4923:
4995:– are therefore often confused with the neighboring Cowichan Tribes (Quwꞌutsun Mustimuhw / Quwꞌutsun Hwulmuhw) – "People of the Warm Land", who speak a "Hulꞌqumiꞌnum (Island)" dialect of Halkomelem (part of the Coast Salish languages), but regarding treaty negotiations with the government, the Tsꞌuubaa-asatx are still part of the "Hulꞌqumiꞌnum Treaty Group". Currently, they are trying to revive their original culture and language with the support of the Nuu-chah-nulth and Ditidaht peoples.
307:
605:; the historic "Tsꞌelxwéyeqw (Chilliwack)" (today's First Nations Aitchelitz, Shxwhá꞉y Village, Skowkale, Soowahlie, Squiala, Tzeachten, and Yakweakwioose), "Pelóxwlh Mestiyexw (Pilalt/Pilʼalt)" (today's First Nations Cheam, Kwaw-kwaw-Apil, and Skwah), "Tiyt (Tait)" or "Upper Stó꞉lō" (today's First Nations Popkum, Skawahlook, Chawathil, Seabird Island, Shxwꞌowꞌhamel, Union Bar, Peters, and Yale), "Pepa꞉thxetel" or "Semà꞉th (
298:
38:
614:
complex social and economic forces and linguistic change, as many Island people crossed the
Georgia Strait to camp along the Fraser River (in both the Downriver and Upriver areas) for the summer runs of salmon. Arranged marriages between children in different language areas was also common, helping to establish a regional social network in the Strait of Georgia–
3441:
The majority of verb roots have the shapes CAC, CəC, CəCC, while noun roots typically have the shape CVCVC (V is any vowel). The most common shapes of adjective roots are CəC and CAC. There is a prefix that nominalizes verbs and adjectives, and there are several prefixes that make verbs out of nouns.
557:
Hunquminum (hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓) (Downriver dialect) or "Musqueam" (spoken by seven First
Nations in the Lower Mainland in and around Vancouver, as well as in the Fraser River Delta and the lower reaches of the Fraser River; which consider themselves linguistically and culturally related ethnicities – but
4390:
person marker can only be suffixed to a transitive verb (i.e. a verb stem that has a transitive suffix). The four forms appear to be composed of identifiable elements: /-S/ and /-am/ "non-third-person singular," /-al-/ "non-third-person plural," /-x/ and /-xʷ/ "first person," and /-ə/ second person.
3878:
Possession is marked either on the possessed noun (the head) or the word preceding it through these affixes. Together with the appearance of affixes, possession also requires a structural component, in that the possessor of the head is found to the right of the head. The possessor is always preceded
918:
When stressed, the schwa /ə/ appears in most environments as a mid-central, but it is fronted and raised before /x/, approaching ; before /j/ it is also fronted, approaching ; before /w/ it is lower and back, approaching ; and before rounded velars it is mid-back, close to . Unstressed /ə/ can be as
3947:
suffix is grammatically transitive and takes an object. The transitive suffix is the base for an object or passive person suffix. Two of the most commonly used transitive suffixes distinguish actions performed with limited control or accidentally from those performed with full control or purposely.
1693:
is a key feature of Island speech). As is the case with many other phonological features, Downriver
Halkomelem stands as a link between the other dialect areas, and it is possible that its speakers vary depending on Island or Upriver influence. Other differences between dialects include: Island and
613:
The language differences (namely, in phonology and lexicon) are greatest between the Island and
Upriver dialects, with the Downriver dialect (especially the Tsawwassen First Nation) providing a central link between the other two. The diversity of the Halkomelem dialects is noted to be the result of
626:
The
Halkomelem language is near extinction. In 2000, it was estimated that the number of fluent Halkomelem speakers was fewer than twenty-five. Most are middle-aged or older, and few are monolingual, as there was a flood of English-speaking settlers in the region in the mid-19th century. Language
4353:
particles, along with about twenty other particles that can appear within the predicate. Most of the second-position predicate particles are mobile, appearing after the first word of the predicate (whatever that may be). If the only word in the predicate is the head, the first- and second-person
3883:
marker. If the possessor is a common noun, it will be introduced by a determiner, but without an oblique case marker. If, however, the possessor is a proper noun, it must appear in the oblique case. Thus, it will be preceded by an oblique case marker, and the possessed noun will appear without a
914:
All five vowel phonemes vary considerably phonetically. The phoneme /i/ has three distinct allophones. It is realized as following unrounded uvulars. It is realized as with a central off-glide preceding both unrounded and rounded uvulars. Elsewhere, it is realized as low or high . The /e/ is
4508:
With a transitive predicate head in a main clause, on the other hand, a third-person agent must be marked by the suffix /-əs/. It always follows the transitivizer and object person marker, if any. Unlike the first- and second-person particles, the suffix does not move to follow an auxiliary or
3988:
distinctions in this language. There is also a set of possessive affixes (prefixes for first and second person singular, suffixes for first-person plural and third person, and a combination of prefix and suffix for second-person plural). This system will be covered, in detail, in the "Syntax"
4269:
distinction in the language, however, some scholars believe that the forms identified here as second-person "singular" were once used in addressing a married couple, a pair of brothers, or even a family, while the "plural" forms were used for a larger or less integrated group.
1853:
only appear adjacent to vowels. When these sounds occur in the middle of words, they are found in sequences of resonant-obstruent, resonant-resonant, and obstruent-resonant. An initial resonant is always followed by a vowel, and a final resonant must be preceded by one.
4004:
affixes form an outer layer around the root. Among derivational affixes, those with lexical meaning stand closer to the root than those with purely grammatical meaning. Among inflectional affixes, those of the voice and person systems stand closer to the root than the
4193:
Syntactically, adjectival and nominal predicate heads appear with auxiliaries less often than verbs. Adjectives and nouns can appear together in nominal predicates expanded with adjectives. A nominal predicate head can be preceded by a modifying adjective or numeral.
3422:. A word in Halkomelem may consist of a root standing alone and unaltered, or of a root altered by one or more processes of internal modification and/or accompanied by one or more affixes. Since all words (with the exception of a few adverbs) can function as
1685:
that is realized in three distinct ways. In preferring the latter explanation, Suttles holds that there may be five glottalized resonant phonemes in the dialect, although
Downriver speakers glottalize resonants very lightly, making them difficult to detect.
479:, Halkomelem is a member of the Central Salish branch. There are four other branches of the family: Tsamosan, Interior Salish, Bella Coola, and Tillamook. Speakers of the Central and Tsamosan languages are often identified in ethnographic literature as "
1861:
are more restricted than members of the other natural classes in
Halkomelem. The glottal stop occurs only adjacent to a vowel, and, within words, it does not follow any obstruent except (the prefix) /s/. It can never occur in final position following a
1977:
When a root with the shape of /CARˀ/ (C is any consonant, A is a full vowel, Rˀ is a glottalized resonant), takes the suffix /-ət/ "transitive," the resulting form is /CAʔəRt/. It appears that the resonant and schwa have switched positions (a form of
1676:
There is variation in the extent to which
Musqueam speakers glottalize resonants. Phonetically, there are glottalized resonants (e.g. ) and resonants preceded or followed by glottal stops (e.g. ), however, Suttles (2004) finds no instances of
3679:
categories, depending on their involvement in paradigms and meaning, however, a number of
Halkomelem affixes mix these categories. Suttles (2004) identifies the following classes of suffixes and prefixes; a sampling of these affixes follow.
1668:
is in the position for the lateral release rather than for a /t/, and there is less friction produced than with other affricates. The phonemes /k/ and /kʼ/ occur in "baby talk" as substitutes for /q/ and /qʼ/. The uvular fricative
4128:
pair, /ʔi/ "be here" and /niʔ/ "be there," depends on the location of the speaker relative to whatever the predicate refers to. The directional auxiliaries, /ʔəmí/ "come" and /ném/ "go," identify motions toward or away from the
1753:"enemy"). As shown by the preceding example, if the word contains both a full vowel and one or more schwas, the stress is placed on the full vowel. Again, there are exceptions to this pattern, such as in words with a final
1718:. The three levels of stress are primary (marked /׳/), secondary (marked /`/), and weak (unmarked). There is one vowel with primary stress in every full word, however, its occurrence is not completely predictable.
3884:
possessive affix. For proper nouns, the determiner and the oblique case marker are fused into a single particle. Marking common nouns with an oblique case marker results in an ungrammatical construction:
3611:
Similar to noun roots, adjective roots can be internally modified for plural, diminutive, and diminutive plural. They can only have progressive forms if made into verbs by means of a verbalizing affix.
919:
high as before /x/ and /j/, and before labialized velars it is realized as or . This phoneme can also be assimilated to a stressed /e/ or a stressed /a/ in an adjacent syllable, by vowel harmony.
915:
realized as a low to mid-front vowel, usually between or high . The /a/ is low and central to back, often close to . The /u/ is high, back, and rounded, realized somewhere between low or high .
1681:
among any of the three. He puts forth two explanations for these facts: that there are two sequences of phonemes, /Rʔ/ and /ʔR/, with overlapping allophones, or that there is a single phoneme
1878:
Certain processes affect the realization of underlying sounds in
Halkomelem. Alternations that occur fairly commonly are discussed in this section, rather than in the following section on
1870:
at morpheme boundaries, but never following other obstruents. It can appear between an unstressed and a stressed vowel, but it cannot occur between a stressed and an unstressed vowel.
5092:
4257:
The Halkomelem person markers (forms that correspond in meaning to English personal pronouns) include a set of affixes, one set of particles, and two sets of words (personal and
3943:
system. A verb that is made up of an inactive root and an intransitive suffix is grammatically intransitive, but semantically active. An inactive or active root that takes on a
4475:
system. With an intransitive predicate head, a third-person argument is like a third-person object in being marked by zero. Plurality is optionally indicated by the particle
2076:, from one full vowel to another, in the stem, or (rarely) in the suffix results. The vowel mutations are the product of the assimilation of one vowel to that of an adjacent
523:
4176:
Like verbal predicates, adjectival and nominal predicates can be expanded with other elements. Nominal predicate heads can appear alone, followed by particles and adverbs.
9462:
4592:
is produced by prefixing one of the two subordinating particles, /wə-/ "if, when, that" and /ʔəl/ "whenever, whatever," to the first word in a predicate and replacing its
1694:
Downriver have both /n/ and /l/, while Upriver has merged these as /l/. Upriver Halkomelem lacks the post-vocalic glottal stops of the other two dialects, and shows
6530:
3434:
affixes, while nouns do not have progressive forms and do take possessive affixes. Adjectives have neither progressive forms, nor do they take possessive affixes.
673:
version was released in 2016. The app was developed by the FirstVoices website. There are 1754 words archived and 690 phrases archived on the FirstVoices website.
628:
3603:
A few nouns may have resultative forms. They do not have progressive forms, but they may be made into a verb with a verbalizing affix and then express this form.
1893:
An unstressed schwa following an initial nasal stop may be lost, if there is a vowel preceding; the nasal is sometimes heard as part of that syllable (e.g. as in
9026:
1823:
is actually a falling pitch; this seems to be characteristic of the last stressed syllable of a phrase in the language. Additional analyses of the sentential
3928:
676:
As of 2014, 263 fluent speakers had been reported. In 2014, the number of Head Start Programs was 21, and this included a language-nest immersion preschool.
3512:
A number also have an iterative-dispositional aspect. For a few of these verb roots, this aspect can appear in both a progressive and in a perfective form.
3450:
of resonants (which also affects suffixes). Roots of different shapes often undergo different processes to produce forms that are grammatically identical.
4580:. Other relations (e.g. the forms "*I am seen by you" or "*he is seen by me") can be expressed only in the active (e.g. "you see me" and "I see him").
3426:
heads, there is no basis for distinguishing verbs, nouns, and adjectives. There are other bases, however, for distinguishing these classes. Verbs have
1835:
All obstruents (except the glottals) typically follow one another in sequences of up to four, although a sequence of five is also possible (e.g. as in
5505:
84:
8752:
2084:. Three kinds of these mutations exist (although only the first example is common). In the first two examples, the vowel mutation is similar to the
5529:
4354:
argument particles will follow it; if the head is preceded by an auxiliary verb, they will follow the auxiliary; if the head is preceded by an
4075:"name-base-transitive," as in "name a price"). Predicate heads can also be words that are definable morphologically. This includes verbs (e.g.
5870:
5100:
4596:
agent marker with a subordinate agent marker. Subordinate agent markers are the same in both intransitive and transitive active predicates.
1807:
The secondary stress appears most often in words that are composed of a root that has retained its stress and a stressed suffix (e.g. as in
6523:
5556:
9019:
704:
Halkomelem has five vowel phonemes. Long and short vowels (but not schwa) contrast. Vowel length is written in the native orthography as
317:
1776:
contrasting stress are rare, they do exist in the language. The primary stress of a verb root consisting of a resonant, a schwa, and an
9467:
1966:
An unstressed schwa may take on the quality of an adjacent full vowel, or one that is separated from it by a glottal stop (e.g. as in
3442:
Additionally, there are several ways to make adjective-like words from nouns. Processes of internal modification of the root include
1640:"chief." The stops /t/ and /tʼ/ are articulated at a point slightly forward of that of the usual English /t d/, while the affricates
8887:
8857:
5820:
5317:
2069:
often occurs between a full vowel, schwa, and zero, depending on the type of root or stem, type of suffix, and placement of stress.
562:
identify as Stó꞉lō (although in the literature mostly attributed to these), but today often refer to themselves as "Musqueam", the
6516:
3566:
It is possible to internally modify noun roots in Halkomelem for the plural, the diminutive, and the diminutive plural. Compare:
1044:
9012:
8968:
5140:
5494:
8923:
8914:
8881:
8851:
8845:
8839:
8640:
6497:
9059:
8929:
8908:
8902:
8869:
8863:
8597:
8559:
6780:
5025:
1931:
A glottal stop after an unstressed final vowel may be lost, in which case the vowel will be reduced to a schwa (e.g. as in
1689:
In most Upriver dialects, glottalized resonants do not exist, while in Island dialects, they are more sharply articulated (
1673:
is produced with a great deal of friction and/or uvular vibration, and it contrasts strongly with the velar fricative /x/.
1348:
8980:
8974:
6585:
5252:
4846:
1478:
1456:
1177:
339:
175:
8789:
7341:
4283:
3427:
2044:
1187:
17:
6493:
5863:
5484:
5190:
5166:
5050:
506:
Hulquminum / Hulʻqʻumiʻnumʻ (Island dialect) or "Cowichan" (spoken by separate but closely related First Nations on
8807:
7780:
6637:
5549:
4472:
4124:
Two pairs of verbs function as auxiliaries, setting the predicate within a spatial context. The choice between the
2032:
of /n/ and /l/ in certain morphological cases in this language) (e.g. as in /-nəxʷ/ ~ /-ləxʷ/ "limited control" in
1358:
1076:
3809:
The following table lists the possessive affixes which appear in attributive possessive structures in Halkomelem.
3663:. All infixes of the language have been described in the preceding sections. Affixes are typically divisible into
1843:"just standing in shock"). There are no specific restrictions on the types of obstruent sequences that can occur.
9457:
8296:
7346:
6836:
6729:
5948:
4561:
paradigm, a third person cannot be the agent with a second person as the object. Instead, we find passive forms.
1316:
828:
821:
329:
9088:
7139:
4093:"man"), members of the closed sets of personal words (see the following section), and interrogative words (e.g.
8196:
7253:
6699:
6539:
6428:
5435:
5292:
2733:
651:
644:
9111:
8281:
5996:
9199:
9035:
8106:
7770:
7194:
5635:
3958:
suffixes follow the suffixes of the voice system and indicate desire or intention and search or arrangement.
2129:
1282:
240:
5410:
Carlson, Keith Thor, ed. (2001). 'A Stó꞉lō-Coast Salish Historical Atlas. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre.
1815:"help me"). It may be the case, however, that the secondary stress recorded by Suttles (2004) in words like
8742:
6947:
6761:
6352:
6332:
5856:
1338:
1064:
854:
847:
284:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
1682:
1648:/tsʼ/ are somewhat more retracted than these same English /t d/. The affricate has only been recorded in
1548:
1538:
1530:
1520:
1510:
907:
9382:
9377:
9297:
8729:
8605:
8468:
6709:
6667:
6662:
6474:
6238:
5542:
1621:
before vowels than in English, but they are more aspirate finally. Although the glottalized plosives are
1408:
1167:
783:
776:
632:
579:
575:
2545:
The Cowichan use a cased Latin alphabet with modifier apostrophes and doubled letters for vowel length.
9269:
8071:
7714:
7701:
7639:
7474:
7351:
5430:
Galloway, Brent D. (1993). A Grammar of Upriver Halkomelem. London, UK: University of California Press.
5358:
Galloway, Brent D. (1993). A Grammar of Upriver Halkomelem. London, UK: University of California Press.
3438:
is non-existent in the language, although some scholars believe to have found a few possible examples.
1983:
1466:
1388:
1326:
1054:
1034:
882:
875:
670:
531:
7740:
7467:
6724:
6704:
6694:
5898:
5805:
5764:
4262:
3981:
2029:
1632:. The labiodental fricative /f/ occurs in recent loans from English and their derivatives such as in
1368:
1147:
5459:
Suttles, Wayne. (2004). Musqueam Reference Grammar. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
4922:
3931:-oriented (e.g. they have glosses like "get hit" or "get washed"), while few verbs are semantically
8516:
8076:
7880:
7214:
6756:
6652:
6627:
6580:
4150:
4062:
3997:
3954:
prefixes, which precede predicate heads, have adverbial meaning and express temporal distinctions.
3668:
1979:
1879:
1824:
1695:
1678:
1106:
804:
797:
519:
63:
9324:
9274:
8023:
7826:
7805:
7745:
7224:
6926:
6919:
6689:
6592:
6312:
6248:
5810:
5724:
5717:
5456:. (1990). Central Coast Salish. In Northwest Coast, 453–476. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
5254:
xʷməθkʷəy̓əm: qʷi꞉l̕qʷəl̕ ʔə kʷθə snəw̓eyəɬ ct – Musqueam: giving information about our teachings
4887:"Halkomelem Language and the Stó꞉lo/Cowichan Tribes (Halqomelem, Holkomelem, Kwantlen, Musqueam)"
1268:
1256:
1086:
583:
567:
515:
425:
8101:
6006:
9372:
8814:
8737:
7986:
7721:
7706:
7438:
7424:
7274:
7079:
6986:
6905:
6719:
6480:
6459:
6195:
5681:
5589:
4295:
3944:
3435:
2081:
1785:
1660:"English (language)." The glottalized lateral affricate /ƛʼ/ is produced when the apex of the
1618:
1157:
1137:
602:
480:
429:
209:
80:
7121:
5237:. Wayne Suttles (ed.), Northwest Coast: Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 453–476.
9387:
9251:
8875:
8531:
8494:
8270:
8256:
8033:
8015:
7691:
7686:
7612:
7295:
7219:
7189:
7164:
6940:
6841:
6684:
5495:
Themes, thoughts, and theories on strategic planning for Hulꞌqumiꞌnum language revitalization
5395:
4442:
The element /-S/ occurs with the transitivizer /-t/, and they coalesce as /θ/. With the root
4349:
Suttles (2004) classified the first- and second-person argument particles as second-position
2020:
A number of suffixes beginning with /n/ have forms with initial /l/ when they are added to a
1710:
Based on Suttles' (2004) recordings of several speakers of the Downriver (Musqueam) dialect,
1444:
1432:
636:
571:
551:
543:
8986:
7128:
7100:
6061:
5208:. (2004). Musqueam Reference Grammar. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 3–22.
3772:
Verbalizing affixes (combine grammatical and lexical meaning): /c-/ "get, make, do, go to,"
2013:
that begins with a stressed vowel, (e.g. as in /-ínəs/ "chest"), an /h/ appears (e.g. as in
1847:
appearing in sequences are rearticulated, and sequences of /ss/ are common in the language.
9078:
9070:
8770:
8706:
8668:
8663:
8422:
8228:
8191:
8004:
7924:
7845:
7760:
7445:
7159:
6891:
6714:
6464:
6276:
6165:
5988:
5953:
5915:
4287:
4214:
3970:
2729:
1942:
The glottalization of resonants following unstressed vowels is often inaudible (e.g. as in
1711:
1217:
563:
7114:
6021:
8:
9264:
8992:
8658:
8526:
8396:
8249:
8183:
8081:
7560:
7457:
7361:
7246:
7090:
7061:
7004:
6866:
6851:
6751:
6741:
6679:
6674:
6657:
6597:
6469:
6433:
6109:
5978:
5879:
5666:
4861:
4350:
4032:
3423:
2736:
to create a typeface called Whitney Salishan that displays all the characters correctly.
1603:
The five glottalized resonants pose a problem in phonemic analysis, but occur frequently.
1488:
1309:
1197:
1027:
587:
539:
8066:
7107:
5325:
9436:
9284:
9157:
9131:
8941:
8587:
8536:
8263:
8242:
8221:
8214:
8201:
8137:
8061:
7895:
7819:
7732:
7647:
7601:
7573:
7404:
7313:
7204:
7179:
7154:
7069:
7014:
6933:
6846:
6816:
6617:
6443:
6378:
6220:
6157:
6142:
6011:
5933:
5928:
5749:
5675:
5565:
5474:
4593:
4589:
4279:
4258:
4040:
4036:
3977:
3966:
3415:
2021:
1858:
977:
942:
606:
535:
476:
204:
164:
93:
8119:
4286:
case marking system. In other words, the same particles mark first- and second-person
3980:
distinguish first, second, and third person in singular and plural. There are neither
3529:
form which is adjective-like and does not carry a progressive-perfective distinction.
276:
9431:
9292:
9241:
9236:
9187:
9175:
9146:
9101:
8935:
8311:
8306:
8155:
8096:
8091:
8056:
8051:
8041:
7812:
7785:
7775:
7765:
7652:
7628:
7620:
7593:
7588:
7523:
7492:
7481:
7431:
7389:
7374:
7281:
7024:
6999:
6994:
6954:
6884:
6821:
6602:
6423:
6373:
6228:
6210:
6205:
6185:
6180:
6132:
6066:
5815:
5789:
5779:
5731:
5686:
5629:
5489:
5186:
5162:
5046:
5021:
3936:
3932:
3459:
984:
970:
962:
947:
838:
511:
8653:
8648:
684:
Note: All examples are drawn from the Downriver dialect of Halkomelem spoken by the
335:
9345:
9302:
9259:
9231:
9226:
9121:
9116:
9096:
9049:
8959:
8947:
8893:
8696:
8625:
8610:
8567:
8403:
8373:
8368:
8331:
8321:
8291:
8163:
8086:
7963:
7931:
7917:
7910:
7860:
7837:
7798:
7755:
7696:
7678:
7660:
7583:
7578:
7568:
7541:
7409:
7336:
7326:
7302:
7288:
7267:
7184:
7042:
7032:
6961:
6912:
6871:
6811:
6806:
6569:
6558:
6418:
6408:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6307:
6302:
6292:
6258:
6200:
6147:
6094:
6056:
6001:
5963:
5923:
5893:
5784:
5710:
5650:
5615:
4387:
3962:
1425:
1249:
957:
937:
932:
507:
437:
433:
362:
160:
4509:
adverb. Again, the plurality of the third-person may be indicated by the particle
3879:
by a determiner, although depending on the noun class, it can also appear with an
2072:
When some suffixes are joined with stems, a change in the quality of the stressed
9426:
9401:
9329:
9221:
9204:
9139:
9126:
8691:
8678:
8577:
8432:
8326:
8316:
8168:
8126:
7981:
7952:
7945:
7903:
7890:
7885:
7875:
7870:
7855:
7667:
7531:
7399:
7384:
7379:
7369:
7209:
7199:
7050:
7009:
6861:
6856:
6798:
6622:
6508:
6413:
6403:
6398:
6357:
6266:
6233:
6190:
6137:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6076:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6016:
5968:
5958:
5645:
5579:
5367:
Gerdts, D.B. 1988. Object and Absolutive in Halkomelem Salish. New York: Garland.
4991:
the Tsꞌuubaa-asatx – usually known as "Lake Cowichan" and called by the Ditidaht
4886:
4662:
Subordinate clauses usually follow main clauses, but there are a few exceptions.
4558:
4103:
3940:
3486:
3431:
2324:
2085:
2066:
952:
527:
445:
196:
9004:
7169:
6026:
5524:
1890:
of some instances of schwa, glottal stop, glottalization of resonants, and /h/.
1788:" can fall on either the root or the suffix, allowing for minimal pairs such as
289:
9410:
9350:
9209:
9192:
9165:
9106:
8953:
8682:
8620:
8582:
8427:
8383:
8378:
8363:
8358:
8235:
8173:
8145:
8111:
7976:
7971:
7865:
7790:
7549:
7536:
7394:
7331:
7321:
7260:
7232:
7149:
7037:
6975:
6968:
6876:
6746:
6607:
6347:
6297:
6271:
6170:
6031:
5973:
5839:
5692:
5655:
5604:
4851:
4006:
3951:
3447:
1953:/h/ before a stressed vowel may be lost when preceded by a spirant (e.g. as in
1714:
in Halkomelem consists of an increase in intensity and an accompanying rise in
1665:
1504:
655:
457:
233:
5123:"Apps: More B.C. First Nations Language Apps and FirstVoices Mobile Keyboards"
9451:
9364:
9214:
8388:
8301:
8206:
8046:
7996:
7850:
7417:
7239:
7174:
7074:
6898:
6826:
6736:
6612:
6337:
5943:
5938:
5640:
5453:
5205:
4910:
4866:
4577:
3676:
3672:
3558:
is also marked, optionally, in only the progressive and resultative aspects.
3443:
3419:
2073:
2052:
1398:
1378:
1227:
1207:
1116:
1096:
1008:
996:
721:
597:
Halqemeylem / Halqʼeméylem (Upriver dialect) or "Stó꞉lō" (spoken by today 24
491:
469:
465:
441:
149:
53:
4106:
before the head and/or one or more adverbs preceding or following the head.
609:)", and the "Sqʼéwlets/Sqwōwich (Scowlitz)" (Sqꞌewlets First Nation) tribes.
8630:
8615:
8572:
8440:
7991:
7938:
6831:
6647:
6642:
6438:
6342:
6099:
5469:
5415:
5067:
4949:
4856:
4291:
4066:
4001:
3880:
3664:
1773:
1754:
1715:
1699:
1237:
742:
735:
461:
73:
9314:
6243:
5479:
1573:
The stops and affricates are grouped together for simplification purposes.
260:
9180:
6084:
5622:
5279:
5183:
Report on the Status of B.C. First Nations Languages 2014: Second Edition
5159:
Report on the Status of B.C. First Nations Languages 2014: Second Edition
4218:
3633:
Complex adjectives are formed from adjective roots and lexical suffixes.
3551:
3526:
2048:
716:
615:
453:
9319:
5499:
4967:
2017:"barrel-chested"). A final /h/ is never realized after a stressed vowel.
1912:/nə/ with no preceding vowel sometimes appears as syllabic (e.g. as in
522:(Nanoose) – the former "Saalequun tribe" is part of both First Nations,
8747:
6632:
5185:. British Columbia: First Peoples' Cultural Council. 2014. p. 46.
5161:. British Columbia: First Peoples' Cultural Council. 2014. p. 25.
4915:
4010:
3955:
3555:
2554:
2335:
for both vowel length and geminate consonants, and the special letters
2051:
forms of few verbs with initial /c/ or /x/ followed by /a/, the /c/ is
1998:
1722:
770:
726:
639:
have been developed to save the language. A program aimed at adults at
598:
5848:
5506:"Geek Speak: Jared Deck, Sto꞉lo Shxweli Halqꞌeméylem Language Program"
4000:
prefixes and suffixes form an inner layer around the word root, while
9307:
8701:
6766:
6089:
5534:
5122:
4266:
3985:
2025:
1867:
1777:
1690:
1629:
1303:
1021:
865:
815:
689:
591:
547:
269:
253:
4217:
only, but they can be preceded by auxiliaries and adverbs acting as
1866:. /h/ occurs only before vowels, following a resonant or one of the
306:
4125:
4102:
A verbal predicate may be expanded with the addition of one or two
3925:
2077:
1850:
1745:"house"). There are exceptions to this general pattern (e.g. as in
1622:
1419:
1130:
685:
640:
347:
1729:, the primary stress usually falls on the first vowel (e.g. as in
297:
5530:
Halkomelem basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
3735:
Reflexive: /-θət/ "oneself," /-námət/ "oneself (limited control)"
1887:
1844:
1698:
in that environment. Additionally, Upriver dialects have greater
1016:
693:
601:
First Nations upstream along the Fraser River from Matsqui on to
499:
449:
343:
692:
of the Island and Upriver dialects are noted at the foot of the
9397:
8762:
5093:"FirstVoices apps bring B.C. First Nations languages to iPhone"
5072:. UC Publications in Linguistics, 141. University of California
5004:
4355:
3693:
Intransitive: /-əm/ "intransitive," /-éls/ "activity" (compare
3656:
3652:
2010:
1781:
1702:
differences, and some words are differentiated by pitch alone.
1661:
1628:
Suttles (2004) makes several interesting notes on the Musqueam
1593:/b d d͡ʒ f ʀ/ occur only in a few borrowed and imitative words.
666:
314:
145:
5470:
First Nations Languages of British Columbia page on Halkomelem
4273:
3446:(of initial CV and CVC), shift in stress and vowel grade, and
3767:
Nominalizing prefix: /s-/ "nominalize (verbs and adjectives)"
3756:
Modal suffixes: /-ə́lmən/ "want to, intend to, seem about to"
3660:
2537:
2332:
1863:
1758:
1726:
4213:
Adjectives usually appear as predicate heads accompanied by
3969:; and to noun roots as noun possessors or the noun heads of
395:
389:
380:
2715:
2532:
2328:
2128:
In 1997, the Musqueam First Nation officially adopted the
371:
346:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4261:). As mentioned in the "Morphology" section, there is no
3939:. These relations are different with the suffixes of the
3723:
Permissive: /-s/ "let," as in "let him go" or "let it be"
2009:"get blown on"). When this type of root is followed by a
4463:
These forms are normally accompanied by person markers.
3935:-oriented (e.g. "look" or "see"). All are grammatically
4298:
predicates in main clauses (coordinate constructions).
906:
Upriver Halkomelem dialects also have a mid back vowel
313:
Halkomelem is classified as Severely Endangered by the
2117:"accompanying" and the suffix /-xən/ ~ /-xén/ "foot").
2106:"raven" and the suffix /-itθeʔ/ "clothing, blanket" ).
5250:
2549:
is used for the long sound in French loanwords, and
1997:
Several roots appear alone, without having undergone
377:
365:
3965:, locus, or instruments; to adjective roots as noun
3554:
can be optionally marked in all of these forms. The
392:
374:
9463:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
5525:
OLAC resources in and about the Halkomelem language
2088:effect of a suffix on stems in Germanic languages.
424:in the Downriver dialect) is a language of various
398:
386:
383:
368:
6538:
5480:Status of British Columbia First Nations Languages
2387:, and is found in a few English and French loans.
669:app was released in 2011. This was followed by an
9034:
6700:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
5293:"The Revitalizing Power of Indigenous Typography"
3961:Lexical suffixes can be related to verb roots as
2132:. This alphabet does not use upper-case letters.
2102:"buzzard (turkey vulture)," which is composed of
621:
79:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
9449:
6567:
5322:Native Peoples, Plants & Animals: Halkomelem
5015:
4566:
4542:
4532:
4522:
4511:
4498:
4488:
4477:
4166:
4158:
4139:
4115:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4031:In Musqueam, a sentence minimally consists of a
4017:
3741:Subordinate passive: /-ət/ "subordinate passive"
3727:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3637:
3624:
3616:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3541:
3533:
3516:
3503:
3494:
3476:
3467:
1982:), but the glottal stop protects the schwa from
1922:
1914:
1903:
1895:
1837:
1817:
1809:
1798:
1790:
1763:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1655:
1649:
647:First Nations and endangered languages program.
419:
413:
407:
133:
127:
121:
4061:"help him/her/them"), and forms including both
3776:"partake of," /txʷ-/ "buy," /-àꞏl/ "travel by"
510:and adjoining islands on the west side of the
9020:
6524:
5864:
5550:
3779:Lexical prefixes: /mə-/ "come," /tən-/ "from"
2553:is used for schwa. The alphabet includes the
5436:"Object and Absolutive in Halkomelem Salish"
1583:Of recent and/or peripheral phonemic status.
643:is a collaboration between the band and the
5500:Lessons and Information about Hulꞌqꞌumiꞌnum
5246:
5244:
5018:Be of Good Mind, Essays on the Coast Salish
4274:First- and second-person argument particles
2745:Comparison of Halkomelem alphabets (dated)
9027:
9013:
6531:
6517:
5871:
5857:
5557:
5543:
5040:
4673:
3690:Transitive: /-t/ /-nəxʷ/ /-x/ "transitive"
2732:language department collaborated with the
1625:, they are not usually strongly released.
305:
296:
5045:. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. p. 168.
5020:. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. p. 132.
4466:
3749:Aspectual prefixes: /wə-/ "established,"
5413:
5241:
5217:
5065:
4576:Only third persons can be agents in the
4381:
3764:Affixes with purely grammatical meaning
2055:as /kʷ/ and the /x/ as /xʷ/ (e.g. as in
318:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
6790:
5878:
5510:Straight.com, Vancouver's Online Source
5345:
5343:
5291:Cheung, Christopher (August 22, 2023).
5232:
5097:Straight.com, Vancouver's online source
4446:"help" and /-t/ "transitive," we find:
4022:. " punches holes in the bottom of it."
3791:Natural phenomena: /-ətp/ "plant, tree"
3726:Applicative: /-nəs/ "goal" (e.g. as in
340:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
9450:
5564:
5490:Halkomelem Ethnobiology Web Site (SFU)
5433:
5290:
4669:. "I will see you, if/when/that I go."
4583:
3992:
2080:at an earlier stage in the language's
9008:
6566:
6512:
5852:
5538:
5394:Halq̓eméylem Language by Helen Carr,
4906:
4904:
4471:The third-person arguments follow an
4055:"black bear"), inflected forms (e.g.
3804:
3462:, as opposed to progressive, aspect.
2059:"go/come inland" and its progressive
929:
5416:"A Grammar of Chilliwack Halkomelem"
5340:
4149:Verb heads are also found with verb
2091:Stem /e/ changes to /a/ (e.g. as in
187:ca. 100 to 260 in Canada (2014)
31:
5090:
4847:List of Halkomelem-speaking peoples
4391:Third-person objects are unmarked.
1886:In rapid speech, there is optional
1705:
24:
5441:. New York, NY: Garland Publishing
5220:A Grammar of Chilliwack Halkomelem
5091:Hul, Stephen (December 15, 2012).
5043:The Fort Langley Journals, 1827–30
4937:The Linguistics Student's Handbook
4901:
4889:. Native Languages of the Americas
1873:
688:band. Relevant differences in the
498:. The language has three distinct
69:for transliterated languages, and
49:of its non-English content, using
25:
9479:
9468:First Nations languages in Canada
5463:
4252:
3489:, which can occur in both forms.
2123:
1487:
1477:
1465:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1325:
1315:
1281:
1267:
1255:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1176:
1166:
1156:
1146:
1136:
1115:
1105:
1095:
1085:
1075:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1033:
881:
874:
853:
846:
837:
827:
820:
803:
796:
782:
775:
8808:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
6638:Inland Northern American English
5485:Hulꞌqꞌuminꞌum Talking Dictionary
5475:Language Geek page on Halkomelem
5385:Suttles, Wayne. (2004), 320–329.
5069:Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem
5016:Granville Miller, Bruce (2007).
4921:
3788:Common artifacts: /-wət/ "canoe"
3738:Reciprocal: /-təlʼ/ "each other"
2327:use a cased Latin alphabet with
2113:"partner," which is composed of
660:Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem
361:
87:may also be used - notably
36:
8790:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
5388:
5379:
5370:
5361:
5352:
5310:
5284:
5273:
5264:
5226:
5211:
5199:
5175:
5151:
5141:"Halqꞌeméylem Community Portal"
5133:
5115:
5084:
5059:
4358:, they will follow the adverb.
3720:Causative: /-stəxʷ/ "causative"
1830:
6540:Languages of the United States
5376:Suttles, Wayne. (2004), 31–72.
5349:Suttles, Wayne. (2004), 23–30.
5251:Musqueam First Nation (2016).
5034:
5009:
4998:
4985:
4960:
4942:
4929:
4879:
4552:
4371:. "I am helping him/her/them."
3458:Verbs roots are identified as
2734:University of British Columbia
2109:Suffix /e/ to /a/ (e.g. as in
1986:to the full vowel (e.g. as in
1613:Occurs in the Upriver dialect.
1606:
1596:
1586:
1576:
1566:
899:
652:University of California Press
645:University of British Columbia
622:Use and revitalization efforts
532:Lake Cowichan (Tsꞌuubaa-asatx)
468:and the lower boundary of the
432:. It is spoken in what is now
85:multilingual support templates
13:
1:
9036:Languages of British Columbia
4872:
4572:. "You folks will be helped."
4528:. "He/she will help him/her."
4209:("man"). "You're a good man."
3687:Suffixes of the voice system
3606:
3525:The majority of verbs have a
3409:
2739:
2723:
2130:Americanist phonetic alphabet
2028:ending in /l/ (i.e. there is
922:
9373:American Sign Language (ASL)
8743:Black American Sign Language
8521:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
6762:Western Pennsylvania English
6353:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
5280:First Voices, Hulʼqʼumiʼnumʼ
4667:kʼʷəcnámə cən ceʔ, wənémʼèꞏn
4238:. "He is strong all right."
4049:"far"), derived forms (e.g.
3746:Aspectual and modal affixes
3732:"go after him"), /-ném/ "go"
2098:Stem /a/ to /e/ (e.g. as in
1617:The plain plosives are less
679:
654:published American linguist
436:, ranging from southeastern
7:
8537:Navajo Family Sign Language
6475:Plains Indian Sign Language
5414:Galloway, Brent D. (1977).
5222:. University of California.
5218:Galloway, Brent D. (1977).
5066:Galloway, Brent D. (2009).
4840:
4494:. "He/she/it/they will go."
4365:. "I'll help him/her/them."
1757:that cannot be preceded by
633:Seabird Island First Nation
580:New Westminster Indian Band
418:in the Island dialect, and
290:Hulʻqʻumiʻnumʻ (Halkomelem)
176:Halkomelem-speaking peoples
10:
9484:
8753:Puerto Rican Sign Language
6326:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
5418:. University of California
5041:MacLachlan, Morag (1998).
4538:. "He/she helped him/her."
4159:
4083:
4051:
3818:Attached to possessed head
3646:
3485:Several verbs also have a
3481:"be splitting, be tearing"
2063:"be going/coming inland").
1923:
1915:
1818:
1810:
1608:
1598:
1588:
1578:
1568:
901:
9419:
9396:
9363:
9338:
9283:
9250:
9156:
9087:
9069:
9058:
9042:
8828:
8799:
8779:
8761:
8728:
8719:
8677:
8639:
8596:
8558:
8549:
8509:
8476:Anishinaabe Sign Language
8467:
8458:
8413:
8351:
8344:
8280:
8182:
8154:
8136:
8032:
8014:
7962:
7836:
7731:
7677:
7638:
7611:
7559:
7522:
7491:
7455:
7360:
7312:
7138:
7088:
7060:
7023:
6985:
6797:
6779:
6725:Southern American English
6705:Pacific Northwest English
6695:Northern American English
6576:
6557:
6546:
6490:
6452:
6366:
6325:
6285:
6257:
6219:
6156:
6108:
6075:
5987:
5914:
5907:
5886:
5833:
5798:
5772:
5763:
5741:
5702:
5597:
5588:
5572:
5434:Gerdts, Donna B. (1988).
5318:"Comparing orthographies"
5005:Hulꞌquimꞌnum Treaty Group
4950:"The Halkomelem Language"
4655:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4377:. "I generally get here."
4308:
4305:
4303:
4282:particles pattern like a
4026:
3890:kʷθə sqʷəmeyʔ-s ɫe sɫeniʔ
3785:Body parts: /-aqʷ/ "head"
3317:
3306:
3295:
3282:
3271:
3260:
3195:
3184:
3173:
3145:
2964:
2953:
2942:
2931:
2920:
2909:
2898:
2884:
2870:
2859:
2845:
2797:
2783:
2772:
1725:words with more than one
1418:
1015:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
725:
720:
715:
713:
699:
475:In the classification of
326:
304:
295:
283:
267:
251:
246:
230:
193:
181:
170:
155:
141:
120:
115:
7503:San Felipe–Santo Domingo
6757:Western American English
6653:Midland American English
6628:General American English
6581:African-American English
6333:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
4081:"go"), adjectives (e.g.
3561:
3453:
2343:. The vowel letters are
1696:compensatory lengthening
1679:contrastive distribution
412:in the Upriver dialect,
8479:Blackfoot Sign Language
6690:New York Latino English
6593:American Indian English
5233:Suttles, Wayne (1990).
4674:Basic words and phrases
4567:
4544:kʼʷəcnámxəs ceʔ ʔéꞏɬtən
4543:
4533:
4523:
4512:
4499:
4489:
4478:
4167:
4140:
4116:
4095:
4089:
4077:
4071:
4057:
4045:
4018:
3912:kʷθə sqʷəmeyʔ ʔə-ʎ John
3904:AUX book-3POS DET woman
3851:'her, his, its, their'
3728:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3638:
3625:
3617:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3542:
3534:
3517:
3504:
3495:
3477:
3468:
1904:
1896:
1838:
1799:
1791:
1764:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1656:
1650:
650:In September 2009, the
440:from the west shore of
420:
414:
408:
134:
128:
122:
9458:Coast Salish languages
8815:Henniker Sign Language
8738:American Sign Language
8482:Cheyenne Sign Language
7347:Central Siberian Yupik
7342:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
6837:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
6747:Upper Michigan English
6720:Puerto Rican Englishes
6498:Canadian dictionaries
6481:Maritime Sign Language
6460:American Sign Language
5949:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
4467:Third-person arguments
4278:The first- and second-
4121:. "I am helping him."
3893:AUX dog-3POS DET woman
3815:Attached to word prior
3430:forms and do not take
590:, and the now extinct
430:British Columbia Coast
328:This article contains
9388:Plateau Sign Language
8517:Hawai'i Sign Language
8500:Ktunaxa Sign Language
8495:Plateau Sign Language
8257:Northern Sierra Miwok
8197:Southern Sierra Miwok
7506:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos
7254:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
6742:Transatlantic English
6685:New York City English
6675:New Mexican Englishes
6658:New England Englishes
6494:Canadian style guides
5790:Thompson River Salish
5396:Kwantlen First Nation
4548:. "They will see me."
4382:Object person markers
4375:lə́qʼ cən wəmʼi técəl
4284:nominative–accusative
4248:. "He was very sick."
4189:. "You're a man too."
3924:Most verbs roots are
3901:kʷθə pukʷ-s ɫe sɫeniʔ
3761:Derivational affixes
3684:Non-personal affixes
3414:Like the majority of
2040:"catch up with him").
1827:patterns are needed.
1654:"English people" and
637:Cowichan First Nation
9200:North Straits Salish
8965:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
8833:in 2021 in millions)
8771:Samoan Sign Language
8488:Navajo Sign Language
8423:Afro-Seminole Creole
8192:Central Sierra Miwok
7771:North Straits Salish
7195:Mescalero-Chiricahua
6715:Philadelphia English
6465:Quebec Sign Language
5908:Indigenous languages
5328:on February 24, 2001
5235:Central Coast Salish
4935:Laurie Bauer, 2007,
4172:. "He tried to fly."
4153:and compound verbs.
4087:"big"), nouns (e.g.
3915:DET dog OBL-DET John
3651:Halkomelem contains
2329:modifier apostrophes
47:specify the language
45:This article should
9420:Immigrant languages
8831:(number of speakers
8829:Immigrant languages
8527:Inuit Sign Language
6752:Utah Mormon English
6680:New Orleans English
6598:Appalachian English
6434:Pennsylvania German
5880:Languages of Canada
5103:on November 2, 2012
4584:Subordinate clauses
4473:ergative–absolutive
4267:inclusive/exclusive
4145:. "I did it again."
3993:Ordering of affixes
3986:inclusive/exclusive
3907:'the woman's book'
3546:"spilled, capsized"
2746:
2565:
2411:
2141:
1403:⟨x̌ʷ⟩
1232:⟨q̓ʷ⟩
1212:⟨k̓ʷ⟩
1152:⟨t̓θ⟩
538:-speaking people),
9298:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
9270:Southern Tsimshian
9112:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
8606:Pennsylvania Dutch
8485:Cree Sign Language
8297:Havasupai–Hualapai
8243:Kings River Yokuts
8222:Buena Vista Yokuts
8202:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
6710:Pennsylvania Dutch
6633:High Tider English
6618:California English
6470:Inuk Sign Language
6429:Newfoundland Irish
6394:Tagalog (Filipino)
6367:Minority languages
6239:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
5997:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
5887:Official languages
5566:Salishan languages
4968:"Musqueam's Story"
4729:What is your name?
4590:subordinate clause
3896:'the woman's dog'
3841:'your (singular)'
3805:Possessive affixes
3416:Salishan languages
2744:
2564:Cowichan alphabet
2563:
2409:
2135:
1994:"make it appear").
1552:⟨w̓⟩
1542:⟨y̓⟩
1534:⟨l̓⟩
1524:⟨n̓⟩
1514:⟨m̓⟩
1393:⟨x̌⟩
1383:⟨xʷ⟩
1222:⟨q̓⟩
1202:⟨k̓⟩
1192:⟨č̓⟩
1182:⟨ƛ̓⟩
1172:⟨c̓⟩
1162:⟨t̓⟩
1142:⟨p̓⟩
1121:⟨qʷ⟩
1101:⟨kʷ⟩
1049:⟨tθ⟩
887:⟨aꞏ⟩
859:⟨oꞏ⟩
833:⟨eꞏ⟩
809:⟨uꞏ⟩
788:⟨iꞏ⟩
477:Salishan languages
456:and including the
27:Shalishan language
18:Upriver Halkomelem
9445:
9444:
9359:
9358:
9043:Official language
9002:
9001:
8824:
8823:
8715:
8714:
8545:
8544:
8459:Manual Indigenous
8454:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8340:
8339:
7715:Northeastern Pomo
7702:Southeastern Pomo
7475:Northern Kalapuya
6775:
6774:
6603:Baltimore English
6506:
6505:
6424:Doukhobor Russian
6321:
6320:
5846:
5845:
5840:extinct languages
5829:
5828:
5816:Colville-Okanagan
5759:
5758:
4919:(21st ed., 2018)
4838:
4837:
4660:
4659:
4656:same as singular
4504:. "They will go."
4440:
4439:
4369:ʔi cən cʼécʼəw-ət
4347:
4346:
4187:swə́yʼqeʔ čxʷ ƛʼe
3922:
3921:
3876:
3875:
3782:Lexical suffixes
3717:"bury something")
3407:
3406:
2762:Stó꞉lō (Upriver)
2721:
2720:
2543:
2542:
2398:marks high tone,
2390:Using the letter
2321:
2320:
1804:"finish it all."
1796:"salvage it" and
1563:
1562:
1507:
1493:⟨r⟩
1483:⟨w⟩
1471:⟨y⟩
1461:⟨l⟩
1449:⟨n⟩
1437:⟨m⟩
1428:
1413:⟨h⟩
1373:⟨x⟩
1363:⟨š⟩
1353:⟨ɬ⟩
1343:⟨s⟩
1331:⟨θ⟩
1321:⟨f⟩
1312:
1287:⟨j⟩
1273:⟨d⟩
1261:⟨b⟩
1252:
1242:⟨ʔ⟩
1133:
1111:⟨q⟩
1091:⟨k⟩
1081:⟨č⟩
1069:⟨c⟩
1059:⟨t⟩
1039:⟨p⟩
1030:
1011:
1004:
999:
992:
987:
980:
973:
896:
895:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
738:
706:⟨ꞏ⟩
536:Southern Wakashan
512:Strait of Georgia
464:Delta upriver to
444:northward beyond
354:
353:
336:rendering support
332:phonetic symbols.
111:
110:
16:(Redirected from
9475:
9383:Plains Sign Talk
9067:
9066:
9029:
9022:
9015:
9006:
9005:
8726:
8725:
8697:Louisiana Creole
8556:
8555:
8465:
8464:
8349:
8348:
7640:Plateau Penutian
7468:Central Kalapuya
6795:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6570:American English
6564:
6563:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6510:
6509:
6419:Hutterite German
5912:
5911:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5850:
5849:
5770:
5769:
5636:Northern Straits
5595:
5594:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5536:
5535:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5440:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5359:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5324:. Archived from
5314:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5288:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5248:
5239:
5238:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5099:. Archived from
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5027:978-0-7748-13242
5013:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4946:
4940:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4883:
4678:
4677:
4599:
4598:
4570:
4546:
4536:
4526:
4515:
4502:
4500:némʼ ceʔ ʔéꞏɬtən
4492:
4481:
4394:
4393:
4301:
4300:
4226:kʼʷámʼkʼʷəmʼ cən
4170:
4162:
4161:
4143:
4119:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4021:
3978:personal affixes
3887:
3886:
3872:'your (plural)'
3812:
3811:
3800:Personal affixes
3731:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3641:
3628:
3620:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3545:
3537:
3520:
3507:
3498:
3480:
3471:
3418:, Halkomelem is
2747:
2743:
2566:
2562:
2412:
2410:Stó꞉lō alphabet
2408:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2142:
2134:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1899:
1841:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1794:
1780:followed by the
1767:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1706:Stress and pitch
1684:
1659:
1653:
1636:"coffee" and in
1612:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1553:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1472:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1450:
1447:
1438:
1435:
1424:
1414:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1332:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1308:
1288:
1285:
1274:
1271:
1262:
1259:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1026:
1007:
1002:
995:
990:
983:
976:
969:
927:
926:
909:
905:
888:
885:
878:
860:
857:
850:
841:
834:
831:
824:
810:
807:
800:
789:
786:
779:
763:
758:
753:
748:
741:
734:
711:
710:
707:
627:programs at the
594:(Derby people).)
534:, an originally
508:Vancouver Island
438:Vancouver Island
434:British Columbia
423:
417:
411:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
320:
309:
300:
279:
263:
256:
236:
199:
161:British Columbia
137:
131:
125:
113:
112:
106:
103:
97:
90:
78:
72:
68:
62:
58:
52:
40:
39:
32:
21:
9483:
9482:
9478:
9477:
9476:
9474:
9473:
9472:
9448:
9447:
9446:
9441:
9415:
9392:
9355:
9334:
9279:
9275:Coast Tsimshian
9246:
9152:
9083:
9061:
9060:Oral Indigenous
9054:
9038:
9033:
9003:
8998:
8832:
8830:
8820:
8795:
8775:
8757:
8721:
8711:
8673:
8635:
8592:
8551:
8541:
8505:
8460:
8446:
8415:
8409:
8336:
8283:
8276:
8178:
8150:
8132:
8077:Northern Paiute
8028:
8024:Coast Tsimshian
8010:
7958:
7832:
7727:
7673:
7634:
7607:
7555:
7518:
7487:
7451:
7356:
7308:
7215:Upper Kuskokwim
7141:
7134:
7084:
7056:
7019:
6981:
6782:
6781:Oral Indigenous
6771:
6767:Yeshiva English
6623:Chicano English
6572:
6553:
6542:
6537:
6507:
6502:
6486:
6448:
6414:Canadian Gaelic
6362:
6317:
6313:Coast Tsimshian
6281:
6253:
6215:
6152:
6104:
6071:
5983:
5903:
5882:
5877:
5847:
5842:
5825:
5794:
5765:Interior Salish
5755:
5737:
5698:
5584:
5568:
5563:
5515:
5513:
5504:
5466:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5421:
5419:
5402:
5401:
5393:
5389:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5362:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5341:
5331:
5329:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5301:
5299:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5274:
5270:Galloway (2009)
5269:
5265:
5257:
5249:
5242:
5231:
5227:
5216:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5169:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5106:
5104:
5089:
5085:
5075:
5073:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4999:
4990:
4986:
4976:
4974:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4909:
4902:
4892:
4890:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4843:
4733:tewat teʼ skwix
4689:Hello/Greetings
4676:
4586:
4555:
4469:
4384:
4363:cʼéw-ət cən ceʔ
4276:
4255:
4228:. "I'm strong."
4183:. "I am a man."
4104:auxiliary verbs
4029:
3995:
3807:
3649:
3609:
3564:
3521:"easy to split"
3487:durative aspect
3456:
3412:
2742:
2726:
2126:
2095:"long-faced" ).
2067:Vowel gradation
1950:"descendants").
1876:
1874:Morphophonemics
1833:
1708:
1551:
1541:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1492:
1482:
1470:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1342:
1330:
1320:
1286:
1272:
1260:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1020:
925:
886:
858:
832:
808:
787:
705:
702:
682:
624:
528:Cowichan Tribes
446:Gabriola Island
428:peoples of the
364:
360:
334:Without proper
322:
321:
312:
275:
259:
252:
237:
232:
226:
200:
197:Language family
195:
189:25 in US (1997)
188:
184:
183:Native speakers
107:
101:
98:
92:
91:for Halkomelem.
88:
76:
70:
66:
64:transliteration
60:
56:
50:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9481:
9471:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9443:
9442:
9440:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9423:
9421:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9413:
9411:Chinook Jargon
9407:
9405:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9369:
9367:
9365:Sign languages
9361:
9360:
9357:
9356:
9354:
9353:
9348:
9342:
9340:
9339:Other/isolates
9336:
9335:
9333:
9332:
9327:
9325:Nuu-chah-nulth
9322:
9317:
9312:
9311:
9310:
9305:
9295:
9289:
9287:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9256:
9254:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9218:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9197:
9196:
9195:
9185:
9184:
9183:
9173:
9168:
9162:
9160:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9150:
9143:
9135:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9093:
9091:
9089:Dené–Yeniseian
9085:
9084:
9082:
9081:
9075:
9073:
9064:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9052:
9046:
9044:
9040:
9039:
9032:
9031:
9024:
9017:
9009:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8996:
8990:
8984:
8978:
8972:
8966:
8963:
8957:
8951:
8945:
8939:
8933:
8927:
8921:
8918:
8912:
8906:
8900:
8897:
8891:
8885:
8879:
8873:
8867:
8861:
8855:
8849:
8843:
8836:
8834:
8826:
8825:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8818:
8811:
8803:
8801:
8797:
8796:
8794:
8793:
8785:
8783:
8777:
8776:
8774:
8773:
8767:
8765:
8759:
8758:
8756:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8734:
8732:
8723:
8720:Manual settler
8717:
8716:
8713:
8712:
8710:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8688:
8686:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8649:Caló (Chicano)
8645:
8643:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8602:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8564:
8562:
8553:
8547:
8546:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8539:
8534:
8532:Keresan Pueblo
8529:
8524:
8523:
8522:
8513:
8511:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8501:
8490:
8489:
8486:
8483:
8480:
8477:
8473:
8471:
8462:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8436:
8435:
8430:
8428:Chinook Jargon
8425:
8419:
8417:
8414:Mixed or trade
8411:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8400:
8392:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8355:
8353:
8346:
8342:
8341:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8288:
8286:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8253:
8246:
8239:
8236:Gashowu Yokuts
8232:
8225:
8218:
8210:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8188:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8160:
8158:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8148:
8142:
8140:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8123:
8115:
8114:
8109:
8107:Ute-Chemehuevi
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8038:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8020:
8018:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8008:
8000:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7968:
7966:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7949:
7942:
7935:
7928:
7921:
7914:
7907:
7899:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7842:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7827:Upper Chehalis
7823:
7816:
7809:
7806:Lower Chehalis
7802:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7746:Columbia-Moses
7743:
7737:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7725:
7718:
7710:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7683:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7672:
7671:
7664:
7656:
7655:
7650:
7644:
7642:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7624:
7623:
7617:
7615:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7605:
7597:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7565:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7545:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7528:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7516:
7513:
7510:
7507:
7504:
7501:
7500:Cochiti Pueblo
7497:
7495:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7478:
7471:
7463:
7461:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7442:
7435:
7428:
7421:
7413:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7366:
7364:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7318:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7306:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7278:
7271:
7264:
7257:
7250:
7243:
7236:
7228:
7227:
7225:Western Apache
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7146:
7144:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7111:
7104:
7096:
7094:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7066:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7029:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6991:
6989:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6958:
6951:
6944:
6937:
6930:
6927:Mohegan-Pequot
6923:
6920:Miami-Illinois
6916:
6909:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6880:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6803:
6801:
6792:
6785:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6665:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6608:Boston English
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6536:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6513:
6504:
6503:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6456:
6454:
6453:Sign languages
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6348:Chinook Jargon
6345:
6340:
6335:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6263:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6249:Nuu-chah-nulth
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6225:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6114:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5993:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5920:
5918:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5876:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5853:
5844:
5843:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5821:Montana Salish
5818:
5813:
5811:Columbia-Moses
5808:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5728:
5725:Upper Chehalis
5721:
5718:Lower Chehalis
5714:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5607:
5601:
5599:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5562:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5465:
5464:External links
5462:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5454:Suttles, Wayne
5451:
5431:
5428:
5411:
5400:
5399:
5387:
5378:
5369:
5360:
5351:
5339:
5309:
5283:
5272:
5263:
5240:
5225:
5210:
5206:Suttles, Wayne
5198:
5191:
5174:
5167:
5150:
5132:
5114:
5083:
5058:
5051:
5033:
5026:
5008:
4997:
4984:
4959:
4941:
4928:
4900:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4852:Brent Galloway
4849:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4705:
4703:lichexw we eyo
4700:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4585:
4582:
4574:
4573:
4568:cʼéwətàləm ceʔ
4554:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4539:
4529:
4506:
4505:
4495:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4454:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4275:
4272:
4254:
4253:Person markers
4251:
4250:
4249:
4239:
4236:ʔukʼʷámʼkʼʷəmʼ
4229:
4211:
4210:
4191:
4190:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4147:
4146:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4117:cən cʼécʼəw-ət
4069:affixes (e.g.
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
3994:
3991:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3699:"get buried,"
3691:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3631:
3630:
3622:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3599:"little hands"
3592:
3584:
3576:
3563:
3560:
3548:
3547:
3539:
3523:
3522:
3510:
3509:
3508:"be biting it"
3500:
3483:
3482:
3473:
3455:
3452:
3448:glottalization
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2741:
2738:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2402:mid tone, and
2394:as a carrier,
2319:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2138:hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓
2125:
2124:Writing system
2122:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2107:
2096:
2070:
2064:
2041:
2036:"know it" and
2018:
1995:
1975:
1974:"black bear").
1964:
1963:
1962:
1951:
1940:
1929:
1910:
1875:
1872:
1832:
1829:
1707:
1704:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1594:
1584:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1385:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1323:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1224:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1174:
1164:
1154:
1144:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1113:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1024:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1000:
993:
988:
981:
974:
966:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
921:
912:
911:
894:
893:
891:
889:
879:
872:
870:
868:
862:
861:
851:
844:
842:
835:
825:
818:
812:
811:
801:
794:
792:
790:
780:
773:
767:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
739:
731:
730:
724:
719:
714:
701:
698:
681:
678:
656:Brent Galloway
623:
620:
611:
610:
595:
576:Tsleil-Waututh
555:
458:Lower Mainland
421:hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓
415:Hul̓q̓umín̓um̓
352:
351:
338:, you may see
324:
323:
311:
310:
302:
301:
293:
292:
287:
281:
280:
273:
265:
264:
257:
249:
248:
247:Language codes
244:
243:
238:
234:Writing system
231:
228:
227:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
220:
203:
201:
194:
191:
190:
185:
182:
179:
178:
172:
168:
167:
163:into Northern
157:
153:
152:
143:
142:Native to
139:
138:
135:hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓
129:Hul̓q̓umín̓um̓
118:
117:
109:
108:
83:. Knowledge's
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9480:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9424:
9422:
9418:
9412:
9409:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9399:
9395:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9366:
9362:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9337:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9300:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9290:
9288:
9286:
9282:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9257:
9255:
9253:
9249:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9202:
9201:
9198:
9194:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9186:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9159:
9155:
9149:
9148:
9144:
9142:
9141:
9137:
9136:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9092:
9090:
9086:
9080:
9077:
9076:
9074:
9072:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9057:
9051:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9030:
9025:
9023:
9018:
9016:
9011:
9010:
9007:
8994:
8991:
8988:
8985:
8982:
8979:
8976:
8973:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8949:
8946:
8943:
8940:
8937:
8934:
8931:
8928:
8925:
8922:
8919:
8916:
8913:
8910:
8907:
8904:
8901:
8898:
8895:
8892:
8889:
8886:
8883:
8880:
8877:
8874:
8871:
8868:
8865:
8862:
8859:
8856:
8853:
8850:
8847:
8844:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8835:
8827:
8817:
8816:
8812:
8810:
8809:
8805:
8804:
8802:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8787:
8786:
8784:
8782:
8778:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8766:
8764:
8760:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8735:
8733:
8731:
8727:
8724:
8718:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8646:
8644:
8642:
8638:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8599:
8595:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8557:
8554:
8548:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8508:
8499:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8492:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8481:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8466:
8463:
8457:
8443:
8442:
8438:
8437:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8412:
8406:
8405:
8401:
8399:
8398:
8394:
8393:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8350:
8347:
8343:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8289:
8287:
8285:
8279:
8273:
8272:
8268:
8266:
8265:
8261:
8259:
8258:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8247:
8245:
8244:
8240:
8238:
8237:
8233:
8231:
8230:
8226:
8224:
8223:
8219:
8217:
8216:
8212:
8211:
8208:
8207:Valley Yokuts
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8181:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8157:
8153:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8117:
8116:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8035:
8031:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8017:
8013:
8007:
8006:
8002:
8001:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7987:Southern Tiwa
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7965:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7946:Tutelo-Saponi
7943:
7941:
7940:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7929:
7927:
7926:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7915:
7913:
7912:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7901:
7900:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7839:
7835:
7829:
7828:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7810:
7808:
7807:
7803:
7801:
7800:
7796:
7795:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7741:Coeur d'Alene
7739:
7738:
7736:
7734:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7722:Northern Pomo
7719:
7717:
7716:
7712:
7711:
7708:
7707:Southern Pomo
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7665:
7663:
7662:
7658:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7641:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7626:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7558:
7552:
7551:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7521:
7515:Laguna Pueblo
7514:
7511:
7509:Western Keres
7508:
7505:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7490:
7484:
7483:
7479:
7477:
7476:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7465:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7448:
7447:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7439:Susquehannock
7436:
7434:
7433:
7429:
7427:
7426:
7425:Neutral Huron
7422:
7420:
7419:
7415:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7359:
7353:
7352:Chevak Cup’ik
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7305:
7304:
7300:
7298:
7297:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7286:
7284:
7283:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7275:Plains Apache
7272:
7270:
7269:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7251:
7249:
7248:
7244:
7242:
7241:
7237:
7235:
7234:
7230:
7229:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7137:
7131:
7130:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7092:
7087:
7081:
7080:Upper Chinook
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7059:
7053:
7052:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6984:
6978:
6977:
6973:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6906:Nawathinehena
6903:
6901:
6900:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6778:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6737:Texan English
6735:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6648:Maine English
6646:
6644:
6643:Miami English
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6613:Cajun English
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6551:
6548:Languages in
6545:
6541:
6534:
6529:
6527:
6522:
6520:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6338:Broken Slavey
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5874:
5869:
5867:
5862:
5860:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5841:
5837:
5832:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5806:Coeur d’Alene
5804:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5560:
5555:
5553:
5548:
5546:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5512:. May 4, 2012
5511:
5507:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5437:
5432:
5429:
5417:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5397:
5391:
5382:
5373:
5364:
5355:
5346:
5344:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5281:
5276:
5267:
5260:. p. 41.
5256:
5255:
5247:
5245:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5202:
5194:
5192:9780986840166
5188:
5184:
5178:
5170:
5168:9780986840166
5164:
5160:
5154:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5071:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5052:0-7748-0664-8
5048:
5044:
5037:
5029:
5023:
5019:
5012:
5006:
5001:
4994:
4993:c̓uubaʕsaʔtx̣
4988:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4938:
4932:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4888:
4882:
4878:
4868:
4867:Wayne Suttles
4865:
4863:
4862:Patricia Shaw
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4684:Halq̓eméylem
4683:
4680:
4679:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:Second-person
4628:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4579:
4571:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4547:
4545:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4425:Second-person
4423:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4352:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4332:Second-person
4330:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4181:swə́yʼqeʔ cən
4179:
4178:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4144:
4142:
4141:cən nəwɬ x̌té
4136:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4079:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4009:prefixes and
4008:
4003:
3999:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3918:'John's dog'
3917:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3799:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3711:"plant," and
3709:
3703:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3604:
3597:
3593:
3591:"little hand"
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3544:
3540:
3538:"split, torn"
3536:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3479:
3474:
3472:"split, tear"
3470:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3444:reduplication
3439:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3420:polysynthetic
3417:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2795:ə ~ ʌ ~ ɪ ~ ʊ
2794:
2792:ə ~ ʌ ~ ɪ ~ ʊ
2791:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:Musqueam Band
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1990:"appear" and
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1909:"my father").
1908:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1839:txʷstx̌ʷásʔal
1828:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:minimal pairs
1770:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
989:
986:
982:
979:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
928:
920:
916:
904:
903:
898:
897:
892:
890:
884:
880:
877:
873:
871:
869:
867:
864:
863:
856:
852:
849:
845:
843:
840:
836:
830:
826:
823:
819:
817:
814:
813:
806:
802:
799:
795:
793:
791:
785:
781:
778:
774:
772:
769:
768:
762:
757:
752:
747:
744:
740:
737:
733:
732:
728:
723:
718:
712:
709:
697:
695:
691:
687:
677:
674:
672:
668:
665:A Halkomelem
663:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:Stó꞉lō Nation
619:
617:
608:
604:
600:
596:
593:
589:
586:(Coquitlam),
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
526:(Chemainus),
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:
503:
501:
497:
493:
492:anglicization
489:
484:
482:
478:
473:
471:
470:Fraser Canyon
467:
466:Harrison Lake
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:Saanich Inlet
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:First Nations
422:
416:
410:
403:
358:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
331:
325:
319:
316:
308:
303:
299:
294:
291:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
272:
271:
266:
262:
258:
255:
250:
245:
242:
239:
235:
229:
219:
216:
215:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
206:
202:
198:
192:
186:
180:
177:
173:
169:
166:
162:
159:Southwestern
158:
154:
151:
150:United States
147:
144:
140:
136:
130:
124:
119:
114:
105:
95:
86:
82:
75:
65:
55:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
9170:
9145:
9138:
8813:
8806:
8788:
8780:
8669:Sabine River
8664:Puerto Rican
8616:Plautdietsch
8550:Oral settler
8493:
8441:Mohawk Dutch
8439:
8402:
8395:
8271:Plains Miwok
8269:
8262:
8255:
8248:
8241:
8234:
8227:
8220:
8213:
8125:
8118:
8003:
7951:
7944:
7937:
7930:
7923:
7916:
7909:
7902:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7804:
7797:
7750:
7720:
7713:
7692:Eastern Pomo
7687:Central Pomo
7666:
7659:
7627:
7600:
7548:
7512:Acoma Pueblo
7480:
7473:
7466:
7456:
7444:
7437:
7430:
7423:
7416:
7301:
7296:Upper Umpqua
7294:
7287:
7280:
7273:
7266:
7259:
7252:
7245:
7238:
7231:
7220:Upper Tanana
7190:Lower Tanana
7127:
7120:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7089:
7049:
6987:Austronesian
6974:
6967:
6960:
6953:
6946:
6941:Narragansett
6939:
6932:
6925:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6883:
6842:Massachusett
6568:Dialects of
6552:are extinct.
6549:
6492:
6479:
6439:Plautdietsch
6175:
6100:Inuvialuktun
5835:
5748:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5691:
5674:
5665:
5660:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5609:
5590:Coast Salish
5514:. Retrieved
5509:
5443:. Retrieved
5420:. Retrieved
5404:
5403:
5390:
5381:
5372:
5363:
5354:
5330:. Retrieved
5326:the original
5321:
5312:
5300:. Retrieved
5296:
5286:
5275:
5266:
5253:
5234:
5228:
5219:
5213:
5201:
5182:
5177:
5158:
5153:
5144:
5135:
5126:
5117:
5105:. Retrieved
5101:the original
5096:
5086:
5074:. Retrieved
5068:
5061:
5042:
5036:
5017:
5011:
5000:
4992:
4987:
4975:. Retrieved
4971:
4962:
4954:www.ydli.org
4953:
4944:
4936:
4931:
4914:
4891:. Retrieved
4881:
4857:Donna Gerdts
4832:
4822:
4812:
4802:
4792:
4782:
4772:
4762:
4752:
4742:
4732:
4722:
4712:
4702:
4699:How are you?
4692:
4666:
4661:
4651:
4647:Third-person
4646:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4622:
4617:
4613:First-person
4612:
4587:
4575:
4565:
4556:
4541:
4531:
4524:cʼéwətəs ceʔ
4521:
4510:
4507:
4497:
4487:
4476:
4470:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4443:
4441:
4434:
4430:-Samə ~ -amə
4429:
4424:
4417:
4413:-Samx ~ -amx
4412:
4408:First-person
4407:
4385:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4348:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4324:
4319:
4315:First-person
4314:
4292:intransitive
4277:
4256:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4219:intensifiers
4212:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4175:
4165:
4157:
4148:
4138:
4134:
4114:
4110:
4101:
4067:inflectional
4063:derivational
4039:can be bare
4035:. Predicate
4030:
4002:inflectional
3998:Derivational
3996:
3975:
3960:
3950:
3937:intransitive
3926:semantically
3923:
3881:oblique case
3877:
3821:Translation
3808:
3773:
3750:
3669:derivational
3665:inflectional
3650:
3642:"large bird"
3632:
3629:"white" (PL)
3610:
3602:
3565:
3549:
3524:
3511:
3502:Progressive
3484:
3475:Progressive
3457:
3440:
3413:
2727:
2557:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2333:letter colon
2322:
2137:
2127:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2060:
2056:
2053:reduplicated
2037:
2033:
2014:
2006:
2002:
2001:(e.g. as in
1991:
1987:
1984:assimilating
1971:
1967:
1961:"finished").
1958:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1928:"one kind").
1921:
1913:
1902:
1894:
1877:
1856:
1849:
1836:
1834:
1831:Phonotactics
1816:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1789:
1771:
1762:
1761:(e.g. as in
1755:glottal stop
1746:
1738:
1730:
1720:
1709:
1688:
1675:
1670:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1616:
1607:
1597:
1587:
1577:
1567:
917:
913:
900:
703:
683:
675:
664:
659:
649:
625:
612:
559:
496:Halq̓eméylem
495:
494:of the name
487:
485:
481:Coast Salish
474:
462:Fraser River
409:Halq̓eméylem
356:
355:
327:
268:
217:
210:Coast Salish
123:Halq̓eméylem
99:
81:ISO 639 code
77:}}
71:{{
67:}}
61:{{
57:}}
51:{{
46:
29:
9252:Tsimshianic
9079:Plains Cree
8899:Hindi (0.9)
8707:Angloromani
8659:New Mexican
8588:New England
8229:Coast Miwok
8102:Tübatulabal
8034:Uto-Aztecan
8016:Tsimshianic
8005:Piro Pueblo
7925:Mitchigamea
7881:Omaha–Ponca
7846:Assiniboine
7761:Lushootseed
7613:Palaihnihan
7446:Wenrohronon
7142:Yeniseian?)
7005:Refaluwasch
6892:Gros Ventre
6277:Assiniboine
6166:Bella Coola
6085:Inuinnaqtun
5623:Lushootseed
5573:Bella Coola
5445:October 24,
5422:October 24,
5145:FirstVoices
5127:FirstVoices
5107:October 21,
5076:October 24,
4939:, Edinburgh
4783:lheqʼa꞉tses
4773:X̱eʼo꞉thels
4713:tsel we eyo
4553:Constraints
4534:ni cʼéwətəs
4457:cʼéwəθàlʼxʷ
4263:dual number
4151:complements
4019:xʷqʷénəctəs
3705:"bury it,"
3673:grammatical
3527:resultative
3505:qʼíqʼəkʼʷət
3493:Perfective
3466:Perfective
3436:Compounding
3428:progressive
2628:Nʼ nʼ (ʼn)
2613:Lʼ lʼ (ʼl)
2406:low tone.
2140:) alphabet
2049:resultative
2045:progressive
2034:ɬə́qʼəlləxʷ
2030:alternation
1737:"hand" and
1723:uninflected
1505:glottalized
616:Puget Sound
520:Snaw-naw-as
518:(Nanaimo),
454:Nanoose Bay
342:instead of
9452:Categories
9378:Francosign
9171:Halkomelem
9071:Algonquian
8920:Urdu (0.5)
8888:Portuguese
8858:Vietnamese
8748:Protactile
8730:Francosign
8397:Chitimacha
8250:Lake Miwok
7751:Halkomelem
7247:Holikachuk
7122:Purisimeño
6867:Potawatomi
6586:Vernacular
6176:Halkomelem
5989:Athabaskan
5979:Potawatomi
5916:Algonquian
5610:Halkomelem
5302:August 23,
4916:Ethnologue
4911:Halkomelem
4873:References
4723:kwʼas ho꞉y
4640:-eꞏp ~ -əp
4618:-eꞏn ~ -ən
4594:coordinate
4296:transitive
4259:possessive
4013:suffixes.
3982:dual forms
3945:transitive
3866:-ɛ́ / -ʔɛ́
3836:-ɛ́ / -ʔɛ́
3607:Adjectives
3556:diminutive
3543:skʼʷəkʼʷíɬ
3460:perfective
3432:possessive
3410:Morphology
2740:Comparison
2724:Typography
2712:Yʼ yʼ (ʼy)
2700:Wʼ wʼ (ʼw)
2622:Mʼ mʼ (ʼm)
2555:tetragraph
2136:Musqueam (
2111:sqʼəqʼəxán
2005:"big" and
1999:affixation
1980:metathesis
1916:xʷnəcʼáwəθ
1880:morphology
1868:fricatives
1859:laryngeals
1825:intonation
1786:transitive
1630:obstruents
923:Consonants
729:(rounded)
584:Kwikwetlem
568:Tsawwassen
524:Stzꞌuminus
516:Snuneymuxw
488:Halkomelem
357:Halkomelem
218:Halkomelem
165:Washington
116:Halkomelem
9437:Ukrainian
9404:and mixed
9315:Kwakʼwala
9308:Oowekyala
9132:Chilcotin
9062:languages
8722:languages
8702:Spanglish
8685:languages
8611:Hutterite
8568:Louisiana
8552:languages
8469:Hand Talk
8461:languages
8416:Languages
8264:Palewyami
8215:Bay Miwok
8184:Yuk-Utian
8062:Kitanemuk
7896:Winnebago
7820:Tillamook
7648:Nez Perce
7602:Apalachee
7574:Chickasaw
7561:Muskogean
7458:Kalapuyan
7405:Tuscarora
7362:Iroquoian
7205:Tanacross
7180:Jicarilla
7155:Deg Xinag
7129:Ventureño
7101:Barbareño
7091:Chumashan
7070:Kathlamet
7062:Chinookan
7015:Tokelauan
6934:Nanticoke
6847:Menominee
6817:Blackfoot
6783:languages
6444:Ukrainian
6379:Cantonese
6244:Kwakʼwala
6143:Tuscarora
6110:Iroquoian
6090:Inuktitut
6062:Tsuutʼina
6012:Chipewyan
6007:Chilcotin
5934:Blackfoot
5929:Algonquin
5838:indicate
5750:Tillamook
5742:Tillamook
5676:Pentlatch
5661:Semiahmoo
5516:August 8,
4719:Thank you
4709:I am fine
4693:kwéleches
4604:Singular
4459:"help us"
4453:"help me"
4451:cʼéwəθàmx
4399:Singular
4351:predicate
4306:Singular
4288:arguments
4215:particles
4207:swə́yʼqeʔ
4201:("good")
4099:"what").
4090:swə́yʼqeʔ
4072:kʷə́xnəct
4033:predicate
4007:aspectual
3989:section.
3971:modifiers
3952:Aspectual
3753:"already"
3518:sə́qʼsəqʼ
3499:"bite it"
3424:predicate
2781:e ~ ɛ ~ æ
2778:e ~ ɛ ~ æ
2689:Tthʼ tthʼ
2100:péꞏltʼθeʔ
2093:xʷƛʼáqtəs
2086:umlauting
1924:xʷncʼáwəθ
1851:Resonants
1819:cʼéwəθàmx
1811:cʼéwəθàmx
1778:obstruent
1772:Although
1691:tenseness
1657:kinjájqən
1644:/ts/ and
1623:ejectives
1310:voiceless
1304:Fricative
1028:voiceless
1022:Affricate
690:phonology
680:Phonology
592:Snokomish
548:Penelakut
486:The word
460:from the
270:Glottolog
254:ISO 639-3
171:Ethnicity
9320:Liqʼwala
9303:Heiltsuk
9293:Ditidaht
9285:Wakashan
9242:Lillooet
9237:Squamish
9188:Okanagan
9181:Scw'exmx
9176:Thompson
9158:Salishan
9147:Tsetsaut
9102:Dane-zaa
8969:Armenian
8942:Gujarati
8936:Japanese
8800:Isolates
8626:Alsatian
8578:Missouri
8510:Isolates
8352:Isolates
8312:Maricopa
8307:Kumeyaay
8138:Wakashan
8097:Timbisha
8092:Shoshoni
8057:Kawaiisu
8052:Ivilyuat
8042:Comanche
7813:Quinault
7786:Thompson
7776:Okanagan
7766:Nooksack
7733:Salishan
7653:Sahaptin
7629:Atsugewi
7621:Achumawi
7594:Muscogee
7589:Mikasuki
7482:Yoncalla
7432:Nottoway
7390:Onondaga
7375:Cherokee
7314:Eskaleut
7282:Tsetsaut
7165:Gwich’in
7160:Dena'ina
7115:Obispeño
7000:Hawaiian
6995:Chamorro
6955:Powhatan
6885:Etchemin
6822:Cheyenne
6791:Families
6374:Mandarin
6229:Ditidaht
6221:Wakashan
6211:Thompson
6206:Squamish
6196:shíshálh
6186:Okanagan
6181:Lillooet
6158:Salishan
6133:Onondaga
6067:Tutchone
6022:Gwichʼin
5799:Southern
5780:Lillooet
5773:Northern
5732:Quinault
5703:Tsamosan
5687:Squamish
5682:shíshálh
5667:T'Sou-ke
5651:Songhees
5630:Nooksack
5332:July 22,
5297:The Tyee
4972:Musqueam
4893:June 29,
4841:See also
4813:teqa꞉tsa
4681:English
4490:némʼ ceʔ
4290:in both
4246:qʼáqʼəyʼ
4205:("you")
4164:("try")
4129:speaker.
4126:locative
3826:-əl / -l
3729:nəʔémnəs
3657:suffixes
3653:prefixes
3596:cəcécləx
3580:cəlcéləx
3496:qʼíkʼʷət
3241:x̌ʷ, x̣ʷ
2759:Cowichan
2677:Tlʼ tlʼ
2506:Tsʼ tsʼ
2442:Kwʼ kwʼ
2115:sqʼəqʼáʔ
2078:syllable
2038:cə́llexʷ
1944:smənʼéꞏm
1845:Plosives
1800:məkʼʷə́t
1792:mə̀kʼʷət
1769:"one").
1619:aspirate
1420:Sonorant
1131:ejective
978:sibilant
943:Alveolar
696:charts.
686:Musqueam
641:Musqueam
572:Kwantlen
564:Musqueam
552:Lamalchi
544:Lyackson
502:groups:
348:Help:IPA
277:halk1245
205:Salishan
174:various
102:May 2019
9432:Russian
9402:creoles
9398:Pidgins
9346:Kutenai
9265:Nisga'a
9260:Gitxsan
9232:Sechelt
9227:Shuswap
9205:Saanich
9122:Tlingit
9117:Tahltan
9097:Carrier
9050:English
8960:Punjabi
8948:Bengali
8924:Persian
8915:Italian
8894:Haitian
8882:Russian
8852:Tagalog
8846:Chinese
8840:Spanish
8781:Kentish
8641:Spanish
8621:Bernese
8583:Muskrat
8404:Tonkawa
8374:Siuslaw
8369:Kutenai
8332:Yavapai
8322:Quechan
8292:Cocopah
8284:Cochimí
8164:Nomlaki
8156:Wintuan
8087:Serrano
8082:O'odham
8067:Luiseño
7982:Picuris
7932:Moneton
7918:Chiwere
7911:Catawba
7861:Hidatsa
7799:Cowlitz
7756:Klallam
7697:Kashaya
7661:Klamath
7584:Koasati
7579:Choctaw
7569:Alabama
7542:Nisenan
7524:Maiduan
7493:Keresan
7410:Wyandot
7337:Alutiiq
7327:Inupiat
7303:Wailaki
7289:Tututni
7268:Mattole
7185:Koyukon
7108:Cruzeño
7043:Wichita
7033:Arikara
7025:Caddoan
6962:Quiripi
6948:Pamlico
6913:Mahican
6872:Shawnee
6852:Mi'kmaq
6812:Arapaho
6807:Abenaki
6668:Western
6663:Eastern
6559:English
6550:italics
6409:Italian
6389:Spanish
6384:Punjabi
6308:Tlingit
6303:Kutenai
6293:Beothuk
6201:Shuswap
6191:Saanich
6148:Wyandot
6095:Inupiaq
6057:Tahltan
6002:Carrier
5964:Naskapi
5954:Miꞌkmaq
5924:Abenaki
5894:English
5836:Italics
5785:Shuswap
5711:Cowlitz
5646:Saanich
5616:Klallam
5598:Central
5405:General
4977:May 27,
4803:tho꞉kws
4607:Plural
4578:passive
4557:In the
4513:ʔéꞏɬtən
4479:ʔéꞏɬtən
4402:Plural
4309:Plural
3963:objects
3929:patient
3714:pə́néls
3677:lexical
3661:infixes
3647:Affixes
3626:pʼépʼqʼ
3621:"white"
3583:"hands"
3535:ssəsíqʼ
3478:səsə̀qʼ
3400:wʼ ~ ʼw
3391:wʔ ~ ʔw
3383:yʼ ~ ʼy
3374:jʔ ~ ʔj
3366:lʼ ~ ʼl
3357:lʔ ~ ʔl
3349:nʼ ~ ʼn
3340:nʔ ~ ʔn
3332:mʼ ~ ʼm
3323:mʔ ~ ?m
2686:Tth tth
2683:Tsʼ tsʼ
2657:Qwʼ qwʼ
2607:Kwʼ kwʼ
2578:Chʼ chʼ
2526:X̱w x̱w
2500:Tlʼ tlʼ
2497:Thʼ thʼ
2479:Qwʼ qwʼ
2421:Chʼ chʼ
2383:before
2082:history
2043:In the
2015:θəhínəs
1948:smənéꞏm
1905:tən mén
1897:tənəmén
1765:nə́cʼaʔ
1664:at the
1017:Plosive
985:lateral
971:central
963:Glottal
948:Palatal
722:Central
694:phoneme
671:Android
618:Basin.
500:dialect
450:Nanaimo
344:Unicode
214:Central
94:See why
9427:French
9330:Haisla
9222:Nuxalk
9210:Samish
9193:Sinixt
9140:Nicola
9127:Sekani
8987:Hebrew
8930:Telugu
8909:Polish
8903:German
8876:Korean
8870:French
8864:Arabic
8842:(41.3)
8763:BANZSL
8692:Gullah
8679:Creole
8654:Isleño
8598:German
8560:French
8433:Michif
8345:Others
8327:Tiipai
8317:Mojave
8282:Yuman–
8169:Patwin
8127:Tongva
8120:Cupeño
7964:Tanoan
7953:Woccon
7904:Biloxi
7891:Stoney
7886:Quapaw
7876:Mandan
7871:Lakota
7856:Dakota
7838:Siouan
7781:Salish
7679:Pomoan
7668:Molala
7532:Konkow
7400:Seneca
7385:Oneida
7380:Mohawk
7370:Cayuga
7210:Tolowa
7200:Navajo
7140:Dené(–
7075:Tsinúk
7051:Kitsai
7010:Samoan
6862:Ojibwe
6857:Munsee
6404:German
6399:Arabic
6358:Michif
6343:Bungee
6267:Stoney
6259:Siouan
6234:Haisla
6138:Seneca
6128:Oneida
6123:Mohawk
6118:Cayuga
6052:Tagish
6047:Slavey
6042:Sekani
6037:Nicola
6017:Dogrib
5974:Ottawa
5969:Ojibwe
5959:Munsee
5899:French
5656:Samish
5580:Nuxálk
5189:
5165:
5049:
5024:
4793:tʼx̱em
4763:lhi꞉xw
4753:isa꞉le
4743:letsʼe
4559:active
4418:-alʼxʷ
4388:object
4356:adverb
4280:person
4244:(ADV)
4234:(AUX)
4137:(ADV)
4113:(AUX)
4058:cʼéwət
4052:spéʔeθ
4043:(e.g.
4027:Syntax
3861:'our'
3708:pə́nəm
3702:pə́nət
3659:, and
3639:máʔəqʷ
3618:pʼə́qʼ
3588:cécləx
3575:"hand"
3552:plural
3224:x̌, x̣
2756:Island
2645:Pʼ pʼ
2596:Ii ii
2523:X̱ x̱
2491:Tʼ tʼ
2474:Qw qw
2367:, and
2325:Stó꞉lō
2061:cákʷəm
2011:suffix
1992:wíʔəlt
1972:spéʔeθ
1968:spéʔəθ
1955:sháꞏyʼ
1784:/-t/ "
1782:suffix
1741:léləmʼ
1712:stress
1662:tongue
1651:kinjáj
1426:voiced
1250:voiced
1009:labial
997:labial
958:Uvular
938:Dental
933:Labial
700:Vowels
667:iPhone
635:, and
599:Sto꞉lo
588:Katzie
550:, and
540:Halalt
514:: the
490:is an
315:UNESCO
156:Region
146:Canada
9351:Haida
9215:Lummi
9166:Comox
9107:Kaska
8995:(0.2)
8993:Khmer
8989:(0.2)
8983:(0.2)
8981:Hmong
8977:(0.3)
8975:Greek
8971:(0.3)
8962:(0.3)
8956:(0.3)
8954:Tamil
8950:(0.4)
8944:(0.4)
8938:(0.5)
8932:(0.5)
8926:(0.5)
8917:(0.5)
8911:(0.5)
8905:(0.9)
8896:(0.9)
8890:(0.9)
8884:(1.0)
8878:(1.1)
8872:(1.2)
8866:(1.4)
8860:(1.5)
8854:(1.7)
8848:(3.4)
8683:mixed
8631:Texas
8573:Métis
8384:Yuchi
8379:Washo
8364:Karuk
8359:Haida
8174:Wintu
8146:Makah
8112:Yaqui
7977:Kiowa
7972:Jemez
7866:Kansa
7791:Twana
7550:Chico
7537:Maidu
7395:Osage
7332:Aleut
7322:Inuit
7261:Lipan
7233:Cahto
7150:Ahtna
7038:Caddo
6976:Wiyot
6969:Unami
6877:Yurok
6799:Algic
6730:Older
6298:Haida
6286:other
6272:Sioux
6171:Comox
6077:Inuit
6032:Kaska
5693:Twana
5641:Lummi
5605:Comox
5439:(PDF)
5258:(PDF)
4833:o꞉pel
4823:tu꞉xw
4444:cʼéw-
4242:x̌ə́ɬ
4199:ʔə́yʼ
4046:cákʼʷ
4041:roots
4037:heads
4011:modal
3967:heads
3956:Modal
3941:voice
3933:agent
3869:-ələp
3831:'my'
3572:céləx
3562:Nouns
3469:sə̀qʼ
3454:Verbs
2996:t͟t͟h
2706:Xw xw
2680:Ts ts
2674:Th th
2671:Tʼ tʼ
2665:Sh sh
2654:Qw qw
2651:Qʼ qʼ
2639:Ou ou
2636:Oo oo
2616:Lh lh
2604:Kw kw
2590:Hw hw
2584:Ee ee
2575:Ch ch
2572:Aa aa
2520:Xw xw
2503:Ts ts
2494:Th th
2485:Sh sh
2471:Qʼ qʼ
2465:Pʼ pʼ
2450:Lh lh
2439:Kw kw
2436:Kʼ kʼ
2418:Ch ch
2104:spáꞏl
2074:vowel
1959:sáꞏyʼ
1933:méqeʔ
1864:schwa
1759:schwa
1749:xəmén
1733:céləx
1727:vowel
1716:pitch
1700:pitch
1666:onset
1003:plain
991:plain
953:Velar
908:/ooː/
759:short
749:short
736:short
717:Front
607:Sumas
8681:and
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