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are simple, arranged oppositely, up to 9 cm long and 6 cm broad, oval, ovate or orbicular, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, serrate, acute, with serrated edges with a grooved and slightly winged red petiole 1.5 cm long; they turn red in fall. The leaves are superficially similar to
367:
is five-lobed, with rounded lobes, imbricate in bud; the five stamens alternate with the corolla lobes, the filaments slender, the anthers pale yellow, oblong, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; the ovary is inferior, one-celled, with a thick, pale green style and a flat stigma and a
594:. Consequently, pregnant women should not use black haw in the first two trimesters. Although it has been used traditionally to prevent miscarriage. Furthermore, anyone using herbs for medical reasons should only use them under the supervision of a qualified medical professional.
820:. State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 31 December 2017.(Note: This list is newer than the one used by plants.usda.gov and is more up-to-date.)
376:
1 cm long, dark blue-black with glaucous bloom, hangs until winter, becomes edible after being frosted, then eaten by birds; the stone is flat and even, broadly oval. Wherever it lives, black haw prefers sunny
315:
growing to 2–9 metres (7–30 ft) tall with a short crooked trunk and stout spreading branches; in the northern parts of its range, it is a shrub, becoming a small tree in the southern parts of its range. The
343:"); they come out of the bud involute, shining, green, tinged with red, sometimes smooth, or clothed with rusty tomentum; when full grown dark green and smooth above, pale, smooth or tomentose beneath.
471:
1325:
847:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk
Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 31
325:
856:
Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of
Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 26, 80
1310:
1330:
1096:
1171:
838:
Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year
History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62
1300:
475:
320:
is reddish-brown, very rough on old stems. The branchlets are red at first, then green, finally dark brown tinged with red. The winter
1210:
829:
Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the
Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 256
401:
It has both value in the pleasure garden, providing good fall color and early winter provender for birds, and medicinal properties.
1044:
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507:. The primary use of black haw today is to prevent menstrual cramps. The salicin in black haw may also be of use in pain relief.
500:. Due to its antispasmodic properties, the plant may also be of use in treating cramps of the digestive tract or the bile ducts.
543:
combine the root bark with leaves of other plants and use it to strengthen female reproductive tract or use the root bark in a
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919:
1335:
1114:
907:
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The chemicals in black haw do relax the uterus and therefore probably prevent miscarriage; however, the salicin may be
485:
735:
The
Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants: A practical reference guide to more than 550 key medicinal plants and their uses
1320:
802:
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496:, and in treating the effects of menopause. As a folk remedy, black haw has been used to treat menstrual pain, and
1083:
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single ovule. The flowers are borne in flat-topped cymes 10 cm in diameter in mid to late spring. The
1236:
865:
Wallis, Wilson D., 1922, Medicines Used by the Micmac
Indians, American Anthropologist 24:24-30, page 28
706:
567:
Like many other plants, including many food plants and those used as culinary herbs, black haw contains
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1062:
817:
664:
642:
1145:
81:
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to that substance should not use black haw. In addition, due to the connection between aspirin and
1163:
770:
618:
Botanic
Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2020).
492:
of black haw to treat gynecological conditions, including menstrual cramps, aiding recovery after
1264:
1215:
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are creamy white, 9 mm diameter; the calyx is urn-shaped, five-toothed, persistent; the
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8:
46:
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is brown tinged with red; heavy, hard, close-grained with a specific gravity of 0.8332.
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328:. The flower buds ovate, 1 cm long, much larger than the axillary buds. The
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32:
795:
Healing Herbs: The
Ultimate Guide to the Curative Power of Nature's Medicine
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528:
1254:
539:. They also use an infusion of the bark as a wash for a sore tongue. The
1158:
1070:
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For centuries, black haw has been used for medical purposes, mainly for
1049:
818:"Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015"
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Black haw is not on the "generally recognized as safe list" of the
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conditions. The bark is the part of the plant used in treatments.
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of it to prevent recurrent spasms, use the root bark as a
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1326:
Plants used in traditional Native
American medicine
792:
732:
643:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T88331553A88331556.en
531:, and take a compound infusion of it for fever,
443:eat the fruit raw and also cook them into a jam.
1292:
880:Code of Federal Regulations - Title 21, Volume 6
701:
699:
769:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp.
728:
726:
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519:have several uses for the plant. They take an
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482:is another chemical component of black haw.
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381:with well-drained soil and adequate water.
583:, young people or people afflicted with a
222:
55:
31:
876:"SUBSTANCES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE"
766:Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them
641:
414:in cultivation to give the garden hybrid
1311:Flora of the North-Central United States
777:
758:
756:
754:
385:Conservation status in the United States
350:
295:
683:United States Department of Agriculture
674:Germplasm Resources Information Network
503:Black haw's primary use was to prevent
1331:Plants used in Native American cuisine
1293:
762:
934:
933:
751:
1301:IUCN Red List least concern species
868:
657:
629:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
511:By specific Native American tribes
472:1-methyl-2,3 dibutyl hemimellitate
346:
14:
1347:
901:
599:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1229:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:326270-2
913:
797:. Rodale Press. pp. 79–81.
737:. Reader's Digest. p. 279.
562:
80:
859:
850:
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555:of the plant before and during
832:
823:
811:
458:The active components include
1:
679:Agricultural Research Service
604:
884:Food and Drug Administration
446:
7:
1336:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
10:
1352:
793:Michael Castleman (1991).
733:Andrew Chevallier (1996).
587:should not use black haw.
434:
1316:Trees of Northern America
942:
571:, a chemical relative of
291:
230:
221:
204:
197:
77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
39:
30:
23:
1321:Plants described in 1753
636:: e.T88331553A88331556.
396:
763:Keeler, H. L. (1900).
356:
355:Botanical illustration
324:are coated with rusty
301:
924:at Wikimedia Commons
908:Flora of Pennsylvania
354:
299:
239:Viburnum prunifolium
974:Viburnum prunifolium
944:Viburnum prunifolium
921:Viburnum prunifolium
708:Viburnum prunifolium
667:Viburnum prunifolium
622:Viburnum prunifolium
389:It is threatened in
208:Viburnum prunifolium
25:Viburnum prunifolium
190:V. prunifolium
47:Conservation status
357:
302:
268:native to eastern
262:) is a species of
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1185:Open Tree of Life
936:Taxon identifiers
918:Media related to
252:blackhaw viburnum
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575:. Those who are
498:morning sickness
486:Native Americans
411:Viburnum lentago
333:some species of
276:west to eastern
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347:Characteristics
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16:Species of tree
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563:Safety issues
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62:Least Concern
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888:. Retrieved
886:. 2006-04-01
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686:. Retrieved
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647:. Retrieved
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596:
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505:miscarriages
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1203:tro-6000185
1159:NatureServe
1071:iNaturalist
968:Wikispecies
649:19 November
592:teratogenic
557:parturition
547:alone. The
525:diaphoretic
391:Connecticut
341:prunifolium
274:Connecticut
120:Angiosperms
1295:Categories
1262:WisFlora:
1198:Plant List
890:2007-03-08
605:References
494:childbirth
464:aesculetin
460:scopoletin
406:hybridized
242:(known as
156:Dipsacales
1037:242417452
688:8 January
490:decoction
447:Medicinal
311:or small
306:deciduous
260:stag bush
256:sweet haw
248:black haw
184:Species:
166:Adoxaceae
90:Kingdom:
1306:Viburnum
1250:Tropicos
1164:2.141845
1128:88331553
1102:11182506
1089:326270-2
953:Wikidata
577:allergic
553:infusion
551:take an
533:smallpox
521:infusion
517:Cherokee
476:viburnin
441:Meskwaki
417:Viburnum
379:woodland
326:tomentum
304:It is a
265:Viburnum
244:blackhaw
177:Viburnum
162:Family:
146:Asterids
133:Eudicots
67:IUCN 3.1
40:Foliage
1255:6000185
1146:MoBotPF
1050:2888608
959:Q678294
601:(FDA).
573:aspirin
569:salicin
549:Mi'kmaq
488:used a
468:salicin
435:As food
404:It has
365:corolla
361:flowers
339:(thus "
300:Flowers
282:Alabama
272:, from
172:Genus:
152:Order:
94:Plantae
65: (
1211:PLANTS
1177:237954
1151:278961
1076:129977
1011:490017
801:
741:
541:Lenape
527:and a
480:Tannin
474:, and
421:jackii
336:Prunus
330:leaves
292:Growth
278:Kansas
258:, and
1242:18929
1190:51715
1115:35253
1097:IRMNG
1063:41408
1024:VIBPU
998:5BCD4
982:APA:
545:tonic
529:tonic
408:with
374:drupe
372:is a
370:fruit
309:shrub
286:Texas
140:Clade
127:Clade
114:Clade
101:Clade
1265:5375
1224:POWO
1216:VIPR
1172:NCBI
1123:IUCN
1110:ITIS
1084:IPNI
1058:GRIN
1045:GBIF
1019:EPPO
985:1396
799:ISBN
739:ISBN
690:2018
651:2021
634:2020
537:ague
535:and
515:The
439:The
429:wood
427:The
397:Uses
359:The
322:buds
318:bark
313:tree
284:and
1273:WFO
1237:RHS
1032:FNA
1006:EoL
993:CoL
771:184
638:doi
246:or
1297::
1275::
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995::
970::
955::
882:.
878:.
779:^
753:^
715:^
698:^
681:,
677:.
671:.
632:.
626:.
559:.
478:.
470:,
466:,
462:,
424:.
419:×
393:.
288:.
254:,
250:,
215:L.
142::
129::
116::
103::
893:.
807:.
773:.
747:.
692:.
669:"
665:"
653:.
640::
624:"
620:"
69:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
