289:
1011:
197:
1160:
1150:
439:), lead (301 ppm), copper (324 ppm), chromium (83 ppm), cadmium (97 ppm) and manganese (43 ppm). All of these are lower than natural anthropogenic exposures of these metals; the authors suggest there is a need to address a lack of purity standards in European Union and Indian food additive grade silver. The total silver metal intake per kilogram of sweets eaten, from vark, is less than one milligram.
36:
110:
169:(ÎŒm) thick, typically 0.2â0.8 ÎŒm. The silver sheets are typically packed between layers of paper for support; this paper is peeled away before use. It is fragile and breaks into smaller pieces if handled with direct skin contact. Leaf that is 0.2 ÎŒm thick tends to stick to skin if handled directly.
377:
Concerns have been raised about the ethical acceptability and food safety of vark, as not all of it is pure silver, nor hygienically prepared, and the foil was until fairly recently beaten between layers of ox-gut because it is easier to separate the silver leaf from animal tissue than to separate it
324:
or cow hide. It is easier to separate the silver leaf from the animal tissue than to separate it from the paper. Due to the concerns of the vegetarian population of India, manufacturers have switched to the modern technologies that have evolved for the production of silver leaves in India, Germany,
411:
Gold and silver are approved food foils in the
European Union, as E175 and E174 additives respectively. The independent European food-safety certification agency, TĂV Rheinland, has deemed gold leaf safe for consumption. Gold and silver leaf are also certified as
360:
Using edible silver and gold foils on sweets, confectionery and desserts is not unique to the Indian subcontinent; other regions such as Japan and Europe have also been using precious metal foils as food cover and decoration, including specialty drinks such as
515:
435:. Of the tested foils, 46% of the samples were found to have the desired purity requirement of 99.9% silver, whereas the rest had less than 99.9% silver. All the tested Indian foils contained on average trace levels of nickel (487
325:
Russia and China. Modern technologies include beating over sheets of black special treated paper or polyester sheets coated with food grade calcium powder (nicknamed "German plastic") are used instead of ox-guts or cow hide.
709:
732:
398:
banned the usage of animal guts or skins in the making of vark. Consequently, the Indian market for vark has mostly converted to using the machine-based vegetarian process in the making of the silver foils.
317:(ÎŒm) thick, typically 0.2â0.8 ÎŒm. The sheets are typically packed with paper for support; this paper is peeled away before use. it generally takes 2 hours to pound the silver particles into foils.
631:
535:
705:
772:
560:
729:
416:. These inert precious metal foils are not considered toxic to human beings nor to broader ecosystems. Large quantities of ingested bioactive silver can cause
603:
424:
is not considered harmful to the body, since the metal is in inert form (not ionic bioactive form), and the quantities involved in normal use are minuscule.
583:
495:
378:
from paper. Due to the grinding effect of the hammering, some of the animal intestine becomes part of the silver foil, which is sold in bulk. Since
357:
as coating on sweets, dry fruits, and in sugar balls, betel nuts, cardamom, and other spices. Estimated consumption of vark is 275 tons annually.
403:
has issued guidelines for the silver leaf manufactures to adhere to regarding thickness, weight, purity, labeling and hygiene of the silver leaf.
797:
Das, Mukul; Dixit, S.; Khanna, S. K. (2005). "Justifying the need to prescribe limits for toxic metal contaminants in food-grade silver foils".
659:
400:
628:
532:
512:
172:
Vark sheets are laid or rolled over some South Asian sweets, confectionery, dry fruits and spices. It is also placed onto mounds of
776:
751:
557:
688:
1215:
1153:
1010:
877:
600:
580:
394:
asked its caterers to not apply vark to the food supplied to ensure no animal intestine is present. In 2016,
1134:
492:
1190:
1163:
333:
used to be the hub of traditional manual manufacturing, where it is a dying trade. Delhi is a new hub of
326:
1195:
842:
1200:
288:
1185:
1106:
849:, See toxicity, food and exposure papers on nickel, lead, copper, chromium, cadmium and manganese.
259:
706:"Eight-in-ten Indians limit meat in their diets, and four-in-ten consider themselves vegetarian"
656:
448:
870:
113:
20:
321:
211:
Varaka means cloth, cloak or a thing that covers something else. Vark is sometimes spelled
995:
748:
183:
has issued food safety and product standards guidelines for manufacturers of silver foil.
8:
1070:
965:
395:
362:
180:
73:
334:
900:
822:
667:
201:
154:
513:
New Indian Home
Cooking: More Than 100 Delicious Nutritional, and Easy Low-fat recipes
1124:
1096:
1045:
886:
814:
436:
306:
826:
1086:
863:
806:
264:
1210:
846:
736:
692:
685:
663:
635:
607:
587:
564:
539:
519:
499:
391:
302:
366:
1091:
1025:
768:
240:
165:, though flavorless. Vark is made by pounding silver into sheets less than one
158:
63:
810:
1205:
1179:
905:
755:
468:
248:
920:
818:
310:
196:
386:
are vegetarian, this led to the decline in the usage of vark in sweets or
960:
950:
945:
162:
1000:
990:
970:
463:
354:
314:
166:
142:
83:
1035:
345:
The silver is edible, though flavourless. It is also commonly used in
1055:
980:
955:
453:
432:
330:
320:
Particles were traditionally manually pounded between the layers of
1129:
940:
935:
925:
350:
139:
1101:
581:
Ayurveda: A Life of
Balance : the Complete Guide to Ayurvedic
985:
930:
458:
428:
427:
One study has found that about 10% of 178 foils studied from the
417:
173:
1030:
915:
910:
855:
413:
387:
383:
272:
146:
109:
93:
35:
556:
Vijaya Ghose, Jaya
Ramanathan, and Renuka N. Khandekar, 1992,
533:
The
Periodic Table Book: A Visual Encyclopedia of the Elements
1065:
1050:
1040:
379:
346:
42:
839:
975:
150:
97:
629:
Govt slogs its guts out for âvegetarianâ chandi ka vark
301:
Vark is made by placing the pure metal dust between
275:
657:âChandi ka Warqâ business may become history soon
1177:
840:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
305:, then pounding the sheets until the metal dust
55:Varq, Varaq, vark, varak, varakh, varakha, etc.
796:
871:
401:Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
372:
878:
864:
558:Tirtha, the Treasury of Indian Expressions
420:, but the use of edible silver or gold as
758:ATSDR-CDC, US Government (December 1990)
287:
195:
16:Metallic leaf used on South Asian sweets
767:
680:
678:
676:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
575:
573:
552:
550:
548:
1178:
204:, with some pieces covered with shiny
859:
610:, Volume 110, Issues 36-44 - Page 39.
488:
486:
484:
258:
739:L.V. Anderson, Slate (July 16, 2012)
698:
673:
641:
613:
593:
570:
545:
525:
505:
179:For safety and ethical reasons, the
252:
13:
761:
749:Public Health Statement for Silver
684:Thanwardas Lilaram Vaswani, 1992,
481:
14:
1227:
799:Food Additives & Contaminants
382:and a considerable percentage of
1159:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1009:
885:
775:. India Currents. Archived from
340:
296:
280:), means a sheet, leaf or foil.
108:
34:
833:
790:
742:
723:
712:from the original on 2021-08-11
601:The Illustrated Weekly of India
145:sheet of pure metal, typically
1:
638:, Daily Pioneer, 8 June 2016.
474:
431:(India) market were made of
191:
7:
502:deLafee, Switzerland (2008)
442:
276:
10:
1232:
1216:Food and drink decorations
1154:Food and drink decorations
695:, Issues 412-423, Page 10.
283:
186:
46:sweets garnished with vark
18:
1143:
1117:
1079:
1018:
1007:
893:
811:10.1080/02652030500215235
406:
373:Vegetarian ethical issues
244:
103:
89:
79:
69:
59:
51:
33:
337:manufacturing in India.
313:, usually less than one
114:Media: Vark or Waraq
730:Conspicuous Consumption
293:
208:
291:
199:
21:Vark (disambiguation)
779:on 27 September 2007
686:East and West Series
292:Silver-coated spices
256:Hindi pronunciation:
19:For other uses, see
1164:Cocktail garnishesâ
1071:Wedding cake topper
579:Maya Tiwari, 2005,
511:Madhu Gadia, 2000,
396:Government of India
363:Danziger Goldwasser
181:Government of India
153:, used to decorate
74:Indian Subcontinent
30:
1191:Pakistani desserts
1135:ObloĆŸenĂ© chlebĂÄky
845:2016-02-09 at the
735:2018-12-22 at the
691:2020-02-16 at the
668:The Economic Times
662:2018-02-14 at the
634:2018-01-08 at the
606:2023-10-25 at the
586:2023-10-25 at the
563:2023-10-25 at the
538:2023-10-25 at the
518:2023-10-25 at the
498:2016-03-04 at the
493:Gold in Gastronomy
294:
209:
202:South Asian sweets
176:rice on platters.
155:South Asian sweets
26:
1196:Nepalese desserts
1173:
1172:
1125:Food presentation
1097:Cocktail umbrella
1046:Maraschino cherry
996:Sautéed mushrooms
805:(12): 1219â1223.
161:. The silver and
122:
121:
52:Alternative names
1223:
1201:Food ingredients
1162:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1087:Cocktail garnish
1013:
880:
873:
866:
857:
856:
850:
837:
831:
830:
794:
788:
787:
785:
784:
773:"Silver Coating"
771:(4 April 2005).
765:
759:
746:
740:
727:
721:
720:
718:
717:
702:
696:
682:
671:
654:
639:
626:
611:
597:
591:
577:
568:
554:
543:
529:
523:
509:
503:
490:
303:parchment sheets
279:
262:
257:
254:
246:
112:
90:Main ingredients
38:
31:
29:
25:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1186:Indian desserts
1176:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1139:
1113:
1075:
1014:
1005:
889:
884:
854:
853:
847:Wayback Machine
838:
834:
795:
791:
782:
780:
769:Sarvate, Sarita
766:
762:
747:
743:
737:Wayback Machine
728:
724:
715:
713:
708:. 8 July 2021.
704:
703:
699:
693:Wayback Machine
683:
674:
664:Wayback Machine
655:
642:
636:Wayback Machine
627:
614:
608:Wayback Machine
598:
594:
588:Wayback Machine
578:
571:
565:Wayback Machine
555:
546:
540:Wayback Machine
530:
526:
520:Wayback Machine
510:
506:
500:Wayback Machine
491:
482:
477:
449:Metallic dragée
445:
409:
392:Indian Airlines
375:
343:
299:
286:
271:(borrowed from
260:[ÊÉÉŸÉq]
255:
194:
189:
163:gold are edible
118:
80:Region or state
70:Place of origin
47:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1229:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:Cocktail onion
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1036:Flaked coconut
1033:
1028:
1026:Confetti candy
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
897:
895:
891:
890:
883:
882:
875:
868:
860:
852:
851:
832:
789:
760:
754:2013-11-15 at
741:
722:
697:
672:
640:
612:
592:
569:
544:
524:
504:
479:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
444:
441:
408:
405:
374:
371:
342:
339:
298:
295:
285:
282:
193:
190:
188:
185:
149:but sometimes
120:
119:
117:
116:
104:
101:
100:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1228:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
906:Bawang goreng
904:
902:
899:
898:
896:
892:
888:
881:
876:
874:
869:
867:
862:
861:
858:
848:
844:
841:
836:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
778:
774:
770:
764:
757:
756:archive.today
753:
750:
745:
738:
734:
731:
726:
711:
707:
701:
694:
690:
687:
681:
679:
677:
670:, 8 Jan 2018.
669:
665:
661:
658:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
637:
633:
630:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
609:
605:
602:
596:
589:
585:
582:
576:
574:
566:
562:
559:
553:
551:
549:
541:
537:
534:
528:
521:
517:
514:
508:
501:
497:
494:
489:
487:
485:
480:
470:
469:Rolling paper
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
440:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
404:
402:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
370:
368:
364:
358:
356:
352:
348:
341:Usage as food
338:
336:
332:
328:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
297:Manufacturing
290:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
250:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
207:
203:
198:
184:
182:
177:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
115:
111:
106:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
44:
37:
32:
28:Vark or Waraq
22:
1060:
1051:Sliced fruit
921:Chili thread
887:Food garnish
835:
802:
798:
792:
781:. Retrieved
777:the original
763:
744:
725:
714:. Retrieved
700:
595:
527:
507:
426:
421:
410:
376:
367:GoldschlÀger
359:
344:
319:
300:
268:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
210:
205:
178:
171:
138:) is a fine
135:
131:
128:
124:
123:
41:
1102:Green olive
971:Microgreens
961:Lemon basil
951:Fried onion
946:Egg garnish
1180:Categories
991:Persillade
783:2009-07-05
716:2021-08-11
567:, Page 61.
531:DK, 2017,
475:References
464:Metal leaf
355:Bangladesh
315:micrometre
200:A tray of
167:micrometre
84:South Asia
1056:Sprinkles
981:Olive oil
966:Manchette
956:Gremolata
454:Gold leaf
433:aluminium
331:Hyderabad
192:Etymology
1130:Mukimono
1118:See also
941:Duxelles
936:Cucumber
926:Cilantro
901:Amandine
843:Archived
827:23931597
819:16356885
752:Archived
733:Archived
710:Archived
689:Archived
660:Archived
632:Archived
604:Archived
584:Archived
561:Archived
536:Archived
516:Archived
496:Archived
443:See also
351:Pakistan
327:Old City
140:filigree
1019:Dessert
986:Parsley
931:Crouton
459:Gilding
429:Lucknow
418:argyria
388:suparis
309:into a
284:Product
265:Persian
187:History
174:saffron
64:Garnish
40:Indian
1211:Silver
1031:Coulis
1001:Walnut
916:Celery
911:Caviar
825:
817:
599:1989,
414:kosher
407:Safety
384:Hindus
353:, and
322:ox gut
273:Arabic
269:varaqa
263:). In
233:varkha
229:varakh
147:silver
127:(also
107:
94:Silver
1107:Twist
1080:Drink
1066:Wafer
1041:Gomul
823:S2CID
380:Jains
347:India
307:molds
277:waraq
241:Hindi
237:waraq
235:, or
225:varkh
213:Varaq
132:Waraq
129:varak
43:barfi
1206:Gold
1061:Vark
976:Nori
894:Food
815:PMID
422:vark
365:and
335:Vark
311:foil
249:Urdu
245:à€”à€°à€à€Œ
221:vark
217:varq
206:vark
159:food
157:and
151:gold
143:foil
136:warq
125:Vark
98:Gold
60:Type
807:doi
437:ppm
329:in
253:Ù۱Ù
134:or
1182::
821:.
813:.
803:22
801:.
675:^
666:,
643:^
615:^
572:^
547:^
483:^
390:.
369:.
349:,
267:,
251::
247:,
243::
231:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
215:,
96:,
879:e
872:t
865:v
829:.
809::
786:.
719:.
590:.
542:.
522:.
239:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
