170:
percent of children and was more common among the younger recipients. Serious illnesses have not been reported among unvaccinated persons infected inadvertently with vaccine viruses. The estimated probability of transmission of vaccine virus within a contact group with a single LAIV recipient in this population was 0.58 percent.
108:
from shed vaccine virus to amplify the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns. However, under conditions of persistent circulation in undervaccinated populations, reversion mutations that reactivate the virus can give rise to disease-causing circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) strains, and
169:
9 through 25, and on day 28) indicated that 30 percent had detectable virus in nasal secretions obtained by nasal swabbing. In an open-label study of 200 children aged 6–59 months who received a single dose of LAIV3, shedding of low titers of at least one vaccine virus was detected on culture in 79
49:
and fertility in women exposed to them. However, the spike protein generated by vaccination does not shed, and there is no evidence to suggest that these vaccines cause menstruation and fertility problems. Vaccination also cannot cause shedding of the COVID-19 virus since none of the
30:. Illness in others resulting from transmission through this type of viral shedding is rare. Most vaccines are not attenuated (live virus) vaccines, and therefore cannot cause vaccine-induced viral shedding, though the idea of shedding is a popular anti-vaccination myth.
818:"Comparison of the Safety, Vaccine Virus Shedding, and Immunogenicity of Influenza Virus Vaccine, Trivalent, Types A and B, Live Cold-Adapted, Administered to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and Non-HIV-Infected Adults"
164:
A study of 345 participants aged 5–49 years who received the live influenza virus vaccine LAIV3, and for whom shedding was assessed by viral culture of nasal swabs (daily for days 1–7 post vaccination, every other day for
109:
this vaccine is no longer used in developed countries. However, the OPV is still used in Asia and Africa, leading to a small number of vaccine-induced polio infections each year.
116:, and some live vaccines, like the viruses they prevent, are shed in stool for up to 28 days. Normal hygiene is sufficient to prevent infection among healthy individuals, but
89:(a vaccine technology using only isolated proteins of a virus). Only a small number of vaccines use technology that contain live virus which can theoretically infect others.
992:
96:, there have been no documented cases of vaccine-induced viral shedding that has infected contacts of a person vaccinated with an attenuated (live-virus) vaccine.
1042:
153:
Regulatory authorities in the US and EU recommend that shedding data should be collected both during the development phase of a new product and during
2097:
228:
Lee B, Kader MA, Colgate ER, Carmolli M, Dickson DM, Diehl SA, Alam M, Afreen S, Mychaleckyj JC, Nayak U, Petri WA, Haque R, Kirkpatrick BD (2021).
439:
865:
1240:
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710:
1280:
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414:
127:
transmission by vaccinated individuals have been documented out of approximately fifty million doses, and but a single documented case of
389:
104:
The only human vaccine to have caused any significant number of infections is the oral polio vaccine (OPV), which takes advantage of the
645:
Nathanson N, Martin J (1979). "The epidemiology of poliomyelitis: enigmas surrounding its appearance, epidemicity, and disappearance".
524:
968:"Design and Analysis of Shedding Studies for Virus or Bacteria-Based Gene Therapy and Oncolytic Products; Guidance for Industry | FDA"
894:
284:
123:
Other attenuated vaccines show no significant viral shedding, and inadvertent infection is rare. For example, only eleven cases of
585:
1677:
1461:
1290:
2148:
2076:
1682:
549:. Atlanta, Ga.: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 4 October 2021.
1714:
1466:
1392:
1245:
1072:
2124:
1431:
1064:
680:
920:"Carnivore Parvovirus Ecology in the Serengeti Ecosystem: Vaccine Strains Circulating and New Host Species Identified"
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2165:
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1073:
610:
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631:
1782:
1387:
918:
Calatayud O, EsperĂłn F, Cleaveland S, Biek R, Keyyu J, Eblate E, Neves E, Lembo T, Lankester F (14 June 2019).
77:
Shedding is only possible with an attenuated vaccine. It is impossible with other vaccine technologies such as
1580:
1285:
464:
158:
1020:
440:"Miami Private School Informs Parents Vaccinated Teachers "May Be Transmitting Something From Their Bodies""
55:
1702:
1139:
1122:
873:
816:
King JC, Treanor J, Fast PE, Wolff M, Yan L, Iacuzio D, Readmond B, O'Brien D, Mallon K (2000-02-01).
1752:
684:
465:"A private school in Miami, citing false claims, bars vaccinated teachers from contact with students"
59:
42:
1707:
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1835:
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The attenuated virus from vaccines is much weaker and less likely to infect than the wild virus.
38:
586:"No, There's Absolutely Zero Chance of 'Vaccine Shedding' From the COVID-19 Vaccines-Here's Why"
546:
499:
2134:
2063:
1057:
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1963:
1958:
1409:
1355:
1265:
2012:
1953:
1744:
1382:
1260:
1211:
1178:
1112:
773:
Anderson EJ (October 2008). "Rotavirus vaccines: viral shedding and risk of transmission".
8:
1935:
1901:
1787:
1610:
1553:
1548:
1494:
1325:
1193:
1165:
1117:
78:
1605:
1345:
724:
1968:
1802:
1543:
1504:
1489:
1365:
1350:
1335:
1255:
1173:
944:
919:
658:
254:
229:
93:
33:
The specific use of the term "vaccine shedding" has risen to public prominence through
27:
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51:
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2017:
2002:
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1719:
1632:
939:
931:
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782:
654:
324:
313:"Flu myths: dispelling the myths associated with live attenuated influenza vaccine"
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200:
117:
105:
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2022:
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1404:
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1320:
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1189:
1185:
1134:
128:
86:
1021:"Safety of Influenza Vaccines – Safety of Inactivated Influenza Vaccines (IIVs)"
560:
41:, who erroneously claim that COVID-19 vaccination can cause individuals to shed
2159:
1886:
1777:
1737:
1617:
1438:
1377:
245:
205:
188:
154:
141:
In dogs, vaccine-induced viral shedding has been observed with live attenuated
23:
993:"Current Regulatory Thinking for Viral Shedding Studies in the European Union"
360:
2186:
2042:
2027:
1997:
1992:
1847:
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1595:
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1144:
843:
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688:
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2119:
1762:
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851:
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132:
82:
46:
34:
1906:
1896:
1757:
1563:
1446:
1414:
1340:
1202:
1093:
1085:
935:
666:
214:
750:"Ask the Experts about Rotavirus Vaccines – CDC experts answer Q&As"
2032:
2007:
1697:
1647:
26:
which can occasionally occur following a viral infection caused by an
2081:
1652:
1520:
1089:
124:
329:
312:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1881:
1637:
1573:
1568:
895:"Childhood flu programme: information for healthcare practitioners"
834:
817:
63:
1642:
1081:
525:"COVID-19 vaccines, irregular periods and spike protein shedding"
230:"Oral rotavirus vaccine shedding as a marker of mucosal immunity"
157:. A full report on shedding must subsequently be included in the
189:"Viral shedding patterns of children with influenza B infection"
1945:
1930:
1216:
113:
917:
1940:
1825:
1426:
1360:
415:"Kelowna store bans anyone who has received COVID-19 vaccine"
62:
as of
December 2021 are live-virus vaccines. Despite this, a
1235:
186:
711:"Polio Vaccination Causes More Infections than Wild Virus"
285:"Debunking the anti-vaccine hoax about 'vaccine shedding'"
681:"International travel and health: Poliomyelitis (Polio)"
227:
632:"Polio Vaccine: Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus | CDC"
187:
Hall CB, Douglas Jr RG, Geiman JM, Meagher MP (1979).
815:
2098:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
866:"vaccine-shedding – The Immunization Partnership"
673:
611:"The Top COVID-19 Vaccine Myths Spreading Online"
2184:
390:"Vaccines: Breaking down and debunking 10 myths"
644:
310:
112:The route of infection is through contact with
81:(killed-virus vaccines), viral vector vaccine,
16:Viral shedding from a vaccine-induced infection
500:"The Latest Anti-Vax Myth: 'Vaccine Shedding'"
1058:
703:
311:Tosh PK, Boyce TG, Poland GA (January 2008).
279:
277:
275:
273:
120:individuals need to be especially diligent.
1065:
1051:
494:
492:
384:
382:
943:
833:
580:
578:
547:"Myths and Facts about COVID-19 Vaccines"
328:
270:
253:
204:
772:
412:
608:
602:
489:
379:
131:transmission, and that person remained
2185:
638:
626:
624:
575:
462:
437:
306:
304:
1046:
990:
70:has subsequently emerged, leading to
28:attenuated (or "live virus") vaccine
621:
301:
13:
2125:Eradication of infectious diseases
1882:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
822:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
659:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112848
527:. Nebraska Medicine. 24 April 2021
431:
193:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
39:misinformation related to COVID-19
14:
2209:
1715:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
2104:Alternative vaccination schedule
1074:Artificial induction of immunity
1013:
984:
960:
911:
887:
858:
809:
766:
742:
725:"Who Should not Get Vaccinated"
717:
609:Gregory J (13 September 2021).
553:
539:
517:
1936:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
775:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
456:
406:
353:
221:
180:
99:
1:
1467:Group B streptococcal disease
1286:Vaccines for Children Program
787:10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70231-7
173:
159:Biologics license application
85:(that contain no virus), or
7:
563:. World Health Organization
148:
10:
2214:
561:"COVID 19 Vaccine Tracker"
246:10.1038/s41598-021-01288-1
92:With the exception of the
54:authorized for use by the
2143:
2112:
2051:
1983:
1874:
1846:
1813:
1482:
1313:
1306:
1225:
1153:
1105:
1000:European Medicines Agency
685:World Health Organization
413:Johansen N (2021-04-22).
365:Vaccine Knowledge Project
60:World Health Organization
43:coronavirus spike protein
1462:Clostridioides difficile
206:10.1093/infdis/140.4.610
94:oral polio vaccine (OPV)
1725:Tick-borne encephalitis
615:Encyclopedia Britannica
463:Mazzei P (2021-04-26).
438:Hannon E (2021-04-27).
317:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
2135:List of vaccine topics
1130:Mathematical modelling
367:. University of Oxford
2130:Vaccinate Your Family
1581:Japanese encephalitis
687:(WHO). Archived from
2013:John Franklin Enders
936:10.1128/JVI.02220-18
240:(1). Nature: 21760.
37:activists linked to
1194:Virus-like particle
1118:Vaccine ingredients
924:Journal of Virology
870:www.immunizeusa.org
79:inactivated vaccine
74:among some people.
66:"vaccine shedding"
2170:Never to phase III
1969:Hexavalent vaccine
1783:Epstein–Barr virus
1678:Oxford–AstraZeneca
1366:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
469:The New York Times
361:"Types of vaccine"
234:Scientific Reports
2180:
2179:
2092:Vaccines and SIDS
1979:
1978:
1753:Hepatitis A and B
1729:Varicella zoster
1186:Subunit/component
930:(13): e02220-18.
143:Canine parvovirus
118:immunocompromised
72:vaccine hesitancy
68:conspiracy theory
52:COVID-19 vaccines
2205:
2071:MMR autism fraud
2018:Maurice Hilleman
2003:Hilary Koprowski
1311:
1310:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1037:
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1034:
1032:
1027:. 24 August 2017
1017:
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964:
958:
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947:
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909:
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906:
905:
891:
885:
884:
882:
881:
872:. Archived from
862:
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855:
837:
813:
807:
806:
770:
764:
763:
761:
760:
754:www.immunize.org
746:
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721:
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707:
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696:
677:
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642:
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634:. 25 March 2021.
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295:
281:
268:
267:
257:
225:
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184:
168:
106:contact immunity
87:subunit vaccines
20:Vaccine shedding
2213:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2160:Clinical trials
2139:
2108:
2047:
2023:Stanley Plotkin
1985:
1975:
1887:Cancer vaccines
1870:
1864:Schistosomiasis
1842:
1836:Trypanosomiasis
1809:
1773:Cytomegalovirus
1683:Pfizer–BioNTech
1478:
1302:
1251:Vaccine wastage
1221:
1149:
1101:
1071:
1041:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1004:
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912:
903:
901:
893:
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888:
879:
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864:
863:
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814:
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781:(10): 642–649.
771:
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748:
747:
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732:
723:
722:
718:
709:
708:
704:
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691:on 24 June 2018
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226:
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185:
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176:
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155:clinical trials
151:
129:influenza virus
102:
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2038:Katalin KarikĂł
2035:
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1989:
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1790:
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1693:Sinopharm BIBP
1690:
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1643:Bharat Biotech
1640:
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1301:
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1266:Vaccine injury
1263:
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1253:
1248:
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1226:Administration
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835:10.1086/315246
828:(2): 725–728.
808:
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741:
716:
702:
672:
647:Am J Epidemiol
637:
620:
601:
574:
552:
538:
516:
488:
455:
444:Slate Magazine
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269:
220:
199:(4): 610–613.
178:
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147:
101:
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24:viral shedding
15:
9:
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3:
2:
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2054:
2050:
2044:
2043:Drew Weissman
2041:
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2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:H. Fred Clark
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Louis Pasteur
1996:
1994:
1993:Edward Jenner
1991:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:DTwP-HepB-Hib
1962:
1960:
1959:DTaP-IPV-HepB
1957:
1955:
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1951:
1950:combination:
1949:
1947:
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1939:
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1934:
1932:
1929:
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1848:Helminthiasis
1845:
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1749:combination:
1748:
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1745:Yellow fever
1658:EpiVacCorona
1410:Tuberculosis
1383:Pneumococcal
1351:Lyme disease
1179:Heterologous
1078:Immunization
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2052:Controversy
1986:researchers
1902:Hepatitis B
1788:Hepatitis C
1733:Chicken pox
1559:Hepatitis E
1554:Hepatitis B
1549:Hepatitis A
1495:Chikungunya
1472:Shigellosis
1326:Brucellosis
1212:Therapeutic
1166:Inactivated
1106:Development
1094:Inoculation
1086:Vaccination
1025:www.cdc.gov
972:www.fda.gov
729:www.cdc.gov
567:30 December
531:30 December
371:30 December
100:Occurrences
45:and affect
2187:Categories
2087:Thiomersal
2033:Paul Offit
2008:Jonas Salk
1984:Inventors/
1855:research:
1832:research:
1769:research:
1698:Skycovione
1688:Sanofi–GSK
1633:SARS-CoV-2
1544:Hantavirus
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1490:Adenovirus
1458:research:
1336:Diphtheria
1174:Attenuated
1031:3 February
1005:11 January
977:2021-01-11
904:2018-04-29
880:2018-04-29
759:2018-04-29
735:2018-04-29
595:2021-06-07
590:Health.com
510:2021-05-11
482:2021-05-11
449:2021-05-08
424:2021-05-11
399:2018-04-29
294:2021-05-11
289:PolitiFact
174:References
145:vaccines.
125:chickenpox
2166:Phase III
2154:Withdrawn
2082:Pox party
1892:ALVAC-CEA
1814:Protozoan
1703:Sputnik V
1653:CoronaVac
1623:Rotavirus
1521:Pandemrix
1373:Pertussis
1314:Bacterial
1198:Synthetic
1161:Conjugate
1113:Adjuvants
1090:Infection
844:0022-1899
795:1473-3099
477:0362-4331
394:USA Today
339:0025-6196
2198:Virology
2193:Vaccines
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1917:Gardasil
1912:Cervarix
1859:Hookworm
1738:Shingles
1720:Smallpox
1638:Corbevax
1574:Gardasil
1569:Cervarix
1307:Vaccines
1261:Schedule
1232:Global:
1140:Timeline
1082:Vaccines
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852:10669363
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419:Castanet
347:18174020
264:34741103
149:Research
64:COVID-19
2113:Related
2059:General
1821:Malaria
1708:Valneva
1673:Novavax
1668:Moderna
1663:Janssen
1648:CanSino
1628:Rubella
1586:Measles
1452:Td/Tdap
1422:Typhoid
1405:Tetanus
1400:Q fever
1331:Cholera
1321:Anthrax
1190:Peptide
1154:Classes
1135:Storage
945:6580958
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2069:Lancet
1946:TA-NIC
1931:NicVAX
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1170:Live
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