177:
1121:. Although it has not yet been possible to demonstrate a genetic relationship or a significant amount of common vocabulary between the languages other than loanwords, according to the linguist Juha Jahunen, the languages must have had a common linguistic homeland. The Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic languages have been spoken in the Manchurian region, and there is little chance that a similar structural typology of Uralic languages could have emerged without close contact between them. The languages of
367:". Müller divided this group into two subgroups, the Southern Division, and the Northern Division. In the long run, his evolutionist theory about languages' structural development, tying growing grammatical refinement to socio-economic development, and grouping languages into 'antediluvian', 'familial', 'nomadic', and 'political' developmental stages, proved unsound, but his Northern Division was renamed and re-classed as the "Ural-Altaic languages".
25:
1270:"While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related." Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J. Mixco, A Glossary of Historical Linguistics (2007, University of Utah Press), pg. 7.
1288:"Careful examination indicates that the established families, Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic, form a linguistic area (called Altaic)...Sufficient criteria have not been given that would justify talking of a genetic relationship here." R.M.W. Dixon, The Rise and Fall of Languages (1997, Cambridge), pg. 32.
382:
is Uralic but with heavy historical Turkic influence—a fact which by itself spurred the popularity of the "Ural-Altaic" hypothesis—the idea of the Ural–Altaic relationship remained widely implicitly accepted in the late 19th and the mid-20th century, though more out of pan-nationalist than linguistic
692:
In other words, showing a genetic relationship does not suffice to establish a language family, such as the proposed Ural–Altaic family; it is also necessary to consider whether other languages from outside the proposed family might not be at least as closely related to the languages in that family
725:
and Proto-Altaic words should be found to demonstrate the existence of a Ural–Altaic vocabulary. Instead, candidates for Ural–Altaic cognate sets can typically be supported by only one of the Altaic subfamilies. In contrast, about 200 Proto-Uralic word roots are known and universally accepted, and
720:
There are shared words between, for example, Turkic and Ugric languages, or
Tungusic and Samoyedic languages, which are explainable by borrowing. However, it has been difficult to find Ural–Altaic words shared across all involved language families. Such words should be found in all branches of the
299:
on his expeditions, described Finno-Ugric, Turkic, Samoyedic, Mongolic, Tungusic and
Caucasian peoples as sharing linguistic and cultural commonalities. 20th century scholarship has on several occasions incorrectly credited him with proposing a Ural-Altaic language family, though he does not claim
239:
Indeed, "Ural-Altaic" may be preferable to "Altaic" in this sense. For example, J. Janhunen states that "speaking of 'Altaic' instead of 'Ural-Altaic' is a misconception, for there are no areal or typological features that are specific to 'Altaic' without Uralic." Originally suggested in the 18th
235:
and borrowing. Just as in Altaic, the internal structure of the Uralic family has been debated since the family was first proposed. Doubts about the validity of most or all of the proposed higher-order Uralic branchings (grouping the nine undisputed families) are becoming more common. The term
406:
Beginning in the 1960s, the hypothesis came to be seen even more controversial, due to the Altaic family itself also falling out universal acceptance. Today, the hypothesis that Uralic and Altaic are related more closely to one another than to any other family has almost no adherents. In his
1721:
284:, Kalmyk and Mongolian), the family of Finno-Ugric languages (Finnish, Saami, Hungarian, Estonian, Liv and Samoyed). Although his theory and grouping were far from perfect, they had a considerable effect on the development of linguistic research, especially in German-speaking countries.
276:, written in 1710, he originates every human language from one common ancestor language. Over time, this ancestor language split into two families; the Japhetic and the Aramaic. The Japhetic family split even further, into Scythian and Celtic branches. The members of the
1297:"...his selection of features does not provide good evidence for common descent" and "we can observe convergence rather than divergence between Turkic and Mongolic languages—a pattern than is easily explainable by borrowing and diffusion rather than common descent",
503:, and suggests that they are no more closely related to each other than either is to Turkic, thereby positing a grouping very similar to Ural–Altaic or indeed to Castrén's original Altaic proposal. This thesis has been criticized by mainstream Uralic scholars.
649:
The Altaic language family was generally accepted by linguists from the late 19th century up to the 1960s, but since then has been in dispute. For simplicity's sake, the following discussion assumes the validity of the Altaic language family.
370:
Between the 1850s and 1870s, there were efforts by
Frederick Roehrig to including some Native American languages in a "Turanian" or "Ural-Altaic" family, and between the 1870s and 1890s, there was speculation about links with Basque.
247:
The Ural-Altaic hypothesis had many proponents in
Britain. Since the 1960s, the proposed language family has been widely rejected. A relationship between the Altaic, Indo-European and Uralic families was revived in the context of the
693:
as the latter are to each other. This distinction is often overlooked but is fundamental to the genetic classification of languages. Some linguists indeed maintain that Uralic and Altaic are related through a larger family, such as
460:
1279:"When cognates proved not to be valid, Altaic was abandoned, and the received view now is that Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic are unrelated." Johanna Nichols, Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time (1992, Chicago), pg. 4.
488:(including Korean in his later papers) language families. Andreev also proposed 203 lexical roots for his hypothesized Boreal macrofamily. After Andreev's death in 1997, the Boreal hypothesis was further expanded by
1984:
Proto-Uralic—what, where, and when? Juha JANHUNEN (Helsinki) The
Quasquicentennial of the Finno-Ugrian Society. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia = Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 258. Helsinki 2009.
701:, within which Uralic and Altaic are no more closely related to each other than either is to any other member of the proposed family, for instance than Uralic or Altaic is to Indo-European (for example
717:
words that trace back to a common proto-language. Shared vocabulary alone does not show a relationship, as it may be loaned from one language to another or through the language of a third party.
280:
family were: the Greek language, the family of
Sarmato-Slavic languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Dalmatian, Bulgar, Slovene, Avar and Khazar), the family of Turkic languages (Turkish,
1430:
Colin
Renfrew, Daniel Nettle: Nostratic: Examining a Linguistic Macrofamily - Page 207, Publisher: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge(1999),
729:
Some linguists point out strong similarities in the personal pronouns of Uralic and Altaic languages, although the similarities also exist with the Indo-European pronouns as well.
383:
reasons, and without much detailed research carried out. Elsewhere the notion had sooner fallen into discredit, with Ural–Altaic supporters elsewhere such as the
Finnish Altaicist
4911:
1144:
Similarly, according to
Janhunen, the common typology of the Altaic languages can be inferred as a result of mutual contacts in the past, perhaps from a few thousand years ago.
721:
Uralic and Altaic trees and should follow regular sound changes from the proto-language to known modern languages, and regular sound changes from Proto-Ural–Altaic to give
272:; in his opinion there was no better method for specifying the relationship and origin of the various peoples of the Earth, than the comparison of their languages. In his
1392:
Stefan Georg (2017) "The Role of
Paradigmatic Morphology in Historical, Areal and Genealogical Linguistics: Thoughts and Observations in the Margin of Paradigm Change in
617:), contrasting with a more narrowly defined Altaic typological area; while Anderson has outlined a specifically Siberian language area, including within Uralic only the
387:
being in the minority. The contradiction between Hungarian linguists' convictions and the lack of clear evidence eventually provided motivation for scholars such as
35:
1038:) numerals for '3'. According to Róna-Tas (1983), elevating this similarity to a hypothesis of common origin would still require several ancillary hypotheses:
471:
1722:
N. D. Andreev’s Proto-Boreal Theory and Its Implications in Understanding the Central-East and Southeast European Ethnogenesis: Slavic, Baltic and Thracian
1475: : Transeurasian Verbal Morphology in a Comparative Perspective: Genealogy, Contact, Chance -PAGE: 8. Publisher: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag (2010),
466:
359:, the German Orientalist and philologist, published and proposed a new grouping of the non-Aryan and non-Semitic Asian languages in 1855. In his work
219:(in the narrow sense) languages. It is now generally agreed that even the Altaic languages do not share a common descent: the similarities between
455:
415:
characterized the Ural–Altaic hypothesis as "an idea now completely discarded". There are, however, a number of hypotheses that propose a larger
46:
4109:
311:
described what he called "Scythian" languages in 1834, which included Finno-Ugric, Turkic, Samoyedic, Eskimo, Caucasian, Basque and others.
4244:
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for the proto-languages of the Altaic subfamilies and the larger main groups of Uralic, on the order of 1000–2000 words can be recovered.
4961:
2211:
2160:
1602:
F. J. Wiedemann, Ueber die früheren Sitze der tschudischen Völker und ihre Sprachverwandschaft mit dem Völkern Mittelhochasiens (1838).
1491:
Ladislav Drozdík: Non-Finite Relativization. A Typological Study in Accessibility. Page 30 (XXX), Publisher: Ústav orientalistiky SAV,
345:, grouped as "Tataric". Subsequently, in the latter half of the 19th century, Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic came to be referred to as
1870:
Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2006). "Towards a typology of the Siberian linguistic area". In Matras, Y.; McMahon, A.; Vincent, N. (eds.).
582:
Such similarities do not constitute sufficient evidence of genetic relationship all on their own, as other explanations are possible.
594:
of four core language families (Uralic, Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic), and their influence on the more marginal Korean and Japonic.
586:
has argued that although Ural–Altaic is to be rejected as a genealogical relationship, it remains a viable concept as a well-defined
240:
century, the genealogical and racial hypotheses remained debated into the mid-20th century, often with disagreements exacerbated by
4901:
2089:. Syktyvkar. 44 p. (Scientific Reports / Komi Science Center of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Issue 510).
403:(1940) also attempted to refute Castrén's views by showing that the common agglutinating features may have arisen independently.
1611:
M. A. Castrén, Dissertatio Academica de affinitate declinationum in lingua Fennica, Esthonica et Lapponica, Helsingforsiae, 1839
1657:
Sean P. HARVEY: Native Tongues: Colonialism and Race from Encounter to the Reservation. Harvard University Press 2015. Page 212
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LEIBNIZ, Gottfried Wilhelm: Brevis designatio meditationum de originibus gentium ductis potissimum ex indicio linguarum. 1710.
2032:
2022:
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744:), are particularly divergent between all three core Altaic families and Uralic, and to a lesser extent even within Uralic.
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The languages of the seat of war in the East. With a survey of the three families of language, Semitic, Arian and Turanian.
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1996:
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including Uralic, Altaic and other families. None of these hypotheses has widespread support. In Starostin's sketch of a "
5106:
1301:, Languages of the World, An Introduction (2012, Cambridge) has a good discussion of the Altaic hypothesis (pp. 211-216).
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to carry out more detailed investigation of the hypothesis, which so far has failed to yield generally accepted results.
2706:
1555:
STRAHLENBERG, Philipp Johann von: An historico-geographical description of the north and east parts of Europe and Asia
658:
495:
Angela Marcantonio (2002) argues that there is no sufficient evidence for a Finno-Ugric or Uralic group connecting the
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Nasals: Uralic *n, *ń, *ŋ = Altaic *n, *ń, *ŋ (in Turkic word-initial *n-, *ń- > *j-; in Mongolic *ń(V) > *n(i))
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2122:
1887:
1854:
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423:" super-phylum, he puts Uralic and Altaic as daughters of an ancestral language of c. 9,000 years ago from which the
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38: 93–104. Papers and articles for the 13th International Congress of Slavicists, Ljubljana, August 15–21, 2003.
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that this Mongolic lexeme, and not the incompatible Turkic and Tungusic lexemes, is the original Altaic numeral;
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2880:
680:, but they do not form a valid taxon within the Indo-European language family, whereas in contrast Iranian and
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353:. The similarities between these two families led to their retention in a common grouping, named Ural–Altaic.
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This reflects the contemporary transitional state of understanding of the relationships among the languages.
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447:" protolanguage some 12,000 years ago, which in turn would be descended from a "Borean" protolanguage via
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MÜLLER, Friedrich Max: Letter to Chevalier Bunsen on the classification of the Turanian languages. 1854.
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that this Finno-Ugric lexeme, and not the incompatible Samoyedic lexeme, is the original Uralic numeral;
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Regardless of a possible common origin or lack thereof, Uralic-Altaic languages can be spoken of as a
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1071:, found also in other Mongolian numerals, is also a suffix and not an original part of the word root;
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269:
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continues to be used for the central Eurasian typological, grammatical and lexical convergence zone.
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According to Manaster Ramer & Sidwell, this misconception first dates back to a 1901 article by
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1575:(1997). "The truth about Strahlenberg's classification of the languages of Northeastern Eurasia".
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BROWN, Keith and OGILVIE, Sarah eds.:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. 2009. p. 722.
688:, a daughter language of Proto-Indo-European that subsequently calved into Indo-Aryan and Iranian.
39:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Language Relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence
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The following consonant correspondences between Uralic and Altaic are asserted by Poppe (1983):
356:
314:
The Ural-Altaic hypothesis was elaborated at least as early as 1836 by W. Schott and in 1838 by
268:
The concept of a Ural-Altaic ethnic and language family goes back to the linguistic theories of
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Carl J. Becker: A Modern Theory of Language Evolution - Page 320, Publisher iUniverse (2004),
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1349:"Problems in the taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the light of modern comparative studies"
1318:. Publications of the Philological Society. Vol. 35. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 55–68.
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Sinor, Denis (1988). "The Problem of the Ural-Altaic relationship". In Sinor, Denis (ed.).
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Brevis designatio meditationum de originibus gentium ductis potissimum ex indicio linguarum
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Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family, Volume 1: Grammar
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Contrasting views on the typological situation have been presented by other researchers.
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2081:. Publications of the Philological Society. Vol. 35. Oxford – Boston: Blackwell.
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If they do have a demonstrable genetic relationship, do they form a valid linguistic
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George van DRIEM: Handbuch der Orientalistik. Volume 1 Part 10. BRILL 2001. Page 336
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An historico-geographical description of the north and east parts of Europe and Asia
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Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic: Comparative Phonology, Morphology, and Vocabulary,
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Word-initial bilabial stop: Uralic *p- = Altaic *p- (> Turkic and Mongolic *h-)
515:
similarities being widely found among the languages considered under Ural–Altaic:
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Two senses should be distinguished in which Uralic and Altaic might be related.
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1974:
Janhunen 2001 (sit. Häkkinen 2012: 98), Janhunen 2007 (sit. Häkkinen 2012: 98).
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Nicholas Poppe, The Uralo-Altaic Theory in the Light of the Soviet Linguistics
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435:, are also descended. He posits that this ancestral language, together with
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To demonstrate the existence of a language family, it is necessary to find
489:
1964:. Memoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. Vol. 185. pp. 189–199.
1949:. Memoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. Vol. 185. pp. 235–251.
1620:
M. A. Castrén, Nordische Reisen und Forschungen. V, St.-Petersburg, 1849
1231:
548:
416:
392:
1830:
Janhunen, Juha (2007). "Typological Expansion in the Ural-Altaic belt".
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4556:
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1874:
Linguistic Areas. Convergence in Historical and Typological Perspective
782:
321:
The "Altaic" hypothesis, as mentioned by Finnish linguist and explorer
1030:
One alleged Ural-Altaic similarity among this data are the Hungarian (
590:, which in his view has formed through the historical interaction and
163:
633:(Mongolic); as well as Yukaghir, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Eskimo–Aleut,
2098:
Ethnological and Linguistical Aspects of the Ural–Altaic Hypothesis
295:, Swedish prisoner-of-war and explorer of Siberia, who accompanied
277:
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714:
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100:
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2113:
Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. (2003).
2107:
The Uralic Languages: Description, History and Modern Influences
260:
as coordinate branches. However, Nostratic too is now rejected.
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4198:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
4179:
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that Early Turkic may have loaned palatal harmony from Uralic.
543:
281:
401:
The Uralo-Altaic Theory in the Light of the Soviet Linguistics
2130:
Abstract Vowel Harmony Systems in Uralic and Altaic Languages
665:
625:
groups; within Altaic most of the Tungusic family as well as
263:
2073:, edited by William Croft. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
252:
hypothesis, which was popular for a time, with for example
36:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1741:
Lexicon Proto-Borealicum et alia lexica etymologica minora
644:
1926:
1811:
1805:
The Uralic language family: facts, myths, and statistics
1790:
The Uralic language family: facts, myths, and statistics
1660:
1449:
The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics
2079:
The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics
1593:
W. Schott, Versuch über die tatarischen Sprachen (1836)
1316:
The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics
181:
Distribution of Uralic, Altaic, and Yukaghir languages
2021:
Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander (2020-05-27).
1960:
Poppe, Nicholas (1983). "The Ural-Altaic affinity".
1914:
1403:
1309:
1307:
1082:
in Finno-Ugric (known to be the source of Hungarian
1067:
in the Hungarian form is originally a suffix, since
411:, co-authored with Anna V. Dybo and Oleg A. Mudrak,
2132:. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
2087:
A tentative reconstruction of Proto-Uralo-Mongolian
1945:Róna-Tas, A. (1983). "De hypothesi Uralo-Altaica".
1635:
https://archive.org/details/languagesseatwa00mlgoog
1355:
1871:
1078:in Mongolian can correspond to the voiceless stop
2164:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 784–786.
1689:
1687:
1545:https://edoc.bbaw.de/files/956/Leibniz_Brevis.pdf
1304:
5098:
4252:
2071:Genetic Linguistics: Essays on Theory and Method
2020:
1997:"Usein kysyttyä suomalais-ugrilaisista kielistä"
349:, whereas Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic were called
2115:Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages
2024:The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages
1905:
1684:
1557:http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010825073
4238:
2219:
2205:
2092:
1896:
1108:Liquids: Uralic *-l-, *-r- = Altaic *-l-, *r-
601:has connected Uralic instead as a part of an
5082:Families with more than 30 languages are in
4208:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1962:Symposium saeculare societatis Fenno-Ugricae
1947:Symposium saeculare societatis Fenno-Ugricae
1647:https://archive.org/details/cu31924087972182
1567:
361:The Languages of the Seat of War in the East
2169:
2076:
1731:
1714:
1313:
4245:
4231:
2212:
2198:
465:(Nikolai Dmitrievich Andreev) proposed a "
2060:
1844:
657:Do Uralic and Altaic have a demonstrable
264:History as a hypothesized language family
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
1944:
1869:
1829:
1366:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAikio2022 (
1346:
1112:
1102:Sibilants: Uralic *s, *š, *ś = Altaic *s
1090:
2100:. Peiping, China: The Commercial Press.
1388:
1386:
5099:
2065:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
1772:
1737:
1394:The Transeurasian languages and Beyond
1340:
1129:have many similar structures, such as
645:Relationship between Uralic and Altaic
511:There is general agreement on several
4226:
2193:
2148:
2104:
1959:
1932:
1920:
1817:
1666:
1577:Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne
1446:
1409:
1361:
1234:, later most prominently repeated by
605:typological area (comprising Uralic,
90:(obsolete as a genealogical proposal)
1633:Williams and Norgate, London, 1855.
1383:
1056:seen in cognates such as in Finnish
708:
18:
2176:"Turanian Race and Languages"
2041:
13:
2109:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 706–741.
1773:Laakso, Johanna (April 23, 2003).
16:Abandoned language family proposal
14:
5123:
2136:
1451:. Psychology Press. p. 357.
575:which is different from ordinary
1849:. London and New York: Cassell.
676:have a genetic relationship via
175:
23:
2054:
2014:
1989:
1977:
1968:
1953:
1938:
1878:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp.
1863:
1838:
1823:
1796:
1781:
1766:
1696:
1672:
1651:
1639:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1517:
1501:
1485:
1465:
1447:Trask, Robert Lawrence (2000).
1440:
1424:
1415:
1245:
1224:
1137:, and it has been suggested by
577:possession verbs like "to have"
454:In the 1980s, Russian linguist
1396:(Robbeets and Bisang, eds.)."
1374:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
409:Altaic Etymological Dictionary
1:
2173:; Rhyn, G. A. F. Van (1879).
2117:. Brill Academic Publishers.
2069:Greenberg, Joseph H. (2005).
2061:Greenberg, Joseph H. (2000).
1257:
1048:that the Hungarian form with
363:, he called these languages "
297:Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt
293:Philip Johan von Strahlenberg
2143:Review of Marcantonio (2002)
2077:Marcantonio, Angela (2002).
1314:Marcantonio, Angela (2002).
742:Proto-Indo-European numerals
256:treating Uralic, Altaic and
7:
2027:. Oxford University Press.
1845:Fortescue, Michael (1998).
1788:Edward J. Vajda, review of
1398:Journal of Language Contact
1251:Treated only word-medially.
1147:
571:having a separate verb for
506:
333:, grouped as "Chudic", and
10:
5128:
5107:Proposed language families
4902:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
2085:Ponaryadov, V. V. (2011).
1775:"Linguistic shadow-boxing"
1527:2 volumes. Leiden: Brill.
1523:Bomhard, Allan R. (2008).
529:in most of the languages,
5070:
5007:
4960:
4910:
4790:
4783:
4738:
4689:
4653:
4578:
4514:
4477:
4387:
4264:
4193:
4152:
4129:
4068:
4057:
3901:
3634:
3623:
3591:
3518:
3509:
3398:
3215:
3204:
3171:
3033:
3024:
2932:
2690:
2676:
2590:
2385:
2367:
2318:
2236:
2227:
2221:Primary language families
1803:Václav Blažek, review of
1702:
1693:(Starostin et al. 2003:8)
1347:Salminen, Tapani (2002).
1181:Uralic–Yukaghir languages
752:
749:
736:, unlike those among the
476:" hypothesis linking the
270:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
174:
162:
157:
116:
108:Linguistic classification
106:
94:
89:
84:
79:
3038:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
1400:, volume 10, issue 2, p.
1218:
1186:Uralo-Siberian languages
1074:that the voiced spirant
568:in word-initial position
429:Paleo-Siberian languages
231:are better explained by
5079:have no living members.
4962:East and Southeast Asia
4205:have no living members.
2182:The American Cyclopædia
2171:Whitney, William Dwight
2161:Encyclopædia Britannica
1629:MÜLLER, Friedrich Max.
738:Indo-European languages
304:any of the six groups.
4185:Unclassified languages
4139:list of sign languages
3107:Northeastern Tasmanian
1750:10.13140/2.1.4932.0009
1738:Paliga, Sorin (2007).
1720:Paliga, Sorin (2003).
1569:Ramer, Alexis Manaster
538:that is predominantly
325:by 1844, included the
45:by rewriting it in an
4160:Constructed languages
2150:Keane, Augustus Henry
1708:"Borean tree diagram"
1473:Martine Irma Robbeets
1196:Sino-Uralic languages
1191:Indo-Uralic languages
1176:Proto-Uralic language
1113:As a convergence zone
1091:Sound correspondences
309:Rasmus Christian Rask
291:, published in 1730,
211:proposal uniting the
2707:Binanderean–Goilalan
2128:Vago, R. M. (1972).
2094:Shirokogoroff, S. M.
1832:Incontri Linguistici
1203:Eurasiatic languages
659:genetic relationship
357:Friedrich Max Müller
300:linguistic affinity
4720:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
4504:Northwest Caucasian
4499:Northeast Caucasian
3989:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
3892:Tequiraca–Canichana
3735:Harákmbut–Katukinan
2498:Northwest Caucasian
2492:Northeast Caucasian
2416:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2155:"Ural-Altaic"
1935:, pp. 710–711.
1820:, pp. 711–714.
1808:Accessed 2016-03-01
1793:Accessed 2016-03-01
1681:Accessed 2010-04-07
1669:, pp. 707–708.
1242:and G. D. Sanzheev.
1208:Nostratic languages
1060:, is more original;
788:Classical Mongolian
678:Proto-Indo-European
611:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
524:subject–object–verb
443:, descends from a "
425:Dravidian languages
307:Danish philologist
4985:Austronesian–Ongan
4784:Proposed groupings
3611:Tarascan/Purépecha
3100:Northern Tasmanian
2858:South Bougainville
2819:North Bougainville
2047:Janhunen 2009: 62.
573:existential clause
566:consonant clusters
560:grammatical gender
554:non-finite clauses
389:Aurélien Sauvageot
47:encyclopedic style
34:is written like a
5094:
5093:
5003:
5002:
4995:Sino-Austronesian
4779:
4778:
4254:Language families
4220:
4219:
4170:Language isolates
4148:
4147:
4053:
4052:
3619:
3618:
3505:
3504:
3200:
3199:
3147:Western Tasmanian
3065:Eastern Tasmanian
3020:
3019:
2742:East Geelvink Bay
2672:
2671:
2363:
2362:
2145:by Johanna Laasko
2034:978-0-19-880462-8
1911:Greenberg 2000:17
1759:978-973-87920-3-6
1533:978-90-04-16853-4
1325:978-0-631-23170-7
1034:) and Mongolian (
1028:
1027:
709:Shared vocabulary
599:Michael Fortescue
380:national language
186:
185:
75:
74:
67:
5119:
5112:Altaic languages
5062:Proto-Euphratean
4788:
4787:
4696:
4695:
4664:Great Andamanese
4247:
4240:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4066:
4065:
4020:Huaorani/Waorani
3904:(extant in 2000)
3868:Esmeralda–Yaruro
3639:Andoque–Urequena
3632:
3631:
3516:
3515:
3322:Plateau Penutian
3213:
3212:
3188:(Northern Daly?)
3031:
3030:
2917:Northwest Papuan
2881:Trans–New Guinea
2747:East New Britain
2722:Central Solomons
2688:
2687:
2433:Great Andamanese
2383:
2382:
2234:
2233:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2165:
2157:
2110:
2101:
2082:
2066:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1999:. Archived from
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1877:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1735:
1729:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1704:Sergei Starostin
1700:
1694:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1521:
1515:
1505:
1499:
1489:
1483:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1444:
1438:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1390:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1311:
1302:
1299:Asya Pereltsvaig
1295:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1228:
1166:Uralic languages
1154:Altaic languages
1119:convergence zone
747:
746:
475:
467:Boreal languages
464:
413:Sergei Starostin
347:Altaic languages
323:Matthias Castrén
205:convergence zone
203:is a linguistic
179:
112:convergence zone
77:
76:
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
27:
26:
19:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5089:
5066:
5057:Paleo-Laplandic
5052:Pre-Finno-Ugric
4999:
4956:
4920:Greater Siangic
4906:
4892:Uralic–Yukaghir
4842:Ibero-Caucasian
4837:Elamo-Dravidian
4775:
4734:
4685:
4649:
4574:
4510:
4493:North Caucasian
4473:
4383:
4322:Paleo-Sardinian
4260:
4251:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4189:
4175:Mixed languages
4144:
4125:
4060:
4049:
3903:
3897:
3752:Katembri–Taruma
3626:
3615:
3587:
3501:
3394:
3207:
3196:
3167:
3016:
2928:
2887:Turama–Kikorian
2797:Lower Mamberamo
2752:East Strickland
2680:
2668:
2586:
2374:
2369:
2359:
2314:
2223:
2218:
2139:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1958:
1954:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1843:
1839:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1801:
1797:
1786:
1782:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1744:. Evenimentul.
1736:
1732:
1719:
1715:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1506:
1502:
1490:
1486:
1471:Lars Johanson,
1470:
1466:
1459:
1445:
1441:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1364:, pp. 1–4.
1360:
1356:
1345:
1341:
1326:
1312:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1171:Uralic homeland
1159:Altaic homeland
1150:
1115:
1093:
711:
668:? For example,
647:
627:Siberian Turkic
509:
501:Ugric languages
469:
458:
399:in his article
316:F. J. Wiedemann
266:
242:pan-nationalist
209:language-family
182:
96:
71:
60:
54:
51:
43:help improve it
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5125:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5080:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
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5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
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4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
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4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4887:Uralo-Siberian
4884:
4879:
4874:
4872:Serbi–Mongolic
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4832:Dravido-Korean
4829:
4827:Dené–Yeniseian
4824:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4815:Dené–Caucasian
4812:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4760:
4753:
4745:
4743:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4520:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4489:
4483:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4433:Hurro-Urartian
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4315:Paleo-Corsican
4311:
4304:
4297:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4270:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4250:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4227:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4100:Indo-Pakistani
4097:
4092:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3983:
3978:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3799:Piaroa–Saliban
3796:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3564:Tequistlatecan
3561:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3288:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3087:Marrku–Wurrugu
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2632:
2627:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2449:
2446:Hurro-Urartian
2442:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2277:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2167:
2146:
2138:
2137:External links
2135:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2111:
2102:
2090:
2083:
2074:
2067:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2040:
2033:
2013:
1988:
1976:
1967:
1952:
1937:
1925:
1923:, p. 736.
1913:
1904:
1902:Greenberg 2005
1895:
1888:
1862:
1855:
1837:
1822:
1810:
1795:
1780:
1765:
1758:
1730:
1713:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1650:
1638:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1516:
1500:
1484:
1464:
1457:
1439:
1423:
1414:
1412:, p. 710.
1402:
1382:
1373:
1354:
1339:
1324:
1303:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1240:Merritt Ruhlen
1236:Nicholas Poppe
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1149:
1146:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1072:
1061:
1052:, and not the
1046:
1043:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
980:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
934:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
911:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
888:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
865:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
842:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
819:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
796:
795:
793:Proto-Tungusic
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
764:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
710:
707:
690:
689:
662:
646:
643:
603:Uralo-Siberian
580:
579:
569:
562:
556:
551:
546:
533:
527:
508:
505:
492:(2003, 2007).
397:Nicholas Poppe
385:Martti Räsänen
265:
262:
207:and abandoned
184:
183:
180:
172:
171:
166:
160:
159:
158:Language codes
155:
154:
153:
152:
147:
140:
135:
130:
125:
118:
114:
113:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
87:
86:
82:
81:
73:
72:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5124:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5006:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:Eskimo–Uralic
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:Paleosiberian
4697:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4596:Austroasiatic
4593:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4546:Austroasiatic
4543:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4525:Indo-European
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4398:Indo-European
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4275:Indo-European
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4236:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4110:Original Thai
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4056:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3874:Hibito–Cholón
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3390:Yuman–Cochimí
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:Southern Daly
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:Darwin Region
3047:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:Demta–Sentani
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2453:Indo-European
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2403:Austroasiatic
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:90-04-13153-1
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2003:on 2019-02-13
2002:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1891:
1889:9781403996572
1885:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1866:
1858:
1856:0-304-70330-3
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1727:
1726:Romanoslavica
1723:
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1654:
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1632:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:Sidwell, Paul
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1513:9780595327102
1510:
1504:
1498:
1497:9788080950668
1494:
1488:
1482:
1481:9783447059145
1478:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1458:9781579582180
1454:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1436:9781902937007
1433:
1427:
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1411:
1406:
1399:
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1164:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1135:agglutination
1132:
1131:vowel harmony
1128:
1124:
1120:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
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867:
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859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
843:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
820:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
797:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
778:Tundra Nenets
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
761:
758:
755:
748:
745:
743:
739:
735:
730:
727:
724:
718:
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706:
704:
700:
696:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:
656:
655:
654:
651:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
588:language area
585:
584:Juha Janhunen
578:
574:
570:
567:
563:
561:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
541:
540:agglutinative
537:
534:
532:
531:vowel harmony
528:
525:
521:
518:
517:
516:
514:
504:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:Indo-European
473:
468:
462:
457:
456:N. D. Andreev
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:Indo-European
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
377:
372:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
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328:
324:
319:
317:
312:
310:
305:
303:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
261:
259:
258:Indo-European
255:
254:Allan Bomhard
251:
245:
243:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
178:
173:
170:
167:
165:
161:
156:
151:
148:
145:
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139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
115:
111:
109:
105:
102:
99:
93:
88:
83:
78:
69:
66:
58:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
5083:
5076:
5075:Families in
5032:Pre-Goidelic
5027:Pre-Germanic
4881:
4857:Indo-Semitic
4852:Indo-Pacific
4847:Indo-Hittite
4762:
4755:
4748:
4678:
4655:Indian Ocean
4622:
4617:Austronesian
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4589:Sino-Tibetan
4587:
4566:
4544:
4539:Sino-Tibetan
4537:
4530:
4523:
4491:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4343:North Picene
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4209:
4202:
4201:Families in
4136:
4087:
3985:
3973:
3823:
3791:
3782:Pano-Tacanan
3739:
3702:
3690:
3661:Arutani–Sape
3653:
3598:
3580:
3573:
3558:Oto-Manguean
3556:
3539:
3532:
3479:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3412:
3405:
3382:
3375:
3363:
3336:
3314:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3226:
3219:
3178:
3145:
3141:Western Daly
3119:Pama–Nyungan
3117:
3105:
3098:
3085:
3063:
3058:Eastern Daly
3056:
3048:
3003:
2879:
2867:
2845:
2828:
2806:
2777:Kaure–Kosare
2737:Doso–Turumsa
2727:Chimbu–Wahgi
2717:Bulaka River
2701:Austronesian
2699:
2660:
2653:
2634:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2509:Sino-Tibetan
2507:
2490:
2473:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2420:
2410:Austronesian
2408:
2401:
2389:
2335:
2273:Nilo-Saharan
2271:
2264:
2249:Austronesian
2247:
2240:
2180:
2159:
2129:
2114:
2106:
2097:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2055:Bibliography
2043:
2023:
2016:
2005:. Retrieved
2001:the original
1991:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1873:
1865:
1846:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1813:
1804:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1768:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1716:
1698:
1674:
1662:
1653:
1641:
1630:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1524:
1519:
1503:
1487:
1467:
1448:
1442:
1426:
1417:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1376:
1357:
1342:
1315:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1247:
1226:
1213:Pan-Turanism
1143:
1139:Edward Vajda
1116:
1094:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1035:
1031:
1029:
731:
728:
723:Proto-Uralic
719:
712:
691:
686:Indo-Iranian
652:
648:
615:Eskimo–Aleut
596:
581:
510:
497:Finno-Permic
494:
490:Sorin Paliga
453:
433:Eskimo–Aleut
431:, including
408:
405:
400:
378:, where the
373:
369:
360:
355:
320:
313:
306:
301:
288:
287:In his book
286:
273:
267:
246:
238:
200:
196:
193:Uralo-Altaic
192:
188:
187:
168:
117:Subdivisions
97:distribution
61:
55:January 2024
52:
33:
4882:Ural-Altaic
4862:Indo-Uralic
4674:Sentinelese
4405:Afroasiatic
4371:Eteocypriot
4095:Germanosign
3999:Mura-Pirahã
3880:Lule–Vilela
3856:Bora-Witoto
3831:Uru–Chipaya
3804:Ticuna–Yuri
3787:Peba–Yaguan
3772:Nambikwaran
3575:Uto-Aztecan
3511:Mesoamerica
3365:Uto-Aztecan
3354:Tsimshianic
3316:Palaihnihan
3186:Malak-Malak
2923:Papuan Gulf
2897:West Papuan
2802:Lower Sepik
2792:Lakes Plain
2695:Arai–Samaia
2683:the Pacific
2391:Afroasiatic
2266:Niger–Congo
2242:Afroasiatic
1232:Otto Donner
592:convergence
549:zero copula
513:typological
470: [
459: [
417:macrofamily
393:Denis Sinor
327:Finno-Ugric
189:Ural-Altaic
80:Ural-Altaic
5101:Categories
5022:Pre-Celtic
4990:East Asian
4980:Austro-Tai
4970:Andamanese
4820:Eurasiatic
4741:North Asia
4691:North Asia
4603:Hmong–Mien
4557:Burushaski
4516:South Asia
4487:Kartvelian
4454:Philistine
4364:Eteocretan
4308:Tartessian
4089:Francosign
3937:Chiquitano
3917:Alacalufan
3725:Guaicuruan
3698:Chapacuran
3681:Cahuapanan
3649:Araucanian
3552:Mixe–Zoque
3547:Misumalpan
3261:Comecrudan
3113:Nyulnyulan
2892:Upper Yuat
2869:Torricelli
2841:Senu River
2772:Foja Range
2678:New Guinea
2603:Burushaski
2464:Kartvelian
2439:Hmong–Mien
2255:Khoe–Kwadi
2007:2021-05-28
1933:Sinor 1988
1921:Sinor 1988
1818:Sinor 1988
1667:Sinor 1988
1583:: 139–160.
1410:Sinor 1988
1362:Aikio 2022
1258:References
900:səmp°ľaŋk°
783:Old Turkic
732:The basic
695:Eurasiatic
682:Indo-Aryan
536:morphology
526:word order
520:head-final
445:Eurasiatic
441:Kartvelian
95:Geographic
5047:Pre-Vedic
5037:Pre-Greek
5009:Substrata
4912:Arunachal
4810:Nostratic
4795:Alarodian
4730:Yeniseian
4580:East Asia
4532:Dravidian
4389:West Asia
4357:Tyrsenian
4120:Tanzanian
4061:languages
3958:Hodï/Joti
3902:Isolates
3841:Yanomaman
3777:Otomákoan
3741:Jirajaran
3730:Guajiboan
3692:Catacaoan
3671:Barbacoan
3600:Cuitlatec
3569:Totonacan
3528:Jicaquean
3407:Chimariko
3303:Muskogean
3285:Kalapuyan
3279:Iroquoian
3254:Chumashan
3247:Chinookan
3240:Chimakuan
3158:Yangmanic
3153:Worrorran
3136:Wagaydyic
3026:Australia
2875:Trans-Fly
2541:Yeniseian
2528:Tyrsenian
2422:Dravidian
1334:803186861
1001:*xüyägün
978:*džapkun
969:śid°nťet°
963:kahdeksan
940:seitsemän
828:kettő/két
773:Hungarian
762:Tungusic
740:(compare
703:Greenberg
699:Nostratic
639:Yeniseian
623:Samoyedic
544:suffixing
449:Nostratic
331:Samoyedic
250:Nostratic
244:agendas.
233:diffusion
164:Glottolog
5042:Vasconic
5017:Atlantic
4771:Eskaleut
4725:Yukaghir
4640:Koreanic
4635:Tungusic
4630:Mongolic
4568:Harappan
4479:Caucasus
4461:Sumerian
4336:Ligurian
4153:See also
4130:Isolates
4105:Japanese
4045:Yuracaré
3927:Candoshi
3886:Macro-Jê
3851:Zaparoan
3846:Zamucoan
3836:Witotoan
3819:Tucanoan
3814:Tiniguan
3809:Timotean
3793:Quechuan
3762:Matacoan
3757:Mascoian
3747:Jivaroan
3710:Chibchan
3704:Charruan
3655:Arawakan
3592:Isolates
3523:Chibchan
3399:Isolates
3371:Wakashan
3332:Salishan
3274:Eskaleut
3180:Giimbiyu
3172:Isolates
3081:Jarrakan
3076:Iwaidjan
2933:Isolates
2787:Kutubuan
2655:Sumerian
2591:Isolates
2546:Yukaghir
2515:Tungusic
2481:Mongolic
2469:Koreanic
2428:Eskaleut
2319:Isolates
2303:Ubangian
2152:(1911).
2096:(1931).
1834:: 71–83.
1148:See also
1024:*džuvan
1009:kymmenen
992:xasuyu"
986:yhdeksän
929:ǰirɣuɣan
759:Mongolic
750:Numeral
734:numerals
670:Germanic
619:Ob-Ugric
607:Yukaghir
564:lack of
558:lack of
507:Typology
427:and the
365:Turanian
343:Tungusic
339:Mongolic
278:Scythian
229:Tungusic
225:Mongolic
215:and the
197:Uraltaic
150:Yukaghir
138:Tungusic
133:Mongolic
85:Turanian
5077:italics
4975:Austric
4952:Kho-Bwa
4947:Hrusish
4925:Siangic
4867:Karasuk
4767: ?
4680:Kenaboi
4645:Japonic
4610:Kra–Dai
4571: ?
4562:Kusunda
4468:Elamite
4440:Kassite
4426:Kaskian
4329:Camunic
4301:Iberian
4258:Eurasia
4203:italics
4180:Pidgins
4165:Creoles
4115:Swedish
4083:Chinese
4030:Urarina
4015:Puinave
3969:Itonama
3963:Irantxe
3932:Chimane
3862:Chimuan
3767:Nadahup
3686:Cariban
3666:Aymaran
3627:America
3469:Waikuri
3462:Tonkawa
3455:Timucua
3448:Takelma
3441:Siuslaw
3430:Kutenai
3414:Esselen
3377:Wintuan
3338:Shastan
3309:Na-Dene
3297:Maiduan
3234:Caddoan
3208:America
3162:Wagiman
3160:(incl.
3131:Tangkic
3071:Garawan
3044:Bunuban
3005:Tambora
2972:Maybrat
2940:Abinomn
2863:Teberan
2824:Pauwasi
2814:Mairasi
2782:Kiwaian
2662:Tambora
2648:Shompen
2630:Kusunda
2623:Kenaboi
2609:Elamite
2581:Siangic
2563:Kho-Bwa
2557:Hrusish
2475:Kra–Dai
2459:Japonic
2368:Eurasia
2343:Sandawe
2326:Bangime
2291:Songhay
1127:Finnish
1123:Turkish
955:*nadan
952:doluɣan
932:*ńöŋün
909:*tuńga
886:*dügün
768:Finnish
715:cognate
684:do via
674:Iranian
376:Hungary
302:between
201:Turanic
142:(2–4 =
101:Eurasia
41:Please
4937:Mijiic
4930:Digaro
4877:Pontic
4805:Borean
4800:Altaic
4764:Rouran
4757:Turkic
4750:Uralic
4739:Other
4624:Turkic
4552:Nihali
4447:Gutian
4419:Hattic
4412:Turkic
4378:Minoan
4350:Sicani
4295:Basque
4289:Turkic
4282:Uralic
4266:Europe
4078:BANZSL
4040:Yamana
4025:Trumai
3994:Movima
3948:Fulniô
3911:Aikanã
3825:Tupian
3720:Chonan
3644:Arauan
3582:Xincan
3534:Lencan
3487:Yokuts
3384:Yukian
3349:Tanoan
3344:Siouan
3327:Pomoan
3268:Coosan
3094:Mirndi
2987:Porome
2982:Pawaia
2836:Senagi
2808:Madang
2757:Eleman
2712:Border
2643:Nihali
2636:Minoan
2616:Hattic
2598:Basque
2569:Mijiic
2551:Digaro
2535:Uralic
2521:Turkic
2372:Europe
2229:Africa
2121:
2031:
1985:61–62.
1886:
1882:–300.
1853:
1756:
1531:
1511:
1495:
1479:
1455:
1434:
1332:
1322:
1036:ɣurban
989:kilenc
975:naiman
883:dörben
863:*ilam
860:ɣurban
840:*džör
817:*emün
756:Turkic
753:Uralic
637:, and
631:Buryat
486:Altaic
484:, and
482:Uralic
421:Borean
351:Uralic
341:, and
335:Turkic
221:Turkic
217:Altaic
213:Uralic
144:Altaic
128:Turkic
123:Uralic
4715:Nivkh
4669:Ongan
4035:Warao
4004:Nukak
3975:Kunza
3953:Guató
3942:Cofán
3922:Camsá
3715:Choco
3676:Boran
3625:South
3606:Huave
3541:Mayan
3492:Yuchi
3475:Washo
3425:Karuk
3420:Haida
3359:Utian
3291:Keres
3228:Alsea
3221:Algic
3206:North
2998:Taiap
2992:Sulka
2847:Sepik
2762:Engan
2503:Ongan
2486:Nivkh
2354:Shabo
2337:Jalaa
2331:Hadza
2285:Mande
1219:Notes
1063:that
1058:kolme
1032:három
1021:arban
998:yisün
995:toquz
972:säkiz
966:nyolc
946:śīʔw°
923:mət°ʔ
917:kuusi
906:tabun
894:viisi
871:neljä
854:ńax°r
851:három
848:kolme
837:qoyar
825:kaksi
814:nigen
666:taxon
635:Nivkh
474:]
463:]
282:Cuman
199:, or
5084:bold
4942:Miju
4710:Ainu
4210:bold
4137:See
4073:Arab
4059:Sign
4010:Páez
3987:Maku
3981:Leco
3497:Zuni
3481:Yana
3435:Seri
3192:Tiwi
3012:Wiru
2977:Mpur
2967:Kuot
2950:Anêm
2945:Abun
2912:Yuat
2907:Yawa
2853:Skou
2830:Ramu
2681:and
2575:Miju
2397:Ainu
2377:Asia
2375:and
2348:Laal
2309:Kadu
2297:Ijaw
2260:Kx'a
2119:ISBN
2029:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1432:ISBN
1368:help
1330:OCLC
1320:ISBN
1133:and
1125:and
1069:-bVn
949:jeti
926:eltı
880:tört
877:ťet°
874:négy
831:śiďa
802:yksi
672:and
629:and
621:and
613:and
542:and
522:and
499:and
439:and
391:and
329:and
227:and
169:None
4657:rim
4256:of
2962:Kol
2956:Ata
2902:Yam
2767:Fas
2280:Tuu
1880:266
1746:doi
1080:*k-
1054:-l-
1050:-r-
1015:yūʔ
1012:tíz
1006:10
943:hét
920:hat
903:baš
834:eki
811:bir
808:ŋob
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