258:
of VMN lesions or procaine injections, and point to the VMN's role in satiety. A major review of the subject in 2006 concluded that, "anatomical studies done both before and after Gold's study did not replicate his results with lesions, and in nearly every published direct comparison of VMH lesions vs. PVN or VNAB lesions, the group with VMH lesions ate substantially more food and gained twice as much weight." This strongly substantiates the classification of VMN as the primary satiety center in the hypothalamus.
36:
257:
in rats. However, the interpretation of these experiments was summarily discredited when Gold's research demonstrated that precision lesioning of the VMN did not result in hyperphagia. Nevertheless, numerous studies have shown that the immediacy of hyperphagia and obesity syndrome are a consequence
306:
Bilateral FOS expression in the VMH after repeated seizures is associated with alteration in the severity of flurothyl induced seizures in C57BL/6J mice that are not present in DBA/2J mice. Moreover, bilateral lesions of the VMH are able to block the propagation of seizure discharge to enter the
261:
It has also been found that lesions to the VMH in rats caused increased plasma insulin levels. Rats with a VMH lesion compared to normal rats overproduce a circulating satiety factor, to which the control rats can respond and rats with a VMH lesion cannot respond. A lesion to the VMH makes rats
265:
Researchers looked at a series of twenty-one animals of various degrees of adiposity, with respect to growth appearance, fat distribution, general physical condition, and the correlation between the level of adiposity attained and the correlation of the hypothalamic lesion. Lesions in the
269:
Another study found that there seems to be a higher concentration of cannabinoid receptor mRNA within the VMH in comparison to other nuclei within the hypothalamus. The cannabinoid ingestion has been linked to rewarding processes, and also with the release of dopamine in the brain.
208:. found that the ventromedial hypothalamus is a distinct morphological nucleus involved in terminating hunger, fear, thermoregulation, and sexual activity. This nuclear region is involved in the recognition of the feeling of fullness.
315:
In West
Germany, at least 70 men had their VMN operated on between 1962 and 1979. Most of these individuals had been involuntarily institutionalized or imprisoned for deviant sexual behavior, such as homosexuality, perceived
266:
hypothalamic area, particularly the region of the ventromedial hypothalamus interrupts a large number of the descending fibers from the hypothalamic cell groups that were found to contribute to obesity in rats.
918:
Flanagan-Cato LM, Lee BJ, Calizo LH (June 2006). "Co-localization of midbrain projections, progestin receptors, and mating-induced fos in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus of the female rat".
745:"Pathophysiological significance of the obese gene product, leptin, in ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)-lesioned rats: evidence for loss of its satiety effect in VMH-lesioned rats"
1325:"Spatiotemporal differences in the c-fos pathway between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice following flurothyl-induced seizures: A dissociation of hippocampal Fos from seizure activity"
299:
The VMHvl contains many distinct neuronal populations that contribute to varying, often distinct, functions. Notably, this region plays a role in sexual behaviors in females (
1555:
Storlien LH, Albert DJ (August 1972). "The effect of VMH lesions, lateral cuts and anterior cuts of food intake, activity level, food motivation, and reactivity to taste".
1274:
van Veen JE, Kammel LG, Bunda PC, Shum M, Reid MS, Massa MG, Arneson D, Park JW, Zhang Z, Joseph AM, Hrncir H, Liesa M, Arnold AP, Yang X, Correa SM (April 2020).
1180:
Matsumoto T, Yamanouchi K (September 2000). "Acceleration of mounting behaviors in female rats by ibotenic acid lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus".
1045:
Kow LM, Pfaff DW (May 1998). "Mapping of neural and signal transduction pathways for lordosis in the search for estrogen actions on the central nervous system".
156:
303:), thus stimulating their sexual arousal. The VMHvl has also been found to play a role in estrogen-mediated movement and energy expenditure/thermogenesis.
961:
Harding SM, McGinnis MY (October 2005). "Microlesions of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: effects on sociosexual behaviors in male rats".
700:
King BM (February 2006). "The rise, fall, and resurrection of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight".
743:
Satoh N, Ogawa Y, Katsuura G, Tsuji T, Masuzaki H, Hiraoka J, Okazaki T, Tamaki M, Hayase M, Yoshimasa Y, Nishi S, Hosoda K, Nakao K (March 1997).
998:"Selective sexual differentiation of neurone populations may contribute to sex-specific outputs of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus"
509:
Berthoud HR, Jeanrenaud B (September 1979). "Changes of insulinemia, glycemia and feeding behavior induced by VMH-procainization in the rat".
622:
Larkin RP (November 1975). "Effect of ventromedial hypothalamic procaine injections on feeding, lever pressing, and other behavior in rats".
132:
552:
Brooks CM, Lockwood RA, Wiggins ML (December 1946). "A study of the effect of hypothalamic lesions on the eating habits of the albino rat".
1374:"Dissociation of spontaneous seizures and brainstem seizure thresholds in mice exposed to eight flurothyl-induced generalized seizures"
1941:
1223:
Correa SM, Newstrom DW, Warne JP, Flandin P, Cheung CC, Lin-Moore AT, Pierce AA, Xu AW, Rubenstein JL, Ingraham HA (January 2015).
1088:
Christensen LW, Nance DM, Gorski RA (1977). "Effects of hypothalamic and preoptic lesions on reproductive behavior in male rats".
2096:
20:
439:
Balagura S, Devenport LD (June 1970). "Feeding patterns of normal and ventromedial hypothalamic lesioned male and female rats".
1633:
1822:
1421:
Ferland RJ, Applegate CD (November 1998). "The role of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus in epileptogenesis".
587:
Epstein AN (December 1960). "Reciprocal changes in feeding behavior produced by intrahypothalamic chemical injections".
1817:
785:
2106:
2101:
2072:
1225:"An Estrogen-Responsive Module in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Selectively Drives Sex-Specific Activity in Females"
875:
Panksepp J, Siviy S, Normansell L (1984). "The psychobiology of play: theoretical and methodological perspectives".
2172:
1989:
163:
1878:
2226:
1805:
1464:
Rieber, Inge; Sigusch, Volkmar (1979). "Psychosurgery on sex offenders and sexual ?deviants? in West
Germany".
339:"The neonatal ventromedial hypothalamus transcriptome reveals novel markers with spatially distinct patterning"
2067:
1996:
1801:
1276:"Hypothalamic estrogen receptor alpha establishes a sexually dimorphic regulatory node of energy expenditure"
151:
474:
Becker EE, Kissileff HR (February 1974). "Inhibitory controls of feeding by the ventromedial hypothalamus".
1742:
1600:
2309:
1778:
1514:"Androgen receptors are required for full masculinization of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in rats"
1844:
1747:
1626:
1133:"Facilitation of the lordosis reflex of female rats from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus"
1839:
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Maes H (June 1980). "Time course of feeding induced by pentobarbital-injections into the rat's VMH".
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Kadiyala SB, Papandrea D, Tuz K, Anderson TM, Jayakumar S, Herron BJ, Ferland RJ (January 2015).
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overproduce leptin, which they cannot respond to causing them to over eat, leading to obesity.
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among heterosexual men, and pedophilia. This surgery was not commonly performed elsewhere.
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828:"Anandamide administration into the ventromedial hypothalamus stimulates appetite in rats"
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Gold RM (November 1973). "Hypothalamic obesity: the myth of the ventromedial nucleus".
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Kurrasch DM, Cheung CC, Lee FY, Tran PV, Hata K, Ingraham HA (December 2007).
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VMH is also important in mammal play behaviour. Lesions to VMH along with the
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786:"The relation of various hypothalamic lesions to adiposity in the rat"
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The ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is most commonly associated with
1512:
Dugger BN, Morris JA, Jordan CL, Breedlove SM (February 2007).
253:. Early studies showed that VMN lesions caused over-eating and
61:
78:
1322:
1588:(10th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. pp. 355–357.
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742:
1087:
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336:
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292:The VMHdm has a role in the male vocalizations and
1601:Diagram of Ventromedial motor tract at lemoyne.edu
783:
508:
40:Ventromedial nucleus is 'VM', at center, in green.
438:
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960:
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1606:New Scientist: Seat of female libido revealed
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989:
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1038:
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2073:Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)
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1021:
851:
760:
364:
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1044:
784:Hetherington AW, Ranson SW (June 1942).
182:ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
29:Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
1583:
826:Jamshidi N, Taylor DA (November 2001).
586:
21:Ventromedial nucleus of the spinal cord
2302:
1372:Kadiyala SB, Ferland RJ (March 2017).
877:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
621:
1615:
996:Kammel LG, Correa SM (January 2020).
2068:Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss)
699:
656:
387:
13:
1504:
589:The American Journal of Physiology
554:The American Journal of Physiology
476:The American Journal of Physiology
84:nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami
14:
2326:
2107:Parvocellular neurosecretory cell
2102:Magnocellular neurosecretory cell
1594:
1131:Pfaff DW, Sakuma Y (March 1979).
1990:Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
1435:10.1097/00001756-199811160-00013
1341:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.11.009
793:Journal of Comparative Neurology
601:10.1152/ajplegacy.1960.199.6.969
566:10.1152/ajplegacy.1946.147.4.735
488:10.1152/ajplegacy.1974.226.2.383
289:are all linked to reduced play.
164:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
1457:
954:
911:
868:
832:British Journal of Pharmacology
819:
777:
736:
693:
2227:Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
1149:10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012690
650:
615:
580:
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502:
467:
432:
381:
356:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2858-07.2007
1:
1194:10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01388-4
1059:10.1016/S0166-4328(97)00189-7
1002:Journal of Neuroendocrinology
714:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.10.007
323:
1743:Stria medullaris of thalamus
1569:10.1016/0031-9384(72)90234-x
1242:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.011
1102:10.1016/0361-9230(77)90010-7
975:10.1037/0735-7044.119.5.1227
889:10.1016/0149-7634(84)90005-8
671:10.1016/0031-9384(80)90055-4
523:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90816-3
410:10.1126/science.182.4111.488
211:
7:
2145:Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)
1530:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.10.001
1466:Archives of Sexual Behavior
932:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.01.012
343:The Journal of Neuroscience
244:
16:Nucleus of the hypothalamus
10:
2331:
1748:Thalamic reticular nucleus
1047:Behavioural Brain Research
310:
307:brainstem seizure system.
233:These subdivisions differ
216:It has four subdivisions:
18:
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2237:
2185:
2153:
2081:
2057:
2048:
2018:
2009:
1904:
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1557:Physiology & Behavior
1292:10.1038/s42255-020-0189-6
1137:The Journal of Physiology
702:Physiology & Behavior
659:Physiology & Behavior
194:ventromedial hypothalamus
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150:
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126:
113:
101:
89:
77:
72:
60:
50:
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33:
28:
2284:Nuclei campi perizonalis
2210:Retinohypothalamic tract
19:Not to be confused with
2205:Medial forebrain bundle
2135:Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH)
1090:Brain Research Bulletin
963:Behavioral Neuroscience
762:10.1210/endo.138.3.4989
2222:Mammillothalamic tract
1985:Subthalamic fasciculus
1919:Pallidothalamic tracts
1914:Mammillothalamic tract
1896:Interthalamic adhesion
1586:Physiology of behavior
844:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704379
2249:is diencephalon, but
1970:Dentatothalamic tract
1929:Lenticular fasciculus
1891:Midline nuclear group
1518:Hormones and Behavior
920:Hormones and Behavior
805:10.1002/cne.900760308
226:Ventrolateral (VMHvl)
1953:Trigeminal lemniscus
1714:Subcommissural organ
1686:Habenular commissure
1182:Neuroscience Letters
287:lateral hypothalamus
241:, and behaviorally.
204:. In 2007, Kurrasch
2274:Subthalamic nucleus
2092:posterior pituitary
1960:Spinothalamic tract
1934:Thalamic fasciculus
402:1973Sci...182..488G
223:Dorsomedial (VMHdm)
2310:Neuroendocrinology
1975:Acoustic radiation
1584:Carlson N (2010).
1478:10.1007/BF01541419
1390:10.1002/epi4.12031
2297:
2296:
2260:
2259:
2181:
2180:
2005:
2004:
1997:Medullary laminae
1965:Lateral lemniscus
1924:Ansa lenticularis
1722:
1721:
1681:Habenular trigone
1329:Epilepsy Research
1280:Nature Metabolism
1014:10.1111/jne.12801
178:
177:
173:
2322:
2200:Stria terminalis
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2016:
2015:
1948:Medial lemniscus
1733:
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1709:Habenular nuclei
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453:10.1037/h0029118
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396:(4111): 488–90.
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349:(50): 13624–34.
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170:edit on Wikidata
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2288:Fields of Forel
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2140:Preoptic (GnRH)
2097:Paraventricular
2077:
2044:
2035:Mammillary body
2026:Median eminence
2001:
1980:Optic radiation
1900:
1828:Pulvinar nuclei
1766:
1757:
1718:
1690:
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1642:Anatomy of the
1640:
1608:(June 26, 2006)
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1505:Further reading
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1595:External links
1593:
1591:
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1524:(2): 195–201.
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1472:(6): 523–527.
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1429:(16): 3623–9.
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1378:Epilepsia Open
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969:(5): 1227–34.
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511:Brain Research
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318:hypersexuality
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2305:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
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1807:
1803:
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1659:
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1649:
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1623:
1618:
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1614:
1607:
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1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
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1553:
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1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1495:
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1479:
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1471:
1467:
1460:
1452:
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1432:
1428:
1424:
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1409:
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1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:(4): 351–63.
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:(2): 137–41.
1095:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:(2): 169–80.
1052:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:(1): e12801.
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
883:(4): 465–92.
882:
878:
871:
863:
859:
854:
849:
845:
841:
838:(6): 1151–4.
837:
833:
829:
822:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:(3): 475–99.
798:
794:
787:
780:
772:
768:
763:
758:
755:(3): 947–54.
754:
750:
749:Endocrinology
746:
739:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
708:(2): 221–44.
707:
703:
696:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
653:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:(9): 1100–8.
629:
625:
618:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:(6): 969–74.
594:
590:
583:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:(4): 735–41.
559:
555:
548:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
505:
497:
493:
489:
485:
482:(2): 383–96.
481:
477:
470:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:(3): 357–64.
446:
442:
435:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
384:
376:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
333:
329:
321:
319:
308:
304:
302:
297:
295:
294:scent marking
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
252:
242:
240:
236:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
217:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
171:
165:
161:
158:
155:
153:
149:
146:
143:
141:
137:
134:
131:
129:
125:
122:
119:
116:
112:
109:
106:
104:
100:
97:
94:
92:
88:
85:
82:
80:
76:
71:
68:
65:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
44:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2315:Hypothalamus
2279:Zona incerta
2253:is glandular
2216:
2194:
2187:White matter
2168:Ventromedial
2131:
2090:
2040:Infundibulum
2011:Hypothalamus
1940:
1906:White matter
1884:Centromedian
1879:Intralaminar
1870:
1835:Metathalamus
1775:
1671:Pineal gland
1644:diencephalon
1585:
1563:(2): 191–7.
1560:
1556:
1521:
1517:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1384:(1): 48–58.
1381:
1377:
1367:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1235:(1): 62–74.
1232:
1229:Cell Reports
1228:
1218:
1188:(3): 143–6.
1185:
1181:
1175:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1005:
1001:
991:
966:
962:
956:
926:(1): 52–60.
923:
919:
913:
880:
876:
870:
835:
831:
821:
796:
792:
779:
752:
748:
738:
705:
701:
695:
662:
658:
652:
627:
623:
617:
592:
588:
582:
557:
553:
547:
517:(1): 184–7.
514:
510:
504:
479:
475:
469:
444:
440:
434:
393:
389:
383:
346:
342:
332:
314:
305:
298:
291:
272:
268:
264:
260:
248:
235:anatomically
232:
215:
205:
202:hypothalamus
193:
189:
185:
181:
179:
133:A14.1.08.928
121:birnlex_1572
83:
55:Hypothalamus
2266:Subthalamus
2173:Dorsomedial
2123:vasopressin
2050:Grey matter
1763:Grey matter
1696:Grey matter
1656:Epithalamus
1648:human brain
1423:NeuroReport
1143:: 189–202.
296:behaviors.
275:hippocampus
73:Identifiers
2304:Categories
2114:Supraoptic
1335:: 183–96.
324:References
285:, and the
283:cerebellum
103:NeuroNames
2247:Posterior
2239:Pituitary
2083:Endocrine
2059:Autonomic
212:Structure
2251:anterior
2217:efferent
2195:afferent
2119:oxytocin
1871:midline:
1728:Thalamus
1676:Habenula
1548:17123532
1494:41463669
1451:29713035
1408:28825051
1359:25524858
1310:32377634
1261:25543145
1210:10334038
1202:10984627
1075:28276218
1032:31605642
983:16300430
948:36201218
940:16546183
905:26810046
862:11704633
813:85715802
730:40880350
722:16412483
687:43051882
609:13697000
574:20277066
539:39015121
375:18077674
301:lordosis
279:amygdala
245:Function
115:NeuroLex
2163:Lateral
2155:Emotion
2019:Surface
1813:Lateral
1784:Ventral
1776:paired:
1736:Surface
1664:Surface
1646:of the
1577:4569944
1539:1828277
1443:9858370
1399:5560332
1350:4272448
1301:7202561
1252:4324838
1158:1281421
1118:4700161
1067:9638959
1023:6982598
897:6392950
853:1573067
771:9048594
679:7413790
644:1202103
496:4811195
461:5480868
426:3011420
418:4795550
398:Bibcode
390:Science
366:6673626
311:Surgery
255:obesity
251:satiety
200:of the
198:nucleus
196:) is a
96:D014697
67:Basilar
51:Part of
46:Details
2132:other:
1860:K cell
1855:M cell
1850:P cell
1768:nuclei
1575:
1546:
1536:
1492:
1486:391177
1484:
1449:
1441:
1406:
1396:
1357:
1347:
1308:
1298:
1259:
1249:
1208:
1200:
1167:469715
1165:
1155:
1116:
1110:880486
1108:
1073:
1065:
1030:
1020:
981:
946:
938:
903:
895:
860:
850:
811:
769:
728:
720:
685:
677:
642:
607:
572:
537:
531:487120
529:
494:
459:
424:
416:
373:
363:
281:, the
62:Artery
2061:zones
1490:S2CID
1447:S2CID
1206:S2CID
1114:S2CID
1071:S2CID
944:S2CID
901:S2CID
809:S2CID
789:(PDF)
726:S2CID
683:S2CID
535:S2CID
422:S2CID
206:et al
168:[
157:62332
79:Latin
1942:PCML
1573:PMID
1544:PMID
1482:PMID
1439:PMID
1404:PMID
1355:PMID
1306:PMID
1257:PMID
1198:PMID
1163:PMID
1106:PMID
1063:PMID
1028:PMID
979:PMID
936:PMID
893:PMID
858:PMID
767:PMID
718:PMID
675:PMID
640:PMID
605:PMID
570:PMID
527:PMID
492:PMID
457:PMID
414:PMID
371:PMID
180:The
145:5729
128:TA98
91:MeSH
1806:VPL
1802:VPM
1565:doi
1534:PMC
1526:doi
1474:doi
1431:doi
1394:PMC
1386:doi
1345:PMC
1337:doi
1333:109
1296:PMC
1288:doi
1247:PMC
1237:doi
1190:doi
1186:291
1153:PMC
1145:doi
1141:288
1098:doi
1055:doi
1018:PMC
1010:doi
971:doi
967:119
928:doi
885:doi
848:PMC
840:doi
836:134
801:doi
757:doi
753:138
710:doi
667:doi
632:doi
597:doi
593:199
562:doi
558:147
519:doi
515:174
484:doi
480:226
449:doi
406:doi
394:182
361:PMC
351:doi
192:or
190:VMH
186:VMN
152:FMA
140:TA2
108:398
2306::
1874:MD
1845:LG
1840:MG
1823:LP
1818:LD
1798:VP
1793:VL
1789:VA
1779:AN
1571:.
1559:.
1542:.
1532:.
1522:51
1520:.
1516:.
1488:.
1480:.
1468:.
1445:.
1437:.
1425:.
1402:.
1392:.
1380:.
1376:.
1353:.
1343:.
1331:.
1327:.
1304:.
1294:.
1282:.
1278:.
1255:.
1245:.
1233:10
1231:.
1227:.
1204:.
1196:.
1184:.
1161:.
1151:.
1139:.
1135:.
1112:.
1104:.
1092:.
1069:.
1061:.
1051:92
1049:.
1026:.
1016:.
1006:32
1004:.
1000:.
977:.
965:.
942:.
934:.
924:50
922:.
899:.
891:.
879:.
856:.
846:.
834:.
830:.
807:.
797:76
795:.
791:.
765:.
751:.
747:.
724:.
716:.
706:87
704:.
681:.
673:.
663:24
661:.
638:.
628:89
626:.
603:.
591:.
568:.
556:.
533:.
525:.
513:.
490:.
478:.
455:.
445:71
443:.
420:.
412:.
404:.
392:.
369:.
359:.
347:27
345:.
341:.
277:,
237:,
188:,
117:ID
2290:)
2286:(
2121:/
2094::
2028:/
1804:/
1800:/
1791:/
1765:/
1635:e
1628:t
1621:v
1579:.
1567::
1561:9
1550:.
1528::
1496:.
1476::
1470:8
1453:.
1433::
1427:9
1410:.
1388::
1382:2
1361:.
1339::
1312:.
1290::
1284:2
1263:.
1239::
1212:.
1192::
1169:.
1147::
1120:.
1100::
1094:2
1077:.
1057::
1034:.
1012::
985:.
973::
950:.
930::
907:.
887::
881:8
864:.
842::
815:.
803::
773:.
759::
732:.
712::
689:.
669::
646:.
634::
611:.
599::
576:.
564::
541:.
521::
498:.
486::
463:.
451::
428:.
408::
400::
377:.
353::
184:(
172:]
23:.
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