327:
2332:
2362:
2372:
2352:
132:
2342:
159:(cell death) and disproportionate thinning of the heart. This thin, weakened area is unable to withstand the pressure and volume load on the heart in the same manner as the other healthy tissue. As a result, there is dilatation of the chamber arising from the infarct region. The initial remodeling phase after a myocardial infarction results in repair of the necrotic area and
210:
Besides, the cardiac interstitium which consisted of largely Type I and Type III collagen fibres are also involved in cardiac remodeling. Cardiac collagen is synthesized by fibroblasts and degraded by metalloproteinases. Fibroblasts are activated post MI, leading to increased collagen synthesis and
186:, leading to thinning of the cardiac wall. The surviving cardiac myocytes either arrange in parallel or in series to each other, contributing to ventricular dilatation or ventricular hypertrophy, depending on the loading stress on the ventricular wall. Besides, reduced expression of V1 myosin and
95:
Physiological remodeling is reversible while pathological remodeling is mostly irreversible. Remodeling of the ventricles under left/right pressure demand make mismatches inevitable. Pathologic pressure mismatches between the pulmonary and systemic circulation guide compensatory remodeling of the
286:
have been consistently shown to decrease remodeling in animal models or transmural infarction and chronic pressure overload. Clinical trials have shown that ACE inhibitor therapy after myocardial infarction leads to improved myocardial performance, improved
194:
accounts for 60 to 90% of the energy supply of the heart. Post MI, as fatty acid oxidation decreases, it leads to reduced energy supply for the cardiac myocytes, accumulation of fatty acids to toxic levels, and dysfunction of
167:. Over time, however, as the heart undergoes ongoing remodeling, it becomes less elliptical and more spherical. Ventricular mass and volume increase, which together adversely affect cardiac function. Eventually,
83:
and structural changes occur in the left ventricular myocardium that lead to progressive decline in left ventricular performance. Ultimately, ventricular remodeling may result in diminished contractile
307:(CRT) has shown the ability to reverse left ventricular remodeling in some patients. Early correction of congenital heart defects, if appropriate, may prevent remodeling, as will treatment of chronic
520:
Saavedra, W.Federico; Tunin, Richard S; Paolocci, Nazareno; Mishima, Takayuki; Suzuki, George; Emala, Charles W; Chaudhry, Pervaiz A; Anagnostopoulos, Petros; Gupta, Ramesh C (2002).
96:
left and right ventricles. The term "reverse remodeling" in cardiology implies an improvement in ventricular mechanics and function following a remote injury or pathological process.
430:
Yu, Cheuk-Man; Bleeker, Gabe B.; Fung, Jeffrey Wing-Hong; Schalij, Martin J.; Zhang, Qing; Wall, Ernst E. van der; Chan, Yat-Sun; Kong, Shun-Ling; Bax, Jeroen J. (2005-09-13).
563:"Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes Associated with Eccentric Versus Concentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction"
703:
Pitt, Bertram; Remme, Willem; Zannad, Faiez; Neaton, James; Martinez, Felipe; Roniker, Barbara; Bittman, Richard; Hurley, Steve; Kleiman, Jay; Gatlin, Marjorie (2003).
274:
Many factors influence the time course and extent of remodeling, including the severity of the injury, secondary events (recurrent ischemia or infarction),
975:
207:, and induction of apoptosis, which would be explained below. Besides, inflammatory immune response after MI also contributes to the above changes.
820:
481:"Long-Term Prognosis After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Is Related to the Extent of Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling at Midterm Follow-Up"
479:
Ypenburg, Claudia; Bommel, Rutger J. van; Borleffs, C. Jan Willem; Bleeker, Gabe B.; Boersma, Eric; Schalij, Martin J.; Bax, Jeroen J. (2009).
1861:
432:"Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling but Not Clinical Improvement Predicts Long-Term Survival After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy"
2202:
1198:
883:
St John Sutton, Martin G.; Plappert, Ted; Hilpisch, Kathryn E.; Abraham, William T.; Hayes, David L.; Chinchoy, Edward (2006-01-17).
1470:
1801:
968:
885:"Sustained Reverse Left Ventricular Structural Remodeling With Cardiac Resynchronization at One Year Is a Function of Etiology"
744:
Khattar, R. S. (2003). "Effects of ACE-inhibitors and beta-blockers on left ventricular remodeling in chronic heart failure".
2101:
155:
to a lesser extent, also play a role. A common scenario for remodeling is after myocardial infarction. There is myocardial
43:(physiological remodeling) or after injury to the heart muscle (pathological remodeling). The injury is typically due to
705:"Eplerenone, a Selective Aldosterone Blocker, in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction after Myocardial Infarction"
2401:
2237:
1579:
961:
522:"Reverse remodeling and enhancedadrenergic reserve from passive externalsupport in experimental dilated heart failure"
163:
that may, to some extent, be considered beneficial since there is an improvement in or maintenance of LV function and
304:
47:(usually transmural or ST segment elevation infarction), but may be from a number of causes that result in increased
561:
Katz, Daniel H.; Beussink, Lauren; Sauer, Andrew J.; Freed, Benjamin H.; Burke, Michael A.; Shah, Sanjiv J. (2013).
303:, may actually reverse the remodeling process by reducing left ventricular volumes and improving systolic function.
224:
219:
led to degradation of collagen fibres, and subsequently dilatation of the heart. Several signal pathways such as
2355:
2227:
1661:
1111:
199:. These consequences also led to the increase in oxidative stress on the heart, causing the proliferation of
171:
function, or the heart's ability to relax between contractions may become impaired, further causing decline.
2207:
1488:
1243:
1221:
239:
656:"Cardiac Remodeling: Concepts, Clinical Impact, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Pharmacologic Treatment"
1851:
1483:
1228:
44:
937:"Left Ventricular Remodeling in Heart Failure: Current Concepts in Clinical Significance and Assessment"
1831:
1309:
251:
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1513:
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68:
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2006:
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1100:
1078:
367:"Cardiac remodelling: Concentric versus eccentric hypertrophy in strength and endurance athletes"
345:
187:
100:
1096:
190:
on cardiac myocytes are also thought to cause cardiac remodeling. Under normal body conditions,
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72:
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2134:
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2059:
2013:
1708:
1304:
814:
315:. Often, reverse remodeling, or improvement in left ventricular function, will also be seen.
291:, and decreased mortality compared to patients treated with placebo. Likewise, inhibition of
2295:
2255:
2122:
1936:
1931:
1911:
1846:
1698:
1053:
1036:
234:
Other factors such as high blood pressure, activation of sympathetic system which releases
104:
953:
770:
266:. The size and function of the atria and ventricles can be characterized using this test.
8:
2375:
2317:
2300:
1959:
1676:
1400:
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1233:
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160:
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204:
116:
56:
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2022:
1899:
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784:
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582:
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533:
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443:
386:
378:
263:
76:
578:
2365:
2310:
2171:
2156:
2139:
2079:
2074:
2018:
1996:
1693:
1639:
1619:
1343:
1073:
279:
152:
140:
120:
60:
852:
835:
231:
are known to trigger synthesis and degradation of collagen fibres in the heart.
2197:
2151:
1964:
1894:
1713:
1503:
1428:
1420:
1014:
1001:
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480:
332:
235:
164:
112:
80:
174:
After a myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac myocyte death can be triggered by
2390:
2280:
2069:
2064:
1926:
1866:
1769:
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283:
89:
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1821:
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1602:
1535:
1525:
1498:
1387:
1378:
1175:
1149:
918:
869:
806:
773:"Reverse Cardiac Remodeling: A Marker of Better Prognosis in Heart Failure"
757:
730:
689:
596:
547:
506:
465:
400:
308:
300:
275:
228:
196:
108:
64:
654:
Azevedo, Paula S; Polegato, Bertha F; Minicucci, Marcos F (January 2016).
2144:
2089:
1986:
1841:
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1634:
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20:
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2042:
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1410:
1181:
1048:
882:
295:, either directly or indirectly, leads to improvement in remodeling.
183:
179:
168:
1811:
1588:
1438:
1169:
771:
Reis Filho JR, Cardoso JN, Cardoso CM, Pereira-Barretto AC (2015).
175:
156:
148:
48:
40:
115:, of which there are many types. Concentric hypertrophy is due to
2290:
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1718:
1611:
1433:
131:
1273:
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52:
1405:
992:
478:
243:
36:
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are important contributors of cardiac remodelling. However,
1557:
983:
216:
212:
895:(2). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 266–272.
834:
Leyva, Francisco; Nisam, Seah; Auricchio, Angelo (2014).
653:
282:, and treatment. Medications may attenuate remodeling.
31:) refers to changes in the size, shape, structure, and
560:
262:
Remodeling of the heart is evaluated by performing an
702:
429:
322:
876:
833:
620:
364:
2388:
365:Mihl, C.; Dassen, W. R. M.; Kuipers, H. (2008).
836:"20 Years of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy"
619:Cohn, Jay N; Colucci, Wilson S; Yeon, Susan B.
284:Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
211:fibrosis of the heart. Increase expression of
1573:
969:
840:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
649:
647:
645:
643:
526:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
485:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
819:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
618:
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1862:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
1580:
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640:
614:
612:
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143:is the major cell involved in remodeling.
2203:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
900:
851:
796:
720:
679:
586:
537:
496:
447:
416:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
390:
130:
119:, while eccentric hypertrophy is due to
111:, and other changes. It is an aspect of
63:(forms of strain) on the heart. Chronic
985:Physiology of the cardiovascular system
743:
603:
75:may also lead to remodeling. After the
2389:
16:Changes in the physiology of the heart
1561:
957:
2341:
2102:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
254:is thought to be cardio-protective.
2351:
777:Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
660:Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
622:"Cardiac remodeling: Basic aspects"
99:Ventricular remodeling may include
13:
2238:Medical Scientist Training Program
929:
567:The American Journal of Cardiology
126:
14:
2413:
902:10.1161/circulationaha.104.520817
449:10.1161/circulationaha.105.538272
305:Cardiac resynchronization therapy
39:. This can happen as a result of
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2360:
2350:
2340:
2331:
2330:
325:
278:activation, genetic factors and
71:with intracardiac shunting, and
2371:
764:
737:
709:New England Journal of Medicine
225:Transforming growth factor beta
2228:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1662:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
846:(10). Elsevier BV: 1047–1058.
696:
513:
472:
423:
407:
1:
1112:Aortic valve area calculation
579:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.05.061
539:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01890-9
351:
257:
2208:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
1975:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
1587:
269:
151:, the interstitium, and the
7:
1229:Effective refractory period
1108:) / End-diastolic dimension
853:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1178
318:
45:acute myocardial infarction
10:
2418:
498:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.032
252:atrial natriuretic peptide
2402:Cardiovascular physiology
2326:
2248:
2186:
1947:
1875:
1830:
1739:
1610:
1595:
1514:Tubuloglomerular feedback
1469:
1461:Critical closing pressure
1419:
1386:
1372:
1352:
1289:
1281:Hexaxial reference system
1204:Cardiac electrophysiology
1191:
1135:
1087:
1000:
991:
746:Minerva Cardioangiologica
371:Netherlands Heart Journal
2162:Transplantation medicine
2053:Clinical neurophysiology
1970:Obstetric anesthesiology
1890:Interventional radiology
1650:Digestive system surgery
1489:Renin–angiotensin system
418:Medical Subject Headings
240:renin–angiotensin system
69:congenital heart disease
2033:Intensive care medicine
2007:Mass gathering medicine
1852:Maternal–fetal medicine
1519:Cerebral autoregulation
1484:Kinin–kallikrein system
1451:Jugular venous pressure
1101:End-diastolic dimension
1079:Pressure volume diagram
188:L-type calcium channels
101:ventricular hypertrophy
88:) function and reduced
1625:Cardiothoracic surgery
1456:Portal venous pressure
1446:Mean arterial pressure
1360:Ventricular remodeling
1106:End-systolic dimension
1064:Cardiac function curve
941:imaging.onlinejacc.org
414:Ventricular+remodeling
313:valvular heart disease
248:anti-diuretic hormones
136:
73:valvular heart disease
25:ventricular remodeling
2276:Personalized medicine
2135:Reproductive medicine
2060:Occupational medicine
2014:Evolutionary medicine
1097:Fractional shortening
134:
2296:Traditional medicine
2256:Alternative medicine
2123:Addiction psychiatry
1937:Transfusion medicine
1932:Medical microbiology
1847:Gynecologic oncology
1699:Reproductive surgery
1037:End-diastolic volume
789:10.5935/abc.20150025
722:10.1056/NEJMoa030207
672:10.5935/abc.20160005
105:ventricular dilation
79:occurs, a series of
2318:History of medicine
2301:Veterinary medicine
2108:Preventive medicine
1960:Adolescent medicine
1802:Infectious diseases
1401:Vascular resistance
1239:Electrocardiography
1234:Pacemaker potential
1164:Conduction velocity
1069:Venous return curve
1042:End-systolic volume
299:, a 3rd generation
161:myocardial scarring
2266:Molecular oncology
2223:Doctor of Medicine
2213:Master of Medicine
2130:Radiation oncology
2002:Emergency medicine
1955:Addiction medicine
1922:Clinical chemistry
1917:Clinical pathology
1709:Transplant surgery
1667:Orthopedic surgery
1645:Colorectal surgery
1509:Myogenic mechanism
1127:Left atrial volume
1059:Frank–Starling law
383:10.1007/BF03086131
205:metalloproteinases
137:
29:cardiac remodeling
2384:
2383:
2218:Master of Surgery
2182:
2181:
2167:Tropical medicine
2113:Prison healthcare
2028:Hospital medicine
1992:Disaster medicine
1982:Aviation medicine
1797:Hospital medicine
1704:Surgical oncology
1689:Pediatric surgery
1683:
1630:Endocrine surgery
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1368:
1367:
1208:Action potential
1199:Conduction system
1145:Cardiac pacemaker
1117:Ejection fraction
289:ejection fraction
117:pressure overload
81:histopathological
57:pressure overload
2409:
2374:
2373:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2038:Medical genetics
2023:General practice
1900:Nuclear medicine
1775:Gastroenterology
1731:Vascular surgery
1681:
1608:
1607:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1494:Vasoconstrictors
1471:Regulation of BP
1384:
1383:
1317:pulmonary artery
1290:Chamber pressure
998:
997:
978:
971:
964:
955:
954:
950:
948:
947:
923:
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904:
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451:
427:
421:
411:
405:
404:
394:
362:
335:
330:
329:
238:, activation of
227:(TGF-beta), and
203:, activation of
153:coronary vessels
2417:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2322:
2311:Chief physician
2244:
2189:
2178:
2172:Travel medicine
2157:Sports medicine
2140:Sexual medicine
2080:Palliative care
2075:Pain management
2019:Family medicine
1997:Diving medicine
1943:
1871:
1833:
1826:
1742:
1735:
1694:Plastic surgery
1640:General surgery
1620:Cardiac surgery
1601:
1599:
1591:
1586:
1556:
1547:
1465:
1415:
1377:
1374:Vascular system
1364:
1348:
1285:
1187:
1172:(Contractility)
1131:
1083:
1074:Wiggers diagram
987:
982:
945:
943:
935:
932:
930:Further reading
927:
926:
881:
877:
832:
828:
812:
811:
769:
765:
742:
738:
715:(14): 1309–21.
701:
697:
652:
641:
631:
629:
617:
604:
559:
555:
532:(12): 2069–76.
518:
514:
477:
473:
442:(11): 1580–86.
428:
424:
412:
408:
363:
359:
354:
346:Athlete's heart
331:
324:
321:
280:gene expression
272:
260:
242:which releases
141:cardiac myocyte
129:
127:Pathophysiology
121:volume overload
61:volume overload
17:
12:
11:
5:
2415:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2397:Cardiomyopathy
2382:
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2249:Related topics
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1965:Anesthesiology
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1895:Neuroradiology
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1832:Obstetrics and
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1714:Trauma surgery
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1677:Otolaryngology
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1603:subspecialties
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1504:Autoregulation
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1421:Blood pressure
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1219:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1178:(Excitability)
1173:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1015:Cardiac output
1012:
1006:
1004:
1002:Cardiac output
995:
989:
988:
981:
980:
973:
966:
958:
952:
951:
931:
928:
925:
924:
875:
826:
763:
736:
695:
639:
602:
573:(8): 1158–64.
553:
512:
471:
422:
406:
356:
355:
353:
350:
349:
348:
343:
337:
336:
333:Anatomy portal
320:
317:
271:
268:
264:echocardiogram
259:
256:
236:norepinephrine
221:Angiotensin II
165:cardiac output
128:
125:
113:cardiomyopathy
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2414:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2377:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Public health
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Allied health
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:Oral medicine
2068:
2066:
2065:Ophthalmology
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:Cytopathology
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1867:Urogynecology
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:Endocrinology
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:Cardiac index
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:Stroke volume
1030:
1026:
1025:Stroke volume
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:Cardiac cycle
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
996:
994:
990:
986:
979:
974:
972:
967:
965:
960:
959:
956:
942:
938:
934:
933:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
822:
816:
808:
804:
799:
794:
790:
786:
783:(6): 502–06.
782:
778:
774:
767:
759:
755:
752:(2): 143–54.
751:
747:
740:
732:
728:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
699:
691:
687:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
648:
646:
644:
628:
623:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
598:
594:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
557:
549:
545:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
508:
504:
499:
494:
491:(6): 483–90.
490:
486:
482:
475:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
426:
419:
415:
410:
402:
398:
393:
388:
384:
380:
377:(4): 129–33.
376:
372:
368:
361:
357:
347:
344:
342:
341:Dor procedure
339:
338:
334:
328:
323:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
281:
277:
276:neurohormonal
267:
265:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
208:
206:
202:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
135:Myocardiocyte
133:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
93:
91:
90:stroke volume
87:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2286:Rural health
2271:Nanomedicine
1822:Rheumatology
1753: /
1672:Hand surgery
1657:Neurosurgery
1536:Carotid body
1499:Vasodilators
1379:hemodynamics
1359:
1184:(Relaxation)
1176:Bathmotropic
1150:Chronotropic
944:. Retrieved
940:
892:
888:
878:
843:
839:
829:
815:cite journal
780:
776:
766:
749:
745:
739:
712:
708:
698:
666:(1): 62–69.
663:
659:
630:. Retrieved
627:UpToDate.com
626:
570:
566:
556:
529:
525:
515:
488:
484:
474:
439:
435:
425:
409:
374:
370:
360:
309:hypertension
301:beta blocker
273:
261:
233:
229:Endothelin 1
209:
197:mitochondria
173:
138:
109:cardiomegaly
98:
94:
65:hypertension
28:
24:
18:
2356:Wikiproject
2145:Venereology
2090:Neonatology
1987:Dermatology
1842:Gynaecology
1834:gynaecology
1817:Pulmonology
1635:Eye surgery
1597:Specialties
1541:Glomus cell
1531:Aortic body
1526:Paraganglia
1337:ventricular
1310:ventricular
1259:QT interval
1254:QRS complex
1249:PR interval
1222:ventricular
1160:Dromotropic
889:Circulation
436:Circulation
293:aldosterone
201:fibroblasts
145:Fibroblasts
2391:Categories
2118:Psychiatry
2104:(PM&R)
2097:Phlebology
2085:Pediatrics
1912:Anatomical
1877:Diagnostic
1857:Obstetrics
1807:Nephrology
1792:Hematology
1787:Geriatrics
1780:Hepatology
1765:Cardiology
1755:Immunology
1479:Baroreflex
1396:Compliance
1388:Blood flow
1264:ST segment
1192:Conduction
1182:Lusitropic
1154:Heart rate
1137:Heart rate
1089:Ultrasound
1020:Heart rate
946:2016-02-12
632:8 November
352:References
297:Carvedilol
258:Evaluation
192:fatty acid
55:, causing
21:cardiology
2306:Physician
2190:education
2048:Neurology
2043:Narcology
1907:Pathology
1885:Radiology
1760:Angiology
1724:Andrology
1439:Diastolic
1411:Perfusion
1170:Inotropic
1049:Afterload
911:0009-7322
862:0735-1097
458:0009-7322
270:Treatment
184:autophagy
180:apoptosis
169:diastolic
2336:Category
1812:Oncology
1743:medicine
1741:Internal
1589:Medicine
1434:Systolic
1212:cardiac
919:16401777
870:25190241
807:26131706
758:12783070
731:12668699
690:26647721
597:23810323
548:12084610
507:19195605
466:16144994
401:18427637
319:See also
176:necrosis
157:necrosis
149:collagen
86:systolic
49:pressure
41:exercise
33:function
2376:Outline
2346:Commons
2291:Therapy
2188:Medical
1751:Allergy
1719:Urology
1612:Surgery
1054:Preload
798:4484683
681:4728597
588:3788852
392:2300466
35:of the
2366:Portal
2233:MD–PhD
1344:Aortic
1332:atrial
1305:atrial
1301:Right
1274:U wave
1269:T wave
1244:P wave
1217:atrial
917:
909:
868:
860:
805:
795:
756:
729:
688:
678:
595:
585:
546:
505:
464:
456:
420:(MeSH)
399:
389:
77:insult
53:volume
1948:Other
1406:Pulse
1353:Other
1328:Left
1322:wedge
993:Heart
244:renin
182:, or
37:heart
915:PMID
907:ISSN
866:PMID
858:ISSN
821:link
803:PMID
754:PMID
727:PMID
686:PMID
634:2017
593:PMID
544:PMID
503:PMID
462:PMID
454:ISSN
397:PMID
246:and
217:MMP9
215:and
213:MMP1
139:The
27:(or
1682:ENT
1600:and
1099:= (
897:doi
893:113
848:doi
793:PMC
785:doi
781:104
717:doi
713:348
676:PMC
668:doi
664:106
583:PMC
575:doi
571:112
534:doi
493:doi
444:doi
440:112
387:PMC
379:doi
311:or
59:or
51:or
19:In
2393::
2021:/
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905:.
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887:.
864:.
856:.
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817:}}
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395:.
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375:16
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
