789:
3558:
3070:
1305:
3004:
363:
for making such determination nor did it define the terms. The nature of the findings would so differ from one legal system to another that they would give rise to serious disputes among the parties to the convention. It was suggested that the reference to such rules would make the issue more complicated, for it would endow the rules with a semblance of legal binding force. This allows state parties to pass domestic laws that permit acts of torture that they believe are within the lawful sanctions clause. However, the most widely adopted interpretation of the lawful sanctions clause is that it refers to sanctions authorized by
2952:
1782:
528:
2176:
1118:
4258:
1066:
1318:
1171:
3574:
3336:
670:
3082:
875:
1369:
2935:
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298:, regarding the prohibition against torture (Article 10). Parties also must keep interrogation rules, instructions, methods, and practices under systematic review regarding individuals who are under custody or physical control in any territory under their jurisdiction, in order to prevent all acts of torture (Article 11). Parties are also obliged to prevent all acts of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment in any territory under their jurisdiction, and to investigate any allegation of such treatment. (Article 16).
618:
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805:
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2191:
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963:
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2555:
1422:
723:
2837:
1154:
2679:
1642:
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rights are being implemented. Upon ratifying the convention, states must submit a report within one year, after which they are obliged to report every four years. The
Committee examines each report and addresses its concerns and recommendations to the State party in the form of "concluding observations". Under certain circumstances, the CAT may consider complaints or communications from individuals claiming that their rights under the Convention have been violated.
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3422:
3371:
3098:
2433:
2347:
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1992:
1188:
997:
758:
706:
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2226:
1579:
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2209:
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1869:
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635:
1904:
1597:
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2416:
1799:
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892:
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3301:
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3133:
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2279:
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1136:
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1525:
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2146:
1834:
1816:
1694:
1456:
1387:
1223:
980:
857:
775:
741:
653:
600:
3705:
3670:
3635:
3179:
3039:
2871:
2485:
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2129:
2112:
1473:
1334:
688:
564:
547:
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3510:
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3057:
2399:
2095:
2043:
1975:
1922:
1764:
1258:
928:
823:
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2918:
2713:
2626:
2381:
2262:
1728:
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582:
154:
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3266:
2969:
1561:
3723:
3354:
2820:
2662:
2591:
2520:
2502:
2313:
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2009:
1658:
1614:
1405:
1100:
840:
2696:
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3318:
1507:
1240:
2784:
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2296:
2077:
1887:
1629:
1083:
910:
2888:
1543:
3889:
3812:
1940:
4237:
4195:
3231:
1958:
1852:
34:
4126:
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308:(Article 17), and empowers it to investigate allegations of systematic torture (Article 20). It also establishes an optional dispute-resolution mechanism between parties (Article 21) and allows parties to recognize the competence of the committee to hear complaints from individuals about violations of the convention by a party (Article 22).
3795:
international and national bodies to places where people are deprived of their liberty, in order to prevent torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment," to be overseen by a
Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
362:
The words "inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions" remain vague and very broad. It is extremely difficult to determine what sanctions are "inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions" in a particular legal system and what are not. The drafters of the
Convention neither provided any criteria
3794:
The
Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT), adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 2002 and in force since 22 June 2006, provides for the establishment of "a system of regular visits undertaken by independent
502:
requires parties to prevent "other acts of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment which do not amount to torture as defined in article 1" in any territory under their jurisdiction. Because it is often difficult to distinguish between cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment
261:
to bring cases of torture to trial where an alleged torturer cannot be extradited (Article 5). Parties must promptly investigate any allegation of torture (Articles 12 and 13), and victims of torture, or their dependents in case victims died as a result of torture, must have an enforceable right to
4030:
The
Committee Against Torture (CAT) is a body of human rights experts that monitors implementation of the convention by State parties. The committee is one of eight UN-linked human rights treaty bodies. All state parties are obliged under the convention to submit regular reports to the CAT on how
473:
any person to a state "where there are substantial grounds for believing that he would be in danger of being subjected to torture." The
Committee Against Torture has held that this danger must be assessed not just for the initial receiving state, but also to states to which the person may be
367:. Pursuant to this interpretation, only sanctions that are authorized by international law will fall within this exclusion. The interpretation of the lawful sanctions clause leaves no scope of application and is widely debated by authors, historians, and scholars alike.
249:(Articles 1–16) contains a definition of torture (Article 1), and commits parties to taking effective measures to prevent any act of torture in any territory under their jurisdiction (Article 2). These include ensuring that torture is a criminal offense under a party's
5502:
399:, or any form of armed conflict. In other words, torture cannot be justified as a means to protect public safety or prevent emergencies. Subordinates who commit acts of torture cannot abstain themselves from legal responsibility on the grounds that they were
378:
prohibits torture, and requires parties to take effective measures to prevent it in any territory under their jurisdiction. This prohibition is absolute and non-derogable. "No exceptional circumstances whatsoever" may be invoked to justify torture, including
5462:
4298:
5387:
5397:
219:, in honor of the convention. Since the convention's entry was enforced, the absolute prohibition against torture and other acts of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment has become accepted as a principle of
5482:
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4283:
found that countries that adopt national laws that prohibit torture (defining it in line with the standards codified in the UN Convention against
Torture) subsequently experience reductions in police torture.
5352:
5249:
6506:
5362:
6466:
354:
him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a
314:(Articles 25–33) governs ratification, entry into force, and amendment of the convention. It also includes an optional arbitration mechanism for disputes between parties (Article 30).
5211:
485:
obligates the government of the state in which the alleged offense occurred to either prosecute the accused party, or extradite them to a state that will, under the principle of
5681:
5472:
5412:
5275:
240:
6406:
5621:
6511:
3825:
453:
The other articles of part I lay out specific obligations intended to implement this absolute prohibition by preventing, investigating, and punishing acts of torture.
5721:
5102:
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5281:
4308:
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5137:
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or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in, or incidental to, lawful sanctions.
6501:
6486:
4303:
216:
4784:
Carey, Henry (Chip); Mitchell, Stacey M. (2023). "Legalization of Reform of
Torture Laws and Practices: Compliant, Exceptionalist, and Hybrid Types".
4646:"Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment – Addendum to Initial reports of States parties due in 1995"
5756:
4845:
6481:
5571:
5097:
4038:. Members are elected to four-year terms by State parties and can be re-elected if nominated. The current membership of the CAT, as of June 2023:
342:, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him, or a third person, information or a
6536:
6526:
6046:
5442:
5287:
5197:
253:(Article 4), establishing jurisdiction over acts of torture committed by or against a party's nationals (Article 5), ensuring that torture is an
6541:
5781:
5402:
5127:
4851:
3975:
3831:
450:, or any other of its areas, and protects all people under its effective control, regardless of nationality or how that control is exercised.
215:
on 10 December 1984 and, following ratification by the 20th state party, it came into force on 26 June 1987. 26 June is now recognized as the
6561:
6411:
5546:
410:
The prohibition on torture applies to anywhere under a party's effective jurisdiction inside or outside of its borders, whether on board its
4685:
274:
people where there are substantial grounds for believing they will be tortured (Article 3). Parties are required to train and educate their
5616:
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304:(Articles 17–24) governs reporting and monitoring of the convention and the steps taken by the parties to implement it. It establishes the
4353:
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5836:
5706:
5551:
5372:
3914:
4888:
6266:
5308:
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5107:
4814:
3624:
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5303:
6496:
5641:
4922:
4857:
3087:
6531:
6491:
6416:
5816:
132:
6551:
6471:
6421:
5911:
5856:
5270:
5220:
794:
182:
66:
4902:
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6241:
5382:
5293:
5254:
4793:
4580:
232:
6556:
6366:
6206:
6146:
4819:
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6521:
5811:
5611:
5489:
5457:
4915:
3563:
6051:
5936:
5566:
5467:
4964:
4686:"9.b Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment"
4318:
208:, and forbids member states to transport people to any country where there is reason to believe they will be tortured.
4527:
4425:
4406:
4387:
157:
6391:
6301:
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4011:
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1304:
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6001:
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3971:
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503:
and torture, the
Committee regards Article 16's prohibition of such act as similarly absolute and non-derogable.
212:
4623:
6461:
6441:
6316:
6156:
6096:
6056:
5966:
5926:
5656:
5646:
5601:
5529:
5448:
Protocol to the
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
5353:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
5340:
5168:
5112:
4025:
3964:
3755:
As of 17 November 2021, there are 173 States parties. 22 UN Member States are not yet party to the convention.
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4453:
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201:
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194:
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6101:
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6026:
6011:
5996:
5981:
5941:
5931:
5921:
5886:
5806:
5746:
5716:
5691:
5483:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
5173:
4954:
220:
4545:"CAT General Comment No. 01: Implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22"
4480:
Reproductive Freedom, Torture and International Human Rights: Challenging the Masculinisation of Torture
6451:
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6321:
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6221:
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on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in the
4370:
Status of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
346:, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or
6376:
6201:
6176:
6081:
6021:
5971:
5876:
5801:
5761:
5163:
4786:
Legalization of International Law and Politics: Multi-Level Governance of Human Rights and Aggression
4313:
305:
5508:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
4876:
1065:
283:
4299:
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
5477:
5265:
5021:
4596:
4186:
487:
4645:
5388:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
5178:
5153:
5046:
2180:
2175:
874:
258:
4809:
4570:
5314:
4734:
4293:
2934:
1170:
4893:
5392:
5244:
5122:
4979:
3573:
431:
404:
200:
The Convention requires member states to take effective measures to prevent torture in any
4501:"Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment"
8:
5541:
5189:
5079:
5026:
4989:
1903:
617:
419:
4711:
4354:
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
3866:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
171:
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
27:
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
5561:
5063:
5058:
5031:
4969:
4877:
UN Convention Against Torture (1984–2014) – Bibliography (Books/Articles), UNOG Library
4762:
2678:
1368:
388:
5398:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
4974:
4824:
4789:
4766:
4754:
4576:
4365:
1596:
1438:
364:
334:
For the purpose of this Convention, the term "torture" means any act by which severe
16:
International human rights instrument against torture and cruel or unusual punishment
5393:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
4863:
Introductory note by Hans Danelius, procedural history note and audiovisual material
4862:
5503:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
5092:
5041:
4746:
4097:
2329:
343:
5363:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
5447:
5158:
4959:
4572:
United Nations Convention Against Torture and its Optional Protocol: A Commentary
4531:
4429:
4410:
4391:
3970:
It may require cleanup to comply with Knowledge's content policies, particularly
3404:
467:
400:
355:
279:
271:
4867:
Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
4866:
4846:
Tortured Justice: Using Coerced Evidence to Prosecute Terrorist Suspects (2008)
3910:
3590:
3151:
1294:
1275:
275:
186:
494:
5590:
5250:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
4907:
4852:
Leave No Marks: Enhanced Interrogation Techniques and the Risk of Criminality
4834:
4758:
4566:
4141:
4110:
3612:
2190:
1745:
423:
396:
287:
250:
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4403:
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3492:
3195:
3114:
3021:
2907:
1647:
1634:
962:
427:
384:
347:
295:
205:
4871:
4454:"CAT General Comment No. 2: Implementation of Article 2 by States Parties"
3335:
3213:
2836:
2766:
2554:
2536:
1421:
1205:
722:
267:
254:
4872:
UN Convention Against Torture (1984–2014) – Research Guide, UNOG Library
4750:
3652:
3421:
3370:
3097:
2985:
2467:
2432:
2346:
2243:
2225:
2059:
1991:
1578:
1187:
996:
757:
705:
161:
266:
produced by torture in their courts (Article 15), and are barred from
5068:
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3686:
3248:
2572:
2363:
2208:
1868:
1710:
669:
634:
392:
339:
243:(ICESCR), with a preamble and 33 articles, divided into three parts:
4597:"Italy passes law making torture a crime, critics say full of holes"
5368:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
5036:
3387:
3300:
3283:
3161:
3132:
2801:
2730:
2643:
2415:
2278:
2025:
1798:
1781:
1489:
1351:
1135:
1030:
1013:
944:
891:
439:
415:
351:
263:
3798:
As of April 2022, the Protocol has 76 signatories and 91 parties.
6507:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
4856:
International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims (IRCT);
4221:
4066:
3704:
3669:
3634:
3543:
3456:
3178:
3038:
2870:
2853:
2607:
2484:
2449:
2145:
2128:
2111:
1833:
1815:
1693:
1613:
1524:
1472:
1455:
1386:
1333:
1222:
1153:
979:
856:
804:
774:
740:
687:
652:
599:
563:
546:
447:
190:
3769:
6467:
Treaties adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolutions
5053:
4242:
4200:
4176:
4155:
4087:
4035:
3739:
3526:
3509:
3474:
3317:
3056:
2917:
2887:
2783:
2712:
2625:
2398:
2380:
2261:
2094:
2042:
1974:
1921:
1763:
1727:
1675:
1542:
1257:
1047:
927:
909:
822:
581:
443:
435:
291:
5413:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
5276:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
241:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
33:
5232:
4897:
4882:
4263:
4131:
4034:
The CAT usually meets in April/May and November each year in
3722:
3353:
3265:
3230:
2968:
2819:
2661:
2590:
2519:
2501:
2312:
2162:
2008:
1957:
1939:
1851:
1657:
1560:
1404:
1323:
1117:
1099:
839:
262:
compensation (Article 14). Parties must also ban the use of
3438:
2748:
2695:
2295:
2076:
1886:
1506:
1239:
1082:
495:
Ban on cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment
411:
335:
5219:
4624:"The BIOT: A judicial vacuum now consuming Tamil refugees"
290:, or treatment of any individual subjected to any form of
223:. As of April 2024, the convention has 174 state parties.
5103:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
380:
5282:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
4459:. Committee Against Torture. 23 November 2007. p. 2
4309:
International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims
5138:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
477:
5682:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
4829:
4788:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 95–125.
3963:
A major contributor to this section appears to have a
5378:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
5294:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
4569:; Birk, Moritz; Monina, Giuliana (14 November 2019).
3595:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
142:
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
5473:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
5408:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
5299:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
4638:
3917:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
237:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
195:
cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment
6407:
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
3765:
Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture
5622:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
5527:
5093:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
4735:"Does Criminalizing Torture Deter Police Torture?"
4615:
4304:International Day in Support of Victims of Torture
468:prohibits parties from returning, extraditing, or
217:International Day in Support of Victims of Torture
6512:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
5588:
5572:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
5123:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
5098:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
506:
6477:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
5288:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
4565:
3783: states that signed, but have not ratified
474:subsequently expelled, returned or extradited.
49: states that have signed, but not ratified
5403:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
4937:
3090:had previously ratified on 10 September 1991)
211:The text of the convention was adopted by the
6517:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
5722:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
5547:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
5205:
4923:
4783:
4534:, Article 3.1. Retrieved on 30 December 2008.
6332:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5557:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
5443:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
4835:Human Rights Watch summary of the Convention
4477:
4432:, Article 33. Retrieved on 30 December 2008.
4413:, Article 25. Retrieved on 30 December 2008.
4394:, Article 27. Retrieved on 30 December 2008.
3801:
520:Ratification, accession (a), succession (d)
231:The Convention follows the structure of the
5957:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
5552:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
5373:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
4704:
4495:
4493:
4380:
4378:
3840:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1285:22 February 1993 d (previously ratified by
6297:Treaties of the Somali Democratic Republic
5772:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
5309:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
5261:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
5212:
5198:
5108:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
4930:
4916:
4903:Decisions of the Committee Against Torture
4883:Decisions of the Committee Against Torture
6502:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
6487:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
5234:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
5128:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
4889:Committee against Torture – Jurisprudence
4621:
4518:
4012:Learn how and when to remove this message
3994:Learn how and when to remove this message
3937:Learn how and when to remove this message
3625:With specific reservations detailed here.
175:United Nations Convention Against Torture
22:United Nations Convention Against Torture
6212:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
5757:Treaties of the Central African Republic
5463:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
4840:List of links to other related documents
4712:"Committee Against Torture – Membership"
4678:
4490:
4416:
4397:
4375:
3768:
322:
6482:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
6537:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
6527:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
6047:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
5589:
5271:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
5221:International human rights instruments
4732:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
3898:contains content that is written like
3142:28 May 1993 d (previously ratified by
330:of the Convention defines torture as:
257:offense (Article 8), and establishing
6542:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau
5782:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
5526:
5429:
5383:Convention on the Rights of the Child
5338:
5337:
5320:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
5255:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
5231:
5193:
4911:
4830:Convention Against Torture Initiative
4739:American Journal of Political Science
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4281:American Journal of Political Science
456:
233:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
6562:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
6412:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
3948:
3882:
3846:
3805:
3758:
478:Obligation to prosecute or extradite
5617:Treaties entered into force in 1987
5490:American Convention on Human Rights
4331:
3691:Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
1650:also ratified on 9 September 1987)
13:
6187:Treaties of the State of Palestine
5837:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
5707:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
5468:European Convention on Nationality
4777:
4435:
4366:General Assembly resolution 40/128
4352:United Nations Treaty Collection:
4319:World Organization Against Torture
4231:Sébastien Touze (Vice-chairperson)
3554:24 February 1987 (ratified as the
317:
14:
6578:
6267:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
5458:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
4858:What is torture? Defining torture
4803:
4622:Bashfield, Samuel (1 June 2022).
3821:This section has multiple issues.
3789: states that have not signed
3066:12 March 2001 d (ratified as the
2956:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2081:Lao People's Democratic Republic
1309:Democratic Republic of the Congo
861:Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
370:
183:international human rights treaty
55: states that have not signed
6567:Treaties extended to West Berlin
5430:
4690:United Nations Treaty Collection
4478:Ronli Sifris (4 December 2013).
4256:
4235:
4214:
4193:
4169:
4148:
4124:
4103:
4080:
4059:
3974:. Please discuss further on the
3953:
3887:
3851:
3810:
3738:
3721:
3703:
3685:
3668:
3651:
3633:
3611:
3589:
3572:
3556:
3542:
3525:
3508:
3491:
3473:
3455:
3437:
3420:
3403:
3386:
3369:
3352:
3334:
3316:
3299:
3282:
3264:
3247:
3229:
3212:
3194:
3177:
3160:
3144:
3131:
3113:
3096:
3080:
3068:
3055:
3037:
3020:
3002:
2984:
2967:
2950:
2933:
2916:
2900:
2886:
2869:
2852:
2835:
2818:
2800:
2782:
2765:
2747:
2729:
2711:
2694:
2677:
2660:
2642:
2624:
2606:
2589:
2571:
2553:
2535:
2518:
2500:
2483:
2466:
2448:
2431:
2414:
2397:
2379:
2362:
2345:
2328:
2311:
2294:
2277:
2260:
2242:
2224:
2207:
2189:
2174:
2161:
2144:
2127:
2110:
2093:
2075:
2058:
2041:
2024:
2007:
1990:
1973:
1956:
1938:
1920:
1902:
1885:
1867:
1850:
1832:
1814:
1797:
1780:
1762:
1744:
1726:
1709:
1692:
1674:
1656:
1640:
1627:
1612:
1595:
1577:
1559:
1541:
1523:
1505:
1488:
1471:
1454:
1437:
1420:
1403:
1385:
1367:
1350:
1332:
1316:
1303:
1287:
1274:
1256:
1238:
1221:
1204:
1186:
1169:
1152:
1134:
1116:
1098:
1081:
1064:
1046:
1029:
1012:
995:
978:
961:
943:
926:
908:
890:
873:
855:
838:
821:
803:
787:
773:
756:
739:
721:
704:
686:
668:
651:
633:
616:
598:
580:
562:
545:
526:
152:
32:
6497:Treaties extended to Montserrat
5642:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
4810:Official text of the Convention
4726:
4666:
4589:
4559:
4537:
3829:or discuss these issues on the
1950:12 January 1989, 5 July 2017 a
213:United Nations General Assembly
6532:Treaties extended to Greenland
6492:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
6417:Treaties of the United Kingdom
5817:Treaties of the Czech Republic
5530:International humanitarian law
5169:International humanitarian law
5113:Special Court for Sierra Leone
4825:U.N. Committee against Torture
4471:
4359:
4026:Committee Against Torture (UN)
3603:British Indian Ocean Territory
3076:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
2898:3 March 1987 (ratified as the
1624:1 October 1990 (Signed as the
1:
6552:Treaties extended to Guernsey
6472:Treaties extended to Anguilla
6422:Treaties of the United States
5912:Treaties of Georgia (country)
5857:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
5498:to Prevent and Punish Torture
4324:
507:Signatories and ratifications
6547:Treaties extended to Bermuda
6242:Treaties of the Soviet Union
5133:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
5118:International Criminal Court
4714:. United Nations OHCHR. 2023
4547:. UN OHCHR. 21 November 1997
4356:. Retrieved on 26 June 2018.
7:
6557:Treaties extended to Jersey
6367:Treaties of North Macedonia
6207:Treaties of the Philippines
6147:Treaties of the Netherlands
5174:International speech crimes
4955:Customary international law
4575:. Oxford University Press.
4287:
4210:Ana Racu (Vice-chairperson)
1635:Federal Republic of Germany
221:customary international law
10:
6583:
6522:Treaties extended to Aruba
5812:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
5612:Treaties concluded in 1984
5494:Inter-American Convention
5358:Convention against Torture
4995:Convention Against Torture
4939:International criminal law
4525:Convention Against Torture
4423:Convention Against Torture
4404:Convention Against Torture
4385:Convention Against Torture
4274:
4165:Erdogan Iscan (Rapporteur)
4023:
3762:
1648:German Democratic Republic
383:, threat of war, internal
226:
158:Convention against Torture
6052:Treaties of Liechtenstein
5937:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
5537:
5522:
5438:
5425:
5348:
5333:
5240:
5227:
5164:Joint criminal enterprise
5146:
5077:
5008:
4945:
4314:Use of torture since 1948
3860:This section needs to be
3802:Committee Against Torture
3617:United States of America
1070:Central African Republic
306:Committee Against Torture
151:
146:
138:
128:
120:
112:
104:
96:
88:
80:
72:
62:
31:
26:
6392:Treaties of Turkmenistan
6302:Treaties of South Africa
6282:Treaties of Sierra Leone
6257:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
6077:Treaties of the Maldives
5947:Treaties of the Holy See
5907:Treaties of West Germany
5902:Treaties of East Germany
5727:Treaties of Burkina Faso
5597:Human rights instruments
5084:(in order of foundation)
4733:Berlin, Mark S. (2021).
4653:U.S. Department of State
4372:, A/RES/40/128, under 2.
185:under the review of the
6347:Treaties of Switzerland
6307:Treaties of South Sudan
6227:Treaties of South Korea
6152:Treaties of New Zealand
5852:Treaties of El Salvador
5792:Treaties of Ivory Coast
5607:United Nations treaties
5266:Declaration of Montreal
5022:Crimes against humanity
4530:9 November 2007 at the
4428:9 November 2007 at the
4409:9 November 2007 at the
4390:9 November 2007 at the
4187:Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov
879:Bosnia and Herzegovina
488:aut dedere aut judicare
428:peacekeeping operations
173:(commonly known as the
67:Human rights convention
6432:Treaties of Uzbekistan
6372:Treaties of East Timor
6357:Treaties of Tajikistan
6277:Treaties of Seychelles
6272:Treaties of Yugoslavia
6252:Treaties of San Marino
6127:Treaties of Mozambique
6117:Treaties of Montenegro
6092:Treaties of Mauritania
6067:Treaties of Madagascar
6062:Treaties of Luxembourg
6017:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
6002:Treaties of Kazakhstan
5897:Treaties of the Gambia
5787:Treaties of Costa Rica
5752:Treaties of Cape Verde
5677:Treaties of Bangladesh
5667:Treaties of Azerbaijan
5179:Universal jurisdiction
5154:Command responsibility
5047:Incitement to genocide
4985:United Nations Charter
3791:
3008:São Tomé and Príncipe
2939:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2181:Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
785:13 March 1987 (as the
432:health care industries
360:
259:universal jurisdiction
6462:1984 in New York City
6442:Treaties of Venezuela
6317:Treaties of Sri Lanka
6157:Treaties of Nicaragua
6097:Treaties of Mauritius
6057:Treaties of Lithuania
5967:Treaties of Indonesia
5927:Treaties of Guatemala
5657:Treaties of Australia
5647:Treaties of Argentina
5602:Anti-torture treaties
5315:Yogyakarta Principles
4294:Psychological torture
3972:neutral point of view
3919:neutral point of view
3772:
3578:United Arab Emirates
3358:Syrian Arab Republic
401:just following orders
385:political instability
332:
323:Definition of torture
189:that aims to prevent
6362:Treaties of Thailand
6337:Treaties of Eswatini
6327:Treaties of Suriname
6292:Treaties of Slovenia
6287:Treaties of Slovakia
6217:Treaties of Portugal
6197:Treaties of Paraguay
6182:Treaties of Pakistan
6112:Treaties of Mongolia
5952:Treaties of Honduras
5872:Treaties of Ethiopia
5832:Treaties of Djibouti
5777:Treaties of Colombia
5742:Treaties of Cameroon
5737:Treaties of Cambodia
5712:Treaties of Botswana
5245:Brazilian Resolution
5080:International courts
4980:Nuremberg principles
4850:Human Rights First;
4844:Human Rights First;
4368:(13 December 1985),
4279:A 2021 study in the
3777: states parties
3662:28 September 1995 a
3031:23 September 1997 a
2944:21 September 2020 a
2858:Republic of Moldova
2477:14 September 1999 a
2322:13 September 1990 a
2172:16 May 1989 a (then
2155:22 September 2004 a
1703:26 September 2019 a
1465:25 September 2014 a
1314:18 March 1996 a (as
662:13 September 1993 a
622:Antigua and Barbuda
420:military occupations
133:UN Secretary-General
43: states parties
6447:Treaties of Vietnam
6437:Treaties of Vanuatu
6427:Treaties of Uruguay
6382:Treaties of Tunisia
6262:Treaties of Senegal
6237:Treaties of Romania
6232:Treaties of Moldova
6167:Treaties of Nigeria
6132:Treaties of Namibia
6122:Treaties of Morocco
6042:Treaties of Liberia
6037:Treaties of Lesotho
6032:Treaties of Lebanon
5977:Treaties of Ireland
5962:Treaties of Iceland
5882:Treaties of Finland
5867:Treaties of Estonia
5862:Treaties of Eritrea
5842:Treaties of Ecuador
5827:Treaties of Denmark
5797:Treaties of Croatia
5732:Treaties of Burundi
5702:Treaties of Bolivia
5687:Treaties of Belgium
5672:Treaties of Bahrain
5662:Treaties of Austria
5652:Treaties of Armenia
5637:Treaties of Andorra
5632:Treaties of Algeria
5627:Treaties of Albania
5542:Genocide Convention
5027:Crime of aggression
4990:Genocide Convention
3911:promotional content
3414:12 December 1994 d
3293:16 November 2021 a
2927:15 December 2008 a
2892:Russian Federation
2880:18 December 1990 a
2863:28 November 1995 a
2841:Republic of Korea
2683:State of Palestine
2494:28 November 1994 a
2356:17 November 2004 a
2305:26 February 1999 a
2138:12 November 2001 a
2069:5 September 1997 a
2018:21 February 1997 a
1984:13 November 1991 a
1373:Dominican Republic
1215:18 December 1995 a
1040:19 December 1986 a
989:18 February 1993 a
884:1 September 1993 d
23:
6457:Treaties of Zambia
6402:Treaties of Uganda
6397:Treaties of Tuvalu
6387:Treaties of Turkey
6342:Treaties of Sweden
6247:Treaties of Rwanda
6192:Treaties of Panama
6172:Treaties of Norway
6107:Treaties of Monaco
6102:Treaties of Mexico
6072:Treaties of Malawi
6027:Treaties of Latvia
6012:Treaties of Kuwait
5997:Treaties of Jordan
5982:Treaties of Israel
5942:Treaties of Guyana
5932:Treaties of Guinea
5922:Treaties of Greece
5887:Treaties of France
5807:Treaties of Cyprus
5747:Treaties of Canada
5717:Treaties of Brazil
5692:Treaties of Belize
5562:Geneva Conventions
5032:Crime of apartheid
4970:Geneva Conventions
4751:10.1111/ajps.12684
4189:(Vice-chairperson)
4055:Abderrazak Rouwane
3913:and inappropriate
3792:
3732:5 November 1991 a
3536:3 November 1986 a
3467:23 September 1988
3380:11 January 1995 a
3188:24 January 1990 a
2993:18 September 2002
2829:11 January 2000 a
2669:20 September 2011
2512:26 September 2012
2442:23 October 2006 d
2425:24 January 2002 a
2408:6 December 1991 a
2373:9 December 1992 a
2236:29 September 1987
2218:1 February 1996 a
2087:26 September 2012
2084:21 September 2010
1911:28 September 1992
1808:5 December 1996 a
1756:24 September 2013
1753:12 September 2000
1606:26 October 1994 a
1589:28 September 2018
1482:21 October 1991 a
1443:Equatorial Guinea
1361:5 November 2002 a
1232:12 October 1992 d
1161:22 September 2000
1110:30 September 1988
1107:23 September 1987
1075:11 October 2016 a
1023:15 October 1992 a
935:22 September 2015
932:Brunei Darussalam
920:28 September 1989
917:23 September 1985
645:24 September 1986
610:22 September 2006
589:24 September 2013
574:12 September 1989
270:, extraditing, or
197:around the world.
193:and other acts of
21:
6452:Treaties of Yemen
6352:Treaties of Syria
6322:Treaties of Sudan
6312:Treaties of Spain
6222:Treaties of Qatar
6162:Treaties of Niger
6142:Treaties of Nepal
6137:Treaties of Nauru
6087:Treaties of Malta
6007:Treaties of Kenya
5992:Treaties of Japan
5987:Treaties of Italy
5917:Treaties of Ghana
5892:Treaties of Gabon
5847:Treaties of Egypt
5822:Treaties of Zaire
5767:Treaties of Chile
5697:Treaties of Benin
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5567:Hague Conventions
5518:
5517:
5421:
5420:
5341:International law
5329:
5328:
5187:
5186:
5013:international law
4975:Nuremberg Charter
4965:Hague Conventions
4820:Optional Protocol
4795:978-3-031-17169-7
4582:978-0-19-884617-8
4272:
4271:
4268:31 December 2025
4247:31 December 2023
4226:31 December 2023
4205:31 December 2025
4181:31 December 2023
4160:31 December 2023
4136:31 December 2025
4115:31 December 2025
4092:31 December 2023
4071:31 December 2025
4022:
4021:
4014:
4004:
4003:
3996:
3967:with its subject.
3947:
3946:
3939:
3881:
3880:
3844:
3759:Optional Protocol
3753:
3752:
3749:7 October 1998 a
3694:15 February 1985
3623:21 October 1994 (
3601:8 December 1988 (
3551:27 February 1986
3449:18 November 1987
3397:2 October 2007 a
3363:19 August 2004 a
3258:3 January 1994 a
3206:10 December 1998
3011:6 September 2000
2996:27 November 2006
2895:10 December 1985
2846:9 January 1995 a
2720:22 February 1985
2600:5 October 1998 a
2565:10 December 1989
2547:21 December 1988
2509:12 November 2001
2334:Marshall Islands
2254:13 December 2005
2233:22 February 1985
2121:5 October 2000 a
2001:26 August 1998 a
1823:28 November 1986
1720:5 January 1990 a
1668:7 September 2000
1665:7 September 2000
1571:8 September 2000
1553:18 February 1986
1448:8 October 2002 a
1198:11 November 1993
1125:12 December 1986
972:4 January 1999 a
955:16 December 1986
902:8 September 2000
899:8 September 2000
782:19 December 1985
767:5 October 1998 a
730:16 December 2008
715:16 August 1996 a
677:10 December 1985
571:26 November 1985
444:detention centers
365:international law
167:
166:
6574:
6377:Treaties of Togo
6202:Treaties of Peru
6177:Treaties of Oman
6082:Treaties of Mali
6022:Treaties of Laos
5972:Treaties of Iraq
5877:Treaties of Fiji
5802:Treaties of Cuba
5762:Treaties of Chad
5524:
5523:
5427:
5426:
5335:
5334:
5304:Paris Principles
5229:
5228:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5191:
5190:
5147:Related concepts
5085:
5042:Genocidal intent
4932:
4925:
4918:
4909:
4908:
4799:
4771:
4770:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4692:. United Nations
4682:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4650:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4541:
4535:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4497:
4488:
4487:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4450:
4433:
4420:
4414:
4401:
4395:
4382:
4373:
4363:
4357:
4350:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4098:Todd F. Buchwald
4086:
4084:
4083:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4041:
4040:
4017:
4010:
3999:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3979:
3965:close connection
3957:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3900:an advertisement
3891:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3855:
3854:
3847:
3836:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3743:
3742:
3726:
3725:
3715:5 February 2015
3712:7 November 2013
3708:
3707:
3690:
3689:
3673:
3672:
3656:
3655:
3645:24 October 1986
3642:4 February 1985
3638:
3637:
3616:
3615:
3594:
3593:
3577:
3576:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3547:
3546:
3530:
3529:
3519:24 March 2024 a
3513:
3512:
3496:
3495:
3482:25 January 1988
3478:
3477:
3460:
3459:
3442:
3441:
3431:16 April 2003 a
3425:
3424:
3409:North Macedonia
3408:
3407:
3391:
3390:
3374:
3373:
3357:
3356:
3346:2 December 1986
3343:4 February 1985
3339:
3338:
3325:4 February 1985
3321:
3320:
3310:26 March 2004 a
3304:
3303:
3287:
3286:
3269:
3268:
3252:
3251:
3241:21 October 1987
3238:4 February 1985
3234:
3233:
3223:30 April 2015 a
3217:
3216:
3203:29 January 1993
3199:
3198:
3182:
3181:
3165:
3164:
3154:on 7 July 1988)
3150:
3148:
3147:
3136:
3135:
3118:
3117:
3101:
3100:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3060:
3059:
3046:4 February 1985
3042:
3041:
3025:
3024:
3014:10 January 2017
3007:
3006:
2989:
2988:
2978:28 March 2019 a
2972:
2971:
2961:1 August 2001 a
2955:
2954:
2938:
2937:
2921:
2920:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2891:
2890:
2874:
2873:
2857:
2856:
2840:
2839:
2823:
2822:
2812:9 February 1989
2809:4 February 1985
2805:
2804:
2791:13 January 1986
2787:
2786:
2770:
2769:
2752:
2751:
2738:23 October 1989
2734:
2733:
2716:
2715:
2699:
2698:
2682:
2681:
2665:
2664:
2647:
2646:
2633:4 February 1985
2629:
2628:
2611:
2610:
2594:
2593:
2576:
2575:
2562:14 January 1986
2558:
2557:
2544:4 February 1985
2540:
2539:
2523:
2522:
2505:
2504:
2488:
2487:
2471:
2470:
2453:
2452:
2436:
2435:
2419:
2418:
2402:
2401:
2391:23 January 1986
2384:
2383:
2367:
2366:
2350:
2349:
2339:12 March 2018 a
2333:
2332:
2316:
2315:
2299:
2298:
2288:20 April 2004 a
2282:
2281:
2265:
2264:
2247:
2246:
2229:
2228:
2212:
2211:
2201:2 November 1990
2194:
2193:
2179:
2178:
2166:
2165:
2149:
2148:
2132:
2131:
2115:
2114:
2104:14 April 1992 a
2098:
2097:
2080:
2079:
2063:
2062:
2046:
2045:
2029:
2028:
2012:
2011:
1995:
1994:
1978:
1977:
1961:
1960:
1947:4 February 1985
1943:
1942:
1929:22 October 1986
1925:
1924:
1907:
1906:
1890:
1889:
1879:28 October 1998
1876:23 October 1985
1872:
1871:
1859:14 October 1997
1855:
1854:
1844:23 October 1996
1841:4 February 1985
1837:
1836:
1819:
1818:
1802:
1801:
1785:
1784:
1771:25 January 1988
1767:
1766:
1749:
1748:
1738:10 October 1989
1731:
1730:
1714:
1713:
1697:
1696:
1683:4 February 1985
1679:
1678:
1661:
1660:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1621:13 October 1986
1617:
1616:
1600:
1599:
1586:23 October 1985
1582:
1581:
1568:21 January 1986
1564:
1563:
1550:4 February 1985
1546:
1545:
1532:4 February 1985
1528:
1527:
1510:
1509:
1499:14 March 1994 a
1493:
1492:
1476:
1475:
1459:
1458:
1442:
1441:
1425:
1424:
1408:
1407:
1394:4 February 1985
1390:
1389:
1379:24 January 2012
1376:4 February 1985
1372:
1371:
1355:
1354:
1341:4 February 1985
1337:
1336:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1308:
1307:
1297:on 7 July 1988)
1293:
1291:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1261:
1260:
1247:27 January 1986
1243:
1242:
1226:
1225:
1209:
1208:
1195:4 February 1985
1191:
1190:
1174:
1173:
1157:
1156:
1146:8 December 1987
1139:
1138:
1121:
1120:
1103:
1102:
1086:
1085:
1069:
1068:
1051:
1050:
1034:
1033:
1017:
1016:
1000:
999:
983:
982:
966:
965:
948:
947:
931:
930:
913:
912:
895:
894:
878:
877:
864:4 February 1985
860:
859:
849:12 March 1992 a
843:
842:
832:17 March 1986 a
826:
825:
812:4 February 1985
808:
807:
795:Byelorussian SSR
793:
791:
790:
778:
777:
761:
760:
744:
743:
726:
725:
709:
708:
691:
690:
673:
672:
656:
655:
642:4 February 1985
638:
637:
621:
620:
603:
602:
585:
584:
567:
566:
550:
549:
536:4 February 1985
532:
530:
529:
511:
510:
440:day care centers
389:public emergency
294:, detention, or
282:involved in the
280:private citizens
239:(ICCPR) and the
156:
155:
108:20 ratifications
76:10 December 1984
54:
48:
42:
36:
24:
20:
6582:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6571:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5576:
5533:
5514:
5434:
5417:
5344:
5325:
5236:
5223:
5218:
5188:
5183:
5159:Superior orders
5142:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5073:
5015:
5012:
5004:
4960:Peremptory norm
4941:
4936:
4885:
4815:List of parties
4806:
4796:
4780:
4778:Further reading
4775:
4774:
4731:
4727:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4709:
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4695:
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4684:
4683:
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4629:
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4620:
4616:
4606:
4604:
4595:
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4583:
4564:
4560:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4532:Wayback Machine
4523:
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4509:
4507:
4499:
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4456:
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4430:Wayback Machine
4421:
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4411:Wayback Machine
4402:
4398:
4392:Wayback Machine
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4018:
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3989:
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3932:
3926:
3923:
3904:
3892:
3888:
3877:
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3868:
3865:
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3852:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3761:
3737:
3720:
3702:
3684:
3679:12 July 2011 a
3667:
3650:
3632:
3610:
3588:
3583:19 July 2012 a
3571:
3557:
3555:
3541:
3524:
3507:
3502:25 June 1999 a
3490:
3472:
3464:26 August 1987
3454:
3436:
3419:
3402:
3385:
3368:
3351:
3333:
3328:8 January 1986
3315:
3298:
3281:
3276:10 August 2021
3263:
3246:
3228:
3211:
3193:
3176:
3171:16 July 1993 a
3159:
3145:
3143:
3130:
3112:
3095:
3081:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3054:
3049:21 August 1986
3036:
3019:
3001:
2983:
2966:
2949:
2932:
2915:
2901:
2899:
2885:
2868:
2851:
2834:
2817:
2799:
2781:
2776:18 June 1986 a
2764:
2746:
2728:
2723:24 August 1987
2710:
2693:
2688:2 April 2014 a
2676:
2659:
2641:
2623:
2605:
2588:
2570:
2552:
2534:
2517:
2499:
2482:
2465:
2457:8 January 1986
2447:
2430:
2413:
2396:
2378:
2361:
2344:
2327:
2310:
2293:
2276:
2271:11 June 1996 a
2259:
2251:1 October 2001
2241:
2223:
2206:
2188:
2173:
2160:
2143:
2126:
2109:
2092:
2074:
2057:
2052:8 March 1996 a
2040:
2035:22 July 2019 a
2023:
2006:
1989:
1972:
1967:29 June 1999 a
1955:
1937:
1932:3 October 1991
1919:
1901:
1884:
1866:
1849:
1831:
1813:
1796:
1791:26 June 2002 a
1779:
1761:
1743:
1725:
1708:
1691:
1686:6 October 1988
1673:
1655:
1641:
1639:
1628:
1626:
1611:
1594:
1576:
1558:
1540:
1535:30 August 1989
1522:
1504:
1487:
1470:
1453:
1436:
1431:17 June 1996 a
1419:
1414:25 June 1986 a
1402:
1384:
1366:
1349:
1331:
1317:
1315:
1302:
1288:
1286:
1280:Czech Republic
1273:
1265:9 October 1985
1255:
1237:
1220:
1203:
1185:
1180:30 July 2003 a
1168:
1151:
1133:
1128:4 October 1988
1115:
1097:
1080:
1063:
1055:23 August 1985
1045:
1028:
1011:
994:
977:
960:
942:
925:
907:
889:
872:
854:
837:
820:
802:
788:
786:
772:
755:
750:6 March 1998 a
738:
720:
703:
685:
667:
650:
632:
627:19 July 1993 a
615:
597:
592:2 October 2019
579:
561:
544:
527:
525:
509:
497:
480:
462:
373:
356:public official
325:
320:
318:Main provisions
276:public servants
229:
153:
84:4 February 1985
58:
57:
56:
52:
50:
46:
44:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6580:
6570:
6569:
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6534:
6529:
6524:
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6364:
6359:
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6309:
6304:
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6284:
6279:
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5774:
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5520:
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5513:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5492:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5478:Social Charter
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5439:
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5061:
5056:
5051:
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5049:
5044:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5011:Crimes against
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
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4972:
4967:
4962:
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4906:
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4805:
4804:External links
4802:
4801:
4800:
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4779:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4745:(4): 932–947.
4725:
4703:
4677:
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4581:
4567:Nowak, Manfred
4558:
4536:
4517:
4489:
4486:. p. 145.
4470:
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4024:Main article:
4020:
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3915:external links
3895:
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3605:not included)
3599:
3598:15 March 1985
3596:
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3487:
3486:
3485:2 August 1988
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3446:25 March 1987
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3152:Czechoslovakia
3140:
3138:
3127:
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3125:25 April 2001
3123:
3122:18 March 1985
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3088:SFR Yugoslavia
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2741:12 March 1990
2739:
2736:
2725:
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2721:
2718:
2707:
2706:
2705:9 June 2020 a
2703:
2701:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:17 April 2008
2649:
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2631:
2620:
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2601:
2598:
2596:
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2580:15 April 1985
2578:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2531:
2530:
2529:14 May 1991 a
2527:
2525:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2462:
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2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2427:
2426:
2423:
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2410:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:18 March 1985
2386:
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2341:
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2234:
2231:
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2214:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2195:Liechtenstein
2185:
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2054:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1916:
1915:
1914:11 April 2002
1912:
1909:
1898:
1897:
1896:7 July 2011 a
1894:
1892:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1828:
1827:
1826:15 April 1987
1824:
1821:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1750:Guinea-Bissau
1740:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1652:
1651:
1622:
1619:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1517:16 March 2016
1515:
1512:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1399:
1398:
1397:30 March 1988
1395:
1392:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1328:
1327:
1312:
1310:
1299:
1298:
1295:Czechoslovakia
1283:
1281:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:Côte d'Ivoire
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:10 April 1985
1141:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1092:9 June 1995 a
1090:
1088:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1007:
1006:4 June 1992 a
1004:
1002:
991:
990:
987:
985:
974:
973:
970:
968:
957:
956:
953:
950:
939:
938:
936:
933:
922:
921:
918:
915:
904:
903:
900:
897:
886:
885:
882:
880:
869:
868:
867:12 April 1999
865:
862:
851:
850:
847:
845:
834:
833:
830:
828:
817:
816:
813:
810:
799:
798:
783:
780:
769:
768:
765:
763:
752:
751:
748:
746:
735:
734:
731:
728:
717:
716:
713:
711:
700:
699:
696:
695:14 March 1985
693:
682:
681:
680:8 August 1989
678:
675:
664:
663:
660:
658:
647:
646:
643:
640:
629:
628:
625:
623:
612:
611:
608:
607:5 August 2002
605:
594:
593:
590:
587:
576:
575:
572:
569:
558:
557:
556:11 May 1994 a
554:
552:
541:
540:
537:
534:
522:
521:
518:
515:
508:
505:
496:
493:
479:
476:
461:
455:
424:military bases
393:terrorist acts
372:
371:Ban on torture
369:
324:
321:
319:
316:
228:
225:
187:United Nations
165:
164:
149:
148:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
51:
45:
39:
38:
37:
29:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6579:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5525:
5521:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5428:
5424:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5336:
5332:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5210:
5208:
5203:
5201:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5059:Slave trading
5057:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4928:
4926:
4921:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4894:CAT decisions
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4797:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4713:
4707:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4674:
4669:
4654:
4647:
4641:
4625:
4618:
4603:. 5 July 2017
4602:
4598:
4592:
4584:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4546:
4540:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4521:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4330:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4267:
4265:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4244:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4146:
4144:(chairperson)
4143:
4142:Claude Heller
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4111:United States
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4050:Term Expires
4049:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4016:
4013:
3998:
3995:
3987:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3941:
3938:
3930:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3896:This section
3894:
3885:
3884:
3875:
3863:
3858:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3841:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3799:
3796:
3771:
3766:
3756:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3697:29 July 1991
3696:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3564:Ukrainian SSR
3553:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3497:Turkmenistan
3494:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:South Africa
3197:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:Sierra Leone
3116:
3111:
3110:
3107:5 May 1992 a
3106:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3026:Saudi Arabia
3023:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2794:26 July 1989
2793:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2618:28 June 2001
2617:
2615:28 July 1988
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2460:21 June 1993
2459:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2434:
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2198:27 June 1985
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1514:1 March 2016
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1268:18 July 1991
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1058:24 June 1987
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967:Burkina Faso
964:
959:
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954:
952:10 June 1986
951:
946:
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815:25 June 1999
814:
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698:29 July 1987
697:
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539:1 April 1987
538:
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429:
425:
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417:
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408:
406:
402:
398:
397:violent crime
394:
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386:
382:
377:
368:
366:
359:
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353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
331:
329:
315:
313:
309:
307:
303:
299:
297:
293:
289:
288:interrogation
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
256:
252:
251:municipal law
248:
244:
242:
238:
234:
224:
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214:
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99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
35:
30:
25:
19:
5528:
5432:Regional law
5431:
5339:
5233:
5000:Rome Statute
4994:
4785:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4716:. Retrieved
4706:
4694:. Retrieved
4689:
4680:
4675:, Article 1.
4668:
4656:. Retrieved
4652:
4640:
4628:. Retrieved
4626:. Al Jazeera
4617:
4605:. Retrieved
4600:
4591:
4571:
4561:
4549:. Retrieved
4539:
4520:
4508:. Retrieved
4504:
4479:
4473:
4461:. Retrieved
4418:
4399:
4369:
4361:
4280:
4278:
4033:
4029:
4008:
3990:
3981:
3962:
3933:
3924:
3909:by removing
3905:Please help
3897:
3869:
3861:
3837:
3830:
3824:
3823:Please help
3820:
3797:
3793:
3754:
3426:Timor-Leste
3340:Switzerland
3273:4 June 1986
3218:South Sudan
2908:Soviet Union
2771:Philippines
2759:7 July 1988
2756:29 May 1985
2654:3 June 2010
2636:9 July 1986
2583:5 July 2005
2559:New Zealand
2541:Netherlands
1774:19 May 1988
1735:30 May 1986
1625:
1426:El Salvador
1344:27 May 1987
1250:17 May 1995
733:31 May 2018
533:Afghanistan
514:Participant
499:
498:
486:
482:
481:
469:
464:
463:
458:
452:
409:
375:
374:
361:
348:intimidating
333:
327:
326:
311:
310:
301:
300:
296:imprisonment
255:extraditable
246:
245:
230:
210:
206:jurisdiction
204:under their
199:
178:
174:
170:
168:
100:26 June 1987
18:
4696:10 December
4658:10 December
4120:Maeda Naoko
4076:Ilvija Puce
3657:Uzbekistan
3375:Tajikistan
3102:Seychelles
2990:San Marino
2472:Mozambique
2437:Montenegro
2351:Mauritania
2248:Madagascar
2230:Luxembourg
2064:Kyrgyzstan
1996:Kazakhstan
1192:Costa Rica
1001:Cabo Verde
762:Bangladesh
710:Azerbaijan
459:refoulement
403:from their
328:Article 1.1
113:Signatories
5591:Categories
5064:Starvation
4325:References
4252:Liu Huawen
3984:April 2020
3927:April 2020
3907:improve it
3826:improve it
3305:Swaziland
3253:Sri Lanka
2577:Nicaragua
2368:Mauritius
2213:Lithuania
1873:Indonesia
1715:Guatemala
674:Australia
639:Argentina
517:Signature
500:Article 16
418:or in its
344:confession
162:Wikisource
129:Depositary
5454:European
5069:War crime
4767:244550445
4759:1540-5907
4484:Routledge
3976:talk page
3872:July 2018
3832:talk page
3709:Viet Nam
3392:Thailand
3288:Suriname
3166:Slovenia
3137:Slovakia
2806:Portugal
2735:Paraguay
2648:Pakistan
2420:Mongolia
2283:Maldives
2030:Kiribati
1803:Honduras
1786:Holy See
1494:Ethiopia
1356:Djibouti
1140:Colombia
1035:Cameroon
1018:Cambodia
949:Bulgaria
896:Botswana
483:Article 7
470:refouling
465:Article 3
448:embassies
405:superiors
376:Article 2
340:suffering
272:refouling
268:deporting
202:territory
181:)) is an
147:Full text
139:Languages
105:Condition
97:Effective
5322:(UNDROP)
5290:(UNDRIP)
5037:Genocide
4528:Archived
4510:16 March
4426:Archived
4407:Archived
4388:Archived
4288:See also
3674:Vanuatu
3639:Uruguay
3548:Ukraine
3461:Tunisia
3183:Somalia
3043:Senegal
2875:Romania
2612:Nigeria
2489:Namibia
2454:Morocco
2150:Liberia
2133:Lesotho
2116:Lebanon
1908:Ireland
1838:Iceland
1820:Hungary
1698:Grenada
1618:Germany
1601:Georgia
1529:Finland
1477:Estonia
1460:Eritrea
1391:Ecuador
1338:Denmark
1227:Croatia
1158:Comoros
984:Burundi
809:Belgium
779:Belarus
745:Bahrain
727:Bahamas
692:Austria
657:Armenia
604:Andorra
568:Algeria
551:Albania
416:aircraft
352:coercing
312:Part III
264:evidence
235:(UDHR),
92:New York
89:Location
5284:(DEVAW)
5278:(DEDAW)
4947:Sources
4718:12 June
4630:10 June
4601:Reuters
4551:15 June
4463:16 June
4275:Effects
4222:Moldova
4067:Morocco
3862:updated
3744:Zambia
3531:Uganda
3514:Tuvalu
3479:Turkey
3322:Sweden
3061:Serbia
2922:Rwanda
2788:Poland
2717:Panama
2630:Norway
2403:Monaco
2385:Mexico
2266:Malawi
2099:Latvia
2047:Kuwait
1979:Jordan
1926:Israel
1768:Guyana
1732:Guinea
1680:Greece
1583:Gambia
1547:France
1262:Cyprus
1052:Canada
914:Brazil
827:Belize
586:Angola
457:Ban on
436:schools
302:Part II
284:custody
227:Summary
191:torture
121:Parties
73:Drafted
5311:(VDPA)
5257:(UDHR)
5054:Piracy
4792:
4765:
4757:
4607:6 July
4579:
4261:
4243:France
4240:
4219:
4201:Russia
4198:
4177:Turkey
4174:
4156:Mexico
4153:
4129:
4108:
4088:Latvia
4085:
4064:
4036:Geneva
3787:
3781:
3775:
3727:Yemen
3561:
3270:Sudan
3235:Spain
3149:
3085:
3073:
2973:Samoa
2905:
2824:Qatar
2666:Palau
2595:Niger
2524:Nepal
2506:Nauru
2317:Malta
2167:Libya
2013:Kenya
1962:Japan
1944:Italy
1856:India
1662:Ghana
1645:
1638:. The
1632:
1565:Gabon
1409:Egypt
1321:
1292:
1175:Congo
1122:China
1104:Chile
844:Benin
792:
531:
292:arrest
247:Part I
81:Signed
53:
47:
41:
4898:OHCHR
4763:S2CID
4673:OPCAT
4649:(PDF)
4505:OHCHR
4457:(PDF)
4264:China
4132:Japan
4047:State
3443:Togo
2753:Peru
2700:Oman
2300:Mali
1891:Iraq
1511:Fiji
1324:Zaire
1244:Cuba
1087:Chad
412:ships
179:UNCAT
4790:ISBN
4755:ISSN
4720:2023
4698:2018
4660:2018
4632:2022
4609:2017
4577:ISBN
4553:2008
4512:2022
4465:2008
4044:Name
336:pain
278:and
169:The
63:Type
4896:on
4747:doi
414:or
381:war
350:or
338:or
160:at
124:174
5593::
4761:.
4753:.
4743:67
4741:.
4737:.
4688:.
4651:.
4599:.
4503:.
4492:^
4482:.
4437:^
4377:^
4333:^
3835:.
3627:)
3566:)
3078:;
2910:)
2183:)
1326:)
797:)
491:.
446:,
442:,
438:,
434:,
430:,
426:,
422:,
407:.
395:,
391:,
387:,
286:,
116:83
5213:e
5206:t
5199:v
4931:e
4924:t
4917:v
4798:.
4769:.
4749::
4722:.
4700:.
4662:.
4634:.
4611:.
4585:.
4555:.
4514:.
4467:.
4015:)
4009:(
3997:)
3991:(
3986:)
3982:(
3978:.
3940:)
3934:(
3929:)
3925:(
3921:.
3903:.
3874:)
3870:(
3864:.
3842:)
3838:(
177:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
