley, Richard (2002). "The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy".
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601:. State societies are more stratified than other societies; there is a greater difference among the social classes. The
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in 476 CE and he also tended towards a biological analogy of "genesis", "growth", "senescence", "collapse" and "decay".
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Middle Ages (c. 500 to 1500 CE) was greater than it was for males during the preceding Roman Empire and the succeeding
204:. Civilization concentrates power, extending human control over the rest of nature, including over other human beings.
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A surplus of food permits some people to do things besides producing food for a living: early civilizations included
4583:. there is general consensus among scientists about the overall picture of Childe's revolution as portrayed above .
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we observe relatively high levels of per capita production and consumption, which leads not only to relatively high
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11,000 BCE. The earliest neolithic technology and lifestyle were established first in Western Asia (for example at
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made up of cities.'" The earliest emergence of civilizations is generally connected with the final stages of the
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of humanity and also the cultural identity, especially in the case of war and armed conflict. According to
554:
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World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
5369:
3993:
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2124:(2002), saying that his criticism amounted to hateful defamation of Elias, through excessive standards of
1231:) (5500–4200 BCE) – is believed by some archaeologists to be the oldest known town in present-day Europe.
1127:
The notion of human history as a succession of "civilizations" is an entirely modern one. In the European
7774:
7612:
4638:
Watts, Joseph; Sheehan, Oliver; Atkinson, Quentin D.; Bulbulia, Joseph; Gray, Russell D. (4 April 2016).
2591:
224:
17:
5751:
4895:
4393:
Jeremy Norman's History of Information: Exploring the History of Information and Media through Timelines
3719:
Stearns, Peter N. (2004). "Chapter 13 - The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam".
3501:
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7055:
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is sometimes defined as "living in cities". Non-farmers tend to gather in cities to work and to trade.
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provides the earliest case of a Neolithic Revolution, with the planting of cereal crops attested from
7779:
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7100:
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6520:
4038:
3169:
2884:
The Athenian furies: Observations on the major factors effecting politics in modern Greece, 1973–1974
2353:
Children's literature, domestication and social foundation: Narratives of civilization and wilderness
1627:
1360:
964:
940:
1422:
in Mexico was one of the largest cities in the world in 350 CE, with a population of about 125,000.
7784:
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suggests five major reasons for the collapse of 41 studied cultures: environmental damage, such as
1548:
and law spread rapidly around the world, incorporating earlier cultures into the technological and
86:
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Compared with other societies, civilizations have a more complex political structure, namely the
432:
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6510:
4187:"BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: Overview: From Neolithic to Bronze Age, 8000–800 BC"
3644:
Heraclides, Alexis; Dialla, Ada (2015). "3 Eurocentrism, 'civilization' and the 'barbarians'".
1901:
1884:
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McNeely, Jeffrey A. (1994) "Lessons of the past: Forests and Biodiversity" (Vol 3, No 1 1994.
4248:
3241:
1277:, which helped economies and cities develop. Urban revolutions were associated with the state
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from the food producing segment of the population. Early human cultures functioned through a
508:
193:
104:
6385:
4151:"The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles"
3391:
Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black; Larry S. Krieger; Phillip C. Naylor; Dahia Ibo Shabaka (1999).
3365:
3337:
2773:"Some Distinctions between Culture and Civilization as Displayed in Sociological Literature"
2717:
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Civilizations have distinctly different settlement patterns from other societies. The word
423:. Here, civilization, being more rational and socially driven, is not fully in accord with
392:
236:
4462:"Salt, early complex society, urbanization: Provadia-Solnitsata (5500–4200 BC) (Abstract)"
2847:
2163:
985:
in the mid-twentieth century. Toynbee explored civilization processes in his multi-volume
935:
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that assumed there were innate differences between "civilized" and "uncivilized" peoples.
559:
8:
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4002:. Translated by Atkinson, Charles Francis (Revised ed.). London: George Allen Unwin.
2231:
2063:
2031:
1979:
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and accumulation of surplus production by particular social sectors. The transition from
1081:
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This "unified culture" concept of civilization also influenced the theories of historian
734:
673:
621:, an integration theorist, have classified human cultures based on political systems and
504:
476:
349:
174:
38:
7065:
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5472:
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The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas that Have Shaped Our World View
4737:
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Many theorists argue that the entire world has already become integrated into a single "
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4799:. Mexico City, Mexico: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CONACULTA). p. 26
4757:
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2800:
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987:
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451:, having fled Germany, argued in New York that this opinion of civilization was behind
403:
388:
169:
Historically, a civilization has often been understood as a larger and "more advanced"
163:
50:
42:
5932:
4608:
3595:"ASA Statement on the use of 'primitive' as a descriptor of contemporary human groups"
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1951:
ills such as environmental crisis, racism and the growing gulf between rich and poor.
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6367:"Alone in the Milky Way: Why We Are Probably the Only Intelligent Life in the Galaxy"
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5504:"Archaeology and Planetary Science: Entering a New Era of Interdisciplinary Research"
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5071:
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4749:
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4640:"Ritual human sacrifice promoted and sustained the evolution of stratified societies"
4612:
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4307:
4299:
4105:
4097:
4017:
3947:"The ICRC and the Blue Shield signed a Memorandum of Understanding, 26 February 2020"
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4709:
The Evolution of Society: Selections from Herbert Spencer's Principles of Sociology
4679:
4659:
4604:
4319:
4291:
4162:
4089:
4014:
The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization
3919:[Protecting Cultural Property: Karl von Habsburg on a mission in Lebanon].
3651:
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2002:
1998:
1966:
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1622:
1356:
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1106:
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827:. Indeed, the modern Western idea of civilization developed as a contrast to the
782:, development in the arts, and countless new advances in science and technology.
685:
630:
614:
484:
248:
192:
with a ruling elite and subordinate urban and rural populations, which engage in
182:
96:
4817:
Sanders, William T.; Webster, David (1988). "The Mesoamerican Urban Tradition".
4555:(reprint ed.). Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 306.
3696:(Third ed.). Lanham, Maryland, U.S.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 67.
3390:
1179:
802:-based legal systems, art, architecture, mathematics, scientific understanding,
259:
7478:
7403:
7398:
7368:
7347:
7272:
7205:
7029:
7009:
6572:
6489:
6147:
The Measure of Civilization: how Social Development Decides the Fate of Nations
6076:
6005:
5683:
5345:
5310:
4965:
Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends. Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences, 2006
4873:
4166:
3901:
3647:
Humanitarian Intervention in the Long Nineteenth Century: Setting the Precedent
2387:
The Measure of Civilization: How Social Development Decides the Fate of Nations
1990:
1958:
1878:
1687:
1611:
1541:
1527:
1449:
1380:
1247:
1224:
1034:
1030:
948:
886:
771:
738:
636:
598:
311:
279:
251:, a political development associated with the appearance of a governing elite.
143:
124:
100:
6203:
5665:
The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C
4122:
3711:
3663:
3645:
3468:
3433:
3035:
The dynamics of neolithisation in Europe: Studies in honour of Andrew Sherratt
662:, with several inherited social classes: king, noble, freemen, serf and slave.
652:
in which there are generally two inherited social classes: chief and commoner.
471:
7753:
7687:
7672:
7657:
7632:
7622:
7550:
7510:
7378:
7250:
7014:
6994:
6959:
6879:
6820:
6800:
6785:
6759:
6673:
6622:
6276:
The Ancient Fleets: The Story of Naval Warfare Under Oars, 2600 B.C.–1597 A.D
6227:
5821:
5636:
5579:
5569:
5488:
5411:
4838:
4616:
4303:
4101:
3124:
2796:
2370:
2078:
1938:
1835:, using a holistic perspective to the most recent evidence from archaeology,
1820:
1775:
1735:
1717:
1707:
1615:
1601:
1305:
1300:
The civilized urban revolution in turn was dependent upon the development of
1204:
1122:
1109:, and that the current globalized economy and culture is a product of recent
1097:
1085:
1045:
cultural spheres or political spheres. Extensive trade routes, including the
1038:
943:
mission in Libya during the war in 2011 to protect the cultural assets there.
876:
618:
542:
534:
377:
345:
331:
287:
271:
116:
70:
6185:
The Atlas of the Ancient World: Charting the Great Civilizations of the Past
5718:
5311:"The Astrobiological Copernican Weak and Strong Limits for Intelligent Life"
5107:
The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilization
3321:
3276:
3213:
763:
431:). From this, a new approach was developed, especially in Germany, first by
7652:
7597:
7585:
7570:
7540:
7453:
6999:
6683:
6663:
6658:
6607:
6362:
5660:
4753:
4671:
4311:
4109:
3974:
3655:
3191:
2691:, translated by C. T. Campion (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1987), p. 91.
2665:(in German). Vol. 2002, no. 40. 30 September 2002. Archived from
2057:
1925:
1921:
1905:
1843:
1836:
1790:
1754:
Introduction to Social Macrodynamics, Secular Cycles, and Millennial Trends
1721:
1593:
1475:
1461:
1336:
1329:
1242:
Inter-pluvial saw the drying out of semiarid regions and a major spread of
1183:
1058:
1054:
1050:
902:
844:
832:
795:
713:
643:
610:
602:
546:
444:
428:
424:
189:
139:
6337:
3033:
Hadjikoumis, Angelos; Robinson, Erick; Viner-Daniels, Sarah, eds. (2011).
820:
7662:
7565:
7535:
7220:
6678:
6577:
6484:
5238:
2987:"The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization: An Evolving Hypothesis"
2661:
2073:
2068:
2036:
1947:
1913:
1909:
1882:
A world map of major civilizations according to the political hypothesis
1786:
1681:
1656:
1574:
1501:
1419:
1344:
1263:
1259:
1212:
1199:
1195:
1093:
1070:
856:
848:
647:
606:
527:
448:
436:
407:
361:
135:
128:
59:
4745:
4663:
4396:
4295:
3486:
6727:
6505:
5142:
3870:"Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones Presents Big Challenges"
3598:
3572:
3477:
3115:
2804:
2772:
1983:
1701:
1652:
1579:
1220:
1157:
1140:
1022:
894:
816:
803:
538:
496:
456:
159:
147:
108:
74:
66:
5367:
4994:
The Fall Of The Roman Empire: A New History Of Rome And The Barbarians
4846:
3420:
Steckel, Richard H. (4 January 2016). "New Light on the 'Dark Ages'".
1781:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: a New History of Rome and the Barbarians
1092:
has proposed that economic and military-diplomatic integration of the
7555:
6954:
3839:"Cultural Property at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed Conflict"
3231:
1970:
far more technologically advanced than any currently known to exist.
1677:
1537:
1495:
1479:
1431:
1301:
1289:(a state of continual or frequent warfare), the rapid development of
1216:
1153:
1136:
1132:
1046:
955:
try to set up and enforce relevant rules. The aim is to preserve the
910:
840:
767:
681:
440:
275:
240:
227:
has explained it: "This is why the most basic definition of the word
186:
178:
55:
4963:
4711:, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp. 32–47, 63–96, 153–165.
3370:. With the assistance of Jill Nash-Mitchell (1st ed.). Aldine.
2788:
62:
were the oldest civilization in the world, beginning about 4000 BCE.
5386:
5327:
5296:
4795:
Olmedo Vera, Bertina (1997). A. Arellano Hernández; et al. (eds.).
4211:
Moore, Andrew M. T.; Hillman, Gordon C.; Legge, Anthony J. (2000).
3106:
2964:. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Greystone Books; David Suzuki Foundation.
1648:
1453:
1441:
1437:
1402:
Outside the Old World, development took place independently in the
1392:
1388:
1384:
1014:
914:
906:
779:
721:
701:
659:
567:
512:
460:
414:
155:
151:
5634:
5137:, Posthumous English translation by Polonica Publications, London
5104:
3037:(1st ed.). Oxford Oakville, CT, U.S: Oxbow Books. p. 1.
2227:
Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature
6426:
4213:
Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra
1545:
1519:
1445:
1282:
1187:
1018:
880:
745:
705:
697:
571:
520:
232:
214:
170:
5361:
4579:
The urban revolution of 5500 years ago is at the very same time
4389:"The Earliest Prehistoric Town in Europe Circa 4700 to 4200 BCE"
4356:"Bulgarians find oldest European town, a salt production center"
3091:"The Origin of the State: Land Productivity or Appropriability?"
3032:
6737:
6279:
5855:
From the Defeat of the Spanish Armada to the Battle of Waterloo
3916:
2051:
1924:
have argued that the "true clash of civilizations" between the
1465:
1352:
1243:
952:
717:
575:
480:
452:
197:
112:
4241:"Iraq, past, present and future: a thoroughly-modern mandate?"
1219:
area served as a cradle of European civilization. The site of
483:
is traditionally seen as the cradle of a distinct European or
6126:. trans. Edward W. Wagner, with Edward J. Shultz. Cambridge:
5779:
The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great
5370:"Concepts for future missions to search for technosignatures"
1853:
1673:
1411:
1348:
1010:
860:
757:
749:
725:
709:
689:
365:
341:
201:
5068:
Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization
4723:
4637:
1832:
Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization
1410:
in coastal Peru began about 3500 BCE. In North America, the
924:
civilization and its influence on nearby civilizations such
3612:
Bowden, Brett (2015). "Civilization and its Consequences".
1396:
1228:
799:
753:
220:
6395:
5729:
The Threshold of Civilization: An Experiment in Prehistory
4148:
3771:
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
2720:, 1966, pp. 336–345 (translated by Mary Elizabeth Meek as
2572:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–41.
2142:
by J. Hatchard, L.B. Seeley and T. Hamilton, London, 1820.
625:. This system of classification contains four categories.
37:"Uncivilised" redirects here. For the novel and film, see
3694:
A concise history of Korea: From antiquity to the present
3301:
1335:
Towards the end of the Neolithic period, various elitist
898:
3261:. Volgograd: Uchitel Publishing House. pp. 88–133.
2739:
Being after Rousseau: Philosophy and Culture in Question
1482:, presented as a critical transitional phase leading to
1418:
city, located in Guatemala, dates to about 750 BCE. and
5309:
Westby, Tom; Conselice, Christopher J. (15 June 2020).
3597:. Association of Social Anthropologists. Archived from
2620:
The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences
2422:
1904:, which he believes will replace the conflicts between
1383:, and to some degree the territorial expansions of the
1198:
cultures), and from these cores spread across Eurasia.
5869:
From the American Civil War to the End of World War II
3306:. Volgograd: Uchitel Publishing House. pp. 3–27.
2837:
26, no. 3 edited by David Janssens and Daniel Tanguay.
1414:
civilization emerged about 1200 BCE; the oldest known
6330:
International Relations and the Philosophy of History
6233:
The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays
6035:
The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire
5193:
4776:
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
3060:"Study sheds new light on the origin of civilization"
2217:
809:
5615:
5194:
Inglehart, Ronald; Pippa Norris (March–April 2003).
4425:"Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town"
4334:
Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture
2304:
2302:
2012:
1680:
elite, leading to the rise of internal and external
1077:
is suggested was traded northwards from Mozambique.
523:
to be a common feature of pre-modern civilizations.
5552:
Global communication without universal civilization
4513:
Walls: A History of Civilization in Blood and Brick
3089:Mayshar, Joram; Moav, Omer; Pascali, Luigi (2022).
917:and control associated with maintaining the elite.
6308:
6252:
6119:
5958:
5931:
5825:
5031:
5029:
4595:Childe, V. Gordon (1950). "The Urban Revolution".
4516:(reprint ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster.
4170:
4121:
3971:
3720:
3392:
3364:Lee, Richard Borshay; DeVore, Irven, eds. (1968).
3336:
3230:(Radio interview – audio). Illinois Public Media.
3088:
2957:
2938:
2741:. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 11–30.
1815:in the Eastern Mediterranean, the collapse of the
1631:suggested Rome collapsed with the collapse of the
5929:
5750:
5713:(1st ed.). Adelaide: W. K. Thomas & Co.
4332:Kennett, Douglas J.; Winterhalder, Bruce (2006).
2312:Nietzsche and Early German and Austrian Sociology
2299:
2223:
1713:Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
1536:A major technological and cultural transition to
1308:of grains, plants and animals, the permanence of
243:, culminating in the relatively rapid process of
7751:
5841:From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto
4990:
4231:
3643:
3236:(With guest: Tom Standage, technology editor at
806:, political structures, and organized religion.
760:", and still functioned as a civilized society.
376:, and the first use in English is attributed to
6309:Cotterell, Yong Yap; Cotterell, Arthur (1975).
5706:
5308:
5245:(Illustrated ed.). Vintage; Random House.
4273:
3814:. National Geographic Society. 17 August 2023.
3650:. Manchester University Press. pp. 31–56.
3502:"American Plains Indians had Health and Height"
3304:The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogues
3258:The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogues
3010:The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization
2960:The Energy of Slaves: Oil and the new servitude
4816:
4238:
3987:
3985:
3837:Wegener, Corine; Otter, Marjan (Spring 2008).
3242:American Archive of Public Broadcasting record
3198:. New York: Walker & Company. p. 25.
2707:Civilisation. Contribution Ă l'histoire du mot
1900:, the 21st century will be characterized by a
684:than nomadic people. Some people also acquire
398:In the late 1700s and early 1800s, during the
6411:
5575:A History of Civilization: Prehistory to 1715
5302:
5034:The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization
4719:
4717:
3639:
3637:
2923:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin.
2315:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 115, 117, 212.
2308:
2121:Der Zivilisationsprozeß: Mythos oder Realität
4336:. University of California Press. pp. 121–.
3836:
2711:
2705:
2480:
2346:
2344:
2178:
2119:
1997:– such as for technological traces, called "
1805:The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization
1592:played an important role in the fall of the
1544:, and from this beginning new approaches to
696:system, or receive food through the levy of
305:
6079:. Archaeological Criteria of Civilization.
5820:
5444:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3982:
3843:The Getty Conservation Institute Newsletter
3727:(4th ed.). New York: Pearson Longman.
3554:
3552:
3535:. Cambridge University Press. p. 169.
3454:
325:
319:
212:
6418:
6404:
6273:
5799:
5725:
4714:
4149:Eagly, Alice H.; Wood, Wendy (June 1999).
3917:"Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon"
3767:
3723:World civilizations: the global experience
3634:
2732:
2730:
2694:
2455:
2350:
2260:
2188:Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge
1973:
1029:Another group of theorists, making use of
6168:. Elizabeth, N.J.: Hollym International.
6149:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
5667:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
5385:
5344:
5326:
5269:, Vol 1 & Vol 2 (Seven Stories Press)
4548:
4033:
3499:
3493:
3476:
3363:
3343:. Malden, Mass. (U.S.): Wiley Blackwell.
3222:Brighton, Jack (producer) (7 June 2005).
3184:
3114:
2955:
2949:
2416:
2390:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2341:
417:, particularly his work about education,
254:
6327:
6201:
6182:
6166:A Panorama of 5000 Years: Korean History
5930:Hawkes, Jacquetta; David Trump (1993) .
5578:(6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
5065:
4872:
4500:De Meo, James (2nd Edition), "Saharasia"
4353:
4067:
3991:
3867:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3558:
3549:
3530:
3221:
3190:
2616:
2184:
2001:". The proposed proto-scientific field "
1877:
1607:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1584:
1555:
1253:
1004:
934:
762:
470:
258:
65:
49:
6259:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
6226:
6096:
5978:
5884:
5828:A Military History of the Western World
5776:
5620:. illus. Ian Jackson. London: Usborne.
5568:
4890:
4422:
4416:
4354:Maugh II, Thomas H. (1 November 2012).
4142:
3718:
3419:
3334:
3007:
2984:
2770:
2736:
2727:
2525:
2486:
2185:Haviland, William; et al. (2013).
1339:civilizations began to rise in various
724:, contemporary civilizations developed
692:their goods and services for food in a
134:Civilizations include features such as
14:
7752:
6286:
6250:
6144:
6032:
6004:
5903:
5596:
5549:
5237:
4972:from the original on 18 September 2018
4594:
4413:. . (Archived record from 2 July 2012)
4068:Carneiro, Robert L. (21 August 1970).
3898:
3611:
3533:Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians
3395:World History: Patterns of Interaction
3254:
2933:
2913:
2761:, Inc., 956. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
2461:
2429:. Transaction Publishers. p. 13.
2383:
2266:
1182:, from about 9,130 BCE), later in the
374:Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau
330:('city'). The fundamental treatise is
7765:Anthropological categories of peoples
6399:
6100:The Sumerians: Inventors and Builders
5969:
5956:
5659:
5616:Chisholm, Jane; Anne Millard (1991).
5526:from the original on 11 November 2021
5501:
5458:
5158:
5149:, Gebethner & Wolff, KrakĂłw 1935.
4347:
4239:Milton-Edwards, Beverley (May 2003).
4070:"A Theory of the Origin of the State"
4049:from the original on 3 September 2014
3788:from the original on 30 December 2016
3756:
3224:"A History of the World in 6 Glasses"
2880:
2833:" (1999, originally a 1941 lecture),
2637:from the original on 30 December 2016
2546:from the original on 21 November 2023
2507:from the original on 30 December 2016
2443:from the original on 30 December 2016
2329:from the original on 30 December 2016
2287:from the original on 30 December 2016
1135:was put into stark contrast with the
383:Essay on the History of Civil Society
282:are presented as a characteristic of
7713:
7314:Role of Christianity in civilization
6163:
6037:. Totowa, N.J.: Barnes & Noble.
5681:
5599:Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times
5282:, Vol 1 (Seven Stories Press), p. 17
5280:Endgame: The Problem of Civilization
5267:Endgame: The Problem of Civilization
5226:Dark Ages America: the End of Empire
5206:from the original on 20 January 2019
5115:from the original on 12 October 2017
5066:Demarest, Arthur (9 December 2004).
4934:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
4509:
4478:from the original on 23 January 2013
4437:from the original on 1 November 2012
3880:from the original on 24 October 2023
3849:from the original on 11 October 2022
3741:from the original on 24 October 2023
3691:
3399:. Evanston, Ill.: McDougal Littell.
3283:from the original on 26 October 2023
3157:
3082:
2985:Moseley, Michael (24 January 2005).
2811:from the original on 24 October 2023
2564:
2493:. Berghahn Books. pp. 136–137.
2089:Role of Christianity in civilization
1943:Dark Ages America: the End of Empire
1343:from around 3600 BCE beginning with
870:
99:characterized by the development of
7725:
6117:
5159:Asadi, Muhammed (22 January 2007).
4459:
3457:European Review of Economic History
3196:A History of the World in 6 Glasses
3057:
3001:
2978:
2858:from the original on 6 January 2009
2823:
2745:
2174:from the original on 16 March 2008.
2170:. University College London. 2000.
1567:as happens in so-called Dark Ages.
1147:
526:All civilizations have depended on
24:
6356:
6292:An Unfinished History of the World
6274:Southworth, John Van Duyn (1968).
5726:Fairservis, Walter A. Jr. (1975).
5426:from the original on 17 April 2021
5145:. Originally published in Polish,
4900:. London: Oxford University Press.
4810:
4686:from the original on 15 April 2023
4569:from the original on 15 April 2023
4386:
3953:from the original on 22 March 2020
3774:. Simon and Schuster. p. 43.
3615:Oxford Handbook Topics in Politics
3512:from the original on 20 April 2021
3500:Leutwyler, Kristen (30 May 2001).
3139:from the original on 17 April 2022
3070:from the original on 18 April 2022
2840:
2713:Problèmes de linguistique générale
2681:
2610:
2558:
2519:
2355:. New York: Routledge. p. 8.
2224:Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2001).
2156:
1793:dynasties of China, to the Muslim
1000:
810:As a contrast with other societies
583:and perhaps during the Mesolithic
466:
435:and later by philosophers such as
360:outlines two opinions: one purely
25:
7796:
6379:
5196:"The True Clash of Civilizations"
5135:On the Plurality of Civilizations
5011:from the original on 19 June 2013
4609:10.3828/tpr.21.1.k853061t614q42qh
4423:Squires, Nick (31 October 2012).
3818:from the original on 19 July 2023
3670:from the original on 29 July 2023
3622:from the original on 29 July 2023
2945:. New York: New American Library.
2887:(Thesis). Ball State University.
2623:. SAGE Publications. p. 73.
2248:from the original on 1 April 2021
2205:from the original on 13 July 2019
2191:. Cengage Learning. p. 250.
1896:According to political scientist
1693:The Collapse of Complex Societies
1355:in the course of the Bronze Age (
1190:basins in China (for example the
402:, "civilization" was used in the
7724:
7712:
7701:
7700:
6435:
5601:. London: British Museum Press.
5502:McGee, B. W. (1 December 2007).
5495:
5452:
5285:
5272:
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4247:. United Kingdom. Archived from
4193:from the original on 12 May 2021
4045:. Vol. 17. pp. 31–59.
4043:Comparative Civilizations Review
3927:from the original on 26 May 2020
3808:"Key Components of Civilization"
2891:from the original on 22 May 2022
2598:from the original on 29 May 2023
2423:Adams, Robert McCormick (1966).
2404:from the original on 29 May 2023
2267:Boyden, Stephen Vickers (2004).
2015:
1227:) stone settlement (prehistoric
737:(c. 1500 to 1800 CE). Also, the
7526:Culture and positive psychology
6436:
6311:The Early Civilization of China
6085:, Vol. 5, No 1 (2006): 89–108.
5806:. New York: American Heritage.
5542:
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5231:
5218:
5187:
5152:
5127:
5097:
5084:
5059:
5023:
4984:
4956:
4939:
4926:
4904:
4884:
4866:
4853:
4797:The Mayas of the Classic Period
4789:
4768:
4701:
4631:
4588:
4542:
4530:from the original on 6 May 2023
4503:
4494:
4453:
4380:
4368:from the original on 4 May 2019
4326:
4267:
4218:
4205:
4179:
4061:
4027:
4006:
3965:
3939:
3909:
3892:
3861:
3830:
3800:
3682:
3605:
3587:
3524:
3448:
3413:
3384:
3357:
3328:
3295:
3248:
3151:
3051:
3026:
2927:
2907:
2874:
2764:
2722:Problems in general linguistics
2649:
2576:
2464:A Short History anthropological
2131:
2107:
1995:searches for such intelligences
1540:began approximately 1500 CE in
1332:who practiced human sacrifice.
1033:, looks at a civilization as a
748:, developed first by people in
6965:High- and low-context cultures
6294:(rev. ed.). London: Pan.
6082:Social Evolution & History
5481:10.1016/j.spacepol.2010.08.003
5070:. Cambridge University Press.
4778:. Vintage Books. pp. 199–212.
4552:Self-Organization and the City
3868:Stiffman, Eden (11 May 2015).
3768:Huntington, Samuel P. (1997).
3158:Mann, Charles C. (June 2011).
2689:The Philosophy of Civilization
2426:The Evolution of Urban Society
2377:
2168:Digital Egypt for Universities
354:The Philosophy of Civilization
200:, small-scale manufacture and
13:
1:
5092:Biodiversity and Conservation
4831:10.1525/aa.1988.90.3.02a00010
4707:Carniero, R.L. (ed.) (1967).
4469:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
4344:. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
4000:Perspectives of World History
3812:National Geographic Education
3531:Pauketat, Timothy R. (2004).
3234:– via Internet Archive.
2588:National Geographic Education
2532:. Stanford University Press.
2529:Barbarism and Its Discontents
2490:An Invitation to Anthropology
2309:Solms-Laubach, Franz (2007).
2149:
1347:, expanding into large-scale
1175:
672:and organized, institutional
32:Civilization (disambiguation)
7531:Culture and social cognition
6516:Cross-cultural communication
6236:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.
5974:. New York: Time-Life Books.
5965:. New York: Time-Life Books.
5803:The Horizon History of China
5161:"A Critique of Huntington's
4094:10.1126/science.169.3947.733
3923:(in German). 28 April 2019.
3845:. Vol. 23, no. 1.
3339:The Origins of Human Society
3095:Journal of Political Economy
2771:Lottick, Kenneth V. (1950).
2657:"Denker: Entlarvende Briefe"
2273:. UNSW Press. pp. 7–8.
1854:energy return on investments
1489:
1425:
656:Highly stratified structures
555:Journal of Political Economy
340:(1939), which traces social
90:
7:
7613:Intercultural communication
6425:
6391:Top 10 oldest civilizations
6255:A History of Japan: To 1334
6183:Oliphant, Margaret (1992).
6097:Lansing, Elizabeth (1971).
5645:. New York: Facts on File.
5038:. Oxford University Press.
5030:Bryan Ward-Perkins (2006).
4997:. Oxford University Press.
4923:, Polimetrica s.a.s., p. 75
4215:.(Oxford University Press).
2617:Sullivan, Larry E. (2009).
2592:National Geographic Society
2570:The Sources of Social Power
2270:The Biology of Civilisation
2008:
1223:– a prehistoric fortified (
515:and other cultural traits.
364:and the other material and
225:National Geographic Society
10:
7801:
7056:Cross cultural sensitivity
6723:Resistance through culture
6328:Yurdusev, A. Nuri (2003).
5682:Edey, Maitland A. (1974).
5508:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
4951:Princeton University Press
4910:Massimo Campanini (2005),
4774:Mann, Charles C. (2006) .
4167:10.1037/0003-066x.54.6.408
2956:Nikiforuk, Andrew (2012).
2351:AbdelRahim, Layla (2015).
2137:For example, in the title
1871:
1852:considers the fall in the
1696:suggested that there were
1559:
1517:
1499:
1493:
1435:
1429:
1151:
1120:
1116:
874:
491:Social scientists such as
121:signed or spoken languages
73:provides an example of an
36:
29:
27:Stratified complex society
7696:
7668:Transformation of culture
7361:
7281:
7101:Cultural environmentalism
7038:
6778:
6641:
6531:Cross-cultural psychology
6526:Cross-cultural psychiatry
6521:Cross-cultural leadership
6498:
6447:
6433:
6103:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
6033:Keppie, Lawrence (1984).
5800:Fitzgerald, C.P. (1969).
5752:Fernández-Armesto, Felipe
5315:The Astrophysical Journal
4991:Peter J. Heather (2005).
4387:Norman, Jeremy M. (ed.).
3992:Spengler, Oswald (1928).
3874:Chronicle of Philanthropy
3692:Seth, Michael J. (2020).
3469:10.1017/S1361491604001388
3434:10.1017/S0145553200013134
3008:Moseley, Michael (1975).
2881:Brown, Thomas J. (1975).
2466:. House of Anansi Press.
1867:
1361:Indus Valley Civilization
965:Blue Shield International
941:Blue Shield International
774:philosopher and scientist
270:(1913). The emergence of
148:technological advancement
7628:Living things in culture
7618:Intercultural competence
7521:Culture and menstruation
7020:Trans-cultural diffusion
6164:Nahm, Andrew C. (1983).
6128:Harvard University Press
5777:Ferrill, Arther (1985).
5707:J. Currie Elles (1908).
5639:; Isao Kumakura (1988).
5346:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8225
5278:Jensen, Derrick (2006),
5265:Jensen, Derrick (2006),
5133:Koneczny, Feliks (1962)
4859:Tarnas, Richard (1993).
4597:The Town Planning Review
4581:the rise of civilization
4016:(Second Edition, 2004) (
3561:Journal of World History
3012:. Menlo Park: Cummings.
2920:What Happened In History
2100:
1874:Global catastrophic risk
1285:, or soldier, class and
716:supplemented by limited
346:medieval courtly society
164:specialization of labour
7439:Cultural homogenization
6669:Individualistic culture
6603:Popular culture studies
6588:Intercultural relations
6251:Sansom, George (1958).
6202:Rogerson, John (1985).
5988:Weidenfeld and Nicolson
5642:Cultural Atlas of Japan
5597:Casson, Lionel (1994).
5224:Berman, Morris (2007),
4819:American Anthropologist
3995:The Decline Of The West
3335:Bogucki, Peter (1999).
2852:Encyclopedia Britannica
2759:Encyclopædia Britannica
2754:Encyclopædia Britannica
2751:"Civilization" (1974),
2526:Bolesti, Maria (2013).
2487:Llobera, Josep (2003).
2462:Wright, Ronald (2004).
1974:Non-human civilizations
1408:Caral-Supe civilization
1236:8.2 Kiloyear Arid Event
1209:Caral-Supe civilization
1057:sea routes linking the
974:, uses the German word
909:and complex customs of
433:Johann Gottfried Herder
7374:Archaeological culture
7121:Cultural globalization
6990:Organizational culture
6838:Cultural communication
6796:Cultural appropriation
6583:Intercultural learning
6511:Cross-cultural studies
6122:A New History of Korea
5934:The Atlas of Early Man
5887:Ascent to Civilization
5885:Gowlett, John (1984).
5572:; et al. (1984).
5163:Clash of Civilizations
5147:O Wielości Cywilizacyj
4919:28 August 2019 at the
4913:Studies on Ibn Khaldûn
4039:"Central Civilization"
3656:10.2307/j.ctt1mf71b8.7
3422:Social Science History
2712:
2706:
2120:
1902:clash of civilizations
1893:
1885:Clash of Civilizations
1767:phase, the increasing
1597:
1532:Clash of Civilizations
1524:Major religious groups
1484:classical civilization
1406:. Urbanization in the
1404:Pre-Columbian Americas
1373:Middle Assyrian Empire
1281:, the appearance of a
1266:
1162:Cradle of civilization
1084:", a process known as
1026:
944:
775:
720:systems. By the early
635:, which are generally
488:
485:"Western" civilization
391:characteristic of the
337:The Civilizing Process
326:
320:
318:('civil'), related to
315:
306:
304:comes from the French
297:
293:The Civilizing Process
255:History of the concept
213:
78:
63:
7770:Cultural anthropology
7643:Participatory culture
7434:Cultural evolutionism
7258:Multiracial democracy
7136:Cultural intelligence
7081:Cultural conservatism
7071:Cultural backwardness
7061:Cultural assimilation
6935:Cultural reproduction
6791:Cultural appreciation
6743:Far-right subcultures
6633:Transcultural nursing
6598:Philosophy of culture
6475:Cultural neuroscience
6455:Cultural anthropology
6338:10.1057/9781403938404
6118:Lee, Ki-Baik (1984).
5984:A History of the Jews
5550:Ankerl, Guy (2000) .
4155:American Psychologist
2710:, 1954, published in
2126:political correctness
1931:Identity and Violence
1912:, Muhammed Asadi and
1881:
1588:
1556:Fall of civilizations
1500:Further information:
1436:Further information:
1257:
1008:
938:
875:Further information:
766:
509:social stratification
474:
262:
211:relates to the Latin
194:intensive agriculture
105:social stratification
69:
53:
7638:Oppositional culture
7608:Emotions and culture
7516:Cultural sensibility
7506:Cultural translation
7444:Cultural institution
7424:Cultural determinism
7146:Cultural nationalism
7131:Cultural imperialism
7091:Cultural deprivation
6985:Non-material culture
6618:Sociology of culture
6613:Semiotics of culture
6313:. New York: Putnam.
6145:Morris, Ian (2013).
5832:. 3 vols. New York:
4245:History & Policy
3949:. 26 February 2020.
3601:on 14 November 2011.
2991:In the Hall of Ma'at
2384:Morris, Ian (2013).
2232:Simon & Schuster
2023:Civilizations portal
1898:Samuel P. Huntington
1890:Samuel P. Huntington
1633:Western Roman Empire
1365:Old Kingdom of Egypt
1279:monopoly of violence
1111:European colonialism
1075:Royal Cemetery at Ur
1009:Depiction of united
995:Samuel P. Huntington
857:bureaucratic control
853:religious conversion
682:personal possessions
511:, economic systems,
393:Age of Enlightenment
310:('civilized'), from
268:Jules-Alexandre GrĂĽn
237:Neolithic Revolution
175:nomadic pastoralists
30:For other uses, see
7489:Culture speculation
7484:Cultural relativism
7414:Cultural competence
7304:Cultural Christians
7176:Cultural Revolution
7166:Cultural radicalism
7141:Cultural liberalism
7076:Cultural Bolshevism
7051:Consumer capitalism
7005:Relational mobility
6945:Cultural technology
6853:Cultural dissonance
6770:Culture by location
6733:Alternative culture
6649:Constructed culture
6628:Theology of culture
6568:Cultural psychology
6548:Cultural entomology
6386:BBC on civilization
6372:Scientific American
6210:Infobase Publishing
6016:Seven Stories Press
5970:Hicks, Jim (1975).
5961:The Empire Builders
5957:Hicks, Jim (1974).
5913:Chatto & Windus
5889:. London: Collins.
5834:Funk & Wagnalls
5520:2007AGUFM.P41A0203M
5473:2010SpPol..26..209M
5396:2021AcAau.182..446S
5337:2020ApJ...896...58W
5200:Global Policy Forum
4947:Historical Dynamics
4746:10.1038/nature17159
4738:2016Natur.532..228W
4664:10.1038/nature17159
4656:2016Natur.532..228W
4430:The Daily Telegraph
4409:. . Previously at:
4296:10.1038/nature03146
4288:2004Natur.432.1020H
4282:(7020): 1020–1023.
4086:1970Sci...169..733C
4012:Algaze, Guillermo,
3618:. Oxford Academic.
3506:Scientific American
3172:on 27 February 2018
3165:National Geographic
2687:Albert Schweitzer.
2669:on 28 February 2019
2064:Intermediate Region
2032:Anarcho-primitivism
1980:silurian hypothesis
1937:Cultural Historian
1813:Bronze Age collapse
1778:argues in his book
1741:Historical Dynamics
1730:long-distance trade
1698:diminishing returns
1644:Decline of the West
1590:Barbarian invasions
1506:Early modern period
1472:Bronze Age collapse
1369:Neo-Sumerian Empire
1312:and development of
855:, the extension of
735:Early Modern Period
674:forms of government
547:grain can be stored
505:forms of government
477:Acropolis of Athens
350:early modern period
274:and other forms of
39:Uncivilised (novel)
7775:Cultural geography
7648:Permission culture
7581:Disability culture
7561:Children's culture
7429:Cultural diversity
7389:Circuit of culture
7171:Cultural retention
7151:Cultural pessimism
7106:Cultural exception
7096:Cultural diplomacy
7086:Cultural contracts
7046:Colonial mentality
6975:Manuscript culture
6950:Cultural universal
6920:Cultural pluralism
6900:Cultural landscape
6895:Cultural invention
6863:Cultural framework
6765:Vernacular culture
6563:Cultural mediation
6543:Cultural economics
6538:Cultural analytics
6470:Cultural geography
6460:Cultural astronomy
6205:Atlas of the Bible
6064:Edwin Mellen Press
6060:Lewiston, New York
5940:Dorling Kindersley
5635:Collcutt, Martin;
5618:Early Civilization
4897:A Study Of History
4863:(Ballantine Books)
4251:on 8 December 2010
4228:. 11 (4): 383–393.
4175:on 17 August 2000.
3573:10.1353/jwh.0.0047
2935:Childe, V. Gordon
2831:On German Nihilism
2757:15th ed. Vol. II,
2718:Éditions Gallimard
2084:Outline of culture
2047:Civilization state
2042:Civilizing mission
1894:
1850:Thomas Homer-Dixon
1801:Bryan Ward-Perkins
1728:; dependence upon
1668:A Study of History
1598:
1550:industrial society
1458:Spread of Buddhism
1318:economies of scale
1275:economic surpluses
1267:
1172:Levantine corridor
1103:Crusading movement
1027:
988:A Study of History
945:
788:division of labour
776:
670:social hierarchies
552:Research from the
489:
380:, who in his 1767
298:
79:
64:
43:Uncivilised (film)
7747:
7746:
7576:Death and culture
7469:Cultural movement
7459:Cultural literacy
7319:Eastern Orthodoxy
7231:Dominator culture
7226:Deculturalization
7126:Cultural hegemony
7116:Cultural genocide
7111:Cultural feminism
6930:Cultural property
6925:Cultural practice
6910:Cultural leveling
6905:Cultural learning
6890:Cultural industry
6885:Cultural identity
6868:Cultural heritage
6858:Cultural emphasis
6843:Cultural conflict
6816:Cultural behavior
6806:Cultural artifact
6718:Primitive culture
6694:Political culture
6347:978-1-349-40304-2
6320:978-0-399-11595-0
6301:978-0-330-26458-7
6266:978-0-8047-0523-3
6243:978-0-8133-3863-7
6219:978-0-8160-1206-0
6194:978-0-09-177040-2
6187:. London: Ebury.
6175:978-0-930878-23-8
6156:978-0-691-15568-5
6137:978-0-674-61575-5
6110:978-0-07-036357-1
6052:Korotayev, Andrey
6044:978-0-389-20447-3
6025:978-1-58322-730-5
5997:978-0-297-79091-4
5949:978-0-312-09746-2
5922:978-0-7011-1332-2
5905:Hawkes, Jacquetta
5896:978-0-00-217090-1
5813:978-0-8281-0005-2
5792:978-0-500-25093-8
5783:Thames and Hudson
5769:978-0-333-90171-7
5743:978-0-684-12775-0
5699:978-0-7054-0060-2
5674:978-0-691-04811-6
5652:978-0-8160-1927-4
5627:978-1-58086-022-2
5608:978-0-7141-1735-5
5589:978-0-13-389866-8
5561:978-2-88155-004-1
5374:Acta Astronautica
5252:978-1-4000-7670-3
5169:Selves and Others
5077:978-0-521-53390-4
5045:978-0-19-280728-1
5004:978-0-19-515954-7
4805:978-970-18-3005-5
4732:(7598): 228–231.
4650:(7598): 228–231.
4562:978-3-662-04099-7
4523:978-1-5011-7271-7
4460:Nikolov, Vassil.
4361:Los Angeles Times
4342:978-0-520-24647-8
4080:(3947): 733–738.
4022:978-0-226-01382-4
3781:978-1-4165-6124-8
3734:978-0-321-18281-4
3703:978-1-5381-2897-8
3542:978-0-521-52066-9
3406:978-0-395-87274-1
3377:978-0-202-33032-7
3350:978-1-55786-349-2
3313:978-5-7057-0547-4
3268:978-5-7057-0547-4
3205:978-0-8027-1447-3
3058:Kiggins, Sheila.
3044:978-1-84217-999-4
3019:978-0-8465-4800-3
2971:978-1-55365-978-5
2941:Man makes himself
2724:, 2 vols., 1971).
2630:978-1-4129-5143-2
2539:978-0-8047-8537-2
2500:978-1-57181-597-2
2473:978-0-88784-706-6
2436:978-0-202-36594-7
2397:978-0-691-15568-5
2362:978-0-415-66110-2
2322:978-3-11-018109-8
2280:978-0-86840-766-1
2241:978-0-7432-1650-0
2198:978-1-285-67530-5
1795:Abbasid Caliphate
1769:population growth
1764:population growth
1710:in his 2005 book
1663:Arnold J. Toynbee
1562:Societal collapse
1377:Babylonian Empire
1316:that facilitated
1293:, and the use of
983:Arnold J. Toynbee
961:Karl von Habsburg
957:cultural heritage
871:Cultural identity
792:carrying capacity
700:, redistributive
623:social inequality
615:conflict theorist
581:Pacific Northwest
549:for a long time.
400:French Revolution
358:Albert Schweitzer
300:The English word
264:The End of Dinner
16:(Redirected from
7792:
7780:Cultural history
7728:
7727:
7716:
7715:
7704:
7703:
7593:Drinking culture
7546:Culture industry
7494:Cultural tourism
7474:Cultural mulatto
7449:Cultural jet lag
7384:Cannabis culture
7341:Cultural Muslims
7263:Pluriculturalism
7246:Multiculturalism
7236:Interculturalism
7211:Culture minister
7201:Cultural Zionism
7196:Cultural subsidy
7191:Cultural silence
7066:Cultural attaché
7025:Transculturation
6980:Material culture
6970:Interculturality
6826:Cultural capital
6811:Cultural baggage
6748:Youth subculture
6689:Official culture
6654:Dominant culture
6593:Internet culture
6558:Cultural mapping
6553:Cultural history
6480:Cultural studies
6465:Cultural ecology
6439:
6438:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6397:
6396:
6351:
6324:
6305:
6283:
6270:
6258:
6247:
6223:
6198:
6179:
6160:
6141:
6125:
6114:
6048:
6029:
6001:
5975:
5966:
5964:
5953:
5937:
5926:
5909:Dawn of the Gods
5900:
5837:
5831:
5817:
5796:
5773:
5747:
5722:
5703:
5678:
5656:
5631:
5612:
5593:
5565:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5443:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5389:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5348:
5330:
5306:
5300:
5289:
5283:
5276:
5270:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5235:
5229:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5175:on 26 April 2009
5171:. Archived from
5156:
5150:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5101:
5095:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5037:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4960:
4954:
4943:
4937:
4930:
4924:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4870:
4864:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4814:
4808:
4793:
4787:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4721:
4712:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4576:
4574:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4477:
4466:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4395:. Archived from
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4351:
4345:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4235:
4229:
4222:
4216:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4169:. Archived from
4146:
4140:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4120:. Archived from
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4035:Wilkinson, David
4031:
4025:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3998:. Vol. II:
3989:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3765:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3726:
3715:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3398:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3342:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3252:
3246:
3235:
3217:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3168:. Archived from
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3118:
3101:(4): 1091–1144.
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2997:on 5 April 2023.
2993:. Archived from
2982:
2976:
2975:
2963:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2844:
2838:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2768:
2762:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2725:
2715:
2709:
2702:Émile Benveniste
2698:
2692:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2160:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2115:Hans Peter Duerr
2111:
2094:World population
2025:
2020:
2019:
2018:
1999:technosignatures
1918:Ronald Inglehart
1746:Andrey Korotayev
1552:of the present.
1514:Age of Discovery
1510:Great Divergence
1322:complex cultures
1271:urban revolution
1177:
1168:Natufian culture
1148:Urban Revolution
1129:Age of Discovery
585:Natufian culture
517:Andrew Nikiforuk
493:V. Gordon Childe
329:
324:('citizen') and
323:
309:
245:urban revolution
218:
183:hunter-gatherers
94:
21:
7800:
7799:
7795:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7785:Linear theories
7750:
7749:
7748:
7743:
7692:
7683:Western culture
7678:Welfare culture
7603:Eastern culture
7464:Cultural mosaic
7419:Cultural critic
7409:Cultural center
7357:
7331:Cultural Hindus
7277:
7268:Polyculturalism
7241:Monoculturalism
7216:Culture of fear
7186:Cultural safety
7181:Cultural rights
7161:Cultural racism
7156:Cultural policy
7034:
6940:Cultural system
6915:Cultural memory
6848:Cultural cringe
6774:
6706:Popular culture
6637:
6573:Cultural values
6494:
6443:
6429:
6424:
6382:
6359:
6357:Further reading
6354:
6348:
6321:
6302:
6267:
6244:
6220:
6195:
6176:
6157:
6138:
6111:
6077:Kradin, Nikolay
6045:
6026:
6006:Jensen, Derrick
5998:
5950:
5923:
5897:
5879:(1987 reprint).
5865:(1987 reprint).
5851:(1987 reprint).
5814:
5793:
5770:
5744:
5700:
5690:Time-Life Books
5685:The Sea Traders
5675:
5653:
5628:
5609:
5590:
5562:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5529:
5527:
5500:
5496:
5457:
5453:
5437:
5436:
5429:
5427:
5366:
5362:
5307:
5303:
5290:
5286:
5277:
5273:
5264:
5260:
5253:
5236:
5232:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5176:
5157:
5153:
5132:
5128:
5118:
5116:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5064:
5060:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5028:
5024:
5014:
5012:
5005:
4989:
4985:
4975:
4973:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4945:Peter Turchin.
4944:
4940:
4931:
4927:
4921:Wayback Machine
4909:
4905:
4892:Toynbee, Arnold
4889:
4885:
4874:Ferguson, Niall
4871:
4867:
4858:
4854:
4815:
4811:
4794:
4790:
4773:
4769:
4722:
4715:
4706:
4702:
4689:
4687:
4636:
4632:
4593:
4589:
4572:
4570:
4563:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4524:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4440:
4438:
4421:
4417:
4402:
4400:
4385:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4352:
4348:
4331:
4327:
4272:
4268:
4254:
4252:
4236:
4232:
4223:
4219:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4194:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4147:
4143:
4129:
4127:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4050:
4032:
4028:
4011:
4007:
3990:
3983:
3970:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3782:
3766:
3757:
3753:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3704:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3642:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3610:
3606:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3498:
3494:
3453:
3449:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3333:
3329:
3314:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3269:
3253:
3249:
3206:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3006:
3002:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2954:
2950:
2932:
2928:
2912:
2908:
2894:
2892:
2879:
2875:
2861:
2859:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2789:10.2307/2572007
2769:
2765:
2750:
2746:
2735:
2728:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2631:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2594:. 20 May 2022.
2584:"Civilizations"
2582:
2581:
2577:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2540:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2501:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2437:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2398:
2382:
2378:
2363:
2349:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2323:
2307:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2281:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2242:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2199:
2183:
2179:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2132:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2003:xenoarchaeology
1993:. They conduct
1976:
1967:Kardashev scale
1955:Cultural critic
1876:
1870:
1860:Feliks Koneczny
1827:Arthur Demarest
1811:after the Late
1655:and ultimately
1639:Oswald Spengler
1628:History of Rome
1623:Theodor Mommsen
1564:
1558:
1534:
1516:
1498:
1492:
1468:
1434:
1428:
1357:Akkadian Empire
1295:human sacrifice
1287:endemic warfare
1164:
1152:Main articles:
1150:
1125:
1119:
1090:David Wilkinson
1003:
1001:Complex systems
972:Oswald Spengler
963:, President of
897:, professional
891:decision-making
883:
873:
812:
686:landed property
668:, with complex
631:Hunter-gatherer
579:peoples of the
560:appropriability
469:
467:Characteristics
257:
249:state formation
125:writing systems
97:complex society
87:British English
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7798:
7788:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7741:
7734:
7722:
7710:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7589:
7588:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7479:Cultural probe
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7404:Cross-cultural
7401:
7399:Coffee culture
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7369:Animal culture
7365:
7363:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7333:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7291:
7285:
7283:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7275:
7273:Transculturism
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7206:Culture change
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7042:
7040:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7032:
7030:Visual culture
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7010:Safety culture
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6831:Cross-cultural
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6508:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6490:Culture theory
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6444:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6423:
6422:
6415:
6408:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6381:
6380:External links
6378:
6377:
6376:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6346:
6325:
6319:
6306:
6300:
6284:
6271:
6265:
6248:
6242:
6228:Sandall, Roger
6224:
6218:
6199:
6193:
6180:
6174:
6161:
6155:
6142:
6136:
6115:
6109:
6094:
6074:
6049:
6043:
6030:
6024:
6002:
5996:
5976:
5967:
5954:
5948:
5927:
5921:
5901:
5895:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5866:
5852:
5822:Fuller, J.F.C.
5818:
5812:
5797:
5791:
5774:
5768:
5748:
5742:
5723:
5704:
5698:
5679:
5673:
5657:
5651:
5632:
5626:
5613:
5607:
5594:
5588:
5570:Brinton, Crane
5566:
5560:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5494:
5467:(4): 209–213.
5451:
5360:
5301:
5284:
5271:
5258:
5251:
5243:Dark Age Ahead
5230:
5217:
5186:
5151:
5126:
5096:
5083:
5076:
5058:
5044:
5022:
5003:
4983:
4955:
4953:, 2003:121–127
4938:
4925:
4903:
4883:
4865:
4852:
4825:(3): 521–546.
4809:
4788:
4767:
4713:
4700:
4630:
4587:
4561:
4541:
4522:
4502:
4493:
4452:
4415:
4399:on 2 July 2012
4379:
4346:
4325:
4266:
4230:
4217:
4204:
4178:
4161:(6): 408–423.
4141:
4126:on 30 May 2014
4060:
4026:
4005:
3981:
3964:
3938:
3908:
3902:Wiener Zeitung
3891:
3860:
3829:
3799:
3780:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3733:
3716:
3702:
3688:
3681:
3664:j.ctt1mf71b8.7
3633:
3604:
3586:
3567:(2): 245–272.
3548:
3541:
3523:
3492:
3447:
3428:(2): 211–229.
3412:
3405:
3383:
3376:
3356:
3349:
3327:
3312:
3294:
3267:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3204:
3183:
3160:"Göbekli Tepe"
3150:
3107:10.1086/718372
3081:
3050:
3043:
3025:
3018:
3000:
2977:
2970:
2948:
2926:
2915:Childe, Gordon
2906:
2873:
2839:
2835:Interpretation
2822:
2783:(3): 240–250.
2763:
2744:
2726:
2693:
2680:
2648:
2629:
2609:
2575:
2557:
2538:
2518:
2499:
2479:
2472:
2454:
2435:
2415:
2396:
2376:
2361:
2340:
2321:
2298:
2279:
2259:
2240:
2216:
2197:
2177:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2130:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2010:
2007:
1991:Drake equation
1975:
1972:
1959:Derrick Jensen
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1847:
1840:
1824:
1823:and elsewhere.
1803:, in his book
1798:
1773:
1733:
1726:climate change
1705:
1688:Joseph Tainter
1685:
1660:
1636:
1620:
1612:Constantinople
1599:
1560:Main article:
1557:
1554:
1542:Western Europe
1528:World language
1494:Main article:
1491:
1488:
1450:Zoroastrianism
1430:Main article:
1427:
1424:
1381:Hittite Empire
1248:climate change
1149:
1146:
1118:
1115:
1063:Persian Empire
1035:complex system
1031:systems theory
1002:
999:
949:United Nations
872:
869:
811:
808:
739:Plains Indians
678:
677:
663:
653:
640:
468:
465:
280:self-restraint
256:
253:
190:social classes
181:societies, or
144:infrastructure
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7797:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7760:Civilizations
7758:
7757:
7755:
7740:
7739:
7735:
7733:
7732:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7711:
7709:
7708:
7699:
7698:
7695:
7689:
7688:Youth culture
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7673:Urban culture
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7658:Remix culture
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7633:Media culture
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7623:Languaculture
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7551:Culture shock
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7511:Cultural turn
7509:
7507:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7379:Bennett scale
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7309:Protestantism
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7252:
7251:Biculturalism
7249:
7248:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7037:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7015:Technoculture
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6995:Print culture
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6960:Enculturation
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6880:Cultural icon
6878:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6821:Cultural bias
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6801:Cultural area
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6786:Acculturation
6784:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6760:Super culture
6758:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6674:Legal culture
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6623:Sound culture
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6432:
6428:
6421:
6416:
6414:
6409:
6407:
6402:
6401:
6398:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6374:
6373:
6368:
6364:
6363:Gribbin, John
6361:
6360:
6349:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6326:
6322:
6316:
6312:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6257:
6256:
6249:
6245:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6206:
6200:
6196:
6190:
6186:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6167:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6148:
6143:
6139:
6133:
6129:
6124:
6123:
6116:
6112:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6095:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6072:0-7734-6310-0
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6012:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5980:Johnson, Paul
5977:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5962:
5955:
5951:
5945:
5941:
5936:
5935:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5877:0-306-80306-2
5874:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5863:0-306-80305-4
5860:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5849:0-306-80304-6
5846:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5835:
5830:
5829:
5824:(1954–1957).
5823:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5756:Civilizations
5753:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5686:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5661:Drews, Robert
5658:
5654:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5637:Marius Jansen
5633:
5629:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5581:
5580:Prentice Hall
5577:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5553:
5548:
5547:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5498:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5447:
5441:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5281:
5275:
5268:
5262:
5254:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5228:(W.W. Norton)
5227:
5221:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5164:
5155:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5114:
5110:
5108:
5100:
5093:
5087:
5079:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5047:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5026:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4987:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4935:
4929:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4907:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4862:
4856:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4785:
4784:1-4000-3205-9
4781:
4777:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4718:
4710:
4704:
4697:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4582:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4545:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4506:
4497:
4490:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4234:
4227:
4221:
4214:
4208:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4124:
4119:
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4048:
4044:
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4037:(Fall 1987).
4036:
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4019:
4015:
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4001:
3997:
3996:
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3921:Krone Zeitung
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3238:The Economist
3233:
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3207:
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3197:
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3192:Standage, Tom
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2798:
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2786:
2782:
2778:
2777:Social Forces
2774:
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2760:
2756:
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2748:
2740:
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2579:
2571:
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2566:Mann, Michael
2561:
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2200:
2194:
2190:
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2181:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2141:
2140:civilizations
2134:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:New Tribalism
2077:
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2072:
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2065:
2062:
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2055:
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2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2013:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1939:Morris Berman
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:nation-states
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
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1880:
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1855:
1851:
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1821:Easter Island
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1776:Peter Heather
1774:
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1765:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1736:Peter Turchin
1734:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:deforestation
1715:
1714:
1709:
1708:Jared Diamond
1706:
1703:
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1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:Ottoman Turks
1613:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1602:Edward Gibbon
1600:
1595:
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1576:
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1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:civilizations
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:domestication
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1258:The ruins of
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:South America
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1123:Human history
1114:
1112:
1108:
1107:ancient times
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:globalization
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1069:. During the
1068:
1067:ancient world
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1039:social system
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
998:
996:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
942:
937:
933:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
893:apparatus, a
892:
888:
882:
878:
877:Cultural area
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
807:
805:
801:
797:
796:urban centres
793:
789:
783:
781:
773:
772:Ancient Greek
769:
765:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:
736:
730:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
675:
671:
667:
666:Civilizations
664:
661:
657:
654:
651:
649:
645:
644:Horticultural
641:
638:
634:
632:
628:
627:
626:
624:
620:
619:Elman Service
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
588:
586:
582:
577:
573:
569:
564:
561:
557:
556:
550:
548:
544:
543:crop rotation
540:
536:
535:fertilization
531:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
486:
482:
478:
473:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
385:
384:
379:
378:Adam Ferguson
375:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:
333:
332:Norbert Elias
328:
322:
317:
313:
308:
303:
295:
294:
289:
288:Norbert Elias
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:table manners
269:
265:
261:
252:
250:
246:
242:
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234:
230:
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222:
217:
216:
210:
205:
203:
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195:
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172:
167:
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161:
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153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:communication
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
88:
84:
77:civilization.
76:
75:early culture
72:
71:Ancient Egypt
68:
61:
57:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7736:
7729:
7717:
7705:
7653:Rape culture
7598:Drug culture
7586:Deaf culture
7571:Cyberculture
7541:Culture hero
7454:Cultural lag
7394:Civilization
7393:
7294:Christianity
7000:Protoculture
6684:Microculture
6664:High culture
6659:Folk culture
6608:Postcritique
6370:
6329:
6310:
6291:
6288:Thomas, Hugh
6278:. New York:
6275:
6254:
6232:
6208:. New York:
6204:
6184:
6165:
6146:
6121:
6099:
6080:
6055:
6034:
6014:. New York:
6010:
5983:
5972:The Persians
5971:
5960:
5933:
5908:
5886:
5868:
5854:
5840:
5827:
5802:
5781:. New York:
5778:
5755:
5732:. New York:
5728:
5708:
5688:. New York:
5684:
5664:
5641:
5617:
5598:
5574:
5551:
5543:Bibliography
5528:. Retrieved
5514:: 41A–0203.
5511:
5507:
5497:
5464:
5461:Space Policy
5460:
5454:
5440:cite journal
5428:. Retrieved
5377:
5373:
5363:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5287:
5279:
5274:
5266:
5261:
5242:
5239:Jacobs, Jane
5233:
5225:
5220:
5208:. Retrieved
5199:
5189:
5177:. Retrieved
5173:the original
5168:
5162:
5154:
5146:
5134:
5129:
5117:. Retrieved
5106:
5099:
5091:
5086:
5067:
5061:
5049:. Retrieved
5033:
5025:
5013:. Retrieved
4993:
4986:
4974:. Retrieved
4964:
4958:
4946:
4941:
4933:
4928:
4912:
4906:
4896:
4886:
4878:Civilization
4877:
4868:
4860:
4855:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4796:
4791:
4775:
4770:
4729:
4725:
4708:
4703:
4695:
4688:. Retrieved
4647:
4643:
4633:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4580:
4578:
4571:. Retrieved
4551:
4544:
4532:. Retrieved
4512:
4505:
4496:
4487:
4480:. Retrieved
4455:
4448:inhabitants.
4446:
4439:. Retrieved
4428:
4418:
4410:
4403:19 September
4401:. Retrieved
4397:the original
4392:
4382:
4370:. Retrieved
4359:
4349:
4333:
4328:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4260:
4253:. Retrieved
4249:the original
4244:
4233:
4225:
4220:
4212:
4207:
4195:. Retrieved
4181:
4172:the original
4158:
4154:
4144:
4137:explanation.
4135:
4128:. Retrieved
4123:the original
4077:
4073:
4063:
4051:. Retrieved
4042:
4029:
4013:
4008:
3999:
3994:
3978:(in German).
3975:Der Standard
3973:
3967:
3955:. Retrieved
3941:
3929:. Retrieved
3920:
3911:
3905:(in German).
3900:
3894:
3884:19 September
3882:. Retrieved
3873:
3863:
3853:19 September
3851:. Retrieved
3842:
3832:
3822:19 September
3820:. Retrieved
3811:
3802:
3790:. Retrieved
3770:
3745:19 September
3743:. Retrieved
3722:
3693:
3684:
3672:. Retrieved
3646:
3624:. Retrieved
3614:
3607:
3599:the original
3589:
3564:
3560:
3532:
3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3505:
3495:
3463:(1): 61–95.
3460:
3456:
3450:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3394:
3386:
3366:
3359:
3338:
3330:
3303:
3297:
3287:22 September
3285:. Retrieved
3257:
3250:
3237:
3227:
3195:
3186:
3174:. Retrieved
3170:the original
3163:
3153:
3141:. Retrieved
3098:
3094:
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3063:
3053:
3034:
3028:
3009:
3003:
2995:the original
2990:
2980:
2959:
2951:
2940:
2929:
2919:
2909:
2900:
2893:. Retrieved
2883:
2876:
2869:civilization
2867:
2860:. Retrieved
2851:
2842:
2834:
2825:
2815:19 September
2813:. Retrieved
2780:
2776:
2766:
2758:
2752:
2747:
2738:
2721:
2700:Cited after
2696:
2688:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2667:the original
2660:
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2619:
2612:
2600:. Retrieved
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2548:. Retrieved
2528:
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2489:
2482:
2463:
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2425:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2386:
2379:
2352:
2331:. Retrieved
2311:
2289:. Retrieved
2269:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2226:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2187:
2180:
2167:
2164:"Chronology"
2158:
2138:
2133:
2109:
2058:Future Shock
2056:
1988:
1977:
1964:
1953:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1926:Muslim world
1922:Pippa Norris
1895:
1883:
1844:over-exploit
1837:paleoecology
1830:
1804:
1779:
1753:
1748:
1740:
1722:soil erosion
1711:
1691:
1682:proletariats
1666:
1642:
1626:
1605:
1594:Roman Empire
1578:
1569:
1565:
1535:
1476:Karl Jaspers
1469:
1462:Confucianism
1401:
1337:Chalcolithic
1334:
1330:ruling class
1325:
1321:
1299:
1268:
1260:Mesoamerican
1240:5.9 Kiloyear
1233:
1184:Yellow River
1180:Göbekli Tepe
1165:
1126:
1094:Mesopotamian
1082:world system
1079:
1059:Roman Empire
1055:Indian Ocean
1051:Central Asia
1043:
1028:
993:
986:
980:
975:
969:
946:
919:
905:, organized
903:architecture
884:
845:colonization
837:
833:anthropology
813:
784:
777:
744:
731:
714:gift economy
679:
665:
655:
642:
629:
611:Morton Fried
603:ruling class
596:
592:civilization
591:
589:
565:
553:
551:
532:
525:
490:
445:World War II
429:noble savage
425:human nature
418:
412:
397:
381:
370:
353:
335:
302:civilization
301:
299:
291:
290:in his book
283:
263:
229:civilization
228:
209:civilization
208:
206:
187:hierarchical
168:
140:architecture
133:
129:graphic arts
109:urbanization
92:civilisation
91:
83:civilization
82:
80:
54:The ancient
47:
7731:WikiProject
7663:Tea culture
7566:Culturalism
7536:Culture gap
7499:Pop-culture
7299:Catholicism
7221:Culture war
6679:Low culture
6578:Culturomics
6485:Culturology
5530:11 November
5380:: 446–453.
4603:(1): 3–17.
3957:18 December
3931:18 December
3478:10419/47594
3232:WILL-AM 580
3116:10230/57736
2862:31 December
2662:Der Spiegel
2074:Manichaeism
2069:Law of Life
2037:Christendom
1957:and author
1948:Jane Jacobs
1914:Amartya Sen
1910:Edward Said
1797:and others.
1657:imperialism
1575:Ibn Khaldun
1502:Middle Ages
1478:termed the
1420:Teotihuacan
1345:Mesopotamia
1310:settlements
1291:hierarchies
1264:Teotihuacan
1213:Mesoamerica
1200:Mesopotamia
1196:Pengtoushan
1131:, emerging
1071:Uruk period
648:pastoralist
637:egalitarian
607:bureaucracy
528:agriculture
455:and German
449:Leo Strauss
437:Kierkegaard
408:ethnography
286:society by
136:agriculture
115:systems of
60:Mesopotamia
18:Uncivilised
7754:Categories
6728:Subculture
6506:Bioculture
5986:. London:
5938:. London:
5911:. London:
5758:. London:
5719:Q106369892
5387:2103.01536
5328:2004.03968
5297:1804.03748
5210:23 January
5179:23 January
5143:B0000CLABJ
4482:1 November
4441:1 November
4372:1 November
4255:9 December
3712:1104409379
3220:See also:
2673:16 October
2150:References
1984:quaternary
1941:argues in
1872:See also:
1829:argues in
1702:complexity
1653:plutocracy
1580:Muqaddimah
1518:See also:
1314:lifestyles
1221:Solnitsata
1158:Bronze Age
1141:Mesolithic
1121:See also:
1023:Persepolis
895:literature
865:philosophy
829:indigenous
825:primitives
817:barbarians
804:metallurgy
790:, and the
539:irrigation
503:patterns,
501:settlement
497:livelihood
457:militarism
223:'. As the
160:regulation
7556:Culturgen
7324:Mormonism
7282:Religions
6955:Cultureme
6873:Destroyed
6499:Subfields
6091:1681-4363
5760:Macmillan
5489:0265-9646
5420:232092198
5412:0094-5765
5355:215415788
5321:(1): 58.
4976:6 January
4839:0002-7294
4617:0041-0020
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1432:Axial Age
1426:Axial Age
1341:"cradles"
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1154:Neolithic
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650:societies
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